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1
Column Selection
Page 1
Choosing the “Correct”
GC Column Dimensions
and Stationary Phase
Daron Decker
Chromatography Technical Specialist
Column Selection
Page 2
2-methyl heptane
4-methyl heptane
m-xylene
p-xylene
“Nothing is useless it can always serve as a bad example”Custom Column: 150 m x 250m, 1.0 m SE-30 (PDMS)
60oC isothermal; hydrogen carrier @ 28 cm/sec, split 1:100; tM = 8.9 min
2
Column Selection
Page 3
What You Know Matters
m-xylene
p-xylene
Column Selection
Page 4
Column
FlowController
Regulators
Air
Hyd
rogen
Carr
ier
Gas
Mol-Sieve
Traps
Fixed
Injection
Port Detector Electrometer
Recorder/Integrator
Restrictors
Cylinders or Generators
Typical Gas Chromatographic System
Picking the
appropriate
stationary phase and
optimum dimensions
for the column will
give the greatest
resolution in the
shortest analysis
time.
3
Column Selection
Page 6
Four Primary Selection Areas
Stationary Phase Type
Column Internal Diameter
Stationary Phase Film Thickness
Column Length
Column Selection
Page 7
Resolution
N = (gas, L, rc)
k = (T, df, rc)
a = (T, phase)
RN k
ks =
4 1
1
a
a
Efficiency
Retention
Selectivity
L = Length
rc = column radius
df = film thickness
T = temperature
4
Column Selection
Page 10
Resolution
RN k
ks =
4 1
1
a
a
Efficiency
Retention
Selectivity
L = Length
rc = column radius
df = film thickness
T = temperature
N = (gas, L, rc)
k = (T, df, rc)
a = (T, phase)
Column Selection
Page 11
Stationary Phase - Common Types
Siloxane polymers
Poly(ethylene) glycols
Porous polymers
5
Column Selection
Page 12
Liquid Phase
Carrier Gas
Porous Layer Open Tube (PLOT)
Wall Coated Open Tube (WCOT)
Solid Particles
Carrier Gas
Capillary Column Types
Column Selection
Page 13
HH
HO - - C-C-O - - H
H H n
Polyethylene glycol backbone
Stationary Phase Polymers
6
Page 14
Agilent J&W has over 50 different stationary phase offerings
WCOT Column Types
FactorFourTM Phases
VF-1ms, VF-5ms, VF-5ht, VF-5ht UltiMetal™
VF-17ms, VF-17ms for PAH, VF-35ms,
VF-200ms,VF-Xms, VF-23ms, VF-624ms,
VF-DA, VF-1301ms, VF-Pesticides,
VF-1701ms, VF-WAXms
7
Page 16
Column Typical Application
DB-624 EPA and USP volatiles
DB-VRX volatiles analysis
HP-VOC volatiles analysis
DB-502.2 EPA Method 502.2
DB-5.625 EPA semi-volatiles analysis
DB-608 EPA Method 608
DB-1701P EPA pesticides analysis
DB-MTBE total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH)
HP-PONA petroleum hydrocarbon analysis
DB-HT SimDis hi-temp simulated distillation
DB-ALC1 & ALC2 blood alcohol analysis
HP-88 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)
“Specialty phases” are columns that are optimized to perform
a specialized GC analysis.
20+ Different “Specialty Phases”
Select TM Column Examples
Environmental applications
CP-Sil 88 for dioxins, Select mineral oil, CP-Select 624 CB
Chiral applications
CP-Chirasil Val, CP-Chirasil-DEX CB
Chemical applications
CP-Volamine, CP-Select CB for MTBE, CP-PONA C8, CP-Propox,
Select Silanes, CP-SimDist UltiMetal TM , CP-Lowox TM
Food and Beverage applications
CB-Carbowax 400, Select FAME, CP-Sil 88 for FAME, CP-FFAP CB
8
Page 18
PLOT columns are primarily, but not exclusively, used for the analysis of gases and low boiling
point solutes (i.e., boiling point of solute is at or below room temperature).
