cephalometrics manual kroth
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Table of Contents
References ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
Landmark (Point) Definitions ....................................................................................................................... 2
Variables as Defined by Other Analyses and Atlases ................................................................................... 4
Measurements ............................................................................................................................................. 22
Planes ........................................................................................................................................................ 112
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References
Note: Atlases differ from analyses. Atlases are books for which each measurement is given with a
description and a drawing. In comparison, analyses are journal publications which may or may not contain drawings for each measurement.
Downs AnalysisDowns WB (1948). Variations in Facial Relationships: Their Significance in Treatment and Prognosis. American
Journal of Orthodontics, 34:812-840.
Frontal AnalysisGrummons DC, Kappeneye van de Coppelo MA (1987). A Frontal Asymmetrical Analysis. The Journal of Clinical
Orthodontics, 21: 448-465.
Grummons DC, Ricketts RM (2004). Frontal Cephalometrics: Practical Application. World Journal of Orthodontics,5: 99-119.
Epker BN, Fish LC(1986). Dentofacial Deformities: Integrated Orthodontic and Surgical Corrections Volume I.
Saint Louis: C. V. Mosby Co.
Jarabak-Bjork AnalysisJarabak JR, Fizzell JA (1972). Technique and treatment with light-wire edgewise appliances. Saint Louis: C. V.Mosby Co.
London AtlasBhatia SN, Leighton BC (1993). A Manual of Facial Growth: A Computer Analysis of Longitudinal Cephalometric
Growth Data. Oxford: Oxford university Press.
McNamara AnalysisMcNamara JA Jr, Brundon WL (2001). Orthodontic and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Ann Arbor: Needham Press.
Ricketts Analysis
Ricketts RM, Roth RH, Chaconas SJ, Schnlhof RJ, Engel A (1982). Orthodontic Diagnosis and Planning, Volumes Iand II. Denver: Rocky Mountain Orthodontics.
Michigan / Riolo AtlasRiolo ML, Moyers RE, McNamara JA, Hunter WS (1974). An Atlas of Craniofacial Growth: Cephalometric
Standards from the University School Growth Study, The University of Michigan. Ann Arbor: The University
of Michigan.
Holdaway Soft Tissue AnalysisHoldaway RA (1983). A Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis and its Use in Orthodontic Planning, Part I. American
Journal of Orthodontics, 84: 1-28.
Holdaway RA (1984). A Soft Tissue Cephalometric Analysis and its Use in Orthodontic Planning, Part II. AmericanJournal of Orthodontics, 85: 279-293.
Steiner AnalysisSteiner CC (1953). Cephalometrics for You and Me. American Journal of Orthodontics, 39: 729-755.
Tweed AnalysisTweed CH (1954). The Frankfort Mandibular Incisal Angle (FMIA) in Orthodontic Diagnosis, Treatment Planning,
and Prognosis. The Angle Orthodontics, 24: 121-169.
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Landmark (Point) Definitions
Variable Abbreviation Variable Name Definition
1L, LIE Lower Central Incisor The occlusal tip of the lower central insicor
1U, UIE Upper Central Incisor The occlusal tip of the upper central incisor A point, A A point The deepest point of the curve of the maxilla
between the anterior nasal spine and the dentalalveolus
A’ point, A’ Soft tissue A point The soft tissue point that is horizontally projected, parallel to Frankfort Horizontal, from the deepest
point of the curve of the maxilla between the
anterior nasal spine and the dental alveolus
ANS Anterior Nasal Spine tip of the anterior nasal spine
Ar Articulare the point of intersection between the posterior border of the mandibular condyle and the lower
border of the cranial base
B point, B B point the deepest point on the bony curvature between
the crest of the alveolus and pogonionCC Center of Cranium cephalometric landmark formed by the
intersection of the two lines BA-NA and PT-GN
Cd Condyle the most superior point on the condyles of the
mandible
CF Center of Face, Polar Center a center on the Frankfort horizontal plane at a
perpendicular dropped at the anterior border of
pterygoid plates near the union with the body of the sphenoid
Gl Glabella the height of curvature of the bone overlying thefrontal sinus
Gl’ Soft tissue Glabella the most prominent or anterior point in the
midsagittal plane of the forehead at the level of the
superior orbital ridgesGn Gnathion The most posterior-inferior point on the outline of
the mandible, lies on the contour of the chin at the
point of intersection of the facial axis
Gn, constructed Gnathion, constructed Lies at the intersection of the mandibular plane
(Go-Me)and the facial plane ( Na-Pog)
Go Gonion the midpoint at the angle of the mandible
Go, constructed Gonion, constructed the intersection of the mandibular plane with a plane through Articulare, Posterior and along the
portion of the mandibular ramus inferior to it
L6 Lower first molar a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular to the
distal surface of the crown of the lower first molar
Li Labrale Inferius the median point on the lower margin of the lower
membranous lipLIA Lower central incisor root apex the root tip of the mandibular central incisor
Lnt Lower nasal tangent the tip of the nose
Ls Labrale Superius a point indicating the mucocutaneous border of the
upper lip, usually the most anterior point of the
upper lip
Me Menton the most inferior point on the symphyseal outline
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Variable Abbreviation Variable Name Definition
Me’ Soft tissue Menton the most inferior point on the soft-tissue chin
Na, N Nasion the most anterior point on the frontonasal suture
Na’, N’ Soft tissue Nasion the deepest point on the concavity overlying the
area of the frontonasal suture
Pg Pogonion the most anterior point on the mandibular symphysis
Pg’ Soft tissue Pogonion the most prominent or anterior point on the soft-tissue chin in the midsagittal plane
Pm Protruberance
menti/supragonion
a point selected where the curveature of the anterior
border of the symphysis changes from concave toconvex
PNS Posterior nasal spine the tip of the posterior nasal spine
Po Porion The most superior point on the outline of the
external auditory meatus
Pt Pterygoid the posterior-superior border of the ptrygo-
maxillary fissures
Sd Supradentale the most anterior inferior point on the maxilla at its
labial contact with the maxillary central incisor Se Sella Turcica the center of sella turcica
Sls Superior Labial Sulcus the point of greatest concavity in the midline of the
upper lip between Sn and Ls
Sn Subnasale a point located at the junction between lower border
of the nose and beginning of the upper lip at the
midsagittal plane
Sts Stomion Superious the lowermost point on the vermilion of the upper
lip
Sti Stomion Inferious the uppermost point on the vermilion of the lower
lip
U6 Upper first molar a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular to thedistal surface of the crown of the upper first molar
UIA Upper central incisor root apex the root tip of the maxillary central incisor Xi Xi Point a point located at the geographic center of the
ramus, location of XI is keyed geometrically to PR-OR and a perpendicular through PT
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Variables as Defined by Other Analyses and Atlases
Name Point Description Reference
Angle of
Convexity
Angle of
convexity
formed by the intersection of a line from
nasion to point A with a line from point Ato pogonion
Downs 1948
Anterior Downs
Point
Anterior Downs
Point-ADP
the midpoint of the line connecting
landmarks LIE and UIE
Riolo et al.
