Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Market Structure & Degree of CompetitionPerfect CompetitionCompetition in the Global EconomyMonopolyMonopolistic CompetitionChapter 8

Market Structure: Perfect Competition, Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition

p. 322

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Struktur Pasar & Tingkat PersainganPersaingan SempurnaPersaingan dalam Ekonomi Global MonopoliPersaingan MonopolistikBab 8

Struktur Pasar: Persaingan Sempurna, Monopoly dan Persaingan Monopoli

p. 322

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Market Structure(Competitive environment)* Perfect Competition * Monopolistic Competition* Oligopoly* MonopolyMore CompetitiveLess CompetitiveNumber & size of sellers & buyers; Type of product;Mobility of resources; Knowledge; D and S

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Struktur Pasar(Lingkungan Persaingan)* Persaingan Sempurna * Persaingan Monopoli* Oligopoli* MonopoliLebih BersaingKurang BersaingJumlah & ukuran penjual & pembeli; Jenis produk;Mobilitas sumberdaya; Pengetahuan; D dan S

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Perfect CompetitionMany buyers and sellersBuyers and sellers are price takersProduct is homogeneousPerfect mobility of resourcesEconomic agents have perfect knowledgeExample: Stock Market; wheat; corn; trucking industries

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan SempurnaBanyak pembeli dan penjualPembeli dan penjual adalah pengikut hargaProduk samaMobilitas yg sempurna dari sumberdayaPelaku Ekonomi mempunyai pengetahuan yang sempurnaContoh: Pasar Modal; gandum; jagung; perusahaan angkutan

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Monopolistic CompetitionMany sellers Differentiated product (similar not identical)Perfect mobility of resourcesExample: Fast-food outlets; toothpaste; cigarettes; detergents; cold medicines

p. 324

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan MonopolistikBanyak penjualProduk berbeda (mirip tidak sama)Mobilitas sempurna dari sumberdayaContoh: Makanan cepat saji; pasta gigi; rokok; detergents; obat demam.

p. 324

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *MonopolySingle seller No close substitutes for productSignificant barriers to resource mobilityControl of an essential inputPatents or copyrights > 17 years p.342Economies of scale: Natural monopolyGovernment franchise: Post office; taxis, medical offices; broadcastingOther examples: public utilities: electrical, gas, water; local transportations

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *MonopoliPenjual tunggal Tidak ada produk substitusinya yg dekatHambatan yg kuat thd mobilitas sumberdayaKontrol thd input pentingPatents atau copyrights > 17 years p.342Skala Ekonomi: Monopoly alamiahMilik Pemerintah: Kantor pos; taxi, rumah sakit; broadcasting/penyiaranContoh lain: sarana publik: listrik, gas, air; transportasi lokal

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *OligopolyFew sellers: 2 sellers = duopoly Product may be homogeneous (pure oligopoly) or differentiated (differentiated oligopoly) >> monopolistic competitionBarriers to resource mobilityExample: Automobile manufacturers; primary aluminum, steels; electrical equipmentp. 364The sources of oligopoly are the same as for monopoly: economies of scale ; huge K investments; patent; brands; controlling onraw material; franchise

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *OligopoliSedikit penjual: 2 penjual = duopoli Produk mungkin sama (oligopoli murni) atau berbeda (oligopoli berbeda) >> monopolistic competitionHambatan thd mobilitas sumberdayaContoh: Pembuat mobil; aluminum dasar, baja; peralatan listrikp. 364Sumberdaya oligopoly adalah juga sama utk monopoly: Skala ekonomi; investasi K yang besar; patent; brands; pengontrolan thd bahn baku; franchise /wara-laba

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Perfect Competition:Price Determinationp.327Infinitely elastic D curve P = MR

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan Sempurna:Penentuan Hargap.327Elastisitas kurva D tak terhingga P = MR

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Perfect Competition:Price Determination

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan Sempurna:Penentuan Harga

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Perfect Competition:Short-Run EquilibriumFirms Demand Curve = Market Price= Marginal RevenueFirms Supply Curve = Marginal Costwhere Marginal Cost > Average Variable CostP = MRMC > MR loss