PLOT Column Types
• Agilent J&W PLOT columns begin
with the designation of
– GS (Gas Solid) or
– HP-PLOT followed by a specific name
– 10 stationary phases
• GS-OxyPLOT
• GS-Alumina
• HP-PLOT Al2O3 “M”
• HP-PLOT Al2O3 “S”
• HP-PLOT Al2O3 “KCl”
• HP-PLOT MoleSieve
• GS-CarbonPLOT
• HP-PLOT Q
• HP-PLOT U
• GS-GasPro
• GS-OxyPLOT: oxygenates
• HP-PLOT Molesieve: O2, N2, CO, Methane
• HP-PLOT Alumina and GS-Alumina: complex hydrocarbon gas matrices, ethylene and
propylene purity, 1,4-butadiene
• HP-PLOT Q: freons, sulfides
• HP-PLOT U: C1 to C7 hydrocarbons, CO2, Polar Hydrocarbons
• GS-GasPro: freons, sulfurs, inorganic gases
• GS-CarbonPLOT: inorganic and organic gases
19
PLOT GC Columns from Varian Line
Porous Polymers
• CP-PoraBOND Q
• CP-PoraBOND U
• CP-PoraPLOT Q
• CP-PoraPLOT U
• CP-PoraPLOT S
• CP-PoraPLOT Q-HT
• CP-PoraPLOT amines
Zeolites
• Molsieve 5A
• Molsieve 13x
Alumina
• KCL
• Na2SO4
• MAPD
Multi Layer
• CP-Lowox
Porous Silica
• SilicaPLOT
Graphatised Carbon
• CP-CarboPLOT P7
• CP-CarboBOND
SelectTM permanent gases
9
Column Selection
Page 20
k2 = partition ratio of 2nd peak
k1 = partition ratio of 1st peak
Why Is Stationary Phase Type Important?
a
=k2
k1
a
Influence of
Column Selection
Page 21
Selectivity
Relative spacing of the chromatographic peaks
The result of all non-polar, polarizable and polar interactions
that cause a stationary phase to be more or less retentive to
one analyte than another
10
Column Selection
Page 22
Optimizing Selectivity
Match analyte polarity to stationary phase polarity
-like dissolves like(oil and water don’t mix)
Take advantage of unique interactions between analyte and
stationary phase functional groups
Column Selection
Page 23
Compounds - Properties
Compounds Polar AromaticHydrogenBonding
Dipole
Toluene no yes no induced
Hexanol yes no yes yes
Phenol yes yes yes yes
Decane no no no no
Naphthalene no yes no induced
Dodecane no no no no
11
Column Selection
Page 24
100% Methyl Polysiloxane (boiling point column?)
Strong Dispersion
No Dipole
No H Bonding
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
5
6
1. Toluene 110o
2. Hexanol 156o
3. Phenol 182o
4. Decane (C10) 174o
5. Naphthalene 218o
6. Dodecane (C12) 216o
Column Selection
Page 25
5% Phenyl
Strong Dispersion
No Dipole
Weak H Bonding
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100% Methyl
12
34
56
5% Phenyl
12
34
5,6
Strong Dispersion
No Dipole
No H Bonding
1. Toluene
2. Hexanol
3. Phenol
4. Decane (C10)
5. Naphthalene
6. Dodecane (C12)
12
Column Selection
Page 26
50% Phenyl
Strong Dispersion
No Dipole
Weak H Bonding
50% Phenyl
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100% Methyl
12
34
56
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
12 4 3 6 5
Strong Dispersion
No Dipole
No H Bonding
1. Toluene 110o
2. Hexanol 156o
3. Phenol 182o
4. Decane (C10) 174o
5. Naphthalene 218o
6. Dodecane (C12) 216o
Column Selection
Page 27
14% Cyanopropylphenyl
Strong Dispersion
None/Strong Dipole (Ph/CNPr)
Weak/Moderate H Bonding (Ph/CNPr)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100% Methyl
12
34
56
1 2 4 63
514% Cyano-
propylphenyl
Strong Dispersion
No Dipole
No H Bonding
1. Toluene
2. Hexanol
3. Phenol
4. Decane (C10)
5. Naphthalene
6. Dodecane (C12)
13
Column Selection
Page 28
50% Cyanopropyl
Strong Dispersion
Strong Dipole
Moderate H Bonding
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100% Methyl
12
34
56
41
6 2
5 3
50%
Cyanopropyl
Strong Dispersion
No Dipole
No H Bonding
1. Toluene
2. Hexanol
3. Phenol
4. Decane (C10)
5. Naphthalene
6. Dodecane (C12)
Column Selection
Page 29
100% Polyethylene Glycol
Strong Dispersion
Strong Dipole
Moderate H Bonding
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
41 6
2
5 3100% PEG
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100% Methyl
12
34
56
Strong Dispersion
No Dipole
No H Bonding
1. Toluene
2. Hexanol
3. Phenol
4. Decane (C10)
5. Naphthalene
6. Dodecane (C12)
14
Column Selection
Page 30
Selectivity is important but not everything…
Inertness and Bleed can be critical factors in column
selection.