1974
Anterior Nasal
Spine
Anterior Nasal
Spine-ANS
the tip of the anterior nasal spine Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Anterior Nasal
Spine-ANS
The tip of the bony anterior nasal spine at
the inferior margin of the piriform apeture
McNamara
2001
ANS tip of the anterior nasal spine Rickets et al.
1982
ANS Maxilla tip of the anterior nasal spine just below
the nasal cavity and above the hard palate
Rickets et al.
1982
Anterior Nasal
Spine-ANS
the tip of the median, sharp bony process
of the maxilla at the lower margin of the
anterior nasal opening
Riolo et al.
1974
Anterior Ramus Anterior Ramus
Point 1-ARM1
the point of intersection anterior ramus
vertically, with an extension posteriorly of
the occlusal plane
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Anterior Border
of the Ramus-AB
this is defined as the intersection of the
FOP with the anterior border of the ramus
Riolo et al.
1974Anterior Ramus
(2)
Anterior Ramus
Point 2-ARM2
a point approximately (?) centimere above
ARM1 along the anterior border of ARM1
and ARM2
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Articulare Articulare-ART the point of intersection between the
posterior border of the mandibular condyle
and the lower border of the cranial base
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Articulare,
Anterior-AA
the point of intersection of the inferior
surface of the cranial base and the
averaged anterior surfaces of the
mandibular condyles
Riolo et al.
1974
Articulare-AR the point of intersection of the inferior
cranial base surface and the averaged
posterior surfaces of the mandibular
condyles
Riolo et al.
1974
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Name Point Description Reference
Basion Basion-BA the lowest point on the anterior border of
the foramen magnum
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Basion-Ba The most anterior-inferior point on the
margin of the foramen magnum
McNamara
2001BA Basion most inferiro posteriro point of the
occipital bone at the anterior margin of the
occipital foramen
Rickets et al.
1982
Basion-BA the most inferior, posterior point on the
posterior margin of the foramen magnum
Riolo et al.
1974
Bolton Plane Bolton plane represented by a line from nasion to Bolton
point
Downs 1948
Bolton Point Bolton Point-BO the highest point in the notch behind the
occipital condyle
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Bolton Point the highest point of concavity behind the
occipital condyles
Downs 1948
Center of
Cranium
CC point a line connecting Pt point with
cephalometric gnathion, crossing the
basion-nasion plane. CC truly is located
perpendicular to basion-nasion from
pterygoid point, but for practical purposes
it can be used as the point of intersection
of the facial axis with basion-nasion
because this varies around a true right
angle
Rickets et al.
1972
CC Point center of cranium, cephalometric landmark
formed by the intersection of the two lines
BA-NA and PT-GN
Rickets et al.
1982
Chin Tangent Chin Tangent
Point-CT
the most anterior-superior point on the
soft-tissue chin, where the concavity of the
soft-tissue changes in convexity
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Condylion Condylion-CD the most superior point on the condyles of
the mandible
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Condylion-Co The most posterior-superior point on the
head of the manibular condyle
McNamara
2001
Condylion-CO the most posterior superior point on the
curvature of the average of the right and
left outlines of the condylar head,
determined as the point of tangency to a
perpendicular construction line to the
anterior and posterior borders of the
condylar head
Riolo et al.
1974
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Name Point Description Reference
DC Point DC Point cephalometric landmark representing the
center of the neck of the condyle on the
Basion Nasion line
Rickets et al.
1982
DT Chin DT Chin the point on the anterior curve of the softtssue chin Rickets et al.1982
Embrasure EM Embrasure a point where the upper and lower lips
meet
Rickets et al.
1982
Facial Angle Facial angle the inside inferior angle formed by the
intersection of the Frankfort horizontal and
facial plane
Downs 1948
Facial Axis Facial axis by connection of Pt point with
cepholometric gnathion, this line forms
almost exactly the central axis of the face
Rickets et al.
1972
Facial Plane Facial plane a line from nasion to pogonion Downs 1948
Frontal Occlusal
Plane
Frontal occlusal
plane
bisection of right and left first molar
occlusal relation
Rickets et al.
1972
Functional
Occlusal Plane
Functional
Occlusal Plane
Point-FPP
the posterior location of the functional
occlusal plane and consequently its value
is related to the presence or absence of TP,
(1) if TP is present and the individual is <9
yrs old FPP takes the same value as TP, (2)
in all other cases FPP takes on the value of
UDT
Riolo et al.
1974
Glabella Glabella-GLB the most prominent point on the outline of the frontal bone, in the supraorbital and
frontal sinus region
Bhatia andLeighton 1993
Glabella-G the most prominent anterior point in the
midsagittal plane of the forehead
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
Glabella-GB the height of curvature of the bone
overlying the frontal sinus
Riolo et al.
1974
Glabella (Soft
Tissue)
Soft Tissue
Glabella-SGLB
the most prominent or anterior point in the
midsagittal plane of the forehead at the
level of the superior orbital ridges
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Gnathion Gnathion-GN the most antero-inferior point on the
mandibular symphysis
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Gnathion a point on the chin deterined by bisecting
the angle formed by the facial andmandibular planes
Downs 1948
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Name Point Description Reference
Gnathion -
continued
Gnathion-Gn The most posterior-inferior point on the
outline of the mandible, lies on the contour
of the chin at the point of intersection of
the facial axis (PTM-constructed Gn)
McNamara
2001
Gnathion-Gn,
constructed
Lies at the intersection of the mandibular
plane (Go-Me)and the facial plane ( Na-
Pog)
McNamara
2001
GN Gnathion cephalometric landmark formed by the
intersection of the tangent to the most
inferior point on the inferior border of the
symphysis and the most inferior point of
the gonial region, and the line connecting
NA and PO
Rickets et al.
1982
Gnathion-GN the most anterior-inferior point on the
contour of the bony chin symphysis,determined by bisecting the angle formed
by the madibular plane and line through
Pogonion and Nasion
Riolo et al.
1974
Gnathion (Soft
Tissue)
Soft Tissue
Gnathion-GN'
the midpoint between soft-tissue pogonion
and soft-tissue menton
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Gonion Gonion-GO the midpoint at the angle of the mandible Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
GO Gonion intersection of the line connecting the most
distal aspect of the condyle to the distal
border of the ramus, and the line at the
base of the mandible
Rickets et al.
