CH. 31: I. The Cold War

A. Origins of Cold War

1. DuringWorld War II: Russia on Allied forces

2. West staunchly anti-communist

3. Germany: split between communist East Berlin & capitalist West Berlin

3

Churchill, Roosevelt, & Stalin at Yalta

Yalta Conference: Post WW II

B. Symbols of the Cold War

1. Capitalism (IMF & World Bank) vs. Communism

2. The “Iron CurtainIron Curtain”

3. Berlin Wall (fell in 1989)

4. “Proxy” Wars (instigated by a major

power which does not itself become involved )

5. United Nations (1945)

THE IRON CURTAIN

“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”

- Winston ChurchillMarch 5,

1946

U.N. flag (headquarters in N.Y.C.)

C. Cold War (1947-1953)

1. U.S. adopts “containment” policy under Truman Doctrine to stop spread of communism

2. Marshall Plan: rebuild W. Europe by U.S.

Soviet’s: Molotov Plan to rebuild E. Europe

3. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

military alliance between U.S. & w. EuropeSoviet’s created: Warsaw Pact

D. Start of the Cold War

1. Berlin Airlift (1948-1949)“Brinkmanship”

2. Communist takeover of China (1949)

3. U.S.S.R. detonates 1st A-bomb (1949)

4. Korean War (1950-1953)expansion of containment theoryfuels “McCarthyism“ in U.S.

E. Early Cold War (1953-1972)

1. Vietnam WarCommunist N.

Vietnam separates from French Indo-China

2. “Space Race”

3.Cuban RevolutionBay of PigsCuban Missile Crisis

Nakita Khrushchev and Vice-President Richard Nixon engage in the “Kitchen Debate” in 1959

II. Korea, Vietnam, & Cuba

A. Korean War (1950-53)

1. 38th Parallel: Soviets occupied north & U.S. south

2. 1950: North invades South

U.S. aided South Korea China sent troops to North

B. Vietnam War (1954-1973)

1. French-controlled Indo-China

2. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamese independence from France after WW II

cited Declaration of Independence…

3. France tried to reclaim Indo-China

U.S. supported re-colonizationFrance withdrew (1954)Ho Chi Minh divided Vietnam

into North & SouthJ.F.K. sent anti-Communist “advisors”

to South

C. U.S. Involvement

1. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964): President LBJ escalated U.S. presence in Vietnam

2. Nixon further escalated U.S. presence U.S. invades Cambodia; rise of Khmer Rouge regime dictator Pol Pot purges 1/3 of Cambodian pop.

3. U.S. declared “Victory w/ Honor”… withdrew 1973 South Vietnam fell to North

My Lai Massacre

D. Cuban Revolution

1. Fulgencio Batista presided over a corrupt, repressive regime

U.S. & wealthy oligarchy dominated 1959: popular revolution by Fidel Castro

2. Cuban Missile Crisis: U.S. deployed nukes in Turkey…Soviets deployed nukes in Cuba

Kruschev eventually backed down…

E. The Arms & Space Race1. NOT about exploring

space…to develop advanced rocketry for nukes

2. USSR 1st in space—Sputnik (1957)

3. U.S. lands man on the moon (1969)

Sputnik was the first satellite in space

4. European nations stayed OUT of nuclear arms race

created economic alliances:

- European Union: today 27 countries- adoption of Euro currency (1999)

European Union

F. End of the Cold War(1973-1989)

1. Détente SALT Treaty Helsinki Accords

2. USSR in Afghanistan

3. Fall of Communism Mikhail Gorbachev

1. Détente

1. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

1st arms treaty (1972)

2. Nixon visits China (1972)

3. Helsinki Accords (1975) NO political boundaries changed

by military force U.S. & USSR dialogue

U.S. President Richard Nixon meets with Chinese Chairman Mao Zedong

2. Afghanistan (1978-1989)

1. Soviets invaded Afghanistan

“USSR’s Vietnam”

2. Afghan resistance led by U.S. supported Osama Bin Laden

3. Soviets created a puppet government…overthrown by Taliban in 1996

Mujahideen: Afghan freedom fighters

3. Mikhail Gorbachev1. Begins series of reforms in 1985

2. Glasnost: “openness”

minority nationalities rebel

3. Perestroika: free-market reforms

4. Russia’s 1st free election (1990): Pres. Boris Yeltsin