Ch 3: The Thirteen Colonies

Section 1

Roanoke

• 1st attempt at settlement in NA

• Sir Walter Raleigh arranged for charter

• 1st attempt: 1585—abandoned 1 yr later

• 2nd attempt: 1587—leader left 1 yr later to get supplies, when he returned, all traces of colony had disappeared

Jamestown

• Charter: doc issued by gov’t granting specific rights to a person or company

• Virginia Company of London granted charter for Jamestown

• Arrived April 1607

• First permanent British settlement in North America

• Located along Chesapeake Bay

• Prob: swampy, caught diseases, men not farmers—spent all time looking for gold

• By Spring 1608, only 38 colonists still alive

John Smith

• 1608 sent to lead Jamestown

• “He who works not eats not”

• Put up bldgs & planted crops

Starving Time

• Fall 1609—Smith had to return to England

• Conditions worsened

• Prob w/ Nat. Am.

• Ran out of food

• 1610—only 60 colonists still alive

Jamestown Prospers

• Tobacco planted and made much $

• Cash crop: crop grown to make a profit

• House of Burgesses: Representative gov’t (voters elect ppl to make laws for them)

• Elected assembly

• Passed laws & set taxes

• Shared pwr with VA gov

1619

• House of Burgesses established

• First grp of women arrive in large #– Meant ppl were going to settle in VA perm.

• First slave ship arrives in the colony– B/4 most hired indentured servants

• Worked for person for 4-7 yrs in exchange for passage to America

Plymouth

• Separatists: wanted to separate from the Church of England & were often persecuted

• Went to Neth but weren’t happy

• Planned to go to VA

• Pilgrim: person who takes a religious journey

Mayflower Compact

• Sept. 1620, Pilgrims went to NA

• Headed for VA but were blown off course

• Settled in Plymouth, MA

• Believed they weren’t bound by rules of VA Company that way

• Mayflower Compact: created self-government for colony

Section 2: New England Colonies

Geography of New England• NE corner of the US• MA, CT, RI, NH, ME, VT• Hills, low mts• Thin, rocky soil (farming difficult)• Some of richest fishing grounds in the

world• Winters long & snowy• Summers short & warm• Caught fewer diseases & lived longer than

colonists in S

Puritans in Mass Bay

• Wanted to reform Church of England

• Persecuted by King Charles I

• Puritan ministers forced to give up positions

• 1630 left Eng—formed MA Bay Co

• Led by John Winthrop

• Wanted to provide example to others

• Boston—main town

• General Court—elected assembly

• Voting limited to adult male church members

• Non-Puritans weren’t given same rights

• Didn’t believe in religious toleration (recognition that other ppl have right to diff opinions)

Rhode Island

• Roger Williams believed Puritans should split entirely from Church of Eng

• Criticized col who seized Nat Am land• Said col should pay for it• 1635—forced to leave Mass Bay• Moved to present-day RI• Founded Providence, given charter 1644• No est church—religious toleration• Ppl of all faiths could worship freely

Anne Hutchinson

• Questioned Puritan teachings

• 1638 expelled from MA

• Est. settlement in RI

Connecticut

• Minister Thomas Hooker disagreed w/ Puritan teachings

• Founded Hartford 1636

• 1639: Fundamental Orders of CT

• Elected legislature & governor

• Granted charter 1663

New Hampshire

• John Wheelwright forced to leave MA

• Agreed w/ some of Anne Hutchinson’s views

• 1638 founded Exeter

• 1680 became separate from MA

Growth & Change

• town meeting: assembly of townspeople that decides local issues

• Restricted to male heads of households

• Set local taxes & elected ppl to run towns

• Earned livelihoods:– farming– Leather-making– Fishing– shipbuilding

King Philip’s War

• 1670s Nat. Am. pop declined b/c of Eur diseases

• Pop 1/10 of 1570s

• 1675 Metacom (King Philip) led Nat. Am & tried to stop Puritan expansion

• Destroyed 12 towns

• Ended 1676 when Metacom was captured & killed; colonists free to expand

Sec. 3: Middle Colonies

Geography• 4 states: NY, NJ, DE, PA• NY-Hudson River, LI (extends 100+ miles into

Atlantic O)• NYC-most pop city in US• PA 2nd largest state in region• SE has lowland• Phil along Del R• NJ—lowland, At. Coast, DE S of NJ• Climate warmer & growing season longer than

New Eng• Soil fertile—wheat, fruits, vegetables

• Mid colonies most diverse part

• Phil & NYC largest cities & busiest ports

• Thriving economies

NY • Under Dutch, exp econ success in 1660s

• Prosperous farmers, fur trade profitable

• Sm Dutch pop—many colonists from other Eur countries

• Trade rivals w/ England

• 1664 Eng King Charles II granted all Dutch lands to his bro, Duke of York, if he conq the terr

• Sent warships & Dutch immediately surrendered

• New Amsterdam became NYC

• Grew slowly

NJ

• Est 1665

• S NY split off to form new colony

• Proprietary colony: created by grant of land from a monarch to an indiv or family

• 1702 became royal colony (directly ctrl by king)

• NY became royal col in 1685

Pennsylvania

• Quakers were rel grp persecuted in Eng

• Believed all ppl had a direct link (“inner light”) with God so didn’t need ministers

• All ppl = in God’s eyes

• Spoke out against slavery

• Women = men in spiritual matters & often were leaders in Quaker mtgs

• Refused to pay taxes to Church of Eng

• Suffered from persecution• William Penn was Quaker leader• Wanted place where Quakers could live

safe from persecution• Used connections to get charter for colony

in PA• “Holy Experiment”• Arrived in PA 1682• Distr pamphlets to attract settlers• Goal—create col in which ppl from diff rel

backgrounds could live freely

• 1682—created Frame of Gov’t for PA

• Elected an assembly

• Allowed for freedom of rel

• Tried to deal fairly w/ Nat. Am.