1982
Gonial
Intersection-GOI
the intersection of the mandibular plane
with a plane through Articulare, Posterior
and along the portion of the mandibular
ramus inferior to it
Riolo et al.
1974
Gonion-GO the midpoint of the angle of the mandible,
found by bisecting the angle formed by the
mandibular plane and a plane through
Articulare, Posterior and along the portion
of the mandibular ramus inferior to it
Riolo et al.
1974
Inferior LabialSulcus
Inferior LabialSulcus-Lls
the point of greatest concavity in themidline of the lower lip between between
Li and soft tissue pogonion, also known as
Labiomental Sulcus Si
Jacobson andJacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
Infradentale Infradentale-ID the most antero-superior point on the labial
crest of the mandibular alveolar process
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
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Name Point Description Reference
Infradentale -
continued
Infradentale-ID the anterior superior point on the mandible
at its labial contact with the mandibular
central incisor
Riolo et al.
1974
Laberale Inferius Laberale Inferius-LI the most prominent point on the on thevermillion border of the lower lip in the
midsagittal plane
Bhatia andLeighton 1993
Labrale Inferius-
Li
the median point on the lower margin of
the lower membranous lip
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
Laberale Superius Laberale
Superius-LS
a point located at the maximum convexity
of the vermillion border most prominent in
the midsagittal plane
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Labrale Superius-
Ls
a point indicating the mucocutaneous
border of the upper lip, usually the most
anterior point of the upper lip
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
LM1 LM1 the most antero-superior point on the
mesial border of the crown of the lower
first molar
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Lower CanineApex
3R-3L incisal tip of lower canines, respectively Rickets et al.1972
Lower Incisor
Apex
Lower Incisor
Apex-LIA
the root apex of the most prominent lower
incisor crown
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Lower Incisor
Apex-LIA
the root tip of the mandibular central
incisor
Riolo et al.
1974
Lower Incisor
Cusp Tip
B1 Incisor incisal tip of the lower incisor Rickets et al.
1982
B1 Point a point selected at the interdental papilla of
the lower incisors at the junction of the
crowns and gingiva
Rickets et al.
1982
Lower Incisor
Edge
Lower Incisor
Edge-LIE
the tip of the most prominent lower incisor
crown
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Lower Incisor Incisal Edge-LIE
the incisal tip of the mandibular centralincisor
Riolo et al.1974
Lower Incisor
Lingual Bony
Contact
Lower Incisor
Lingual Bony
Contact Point-
LIB
the lingual contact of alveolar bone with
the mandibular central incisor
Riolo et al.
1974
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Name Point Description Reference
Lower Incisor
Root Tip
BR Incisor root tip of the lower incisor Rickets et al.
1982
Lower Lip Lower Lip
Stomion-LLS
the most superior point located on the
lower lip
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993LL Lower Lip most anterior point on the lower lip Rickets et al.
1982
Lower Molar
Buccal Surface
6R-6L buccal surfaces of lower molar,
respectively, in frontal
Rickets et al.
1972
Lower Molar
Cusp Tip
B6 lower molar, most distal surface Rickets et al.
1972
B6 Lower Molar a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular
to the distal surface of the crown of the
lower first molar
Rickets et al.
1982
Lower Molar
Distal CEJ
Lower Molar
Distal CEJ-LDJ
the posterior cemento-enamel junction of
the mandibular first molar
Riolo et al.
1974
Lower Molar
Distal Contact
Lower Molar
Distal Contact
Point-LDC
the posterior contact point of the
mandibular first molar
Riolo et al.
1974
Lower Molar Distal Cusp Tip
Lower Molar Distal Cusp Tip-
LDT
the posterior cusp tip of the mandibular first molar
Riolo et al.1974
Lower Molar
Mesial CEJ
Lower Molar
Mesial CEJ-LMJ
the anterior cemento-enamel junction of
the mandibular first molar
Riolo et al.
1974
Lower Molar
Mesial Contact
Lower Molar
Mesial Contact-
LMC
the mesial contact of the mandibular first
molar relative to the FOP
Riolo et al.
1974
Lower Molar
Mesial Cusp Tip
Lower Molar
Mesial Cusp Tip-
LMT
the anterior cusp tip of the mandibular first
molar
Riolo et al.
1974
Mandibular Plane Mandibular plane a line at the lower border of the
mandibular tangent to the gonion angle
and the profile image of the symphysis
Downs 1948
Menton Menton-Me the lowest point on the lower border of themandibular symphysis Bhatia andLeighton 1993
Menton-Me The most inferior point of the mandibular
symphysis
McNamara
2001
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Name Point Description Reference
Menton -
continued
ME Menton point of the inferior border of the
symphysis directly inferior to mental
protruberance and inferior to the center of
trigonium mentali
Rickets et al.
1982
Menton-ME the most inferior point on the symphyseal
outline
Riolo et al.
1974
Menton (Soft
Tissue)
Soft Tissue
Menton-ME'
the most inferior point on the soft-tissue
chin
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Soft Tissue
Menton-Me'
lowest point on the contour of the soft
tissue chin, found by dropping a
perpendicular from horizontal plane
through skeletal menton
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
Nasion Nasion-N the most anterior point on the frontonasal
suture
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Nasion-N the most anterior point of the nasofrontal
suture in the midsaggital plane
Burstone et al.
1978
Nasion the suture between the frontal and nasal
bones
Downs 1948
Nasion-Na The intersection of the internasal and
frontonasal sutures
McNamara
2001
NA Nasion a point at the anterior limit of the
nasofrontal suture
Rickets et al.
1982
Nasion-N the junction of the frontonasal suture at the
most posterior point on the curve at the
bridge of the nose
Riolo et al.
1974
Nasion (Soft
Tissue)
Projected Soft
Tissue Nasion-
PSN
a point constructed from its use as a soft-
tissue reference point
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Soft Tissue
Nasion-SFN
the deepest point on the concavity
overlying the area of the frontonasal suture
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Soft Tissue
Nasion-N'
the point of greatest concavity in the
midline between the forehead and the nose
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
OC1 OC1 the midpoint in the occlusal space between
the upper and lower canines and the first
premolars to provide an anterior point on
the functional occlusal plane
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
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Name Point Description Reference
OC2 OC2 the midpoint on the occlusal space distal to
the upper and lower first molarsto provide
a posterior point for the functional occlusal
plane
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Occlusal Plane Occlusal plane a line bisecting the occlusion of the first
molars and central incisors
Downs 1948
True occlusal
plane
occlusal plane of buccal teeth, not overbite
bisection
Rickets et al.
1972
Orbitale Orbitale-ORB the most inferior point on the lower border
of the bony orbit
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Orbitale the lowest point on the left infraorbital
margin
Downs 1948
Orbitale-Or Lowermost point on the inferior orbital
margin
McNamara
2001
OR Orbitale a point located at the lowest point on the
external border of the orbital cavity
Rickets et al.
