ch 6 production theory ing-indo

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Chapter 6

Production Theory and EstimationOrganization of ProductionProduction Function with Variable InputOptimal Use of the Variable InputProduction Function with Two Variable InputsOptimal Combination of InputsReturn to ScaleEmpirical Production FunctionsInnovations and Global Competitiveness

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Bab 6

Teori Produksi dan PerkiraanOrganisasi ProduksiFungsi Produksi dengan Variable InputPenggunaan Optimal dari Variable InputFungsi Produksi dengan Dua Variable InputsKombinasi Optimal dari InputsTingkat PengembalianFungsi Produksi EmpirisInovasi dan Persaingan Global

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *The Organization of Production

Inputs: Labor, Capital, Land or natural resourcesFixed Inputs: cannot be readily changed: the firms plant, equipmentVariable Inputs: can be varied easily on very short notice: raw materials n unskilled LShort Run: At least one input is fixedLong Run: All inputs are variable; the length of the LR (time period required for all inputs to be variable) depends on the industry many years for electricity generating plant

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Organisasi Produksi

Input: Buruh/TK. Kapital, Lahan/ SDAInput Tetap: tidak dapat diganti dg segera: pabrik, alatInput Tidak Tetap: dapat dirobah dg mudah melalui perintah singkat: bahan baku & TK tidak ahliJangka Pendek: minimal satu input adalah tetapJangka Panjang: seluruh inputs berobah/tidak tetap; panjangnya LR (waktu yang dibutuhkan bagi input untuk berobah) tergantung dari industrinya beberapa tahun untuk pembangkit tenaga listrik

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production Function With Two InputsQ = f(L, K)A Production Function: is an equation, table, or graph showing the maximum output of a commodity that a firm can produce per period of time with each set of inputs.p. 227

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Fungsi Produksi Dengan Dua Input Tidak TetapQ = f(L, K)Fungsi produksi: persamaan, tabel, atau grafik yang menunjukan output maksimum yang bisa diproduksi oleh suatu perusahaan pada setiap kombinasi input dalam jangka waktu tertentup. 227

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production Function With Two InputsDiscrete Production SurfaceMax output = 42

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Fungsi Produksi Dengan Dua Input Tidak TetapBentuk Permukaan ProduksiOutput maks = 42

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Fungsi ProduksiDengan Dua Input Tidak TetapPermukaan Produksi Berkesinabunganp. 229

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production FunctionWith One Variable InputTotal ProductMarginal ProductAverage ProductProduction or Output ElasticityTP = Q = f(L) p. 230==

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Fungsi ProduksiDengan Satu Input Tidak Tetap Total ProduksiProduksi Marginal Produksi Rata-rataElastisitas Produksi atau OutputTP = Q = f(L) p. 230==

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production FunctionWith One Variable InputTotal, Marginal, and Average Product of Labor, and Output Elasticityp. 231Maximum Product

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Fungsi ProduksiDengan Satu Input Tidak TetapTotal, Marginal, dan Rata-rata Produksi TK, dan Elastisitas Output p. 231Produksi maksimum

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production FunctionWith One Variable InputTP max at 4L and 5LMPL increases up 1,5 L and deceases negative after 4,5 LMPL = 0MPL = maks

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Fungsi ProduksiDengan Satu Input Tidak TetapTP tertinggi pada 4L dan 5LMPL naik hingga 1,5 L kmd turun dan negatif stlh 4,5 LMPL = 0MPL = maks

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production FunctionWith One Variable Inputp. 233Fungsi Produksi Dengan Satu Input Tidak TetapMPL = APLMPL = 0MPL = 0

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Profit Maximization(MPL)(MR) = MRPL = w(MPK)(MR) = MRPK = r = TR TC = P.Q wL rK Q = f (K,L)

= P. f (K,L) wL rK P is constant P = MRp. 270p.24812

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Laba Maksimum(MPL)(MR) = MRPL = w(MPK)(MR) = MRPK = r = TR TC = P.Q wL rK Q = f (K,L)

= P. f (K,L) wL rK w = tingkat upah; r = tk bungaP tetap P = MRp. 270p.24812

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Penggunaan Optimal dariInput Tidak TetapPenggunaan Labor Optimal jika L = 3.50

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Optimal Use of theVariable InputMarginal Revenue Product of LaborMRPL = (MPL)(MR)Marginal Resource Cost of LaborMRCL =Optimal Use of LaborMRPL = MRCL Should continue to hire L as long as MRPL > MRCL = w= wMVPL = MRPLp. 235MR = P

