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Civil Rights

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The Ideal of Equality Describe the idea of equality that underlies the governing system of the United States.

Equal Protection of the Law Trace the historical development of civil rights in the United States.

Litigation StrategiesAnalyze how litigation strategies contributed to the dismantling of official racial segregation.

Clarifying the Coverage of the Equal Protection ClauseDifferentiate between the various tests used by the Supreme Court when deciding discrimination claims under the equal protection clause.

Key Objectives

5.1

5.4

5.3

5.2

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Grassroots Mobilization and Civil RightsIdentify the events and factors that influenced the development of the grassroots civil rights movement.

Women, Latinos, and Civil RightsCompare and contrast the civil rights struggles of women, Latinos, and African Americans.

Contemporary Civil Rights IssuesEvaluate the continuing debates, lawsuits, and protests over civil rights in the twenty-first century.

Key Objectives

5.5

5.7

5.6

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The Ideal of Equality

• Civil rights are legal protections for equality and participation in the governing processes– Equality of opportunity versus equality of

condition

Describe the idea of equality that underlies the governing system of the United States.5.1

Back to Learning Objectives


The Ideal of Equality 5.1



Equal Protection of the Law

• Slavery existed in all thirteen American colonies• Race-based slavery and the subsequent

decades of racial discrimination laid the foundation for today’s racial gaps in wealth, education, housing patterns, and employment opportunities

Trace the historical development of civil rights in the United States.5.2



The Fourteenth Amendment and Reconstruction

• Civil War– Black Codes– Reconstruction Act of 1867– Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth

Amendments

5.2



The Rise and Persistence of Racial Oppression

• Presidential election of 1876• Reconstruction ends• Klu Klux Klan prevents blacks from voting or

otherwise asserting political and social equality– Jim Crow and other vestiges of slavery– Plessy v. Ferguson

5.2



Litigation Strategies

• NAACP and Earl Warren• Litigation strategies

– Brown v. Board of Education (1954-1955)– Loving v. Virginia (1967)

Analyze how litigation strategies contributed to the dismantling of official racial segregation.5.3



Clarifying the Coverage of the Equal Protection Clause

• Three tests are used– Strict Scrutiny– Intermediate scrutiny– Rational basis test

Differentiate between the various tests used by the Supreme Court when deciding discrimination claims under the equal protection clause. 5.4



Clarifying the Coverage of the Equal Protection Clause

5.4



Grassroots Mobilization and Civil Rights

• Challenges to other aspects of discrimination developed as a result of grassroots mobilization and evolving social values that eventually produced both new legislation and new attitudes about equality

Identify the events and factors that influenced the development of the grassroots civil rights movements.5.5



African Americans and Civil Rights

• Several events drew the American public’s attention to civil rights– Brown v. Board of Education– Emmitt Till’s murder– Montgomery bus boycotts, Rosa Parks – March on Selma, Alabama– “Little Rock Nine”– Civil rights workers murdered– Martin Luther King Jr.

• “Letter from Birmingham Jail”

5.5



Civil Rights Legislation

• The Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964• Voting Rights Act of 1965: outlawed literacy tests• New agencies were created out of these laws

– U.S. Commission on Civil Rights– U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission

5.5



Women, Latinos, and Civil Rights

• Women were not allowed to vote, it came through organized political action over eighty years and the Nineteenth Amendment

• Legislatures took little action but grass-roots movements were involved and courts were used to challenge laws

• Larger numbers of women began challenging traditional view of their role in society

Compare and contrast the civil rights struggles of women, Latinos, and African Americans.

5.6



Latinos and Civil Rights

• Latinos are ethnically and racially and comprise the largest and fastest growing minority group in the United States

• Latinos, like César Chávez formed labor unions and civil rights organizations

• Today, immigration is the issue that affects the largest number of Latinos in America

5.6



Contemporary Civil Rights Issues

• Much of the twentieth-century civil rights movement centered on efforts to prohibit overt discrimination mandated by government laws and practiced by private businesses

Evaluate the continuing debates, lawsuits, and protests over civil rights in the twenty-first century.

5.7



Which conception of equality values equal economic status?

A. Equality of rightsB. Equality of conditionC. Equality of opportunityD. Equality of economy

5.1



Which amendment to the Constitution extended suffrage to men irrespective of race?

A. NineteenthB. ThirteenthC. FourteenthD. Fifteenth

5.2



The doctrine of “separate but equal” was established in

A. Brown v. Board of Education.B. Loving v. Virginia.C. Roe v. Wade.D. Plessy v. Ferguson.

5.3



The agency charged with investigating complaints about illegal employment discrimination isA. the Federal Bureau of Investigation.B. the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity

Commission.C. the U.S. Commission of Civil Rights.D. the U.S. Commission on Employment

Rights.

5.5



What do you think?Is access to affordable health an issue of equality of condition?

YES. Health care is accessible to all in America and affordability is determined by the free market

NO. Everyone should be entitled to receive affordable health irrespective of market forces.



What do you think?

Should sexual orientation be considered an suspect characteristic like race?

YES. Discrimination in all its forms is inherently unconstitutional.

NO. Sexual orientation is controversial and does not merit a higher level of scrutiny than sex itself.



Credits134 AP Images/Matt Rourke; 136William Thomas Cain/Getty Images; 138, top to bottom: David McNew/Getty Images; Bettmann/Corbis; 140 Bettmann/Corbis; 141 The Museum of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia. Copy photography by Katherine Wetzel; 142 Bettmann/Corbis; 143 New York Times Co./Getty Images; 144, top to bottom: Flip Schulke/Corbis; Corbis; 153, top to bottom: Grey Villet/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; Bettmann/Corbis; 154, left to right: Bettmann/Corbis; Getty Images; 155 AP Photo; 158 Bettmann/ Corbi; 161 Richard B. Levine/Newscom; 162 AP Images/Adam Lau; 163 Stephen Crowley/The New York Times/Redux Pictures; 164 AP Images/Wilfredo Lee; 165, top to bottom: Liz Mangelsdorf/San Francisco

Chronicle/Corbis; Rebecca Cook/Reuters/Corbis; CREDIT TO COME; 169, top to bottom: Bettmann/Corbis; Don Cravens/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; John F.Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum;

AP Images; Getty Images; LBJ Library photo by Cecil Stoughton


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