1982
Orbitale-OR the lowest point of the average of the right
and left borders of the bony orbit
Riolo et al.
1974
Pogonion Pogonion-PG the most anterior point on the mandibular symphysis
Bhatia andLeighton 1993
Pogonion the most anterior point on the mandible in
the midline
Downs 1948
Pogonion-Pog Most anterior point of the bony chin.Formed at the point of contact of the facial
plane with the chin contour
McNamara2001
PO Pogonion most anterior point on the mid-sagittal
symphysis
Rickets et al.
1982
Pogonion-PG the most anterior point on the contour of
the bony chin, determined by tangent
through Nasion
Riolo et al.
1974
Pogonion (Soft
Tissue)
Soft Tissue
Pogonion-PG'
the most prominent or anterior point on the
soft-tissue chin in the midsagittal plane
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Soft TissuePogonion-Pog'
the most prominent or anterior point on thechin in the midsagittal plane
Jacobson andJacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
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Name Point Description Reference
Polar Center CF-Polar center a center on the Frankfort horizontal plane
at a perpendicular dropped at the anterior
border of pterygoid plates near the union
with the body of the sphenoid
Rickets et al.
1972
CF Point center of face, cephalometric landmark
formed by the intersection of the line
connecting PR and OR and a perpendicular
through PT
Rickets et al.
1982
Porion Porion-PO the most superior point on the radiolucence
external and internal auditory meati,
located posteriorly to the mandibular
condyle and posterior clivus
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Porion the highest point on the superior surface of
the soft tissue of the external auditory
meati
Downs 1948
Porion-PO The most superior point on the outline of
the external auditory meatus
McNamara
2001
PR Porion a point located at the most superior point
of the external auditory meatus
Rickets et al.
1982
Porion-PO the midpoint of the line connecting the
most superior point of the radiopacitygenerated by each of the 2 ear rods of the
cephalostat
Riolo et al.
1974
Post Laberale
Superius
Post Laberale
Superius-PLS
the point on the vermilion border midway
between lower lip stomion and laberaleinferius
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Post Pronasale Post Pronasale-
POPRN
a point located at the end of the nasal tip
convexity
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Posterior Downs
Point
Posterior Downs
Point-PDP
the midpoint of the line connecting
landmarks LMT and UMT
Riolo et al.
1974
Posterior Nasal
Spine
Posterior Nasal
Spine-PNS
the tip of the posterior nasal spine Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
PNS tip of the posterior nasal spine Rickets et al.
1982
Posterior Nasal
Spine-PNS
the most posterior point at the sagittal
plane on the bony hard palate
Riolo et al.
1974
Posterior Ramus Posterior Ramus
Point 1-PRM1
a point on the posterior border of the
ramus at its junction with the condyle
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
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Name Point Description Reference
Posterior Ramus -
continued
Posterior Ramus
Point 2-PRM2
the most prominent postero-superior point
at the angle of the mandible on the
posterior ramus behind gonion
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Posterior Border of the Ramus-PB this is defined as the intersection of theFOP with the posterior border of the
mandibular
Riolo et al.1974
Prepronasale Prepronasale-
PPRN
a point located at the pre-convexity of the
nose tip and tangent to the nasal bridge
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Pronasale Pronasale-PRN the most prominent or anterior point of the
nose tip
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Pronasale-Pn the most prominent or anterior point of the
nose
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
EN Nose a point on the anterior curve of the soft
tissue nose
Rickets et al.
1982
Prosthion Prosthion-PR the crest of the upper labial alveolar
process
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Protuberance
Menti
PM-
Protruberance
menti/supragonio
n
located at the end of heavy cortex on
symphysis, it is a probable reversal line,
serves as an anterior point for mandibular
growth are calculations
Rickets et al.
1972
PM a point selected where the curveature of
the anterior border of the symphysischanges from concave to convex
Rickets et al.
1982
Pterygoid Fissure Pterygoid
Fissure-Ptm
A bilateral inverted terdrop-shaped
radiolucency, whose anterior border
repreents the posterior surfaces of the
tuberocities of the maxilla. The landmark
is taken on the posterior-superior point on
the contour of the pterygomaxillary fissure
McNamara
2001
Pterygoid Point Pterygoid Point-
PT
a point described by Ricketts, which is on
the posterior-superior border of the ptrygo-
maxillary fissures
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Pt-Pterygoid
point
a point in the lateral film at the lower edge
of the foramen rotundum used as a center for growth reference. Used to find a central
reference on the basion-nasion plane.
Rickets et al.
1972
PT Point intersection of the inferior border of the
foramen rotundum with the posterior wall
of the pterygomaxillary fissure
Rickets et al.
1982
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Name Point Description Reference
Pterygomaxillary
Fissure Inferior
Pterygomaxillare-
PTM
the inferior point at the junction of the
anterior and posterior borders of the
pterygo-maxillary fissure
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Pterygo-Maxillary Fissure
Inferior
Pterygo-Maxillary Fissure,
Inferior-PTM
the most inferior point on the average of the right and left outlines of the pterygo-
maxillary fissure
Riolo et al.1974
Pterygomaxillary
Fissure Superior
Pterygomaxillare
Superior-PTMS
the most superior point on the on the
pterygomaxillary fissure
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Pterygo-
Maxillary Fissure,
Superior-PTMS
the most superior point on the average of
the right and left outlines of the pterygo-
maxillary fissure
Riolo et al.
1974
Sella Turcica Sella-S the center of sella turcica Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
The center of sella turcica
located by inspection of the profile imageof the fossa
Downs 1948
Sella Turcica-S the center of the pituitary fossa of thesphenoidal plane with the averaged greater
sphenoid wing
Riolo et al.1974
Stomion Inferius Stomion
Inferious-Sti
the uppermost point on the vermilion of
the lower lip
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
Stomion Superius Stomion
Superius-Sts
the lowermost point on the vermilion of
the upper lip
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/Holdaway Soft
Tissue
Subnasale Subnasale-SN a point located at the junction between
lower border of the nose and beginning of
the upper lip at the midsagittal plane
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Subnasale-Sn the point at which the columella merges
with the upper lip in the midsagittal plane
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
Subspinale A Point-A the deepest point on the concave outline of
the upper labial alveolar process extending
from from the anterior nasal spine to prosthion
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Point A-
subspinale
the deepest midline point on the premaxilla
between the anterior nasal spine and
prosthion
Downs 1948
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Name Point Description Reference
Subspinale -
continued
Point A The deepest point in the curved bony
outline from the base to the alveolar
process of the maxilla. Usually found
adjacent to the maxillary incisor root apex
McNamara
2001
A-Point the deepest point of the curve of the
maxilla between the anterior nasal spine
and the dental alveolus
Rickets et al.