Temperature limits will play a role as well.
Column Selection
Page 31
Stationary Phase Bleed
A thermodynamic equilibrium process that occurs to some
degree in all columns, and is proportional to the mass amount of
stationary phase inside the capillary tubing/carrier gas flow path
Polysiloxane backbone releases low molecular weight, cyclic
fragments
Is negligible in low temperature, O2-free, clean GC systems
Increased by increased temperature, oxygen exposure, or
chemical damage
15
Column Selection
Page 32
Bleed: Why Does It Happen?“Back Biting” Mechanism of Product Formation
+
Repeat
Si Si Si Si Si Si SiO O O O O O OH
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
OHSiSi O Si O Si O
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
SiO O
O
CH3H3C
H3C
H3C
SiSiCH3
CH3
O
O O O O
OSi
HO
H3C
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
Si SiSi Si Si Si
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3CH3 CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Cyclic products are
thermodynamically
more stable!
Column Selection
Page 33
DB-5ms Structure
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH
3
CH3
CH3
Si
Si
Si
Si
O
O
O
ODB-5 Structure
DB-55% Phenyl
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH
3
CH3 CH
3
CH3
Si
Si
Si
SiO
O
DB-5ms Structure
DB-5ms1.Increased stability2.Different selectivity3.Optimized to match DB-5
16
Column Selection
Page 34
Solid line: DB-5ms 30 m x .25 mm I.D. x .25 m
Dashed line:DB-5 30 m x .25 mm I.D. x .25 m
Oven: 60o C isothermal
Carrier gas: H2 at 40 cm/sec
1: Ethylbenzene
2: m-Xylene
3: p-Xylene
4: o-Xylene
Difference in Selectivity
Column Selection
Page 35
Four Types Of Low Bleed Phases
Phases tailored to “mimic” currently existing polymers
-Examples: DB-5ms, DB-35ms, DB-17ms, DB-225ms
Phases unrelated to any previously existing polymers
-Examples: DB-XLB
Optimized manufacturing processes
-DB-1ms, HP-1ms, HP-5ms
Hand selected columns
17
Column Selection
Page 36
Benefits of Low Bleed Phases PAH Sensitivity Using HP-35MS
1. Naphthalene
2. Acenaphthylene
3. Acenaphthene
4. Fluorene
5. Phenanthrene
6. Anthracene
7. Fluoranthene
8. Pyrene
9. Benz[a]anthracene
10. Chrysene
11. Benzo[b]fluoranthene
12. Benzo[k]fluoranthene
13. Benzo[a]pyrene
14. Indeno[1,2,3,-
c,d]anthracene
15. Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
16. Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Columns: 30 m x 0.32 mm x 0.35 um.
Carrier: H2, constant flow, 5 psi at 100 oC.
Injector: 275 oC, splitless, 1 ul , 0.5-5ppm.