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Penggunaan Optimal dariInput Tidak TetapPenerimaan Produksi Marginal dari TKMRPL = (MPL)(MR)Biaya Marginal dari TKMRCL =Penggunaan Optimal dari TKMRPL = MRCL Sebaiknya terus memakai TK selama MRPL > MRCL = w= wMVPL = MRPLp. 235MR = P

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Optimal Use of Laborp. 236MRPL = (MPL)(MR)MVPLOptimal amount of LMaximum profitsTR = P.Q

TRMR = QA

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Penggunaan Optimal dari TKp. 236MRPL = (MPL)(MR)MVPLJumlah Optimal TKLaba Maksimum TR = P.Q

TRMR = QUpah Minimum: Masalah Internal & eksternal

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production With TwoVariable InputsIsoquants show combinations of two inputs that can produce the same level of output.Firms will only use combinations of two inputs that are in the economic region of production, which is defined by the portion of each isoquant that is negatively sloped.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Produksi Dengan DuaInput Tidak TetapIsoquant menunjukkan kombinasi dua input yang dapat memproduksi jumlah output yang sama.Perusahaan hanya akan menggunakan kombinasi dua input yang berada di dalam wilayah economi dari produksi, dimana ditentukan oleh bahagian dari setiap isoquant yang slopnya negatif.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production With TwoVariable InputsMarginal Rate of Technical Substitution:The absolute value of the slope of an isoquant or the ratio of the marginal productivities MRTS = -K/L = MPL/MPKp. 242Because at isoquant: (L) MPL = - (K) MPK

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Produksi Dengan DuaInput tidak TetapTingkat Marginal dari Substitusi Teknis:Nilai absolut dari slope sebuah isoquant atau ratio dari productivitas marginalMRTS = -K/L = MPL/MPKp. 242Karena pada isoquant: (L) MPL = - (K) MPK

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production With TwoVariable InputsEconomic Region of Production: Between ridge lines: OVI & OZIEconomic region = Negatively sloped segment of Isoquantsp.240

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Produksi Dengan Dua Input Tidak TetapWilayah Ekonomis dari Produsksi: Diantara garis pembatas: OVI & OZIWilayah Ekonomis = bagian slop negatif dari isoquantp.240Dapat memroduksi jumlah ygsama dg input yg lebih sedikit Pada U lebih banyak inputs.

Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e 2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning7*Maximum Variable Proportions for Inputs X and YFigure 7.6X and Y = inputs

Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e 2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning7*Proporsi Maksimum untuk Input X dan YFigure 7.6X dan Y = input

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production With TwoVariable InputsMRTS = -(-2.5/1) = 2.5MRTS = -K/L = MPL/MPK-2.5KN R : MRTS = 2.5R S : MRTS = 0.5-2.5KAt isoquant: (L) MPL = - (K) MPKp.242

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Produksi Dengan DuaInput Tidak TetapMRTS = -(-2.5/1) = 2.5MRTS = -K/L = MPL/MPK-2.5KN R : MRTS = 2.5R S : MRTS = 0.5-2.5KPada isoquant: (L) MPL = - (K) MPKp.242

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Production With TwoVariable InputsPerfect SubstitutesPerfect ComplementsIsoquant is a straight line MRTS is constant = K & L are perfect substitutesPerfect complements:Using only more L or only more K does notIncrease Q MPL =MPK = 0

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Produksi Dengan DuaInput Tidak TetapSubstitusi SempurnaSaling Membutuhkan yang SempurnaIsoquant adalah garis lurus MRTS tetap = K & L adalah substitusi sempurnaSaling membutuhkan sempurna:Menggunakan hanya TK lebih banyak atau hanya K dinaikan tidak akan menaikkan Q MPL =MPK = 0

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Optimal Combination of InputsIsocost lines represent all combinations of two inputs that a firm can purchase with the same total cost.p. 245

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *p. 245w = Tingkat upahr = Biaya ModalGaris biaya-sama menunjukkan seluruh kombinasi dua input dimana suatu perusahaan dapat membeli dengan total biaya yang sama.Kombinasi Optimal dari Input

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Optimal Combination of InputsIsocost LinesABC = $100, w = r = $10ABC = $140, w = r = $10ABC = $80, w = r = $10AB*C = $100, w = $5, r = $10C/r = 100/10Isocost line

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Kombinasi Optimal InputIsocost LinesABC = $100, w = r = $10ABC = $140, w = r = $10ABC = $80, w = r = $10AB*C = $100, w = $5, r = $10C/r = 100/10Garis Biaya -samaHarga L turun:$10 $5