1982
A Point-A the most posterior point on the curve of the
maxilla between the anterior nasal spine
and supradentale
Riolo et al.
1974
Subspinale (Soft
Tissue)
Soft Tissue A
Point-A'
the deepest point on the upper lip
determined by an imaginary line joining
subnasale with the laberale superius
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Superior Labial
Sulcus
Superior Labial
Sulcus-Sls
the point of greatest concavity in the
midline of the upper lip between Sn and Ls
Jacobson and
Jacobson 2006/
Holdaway Soft
Tissue
Supradentale Supradentale-SD the most anterior inferior point on the
maxilla at its labial contact with the
maxillary central incisor
Riolo et al.
1974
B Point-B the deepest point on the bony curvature between the crest of the alveolus and
pogonion
Bhatia andLeighton 1993
Point B-
supramentale
the deepest midline point on the mandible
between infradentale and pogonion
Downs 1948
B Point-B the point most posterior to a line from
Infradentale to Pogonion on the anterior
surface of the symphyseal outline of the
mandible, lies within the apical third of the
incisor roots
Riolo et al.
1974
Supramentali
(Soft Tissue)
Soft Tissue B
Point-B'
the point at the deepest concavity between
laberale inferius and soft tissue pogonion
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
UM1 UM1 the most antero-inferior point on the
mesial border of the crown of the upper
first molar
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
UM2 UM2 the most postero-inferior point on thedistal border of the crown of the upper first
molar
Bhatia andLeighton 1993
Upper Incisor
Apex
Upper Incisor
Apex-UIA
the root apex of the most prominent upper
incisor crown
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
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Name Point Description Reference
Upper Incisor
Apex - continued
Upper Incisor
Apex-UIA
the root tip of the maxillary central incisor Riolo et al.
1974
Upper Incisor
CEJ
A1 Point a point selected at the interdental papilla of
the upper incisors at the junction of thecrowns and gingiva
Rickets et al.
1982
Upper Incisor
Cusp Tip
A1 Incisor incisal tip of the upper incisor Rickets et al.
1982
Upper Incisor
Edge
Upper Incisor
Edge-UIE
the tip of the most prominent upper incisor
crown
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
Upper Incisor
Incisal Edge-UIE
the incisal tip of the maxillary central
incisor
Riolo et al.
1974
Upper Incisor
Lingual Bony
Contact
Upper Incisor
Lingual Bony
Contact Point-UIB
the lingual contact of alveolar bone with
the maxillary central incisor
Riolo et al.
1974
Upper Incisor Root Tip
AR Incisor root tip of the upper incisor Rickets et al.1982
Upper Lip Upper Lip
Stomion-ULS
the most inferior point located on the upper
lip
Bhatia and
Leighton 1993
UL Upper Lip most anterior point on the upper lip Rickets et al.
1982
Upper Molar
Cusp Tip
A6 upper molar , most distal surface Rickets et al.
1972
A6 Upper Molar a point on the occlusal plane perpendicular
to the distal surface of the crown of the
upper first molar
Rickets et al.
1982
Upper Molar
Distal CEJ
Upper Molar
Distal CEJ-UDJ
the posterior cemento-enamel junction of
the maxillary first molar
Riolo et al.
1974
Upper Molar
Distal Contact
Upper Molar
Distal Contact
Point-UDC
the posterior contact of the maxillary first
molar
Riolo et al.
1974
Upper Molar
Distal Cusp Tip
Upper Molar
Distal Cusp Tip-UDT
the posterior cusp tip of the maxillary first
molar
Riolo et al.
1974
Upper Molar
Mesial CEJ
Upper Molar
Mesial CEJ-UMJ
the anterior cemento-enamel junction of
the maxillary first molar
Riolo et al.
1974
Upper Molar
Mesial Contact
Upper Molar
Mesial Contact-
UMC
the mesial contact of the maxillary first
molar relative to the FOP
Riolo et al.
1974
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Name Point Description Reference
Upper Molar
Mesial Cusp Tip
Upper Molar
Mesial Cusp Tip-
UMT
the anterior cusp tip of the maxillary first
molar
Riolo et al.
1974
XI Point Xi point the geographic center of ramus, selected bygeometric bisecting of the height and
width of the ramus
Rickets et al.1972
XI Point a point located at the geographic center of
the ramus, location of XI is keyed
geometrically to PR-OR and a
perpendicular through PT
Rickets et al.
1982
Y Axis Y axis a line from sella turcica to gnathion Downs 1948
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Variables’ Reference Summary
LOINC Code D o w n s
F r o n t a
l
J a r a b a
k
L o n d o n
M c N a m
a r a
R i c k e t t s
R i o l o
S o f t T i
s s u e
S t e i n e r
T w e e d
1L-APg X X X X
U6_PtV X
Molar rel X
1L-NB X X X
Overjet X X
IMPA (1L-GoMe) X X X
IMPA (1L-GoMe)
(constructed) X1L-NB X X X
1U-NA X X
1U-ANSPNS X
1U-SeNa X X X
IMPA (1L-GoGn) X
1U-1L X X X X X
Cd-Gn X X X
Cd-ANS X
Cd-A X X
UIE-A FH X
Go-Gn-A X
NaPg-FH X X X X
NAP X X X X
ANSPNS-GoMe X
ANSPNS-GoMe
(constructed) X
SeNa-GoMe X
SeNa-GoMe
(constructed) X
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LOINC Code D o w
n s
F r o n t a l
J a r a b a k
L o n
d o n
M c N a m a r a
R i c k e t t s
R i o l o
S o f t T i s s u e
S t e i n e r
T w e e d
1U-St
Pg-Pg' X X
Ls-Sd X X
Pg'Ls-Sls X
A-A' X X
Lnt-Sn-Ls X X
Na'-Pg'-Ls X
N-FH X
BaNa-CC X X
BaNa-CC
(constructed) X
FH-SeGn X X
FH-SeGn
(constructed) X
SeNa-SeGn X X
Se-Go X X X X
Ar-Go X X
Ar-Go
(constructed) XANS-Me X X X
Ar-Go-Me X
Ar-Go-Me
(constructed) X X
FMA X
FMA (constructed) X X X
CF-Go X
SeNa-NaPg X X
SNB X X X X
SNA X X X X
ANB X X X X
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LOINC Code D o w n s
F r o n t a l
J a r a b a k
L o n d o n
M c N a m a r a
R i c k e t t s
R i o l o
S o f t T i s s u e
S t e i n e r
T w e e d
Face Low/All XFace Incisor-
Chin/Low X
Face Mid /Low X X
Face Incisor-
Chin/All X
Face Mid/All X
Face Incisor-
Chin/Mid X
Face Upper/All X
Face All X
Face Low Incisor-Chin X
Face Low X
Face Mid X
Face Upper X
Gl-Sn X X
Li-Pg'
Sti-Me' X
