1. CHAPTER 5: COGNITIVE CHANGES WITH AGING Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Intelligence and Aging Intelligence the theoretical limit of an individuals performance Intelligence Quotient (IQ) an individuals relative abilities in making judgments, in comprehension, and in reasoning Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Age-Related Intelligence Changes Peak performance varies by test Performance on timed tests declines Performance on non-timed test remains stable until the 80s Rarely decline in all five primary mental abilities (PMA) High scorers continue to do well even among oldest-old Declines in tests of fluid intelligence begin earlier than in crystallized intelligence Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Problems in the Measurement of Cognitive Function Many studies are of cross-sectional design not longitudinal approaches Historical factors may have greater effect on intelligence scores than age per se Attrition- Subject and Selective Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. FIGURE 5.1 Proportion of Individuals Who Maintain Scores on Multiple Abilities SOURCE: K. W. Schaie, The hazards of cognitive aging, The Gerontologist 29 (1989): 484493. Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Factors that May Influence Intelligence in Adulthood Biological/Structural changes in the brain Educational attainment Involvement in complex work Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Sensory deficits Occupational level Nutritional deficiencies Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Process of Learning and Memory Learning Process by which new information is encoded Memory Secondary (long-term) memory permanent memory store Iconic and echoic memory Primary (working) memory Temporary stage of holding information Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. The Information Processing Model Conceptual model of how learning and memory take place Aging appears to reduce efficiency of processing information Aging does not influence storage capacity of memory Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Schematic Representation of Information Processing Model Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Types of Memory Episodic Memory Explicit Memory Flashbulb Memory Implicit Memory Procedural Memory Semantic Memory Source Memory Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Factors Affecting Learning in Old Age The Importance of Attention Selective attention being able to focus on relevant information while ignoring irrelevant information Sustained attention keeping alert to focus on a specific stimulus over time Attentional control ability to allocate attention among multiple stimuli simultaneously Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Age-Related Changes in Memory Types of retrieval Recall and Recognition Explanations of older adults difficulties with retrieving information Disuse theory the view that memory fades or is lost because one fails to use the information Interference theory the view that memory fades or is lost because of distractions experienced during learning Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Age-Related Changes in Memory Tip-of-the-Tongue States (TOTs) difficulty retrieving names from secondary memory but often spontaneously recalled later Explanations of the increase of TOTs Decrement model Incremental knowledge gain Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Improving Cognitive Abilities in Old Age Cognitive Retraining teaching research participants how to use techniques to keep minds active and maintain good memory skills Memory Mediators visual and verbal links between information to be memorized and information that is already in secondary memory Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Computers and Internet Computers and Internet can improve older persons cognitive functions/ability to maintain active aging. Gives information about health and health care providers in the community, enhancing autonomy and selfefficacy. Variety of electronic games are targeted to elders, including those on Nintendo such as Wii. May also facilitate social interactions and communication. Although access to computers and the Internet enhances elders sense of mastery and control over their environment, it does not necessarily improve their quality of life. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Improving Webpages for Elders Avoid a patterned background behind text material. Use dark type or graphics against a light background. Avoid excess graphics and animation. Avoid pop-up menus that can confuse the main text. Use a consistent layout in different sections of the website. Limit how much information is presented on each page. Distinctly identify all links with a specific convention, such as underlining or a unique graphic. Clearly identify the content that is included under each heading. If animation or video is used, select short segments to reduce download time. Provide a telephone number and e-mail address for users who want direct contact. SOURCES: Adapted from Mead, Lamson, and Rogers, 2002, and National Library of Medicine, 2002. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Wisdom and Creativity Wisdom Criteria of wise behavior: Factual knowledge Procedural knowledge Lifespan contextualism Value relativism Managing uncertainty Creativity Ability to apply unique & feasible solutions to new situations Measure of creativity Divergent thinking Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.