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan Sempurna:Keseimbangan Jangka PendekKurva permintaan perusahaan = Harga Pasar= Penerimaan MarginalKurva penawaran perusahaan = Biaya Marginaldimana Biaya Marginal > Biaya tdk tetap rata2P = MRMC > MR rugi

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Perfect Competition: Short-Run EquilibriumProfits = $10 per unitTotal = $40 MC = MRBFEC = Loss = $30

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan Sempurna: Keseimbangan SRLaba = $10 per unitTotal = $40 MC = MRBFEC = Kerugian = $30

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Perfect Competition:Long-Run EquilibriumPrice = Marginal Cost = Average Total CostQuantity is set by the firm so that short-run:At the same quantity, long-run:Price = Marginal Cost = Average CostEconomic Profit = 0

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan Sempurna:Keseimbangan Jangka PanjangHarga = Biaya Marginal = Biaya Total Rata2Jumlah ditentukan oleh perusahaan sehingga dalam SR:Pada jumlah yg sama, long-run:Price = Marginal Cost = Biaya Rata-rataLaba Ekonomi = 0

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Perfect Competition: Long-Run EquilibriumEcon profit = all firms break evenMore firms S >>>

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan Sempurna : Keseimbangan LR Laba ekonomi = seluruh perusahaanpulang pokokLebih banyak perusahaan S >>>

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Competition in the Global EconomyDomestic SupplyDomestic DemandWorld SupplyNo tradet = tariff

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan di Ekonomi GlobalSupply domestikPermintaan domestikSupply duniaTidak ada tradet = tariff

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide * Partial Equilibrium Effects of a TariffSoRCUVKLMNAABB0ZWtUnder free trade at world price OW production OA; consumption OB; Import AB. t dollars tariff domestic price = OZ increases production to OA reduces con-sumption to OB creates MNUC tariff revenue a welfare loss = KMC + NLU Domestic price (+ tariff)12341

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide * Dampak Keseimbangan Partial dari TarifSoRCUVKLMNAABB0ZWtDalam perdag bebas dg harga dunia OW produksi OA; konsumsi OB; Impor AB. Tarif t dollar harga domestik = OZ produksi naik OA menurunkan konsumi OB menciptakan MNUC penerimaan tarif kehilangan kesejahteraan = KMC + NLU Harga domestik (+ tarif)12341

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide * Partial Equilibrium Effects of a TariffS1SoRCUVKLMNA ABB0ZWDomestic price QUOTADOMESTIC PRICES: OZQuota is more prefered by producers keeps imports constantTariff is better for economists imports could increase; as welfare12

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide * Dampak Keseimbangan Partial dari TarifS1SoRCUVKLMNA ABB0ZWHarga domestik QUOTAHARGA DOMESTIK: OZQuota lebih disukai oleh produsen menjaga impor tetapTariff lebih baik bagi ekonom impor bisa naik; demikian juga kesejahteraan12

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide * Partial Equilibrium Effects of a TariffSoS1RCUVKLMNA ABB0ZW subsidies to producers DConsumer welfare: ODLBTariif welfre decreases by BULB NUL = net lossWZUN = consumer surplus paid to government12

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide * Dampak Keseimbangan Partial dari TarifSoS1RCUVKLMNA ABB0ZW subsidi untuk produsen DKesejahteraan konsumen ODLBTarif kesejahteraan menurun = BULB NUL = kerugianWZUN = surplus konsumen dibayar ke Pemerintah12

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Competition in theGlobal EconomyForeign Exchange RatePrice of a foreign currency in terms of the domestic currencyDepreciation of the Domestic CurrencyIncrease in the price of a foreign currency relative to the domestic currencyAppreciation of the Domestic CurrencyDecrease in the price of a foreign currency relative to the domestic currency

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan dalam Eknomi GlobalNilai TukarHarga mata uang asing dalam nilai mata uang domestik : Rp/$Depresiasi Mata uang DomestikNaiknya harga mata uang asing dibandingkan mata uang domestikApresiasi Mata uang DomestikMenurunnya harga mata uang asing dibandingkan mata uang domestik