Ls-Pg'
Na-Me X X
Sn-Pg' X
Sn-Li X
St-Sn X X
ANS-Pg
Adenoid X
Tonsil X
AO-BO X X
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LOINC Code D o w n s
F r o n t a l
J a r a b a k
L o n d o n
M c N a m a r a
R i c k e t t s
R i o l o
S o f t T i s s u e
S t e i n e r
T w e e d
Co-Xi-Pm XANS-Xi-Pm X
SeNa-ANSPNS X X
ANSPNS-GoMe X
ANSPNS-GoMe
(constructed) X
Li-Me' X
Point A-McNamara
90 X
Sn-Me' X
Se-Ar X X
CC-Na X
Go-Me X X
SeNa-ANSPNS X X
Overbite X X
Cd-Go X X
Sn-Ls X
Sn-Li
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Measurements
Lower Incisor to A point-Pogonion LOINC 1L-APg
Length Distance from the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor
perpendicular to the A-Pogonion line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 261 LIE/A-PG Lower incisal edge from A-PG line
McNamara Anterior-posterior positionof the lower incisor
Facial surface of the lower incisor to the A-Pog line
Ricketts 10 Mandibular Incisor
Protrusion
The distance from the tip of the lower incisor to the
line defining the jaws, the "A-PO" plane
Riolo 115 LIE/A-PG
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Upper Molar Position LOINC U6_PtV
length The distance from the distal crown contact of the maxillary first molar measured back to Pterygoid-Vertical (line from Pterygoid, perpendicular to
the Frankfort horizontal)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 9 Upper Molar Position The distance from the pterygoid vertical (the back of
maxilla) to the distal of the first upper molar
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Molar Relationship LOINC Molar rel
length The distance from between the distal crown convexities of the upper andlower permanent first molars, measured along the occlusal plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 1 Molar Relation The distance between the distal surfaces of the lower
and upper molars measured along the occlusal plane
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Lower incisal edge perpendicular to Nasion-B point LOINC 1L-NB
length The distance from the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisor to the Nasion-B point line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 258 LIE/N-B Lower incisal edge from the N-B plane
Riolo 108 LIE/N-B
Steiner Mandibnular incisor
Position, 1 to NB
The distance from the Nasion-Point B line to the tip
of the lower central incisor
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Overjet LOINC Overjet
length The distance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower centralincisors measured along the occlusal plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 263 UIE-LIE ON OC1-OC2 Overjet
Ricketts 3 Incisor Overjet The distance between the incisal tips of the upper and
lower incors measured along the occlusal plane
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IMPA, using Menton LOINC IMPA (1L-
GoMe)
degrees The posterior- superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular
central incisor and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs 1 to mandibular plane The angle from the manibular plane (gonion-menton)
and the axis of the lower central incisor
London 254 ME-GO/LIE-LIA Lower Incisal Inclination to Mandibular Plane
Tweed IMPA The axial inclination of the mandibular incisor inrelation to the mandibular plane
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IMPA, using constructed Menton LOINC IMPA (1L-
GoMe), constructed
degrees The posterior- superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular
central incisor and the mandibular plane (Constructed Gonion to Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Riolo 71 GOI-ME/LIE-LIA
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Lower Incisor to Nasion-B Point LOINC 1L-NB
degrees The inferior angle formed by the long axis of the mandibular central incisor and the Nasion-B point line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 259 LIE-LIA/N-B Lower incisal inclination to N-B Plane
Riolo 73 B-N/LIA-LIE
Steiner Mandibular incisor
Position, 1 to NB
The angle formed by the long axis of the lower
central incisor and the Nasion-Point B line
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Upper Incisor to Nasion-A Point LOINC 1U-NA
degrees The superior angle formed by the long axis of the maxillary central incisor and the Nasion-Subspinale (A point) line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 245 UIE-UIA/N-A Upper Incisal to N-A Plane Angle
Riolo 60 UIA-UIE/N-A
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Upper Incisor to Nasal Line LOINC 1U-ANS
PNS
degrees The inferior angle formed between the long axis of the maxillary central
incisor and the Nasal line (Anterior Nasal Spine to Posterior Nasal Spine)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 241 ANS-PNS/UIE-UIA Upper Incisal inclination to Maxillary Plane
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Upper One to S-N LOINC 1U-SeNa
degrees The posterior-inferior angle formed by the long axis of the maxillary centralincisor and the Sella-Nasion line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Jarabak U1 to SN The angle formed by the axis of the upper central
incisor and the Sella-Nasion line
London 239 S-N/UIE-UIA Upper incisal inclination to S-N Plane
Riolo 53 UIE-UIA/S-N
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IMPA, using Gnathion LOINC IMPA (1L-
GoGn)
degrees The posterior-superior angle between the long axis of the mandibular
central incisor and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Gnathion)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Riolo 69 GO-GN/LIE-LIA
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Inter Incisal Angle LOINC U1-L1
degrees The intercisal angle, which is the posterior angle formed at the intersectionof the long axes of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors.
