The Mother Tongue

Indo-European Languages

Indo-European Timeline

Indo-European Timeline I period: Breaking Up (60th c. bce - 25th c. bce) II period: Settling Apart (25th c. bce - 13th c. bce) III period: Primary Migrations (13th c. bce - 7th c. bce) IV period: Secondary Migrations(7th c. bce- 1st c. bce) V period: The Great Movement (1st c. ce - 500 ce)

VI period: Fixing Borders (500 – 1000 ce)

ce: Common Erabce: Before Common Era

Cultural Fusion of the Early Middle Ages5th-11th centuries

Fall of RomeCeltic InfluencesNorse-Germanic InfluencesSpread of Christianity

throughout EuropeIslamic InfluencesFeudalismEmpires and Kingdoms

Celtic Migrations

Hallstatt

Celtic Migrations2100 bce       Celtic tribes in Europe 1400 bce       Celts arrive in Spain 1200 bce       Celtic cultures in Gaul and Germania 650 bce         Celts settle in Britain and Ireland 600 bce        New Celtic invasion to Spain 450 bce         Celtic tribes come to Italy 280 bce        Celts arrive in the Balkans and Asia Minor 133 bce         Spain conquered by Rome 50 bce        Gaul conquered by Rome 43 ce         Romans conquer Britain 250 ce        Ogham inscriptions in Ireland and Scotland409 ce        Romans leave Britain 450 ce        Celtic migrations to Brittany 844 ce   Kingdom of Scotland established

Gundestrup Cauldron

1st c. bcesilver overlaid with gold

Cernunnos: God of the Beasts

Celtic Influences Decorative

Animal motifs Arabesques

Religious Scholarship Monasticism

Literary Epics and folklore Sovranty: Love-Political Triangle

King-Queen-Suitor/Challenger Arthur-Guinevere-Lancelot

Celtic ChristianityChristianity was introduced into the

British Isles in late 1st century or early 2nd c. with Roman soldiers

It was a cultic religion existing alongside other cults, both indigenous cults and those brought in by the Romans, such as the cult of Mithras.

The new faith rapidly gained adherents

Völkerwanderrung:

Germanic Migrations

Germanic Comitatus or Kinship Groups

König, eorlas und thanes: kings, nobles and warrior Mutual loyalty -- warriors fight for king, king is

generous to warriors Originally a socially egalitarian setup, during the third

and fourth centuries CE, it became socially stratified Basis for feudal loyalty Ideal and philosophy expressed in oral epics like

Beowulf and The Song of Roland

The Lindisfarne Gospels

Viking Conquests

I've been with sword and,spearslippery with bright blood

where kites wheeled. And how wellwe violent Vikings clashed!

Redflames ate up men's roofs,raging we killed and killed;

and skewered bodies sprawledsleepy in town gateways.

Viking Runes

Viking

Art

Scene taken from the stone Smiss I, found in Stenkyrka parish. Dated 700-

800 AD.

8th c. Bronze keys

The Norman

s

Vikings, or Norsemen, who settled in northern France (or the Frankish kingdom), together with their descendants

A Viking named Rollo emerged as the leader among the new settlers.

911 the Frankish king Charles III gave to Rollo the land around the mouth of the Seine and what is now the city of Rouen

The Normans founded the duchy of Normandy

They sent out expeditions of conquest and colonization to southern Italy and Sicily and to England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.

Norman Conquest 1066: Contest for the English crown:

Harold, Earl of Wessex: Anglo-Saxon claimantHarald Hardrada of NorwayWilliam Duke of Normandy

Battle of Stamford Bridge: Harold defeated Hardrada's army which invaded using over 300 ships; so many were killed that only 25 ships were needed to transport the survivors home.

Battle of Hastings: William led Norman forces against the English. Harold killed in battle; William seized the throne

William the Conqueror: first Plantagenet King of England.

BAYEUX TAPESTRYEnglish axman in combat with Norman cavalry during the Battle of Hastings

Norman

Castles

Tower of London

Motte and Bailey Castle

Evolution of English

Language 650 bce- 500 ce: Celtic domination of British Isles: Gaelic: Irish, Welsh, Scots, Breton

2nd C. ce: Roman conquest: Latin5th C. ce: Germanic invasions by Angles, Saxons and Jutes:

Anglo-Saxon/Old English8th- 10th C: Viking invasions: Old Norse1066: Norman conquest:

Norman FrenchAnglo-Norman1200-1500: Middle English: literary fusion1500: Great Vowel Shift: Early Modern English1700: Modern English