ch 11. ch. 11 sec 1 1700s – france considered most advanced country of europe ◦ center of...
TRANSCRIPT
The French Revolution and
NapoleonCh 11
The French Revolution Begins
Ch. 11 Sec 1
1700s – France considered most advanced country of Europe◦Center of Enlightenment◦Large population and prosperous foreign trade
◦Culture admired by many
Setting the Stage
Appearances can be deceiving◦Great unrest in France High prices High taxes Disturbing questions raised by Enlightenment
Caste system remained from days of feudalism
Three social classes◦First Estate◦Second Estate ◦Third Estate
Privileged Classes◦First and Second Access to high government offices
Exemptions from paying taxes
The Old Regime
Clergy of Roman Catholic Church◦1% of population ◦Owned 10% of land◦Provided education and relief services to the poor
◦2% of income went to the government (taxes)
◦Scorned Enlightenment ideas
First Estate
Rich nobles whose wealth consisted of land◦Own 20% of the land◦Make up 2% of the population◦Paid almost no taxes◦Scorned Enlightenment ideas Radical ideas that threatened status and power
Second Estate
97% of the populationConsisted of three groups
◦Bourgeoisie Merchants and artisans Well-educated Believed in Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality
Wealthy, but paid high taxes
The Third Estate
◦WorkersCooks, servantsPoorer than bourgeoisieLow wagesFrequently out of workOften went hungry
Peasants◦Largest group in Third Estate 80% of population – 21 million people
◦Lost half of income to other estates Dues to nobles Tithes to the church Taxes to the kings agents
◦Resented clergy and nobles for privileges/special treatment
Enlightenment Ideas◦Views on gov’t spread among 3rd EstateQuestion structure of societyEquality, liberty, and democracy
◦Inspired by American Revolution
◦Discuss ideas of Rousseau and Voltaire
The Forces of Change
Economic Troubles◦Prosperous economy was failingPopulation expandedTaxes made it impossible to do business in France
Cost of living roseBad weather caused crop failures – prices of food doubled
◦Gov’t went into debt Extravagant spending by king and queen
Louis XVI inherited debt Borrowed to help Americans against British
A Weak Leader◦Louis XVI indecisive ◦Paid little attention to details of governing
◦Married Marie Antoinette – Austrian royalty
◦Marie spent $ on frivolous items◦Louis didn’t deal with $ issues til France was bankrupt
◦Estates General called when Louis calls for more taxes
National Assembly◦3rd estate wanted Assembly to meet as oneEach person have one voteBenefits 3rd Estate
◦King orders Estates General to follow old rules
Revolution Dawns
Abbe Sieyes◦Clergy member sympathetic to 3rd Estate
◦Suggest 3rd estate become National Assembly
◦Pass laws and reforms in name of French people
Delegates agree◦End absolute monarchy◦Beginning of representative gov’t◦Tennis Court Oath – June 17, 1789 Would not leave court until constitution formed
Joined by sympathetic nobles and clergy
◦Louis XVI responds Stations mercenaries outside Versailles
Rumors◦People suggest Louis will dismiss Nat’l Assembly by force
◦Others – foreign troops will massacre citizens
Storming the Bastille
July 14, 1789◦Mob storms the Bastille, a Paris prison Search for gunpowder and weapons
◦Overwhelm guards and seize control Kill prison commander and guards March down streets with heads on pikes
Symbolic act of revolution◦Similar to July 4 in USA
Rebellion spreads from Paris to countryside◦Rumors that nobles hired outlaws to terrorize peasants
Wave of panic sets in◦Great Fear Peasants become armed outlaws Break into homes of
nobles
A Great Fear Sweeps France
August 4, 1789◦Late-night meeting of the National Assembly
◦Do away with privileges of the 1st and 2nd Estates Make commoners equal to nobles and clergy
Old Regime is dead
End of the Old Regime
Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen◦Aug 26, 1789◦All men are free and equal in rights Liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression◦Appointment to public office based on talent
◦Guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech and religion
Rights of Man
Bread Riots◦Oct. 4, 1789◦Women riot over price of bread◦March on Versailles◦Demand Nat’l Assembly be recognized by Louis XVI
◦Demand king and queen return to Paris
National Assembly reforms the Church◦Took over Church lands Sale of lands helped to pay off French debt
◦Church officials and priests had to be elected Paid as state officials Offended Catholics in France
◦Church loses power and $
A State Controlled Church
June 1791◦Tries to leave for Austrian Netherlands◦Recognized and brought back to Paris Portrait on money