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Optimal Combination of InputsMRTS = w/rAt pt H can produce 10Q or 14Q but isocost AB could reach isoquant 14Q not 10Q at pt FMinimizing the cost of producing a given level of output or maximizing Q for a given cost outlay p. 246

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Kombinasi Optimal dari InputMRTS = w/rPd titik H dapat memproduksi 10Q atau 14Q tetapi isocost AB dapat mencapai isoquant 14Q bukan 10Q pd titik FMeminimumkan biaya produksi pada tingkat outputtertentu atau memaksimumkan Q untuk biaya tertentu. p. 246

Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e 2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning7*Optimal Input CombinationsFigure 7.9X and Y = inputs

Fundamentals of Managerial Economics 7e 2003 South-Western/Thomson Learning7*Kombinasi Input OptimalFigure 7.9X dan Y = input

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Optimal Combination of InputsEffect of a Change in Input Pricesw = r = $10 w falls to $5At isoquant 10Q and optimalcombination of K and L at pt Rw falls to $5

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Kombinasi Optimal InputDampak dari Perobahan Harga Inputw = r = $10 w turun jadi $5Pada isoquant 10Q dan kombinasi optimal dari K dan L pada titik Rw turun $5

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Returns to ScaleProduction Function Q = f(L, K)Q = f(hL, hK)If = h, then f has constant returns to scale.If > h, then f has increasing returns to scale.If < h, the f has decreasing returns to scale.If = h = 2 constant returns to scale = output increasesin the same proportion.

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Skala PengembalianFungsi Produksi Q = f(L, K)Q = f(hL, hK)If = h, f mempunyai skala pengembalian konstan.If > h, f mempunyai skala pengembalian menaikIf < h, f memp.skala pengemb. menurun.If = h = 2 skala pengembalian konstan = output naik dengan proporsi yang sama .

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Returns to ScaleConstant Returns to ScaleIncreasing Returns to ScaleDecreasing Returns to ScaleQ = f(hL, hK) = h > h < h

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Skala PengembalianSkala Pengembalian TetapQ = f(hL, hK) = h > h < hSkala Pengembalian MeningkatSkalaPengembalian Menurun

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Empirical Production FunctionsCobb-Douglas Production FunctionQ = AKaLbEstimated using Natural Logarithmsln Q = ln A + a ln K + b ln La and b = output elasticity a + b = 1 (constant returns to scale)p. 255m

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide * Fungsi Produksi EmpirisFungsi Produksi Cobb-DouglasQ = AKaLbEstimasi menggunakan Natural Logarithmsln Q = ln A + a ln K + b ln La dan b = elastisitas output a + b = 1 (Tingkat pengembalian tetap)p. 255m

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Innovations and Global CompetitivenessProduct Innovation: a new product - USProcess Innovation: a new process - JapanProduct Cycle Model: lose their mkt to foreign imitatorsJust-In-Time Production System: component become available just when needed: Toyota; prepared to lose millions of $Competitive Benchmarking: to test in the quality control program and customer satisfaction: Japan with Xerox copying machineComputer-Aided Design (CAD): R&D on a computer screenComputer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM): integrated machine toolsp. 257p. 260

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Inovasi dan Persaingan GlobalProduk Inovasi: sebuah produksi baru - USInovasi Pengolahan: sebuah proses produksi- JapanModel Siklus Produk: kehilangan pasar oleh peniru negara asingSistem Produksi Tepat Waktu: komponen selalu tersedia tepat waktu: Toyota; siap untuk rugi jutaan $Standar Bersaing: menguji dalam program kontrol mutu dan kepuasan pelanggan: Jepang dengan Xerox mesin fotocopyComputer-Aided Design (CAD): R&D terhadap layar komputer Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM): alat-alat mesin terintegrasi p. 257p. 260

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *ONE VARIABLE INPUTTWO VARIABLE INPUTSInput LInput LInput KOutputOutputK fixed

Prepared by Robert F. Brooker, Ph.D. Copyright 2004 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.Slide *Fungsi Produksidengan Satu Input Tidak Tetapp. 233

Ch. 6 Production Theory & EstimationCh. 6 Production Theory & EstimationJanuary 2012Improved by Nurzaman Bachtiar*Improved by Nurzaman BachtiarCh. 6 Production Theory & EstimationCh. 6 Production Theory & EstimationJanuary 2012Improved by Nurzaman Bachtiar*Improved by Nurzaman BachtiarCh. 6 Production Theory & EstimationCh. 6 Production Theory & EstimationJanuary 2012Improved by Nurzaman Bachtiar*Improved by Nurzaman Bachtiar

ch 6 production theory ing-indo

Documents