Delaware

• Swedes—1st settlers in DE

• 1650s Dutch took control of col

• 1660s turned over to Eng

• Felt Phil too far to send delegates

• Given own rep assembly

• 1704 became separate colony

Way of Life

• PA known as “breadbasket”

• Surplus of crops sold for profit

• 1700s manufacturing just beginning

• Made iron, flour, paper

• Artisans—shoemakers, carpenters, masons, weavers, coopers

Backcountry

• Frontier region extending through sev. colonies (PA to GA)

• Many settlers not Eng

• Scotch-Irish, German (Deutsch—PA Dutch)

• Traveled S along Great Wagon Rd

• Fought w/ Nat Am

Sec 4—Southern Colonies

Geography of the South

• 1760 C Mason & J Dixon hired to settle border dispute btwn PA & MD

• Conducted survey & drew boundary now known as Mason-Dixon Line

• Div. line btwn N & S

• 5 S. col: MD, VA, NC, SC, GA

• Tidewater—flat lowland along coast containing many swampy areas

• On W, blends into rolling hills called Piedmont region

• Climate warm & humid

• Raised cash crops (grown to make a profit) like tobacco, rice, indigo, & cotton

• Needed many workers which led to dev of slavery

Conflict in VA with Nat. Amer.

• As pop of settlers increased, Nat Am. pop decreased b/c of disease & violence

• Farmers took land to grow tobacco

• 2 violent confrontations w/ Nat Am (1622, 1644)

• Nat Am defeated both times

Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1660s, wealthy planters bought good farmland near coast

• No land left for poor col who wanted to start farms

• Young men forced to work for wealthier farmers

• Couldn’t vote in VA w/o property

• Moved inland to find farmland

• Had conflicts w/ Nat Am & wanted governor to help

• Nathaniel Bacon-leader of frontier settlers• 1675 org force of 1,000 & attacked & killed

Nat Am• Gov’t decl they were rebels• Bacon attacked & burned Jamestown• Revolt collapsed when Bacon became sick

& died• Gov’t couldn’t stop settlers from moving

onto Nat Am land

Religious Toleration in MD

• 1632 Charles I granted charter to George Calvert, an Eng Catholic

• Cath discr against in Br

• Calvert set up MD so Cath could live safely

• His son, Lord Baltimore became proprietor when he died

• Proprietor: owner of business or colony

• Tension btwn Prot & Cath in colony

• 1649 issued Act of Toleration

• Welcomed all Christians & gave adult male Christians right to vote & hold office

N & S Carolina

• 1663 Charles II granted charter for Carolina

• N pt dev slowly– Lacked harbors & rivers– Sm farms raised & exported tobacco– Lumber led to shipbuilding

• S pt grew more quickly– Sugar grew in swampy lowlands– Slave labor used– Rice most important crop– Main city-Charles Town (Charleston)

• Eventually split into 2 col b/c of diff– N & S Carolina

Georgia• Founded b/c • 1. Eng afraid Sp would expand FL north &

col would be buffer• 2. Eng led by Oglethorpe wanted colony

to protect debtors (ppl who owe $)• In Eng, debtors could be jailed until they

paid what they owed• Slavery banned to prevent plantations @

1st

• Slavery allowed beg 1740s

Tidewater Region

• Located along Atlantic coast• Plantation: large farm• Grew cotton, sugar, rice• Economy dominated by plantations• Climate hot, humid• Unhealthy working conditions promoted spread

of slavery• In SC, more slaves than free ppl• Whites div into wealthy & those w/ little or no

property

Backcountry

• Cut off from coast

• Farms isolated

• Lived in 1 rm shacks

• Ppl cared less about rank

• Believed col gov’t on coast didn’t care about them

Sec 5—Spanish Colonies in Borderlands

Florida

• 1565 built ft @ St. Augustine

• 1st perm Eur settlement in present-day US

• 1693 announced that slaves who escaped to FL would be protected & given land if they helped defend colony

• 1763 only 3 major settlements—colony grew slowly

Settlements in Borderlands• Borderlands: lands along a frontier

– Purpose: protect Mex from other Eur powers– FL, TX, NM, AZ, CO, UT, NV, CA

• Missions: key role in setting up borderlands

• CA col est 1769• Junipero Serra est San Diego• Also est LA & SF• Presidios: military posts set up to protect

missions

• Pueblos: civilian towns

• Centers of farming & trade

• Plaza in middle of town

Spanish Missions

• Nat Am worked there farming, building churches, learned crafts

• Worked 5-8 hrs/day, 5-6 days/wk• Off on Sun & rel holidays• Didn’t have ctrl over lives• Punished if broke rules• Imprisoned, kept in shackles, whipped• Often rebelled• Missions: set up to convert Nat. Am. to

Christianity (Catholicism)