Louis Tries to Escape
A Limited Monarchy◦New constitution - Sept 1791 Limited constitutional monarchy Strips king of much of his authority
◦Creates Legislative Assembly Power to create laws Approve or prevent war declared by the
king
Conflicting Goals Cause Divisions
Legislative Assembly designed to be conservative◦Only “active” citizens could vote Men over 25 that paid a certain amount in taxes
Only wealthy people would serve◦Local gov’t in charge of taxation
Food shortages and gov’t debt remain
Legislative Assembly splits into three groups◦Radicals◦Moderates ◦Conservatives
Factions Split France
Sat on the left of the hall Opposed idea of a monarchy Wanted a lot of changes to be made
Radicals
Sat in the center Wanted some changes
◦Not as many as radicals
Moderates
Sat on the right Upheld idea of limited monarchy
◦Wanted few changes
Conservatives
Spring 1792 - Radicals create commune◦City council run by popular vote◦Take king captive◦Force Legislative Assembly to suspend monarchy
Rise of the Paris Commune
Sans-culottes◦Wore long pants Identified as ordinary patriots
◦Wage-earners and shopkeepers◦Wanted greater changes in gov’t◦Lower food prices and end to food shortages
European leaders watch changes in France◦Fear revolts will break out in own countries
◦Austria and Prussia take action Urge French to restore absolute
monarchy◦April 1792 – France declares war
France at War
Summer 1792◦Enemy armies advanced on Paris Prussian general threatens to destroy Paris if royal family is harmed
Aug 10◦Parisians respond violently 20,000 men and women invade palace where royal family is staying
Massacre guards and imprison Louis, and Marie Antoinette
France at War
Radical Revolution and Reaction
Ch. 11 Sec 2
French troops in Paris sent to help in field◦Rumors spread Supporters of king in prison might break out and seize city
◦Citizens raid prisons and massacre over 1,000 Royalists, nobles, and clergy
September Massacres
National Convention – Sept 21, 1792◦Ruling body of France Chosen to draft new constitution Lawyers, professionals, property owners 2/3 under age of 45
◦Abolished monarchy◦Declared France a republic◦Adult male citizens granted right to vote No vote for women
The First Republic
Political Social Clubs form in Paris◦The Girondins Represent areas outside Paris
◦The Mountain Represent radicals in Paris
The Fate of the King
Jacobins Take Control◦Radical political organization◦Wanted to execute kingEnsure he was not a rallying point for opponents of republic
Jacobins influence Nat’l Convention◦Try Louis for treason◦Sentenced to death Jan. 21, 1793 – beheaded by guillotine
Thousands of French oppose Jacobins◦Horrified by beheadings of Louis XVI
Robespierre Assumes Control◦Maximilien Robespierre Jacobin leader “Republic of virtue” Try to wipe out every trace of monarchy and nobility
Terror Grips France
Leader of Committee of Public Safety◦Decided who was enemy of the republic
◦Protect France from enemiesReign of Terror
◦July 1793 – July 1794 – governs as dictator
◦Executes Marie Antoinette◦40,000 French executed 16,000 by guillotine 85% were from 3rd Estate
Democratic republic composed of good citizens
Formed by good education◦Primary education for all
Abolished slavery in French colonies
Tried to control prices of essential goods
De-Christianization
The Republic of Virtue
Active participants◦No official power
Observed sessions of Nat’l Convention◦Made demands
Society for Revolutionary Republican Women in Paris◦Asserted readiness to defend republic
Role of Women
France’s Citizen Army◦1793 – GB, Holland and Spain join Austria and Prussia against French
◦Feb. 1793 – National Convention starts draft 300,000 citizens ages 18 – 40 1794 – 800,000 soldiers, including women
Pushed back invading army◦Conquered Austrian Netherlands
Rise of the revolutionary army
Robespierre attacks other revolutionaries◦Less radical than Robespierre
July 1794 – National Convention turns against Robespierre◦Arrested and executed July 28◦Public opinion shifts to the right
End of the Terror
1795 – National Convention drafts new gov’t◦3rd since 1789
More conservative◦Restricted power of CoPS◦Churches reopened◦New constitution created
New Government
Two legislative houses◦Council of 500Drafted laws
◦Council of Elders250 membersAccepted or rejected laws
◦Members chosen by electorsOwned or rented property worth certain value 30,000 people
Committee of 5 leaders◦Council of Elders chose from list from Council of 500
◦Reactionary and corrupt◦Many political enemies◦Economic issues◦Relied heavily on support of military
The Directory