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs 1 to 1 A measure of the degree of procumbency of the
incisor teeth; Lines are drawn representing the lower and upper incisors, with a measure of the inside angle
taken
London 262 UIE-UIA/LIE-LIA Inter-incisal angle
Ricketts 6 Interincisal Angle The angle formed by the long axes of the centralincisors
Riolo 61 LIA-LIE/UIA-UIE
Steiner Interincisal Angle, 1 to 1 The interior angle formed by the axes of themandibular and maxillary central incisors
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Condylion to Gnathion LOINC Cd-Gn
length The straight line distance between Condylion and Gnathion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 45 CD-GN Total mandibular length from Condylion
McNamara Mandibular length Distance from Condylion to Gnathion
Riolo 79 CO-GN
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Condylion to Anterior Nasal Spine LOINC Cd-ANS
length The straight line distance between Condylion and Anterior Nasal Spine
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 229 CD-ANS Maxillary length
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Maxillary Length LOINC Cd-A
length The distance between Condylion and A point
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 153 CD-A Condylion-A point
McNamara Midfacial Length The distance from condylion to Point A
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Infradentale to Point A LOINC UIE-A FH
length The distance of the incisal edge of the maxillary central incisor relative tothe A line (Line through A point and perpendicular to the Frankfort
horizontal plane)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
McNamara Maxillary incisor to Point
A
The linear distance measured between point A and
the edge of the maxillary central incisor, perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane
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Facial Taper LOINC Go-Gn-A
degrees The superior-posterior angle formed by the Nasion-Pogonion line and themandibular line (Gonion to constructed Gnathion)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 18 Facial Taper The mandibular plane measured to the facial plane
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Facial Angle LOINC NaPg-FH
degrees The posterior-inferior angle at the intersection of the Nasion-Pogonion lineand the Frankfort Horizontal plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs Facial Angle Expression of the degree of recession or protrusion of
the chin, the inferior inside angle between frankforthorizontal and the facial plane (nasion to pogonion)
London 304 PO-ORB/N-PG Frankfort/Nasion-PG planes angle
Riolo 21 PG-N/P-OR
Soft Tissue A FH Na-Pg Soft-tissue facial angle, The intersection of the
Frankfort Horizontal plane with a line extending
from Nasion to Pogonion
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Angle of Convexity LOINC NAP
Degrees The superior angle between the line Nasion-Subspinale (A point) and theline A point-Pogonion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs Angle of Convexity A measure of the protrusion of the maxillary part of
the face to the total profile; The angle formed by twolines, one starting at nasion and the other from
pogonion, meeting at A
London 222 N-A-PG Convexity at A point (Angular)
Riolo 52 N-A-PG
Soft Tissue E A-Na-Pg Skeletal profile convexity, Measurement from Point
A to the hard tissue Na-Pg or facial plane
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Maxillary Mandibular Planes Angle LOINC ANSPNS-
GoMe
degrees The angle formed by the Palatal line (ANS-PNS) and the mandibular line
(Gonion-Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 348 ANS-PNS/ME-GO Maxillary/Mandibular Planes Angle
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Maxillary Mandibular Planes Angle, constructed Menton LOINC ANS-PNS-
GoMe (constructed)
degrees The angle formed by the Palatal line (ANS-PNS) and the mandibular line
(Constructed Gonion-Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Riolo 44 ANS-PNS/ME-GOI
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Sella Nasion to Mandibular Line LOINC SeNa-GoMe
degrees The anterior angle formed by the Sella-Nasion line and the Mandibular line(Gonion-Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 324 N-S/ME-GO Nasion-Sella/Mandibular Planes Angle
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Sella Nasion to Mandibular Line, constructed Menton LOINC SeNa-GoMe
(constructed)
degrees The anterior angle formed by the Sella-Nasion line and the Mandibular line
(Constructed Gonion-Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Riolo 13 N-S/ME-GOI
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Upper One to Stomion LOINC 1U-St
length The vertical distance from the tip of the maxillary central incisor to LipEmbrasure (the contact point between upper and lower lips, using superior
Stomion), measured perpendicular to the palatal plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 47
Chin Thickness LOINC Pg-Pg'
length The distance from hard tissue Pogonion to soft tissue Pogonion, measured parallel with Frankfort Horizontal plane.
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 381 PG-PG' Soft tissue chin thickness
Soft Tissue K Pg-Pg' Soft-tissue chin thickness, The horizontal distance
between the hard tissue and soft tissue Pogonion
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 48
Upper Lip Thickness LOINC Ls-Sd
length The distance from Labrale Superius back to the maxillary central incisor (supradentale) measured parallel with Frankfort Horizontal Plane.
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 377 PR'-LS Upper lip thickness at Vermillion border
Soft Tissue G Ls-Sd Upper lip strain measurement, measured at the
vermillion border
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 49
Subnasal Sulcus LOINC Pg'Ls-Sls
length Distance from the H-Line (line from Soft Tissue Pogonion to LabraleSuperius) to the Superior Labial Sulcus (subnasale)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Soft Tissue D Sn'-H line Measurement of soft tissue subnasale to H line , Line
from Soft Tissue Pogonion to Labrale Superius
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Naso-Labial Angle LOINC Lnt-Sn-Ls
degrees The anterior angle between the base of the nose, Subnasale and Labralesuperius line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 386 CM-SN-LS Nasiolabial angle
McNamara Nasiolabial Angle,
LNT/SN/L
The angle formed by the line tangfent to the base of
the nose and a line tangent to the upper lip
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 52
Holdaway Angle LOINC Na'-Pg'-Ls
degrees The superior-posterior angle between the H line (the most anterior superior point of the soft tissue chin and Labrale superius) and the soft tissue Nasion
to soft tissue Pogonion line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Soft Tissue H H line-Na’Pg’ H angle, Angular measurement of the H line to the
soft tissue Nasion-Pogonion line or soft tissue facial plane
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 53
Nasion to Frankfort Horizontal LOINC N-FH
length A line from Nasion to Frankfort horizontal Plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
McNamara NA-perp A vertical line drawn perpendicular to Frankfort
Horizontal through Nasion
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 54
Facial Axis LOINC BaNa-CC
degrees The inferior angle between the Basion-Nasion line and CC (Pterygoid-Gnathion line)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 282 N-BA/PT-GN Nasion-Basion/Facial Axis Angle
McNamara Facial axis A line constructed from the posterosuperior aspect of
the pterygomaxillary fissure to anatomic Gnathion
and a line perpendicular to the cranial base (a line joining basion and nasion)
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Facial Axis, constructed Gnathion LOINC BaNa-CC
(constructed)
degrees The inferior angle between the Basion-Nasion line and CC (Pterygoid-
Contructed Gnathion line)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 17a Facial Axis The angle between the facial axis(using constructed
Gnathion) and Basion-Nasion
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 56
Y axis to Frankfort Horizontal LOINC FH-SeGn
degrees The anterior-inferior angle between the Frankfort Horizontal line and theSella-Gnathion line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 228 S-GN/PO-ORB X-Y Axis angle (Facial Angle)
Riolo 28 OR-PO/GN-S
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 57
Y axis to Frankfort Horizontal, constructed Gnathion LOINC FH-SeGn
(constructed)
degrees The anterior-inferior angle between the Frankfort Horizontal line and the
Sella-Constructed Gnathion line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs Y Axis The angular realtionship between a line from Sella
turcica to constructed gnathion, the Y axis, and theFrankfort plane
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 58
Y axis to Sella Nasion LOINC SeNa-SeGn
degrees The anterior-inferior angle formed by the intersection of the Sella-Nasionline and the Sella-Gnathion line
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 275 N-S/S-GN Nasion-Sella/Y axis Angle
Riolo 15 N-S-GN
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 59
Posterior Facial Height LOINC Se-Go
length Distance from Sella to Gonion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Jarabak PFH, S-Go The distance from Sella to Gonion (constructed)