Oven: 100 oC to 250 oC (5 min.) at 15 oC/min.,; then to 320 oC (10 min.) at 7.5 oC/min.
Detector: FID, 320 oC.
5 10 15 20 25 min.
HP-35MS
1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9 10
11
12 13 14
1516
Commercially
Available 35% phenyl
column
Benzo[ghi]perylene
S/N = 120
Benzo[ghi]perylene
S/N = 15
Column Selection
Page 37
Benefits of Low Bleed PhasesDB-35ms vs Standard 35% Phenyl
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene, 1ng
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00
Standard 35% Phenyl
DB-35ms
18
Column Selection
Page 38
M/Z ->
Abundance
50
78
96
135
157
207
223
253
276
331
346
377
405
439
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
130000
140000
150000
Scan 1118 (20.560 min): 3901004.D
Standard 35%
Phenyl
M/Z ->
Abundance
78
119
138207
239
274
276
315377
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 4000
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Scan 1138 (20.640 min): 3901004.D
DB-35ms
Higher Spectral Purity
Column Selection
Page 39
Polarity vs Stability/Temperature Range
Polarity Stability
Temperature Range
19
Column Selection
Page 40
Stationary Phase Selection
Existing information
Selectivity/Polarity
Critical separations
Temperature limits
Application designed
Examples: DB-VRX, DB-MTBE, DB-TPH, DB-ALC1,
DB-ALC2, DB-HTSimDis, DB-Dioxin, HP-VOC, etc.
Choose the column phase that gives the best separation
but not at the cost of robustness or ruggedness.
Column Selection
Page 42
Resolution
N = (gas, L, rc)
k = (T, df, rc)
a = (T, phase)
RN k
ks =
4 1
1
a
a
Efficiency
Retention
Selectivity
L = Length
rc = column radius
df = film thickness
T = temperature
20
Column Selection
Page 43
Column Diameter - Theoretical Efficiency
I.D. (mm) n/m
0.05 23,160
0.10 11,580
0.20 5830
0.25 4630
0.32 3660
0.45 2840
0.53 2060
0.18 6,660
Column Selection
Page 44
Column Diameter and Capacity
Like Polarity
Phase/Solute
0.25 µm film thickness
I.D. (mm) Capacity (ng)
0.05 1-2
0.18 25-55
0.20 35-70
0.25 80-160
0.32 110-220
0.53 1000-2000
0.45 600-800
0.10 6-13
21
Column Selection
Page 45
Column Diameter - Inlet Head Pressures (Helium)
30 meters
Hydrogen pressures x 1/2
I.D (mm) Pressure (psig)
0.10 90-130
0.20 25-40
0.25 15-25
0.32 10-20
0.45 3-7
0.53 2-4
0.18 30-45
0.05 275-400
Column Selection
Page 46
Column Diameter and Carrier Gas Flow
Lower flow rates: Smaller diameter columns
Higher flow rates: Larger diameter columns
Low flow rates : GC/MS
High flow rates: Headspace, purge & trap
22
Column Selection
Page 47
Diameter Summary
To increase Diameter
Efficiency Smaller
Resolution Smaller
Pressure Smaller
Capacity Larger
Flow rate Larger
Column Selection
Page 49
Resolution
N = (gas, L, rc)
k = (T, df, rc)
a = (T, phase)
RN k
ks =
4 1
1
a
a
Efficiency
Retention
Selectivity
L = Length
rc = column radius
df = film thickness
T = temperature
23
Column Selection
Page 50
Film Thickness and Retention: Isothermal
Constant Diameter
Normalized to 0.25 µm
Thickness (µm) Retention Change
0.10 0.40
0.25 1.00
1.0 4.00
3.0 12.0
5.0 20.0
Column Selection
Page 51
Film Thickness and Resolution
RWhen solute k > 5
Rdf
When solute k < 5
df
or T
or T
(early eluters)
(later eluters)
24
Column Selection
Page 52
Analysis of Noble & Fixed Gases
Using HP PLOT MoleSieve
5
2 4 6 8
6
4
2
13
1 . Neon2. Argon3. Oxygen4. Nitrogen5. Krypton6. Xenon
Column:
Carrier:Oven:
Sample:
HP-PLOT/MoleSieve30 m x 0.53 mm x 50HP part no.Helium, 4 ml/min35°(5250 l, split (ratio 50:1)
min) at 25°
m
Time (min)
19095P-MS0
C (3min) to 120° CC/min
Other Retention - Adsorption
Column Selection
Page 53
Film Thickness and Capacity
0.32 mm I.D.