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Competition in the Global EconomyDemand for EurosSupply of EurosR = Exchange Rate = Dollar Price of Euros

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan dalam Ekonomi GlobalPermintaan EuroPenawaran EuroR = nilai tukar = harga Euro dalam dollar

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *MonopolyShort-Run EquilibriumDemand curve for the firm is the market demand curveFirm produces a quantity (Q*) where marginal revenue (MR) is equal to marginal cost (MC)Q* = 500

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Keseimbangan MonopoliShort-RunKurva permintaan utk perusahaan adalah kurva permintaan pasarPerusahaan memproduksi suatu jumlah (Q*) dimana penerimaan marginal (MR) adalah sama dengan biaya marginal (MC)Q* = 500

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *MonopolyShort-Run EquilibriumQ* = 500P* = $11Profit = 500 x $3P = a bQTR = (a bQ) Q = aQ bQMR = dTR/dQ = a 2bQ 2b = 2x slope D curve p. 344

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Keseimbangan MonopoliShort-RunQ* = 500P* = $11Laba = 500 x $3P = a bQTR = (a bQ) Q = aQ bQMR = dTR/dQ = a 2bQ 2b = 2x slope kurva D p. 344

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *MonopolyLong-Run EquilibriumQ* = 700P* = $9Profit = CAFBp.345

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide * Keseimbangan Monopoli Long-Run Q* = 700P* = $9Laba = CAFBp.345

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Social Cost of Monopoly(Deadweight loss under monopoly)(GHT)(HENT)EEH = loss to society a less efficient use of resources p. 348

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Biaya Sosial dari Monopoli(Beban sosial dalam monopoli)(GHT)(HENT)EEH = kerugian bagi masyarakat Kurang efisennya penggunaan sumberdaya p. 348

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Monopolistic CompetitionMany sellers of differentiated (similar but not identical) productsLimited monopoly powerDownward-sloping demand curveIncrease in market share by competitors causes decrease in demand for the firms product

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Persaingan MonopolistikBanyak penjual dari produk berbeda (mirip tapi tidak sama) Kekuatan monopoli terbatasKurva permintaan dengan slop menurun Meningkatnya pangsa pasar dari pesaing mengakibatkan menurunnya permintaan thd produk perusahaan.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Monopolistic CompetitionShort-Run EquilibriumQ = 6P = $9Profit = AFBC = $12p. 351

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Keseimbangan Persaingan Monopolistik SR Q = 6P = $9Laba = AFBC = $12p. 351

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Monopolistic CompetitionLong-Run EquilibriumProfit = 0at Q = 4P = $6 Break evenFigure 8-10At E Perfectly compet mkt

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Keseimbangan Persaingan Monopolistik Long-RunProfit = 0at Q = 4P = $6 Pulang pokok/impasFigure 8-10Pada E Pasar PersainganSempurna

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Monopolistic CompetitionLong-Run EquilibriumCost without selling expensesCost with selling expensesD and MR are higher then D and MR before selling efforts see Figure 8-10Break evenat A*p. 352Figure 8-11

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Keseimbangan Persaingan Monopolistik Long-RunBiaya tanpa pengeluaran penjualan Biaya dengan pengeluaran penjualanD dan MR adalah lebih tinggi dpd D & MR sebelum usaha penjualansee Figure 8-10Impas pada A*p. 352Figure 8-11

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Problems No. 8, 10 and 12 p. 359

Managerial Economics, Ch. 8Managerial Economics, Ch. 8January 2012Improved by Nurzaman Bachtiar*Improved by Nurzaman BachtiarManagerial Economics, Ch. 8Managerial Economics, Ch. 8January 2012Improved by Nurzaman Bachtiar*Improved by Nurzaman BachtiarManagerial Economics, Ch. 8Managerial Economics, Ch. 8January 2012Improved by Nurzaman Bachtiar*Improved by Nurzaman Bachtiar