Like Polarity Phase/Solute
Thickness (µm) Capacity (ng)
0.10 50-100
0.25 125-250
0.50 250-300
1 500-1000
3 1500-3000
5 2500-5000
25
Column Selection
Page 54
Film Thickness and Bleed
More stationary phase = More degradation products
Column Selection
Page 55
Film Thickness and Inertness
1.0
active inactive active inactive
3.0
active inactive
0.25
26
Column Selection
Page 56
Film Thickness Summary
To Increase Make Film
Retention Thicker
Resolution (k<5) Thicker
Resolution (k>5) Thinner
Capacity Thicker
Bleed Thicker
Inertness Thicker
Efficiency Thinner
Column Selection
Page 58
Resolution
N = (gas, L, rc)
k = (T, df, rc)
a = (T, phase)
RN k
ks =
4 1
1
a
a
Efficiency
Retention
Selectivity
L = Length
rc = column radius
df = film thickness
T = temperature
27
Column Selection
Page 59
Column Length and Efficiency (Theoretical Plates)
0.25 mm ID
n/m = 4630 (for k = 5)
Length (m) n
15 69,450
30 138,900
60 277,800
Column Selection
Page 60
Column Length and Resolution
Length X 4 = Resolution X 2
R a n aL
t a L
28
Column Selection
Page 61
Column Length VS Resolution and Retention:
Isothermal
Double the plates, double the time
but not double the the resolution
15 m 60 m30 m
R=0.84
2.29 min
R=1.68
8.73 min
R=1.16
4.82 min
Column Selection
Page 62
Column Length and Cost
15m30m
60m
$ $ $ $ $ $ $
29
Column Selection
Page 63
Length Summary
To Increase Length
Efficiency Longer
Resolution Longer
Analysis Time Longer
Pressure Longer
Cost Longer
Column Selection
Regular Unleaded Gasoline California Phase I
0 20 40 60 80Time (min.)
“Normal”
2 3 4 56
7
8
910
11
12
13
31
32
30
29
14
15
19
16
17
18
20
21
2322
24
26
25
28
27
3837
3534
33
36
39
Column: DB-PETRO 100
100m x 0.25 mm I.D., 0.5 µm
Carrier: H2, 24 psig, 31 cm/s
Oven: 35°C// 9.5 min// 13.3 °/min// 45°//
11 min// 1.4 °/min// 60°// 11min//
2.7°/min// 220°// 3.6 min
Injector: Split 1:200, 0.2 µL
Detector: FID @ 300°C
0 10 20 30Time (min.)
High Speed
Column: DB-1
40 m x 0.10 mm I.D., 0.20 µm
Carrier: H2, 78 psig, 34.8 cm/s
Oven: 35°C// 3.6 min // 36.1°/min//
45°C// 4.15 min // 3.91°/min//
60°C// 4.15 min//6.9°/ min//
220°C// 1.38 min
Injector: Split 1:400, 250°C, 0.2 µL
Detector: FID @ 300°C
2 3 4 5 6
7
8
910
12
13
14 24
25
26
11
15
19
18
17
16
20
21
2223
27
28
29
30
31
3233
34 35
36
38
3937
30
Column Selection
Page 65
Still Can’t Decide Which Column to Use?????
…Call Us!!!
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
Agilent 1-800-227-9770 #3, #3, #1
866-912-6701 (Daron)
E-mail: [email protected]