London 187 S-GO Posterior total face height
Riolo 173 S-GO
Tweed Posterior Facial Height The ramus height from articulare to the mandibular plane tangent to the posterior border of the ramus
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Ramus Height LOINC Ar-Go
length Distance from Articulare to Gonion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 72 ART-GO Ramus Height
Riolo 88 AR-GO
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Ramus Height, constructed Gonion LOINC Ar-Go,
constructed
length Distance from Articulare to constructed Gonion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Jarabak Ramus height, Ar-Go The distance from Articulare to Gonion (constructed)
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 62
Anterior Nasal Spine to Menton LOINC ANS-Me
length Distance from menton projected perpendicular to the Anterior Nasal Spine
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 176 ME-ANS Anterior lower face height
Riolo 158 ME-ANS
Tweed Anterior Facial Height The vertical distance between the palatal plane and
menton
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Gonial Angle LOINC Ar-Go-Me
degrees The angle formed by Articulare, Gonion and Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 78 ART-GO-ME Mandibular Angle
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Gonial Angle, constructed Gonion LOINC Ar-Go-Me
degrees The angle formed by Articulare, constructed Gonion and Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Jarabak Gonial Angle, Ar-Go-Me The angle formed by Articulare, Gonion
(constructed) and menton
Riolo 50 AR-GOI-ME
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FMA angle LOINC FMA
degrees The anterior-inferior angle formed by the Frankfort Horizontal line and theMandibular line (Gonion-Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 345 PO-ORB/ME-GO
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FMA angle, constructed Gonion LOINC FMA
(constructed)
degrees The anterior-inferior angle formed by the Frankfort Horizontal line and the
Mandibular line (Constructed Gonion-Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
McNamara Mandibular Plane Angle The angle between anatomical Frankfort horizontal
plane and the line drawn along the lower border of the mandible (constructed Gonion and Menton)
Riolo 26 OR-PO/ME-GOI
Tweed FMA The direction of lower facial growth in the horizontal
and vertical dimensions
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Posterior Facial Height using CF point LOINC CF-Go
length Distance from the CF point (where the Frankfort Horizontal line crosses thePterygoid vertical line) to constructed Gonion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 24 Posterior Facial height The distance between constructed gonion and CF
point
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Angles Describing Sella-Nasion-Point B LOINC SNB
degrees The inferior-posterior angle defined by Sella, Nasion and Supramentale (B point)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 202 S-N-B Sella-Nasion-B Point Angle
Riolo 3 B-N-S
Steiner S N B The angle between Sella, Nasion and Point B
Tweed SNB The horizontal relationship of the mandible to the
cranial base
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Angles Describing Sella-Nasion-Point A LOINC SNA
degrees The posterior-inferior angle formed by Sella, Nasion, and Subspinale (A point)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 201 S-N-A Sella-Nasion-A Point Angle
Riolo 2 A-N-S
Steiner S N A The angle between Sella, Nasion and Point A
Tweed SNA The relative horizontal position of the maxilla to the
cranial base
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Angles Describing Point A-Nasion-Point B LOINC ANB
degrees Angle defined by Subspinale (A point), Nasion, and Supramentale (B point)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 217 A-N-B A Point- Nasion-B Point Angle
Riolo 4 A-N-B
Steiner A N B The angle between Point A, Nasion and Point B
Tweed ANB The horizontal relationship of the maxilla to the
mandible
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Face Low / All Ratio LOINC Face Low/All
ratio The ratio of the distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton to thedistance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face Low/ Face All The ratio of Face low to Face All
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Face Incisor to Chin / Low Ratio LOINC Face Incisor-
Chin/Low
ratio The ratio of the distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to
the Chin Tangent to the distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face Lower Incisor/ Face
Low
The ratio of the Face Lower Incisor to Face Low
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Face Mid / Low Ratio LOINC Face
Mid/Low
ratio The ratio of the distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale to the
distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face Mid/Face Low The ratio of the Face Middle to the Face Lower
London 367 SGLB-SN/ ME’-SN Upper and lower face height ratio
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Face Incisor to Chin / All Ratio LOINC Face Incisor-
Chin/All
ratio The ratio of the distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to
the Chin Tangent to the distance from the most anterior portion of the
forehead to soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face Lower Incisor/ Face
All
The ratio of the Face lower Incisor to the Face All
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Face Mid / All Ratio LOINC Face Mid/All
ratio The ratio of the distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale to thedistance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face Mid/Face All The ratio of the Face middle to the Face All
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Face Incisor to Chin / Mid Ratio LOINC Face Incisor-
Chin/Mid
ratio The ratio of the distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to
the Chin Tangent to the distance from soft tissue glabella to subnasale
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face Lower Incisor/ Face
Mid
The ratio of the Face Lower Incisor to Face Middle
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Face Upper/ All Ratio LOINC Face
Upper/All
ratio The ratio of the distance from the most anterior portion of the frontal bone
to soft tissue Glabella to the distance from the most anterior portion of the
forehead to soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face Upper/Face All The ratio of the Face Upper to the Face All
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Face All LOINC Face All
length The distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to Menton (softtissue)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face All, HAIRLINE-ME Hairline (the most anterior portion of the forehead)
to Menton
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Face Low Incisor to Chin LOINC Face Low
Incisor-Chin
length The distance from the embrasure of the lower central incisor to the Chin
Tangent
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal Face Lower Incisor to
chin, LI-CT
Embrasure of the lower incisor to the Chin Tangent
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Face Low LOINC Face Low
length The distance from soft tissue Subnasale to soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal FACE LOW, SN-ME Subnasale to Menton
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Face Mid LOINC Face Mid
length The distance from soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal FACE MID, G-SN Eyebrows (Glabella) to Subnasale
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Face Upper LOINC Face Upper
length The distance from the most anterior portion of the forehead to soft tissueGlabella
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal FACE UP, HAIRLINE-G Hairline (most anterior portion of forehead) to
eyebrows (Glabella)
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Glabella to Subnasale LOINC Gl-Sn
length Distance from Soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale (Parallel to FrankfortHorizontal Plane)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Frontal FACE MID, G-SN Eyebrows (Glabella) to Subnasale
London 362 SGLB-SN Soft tissue Glabella to Subnasale
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Lower Lip to Pogonion LOINC Li-Pg’
length Distance from Labrale Inferius to Soft tissue Pogonion(Perpendicular to theFrankfort Horizontal Plane)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
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Stomion to Menton LOINC Sti-Me'
length Distance from the Stomion inferius to the Soft Tissue Menton(Perpendicular to the Frankfort Horizontal Plane)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 364 LLS-ME' Lower lip length from soft tissue Menton
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Upper Lip to Pogonion LOINC Ls-Pg'
length Distance from Labrale superius to soft tissue Pogonion (Perpendicular to theFrankfort Horizontal Plane)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
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Anterior Facial Height LOINC Na-Me
length Distance between Nasion and Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 178 N-ME Anterior total face height
Riolo 160 ME-N
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Subnasale to Pogonion LOINC Sn-Pg'
length The distance from Subnasale to soft tissue Pogonion, projected onto theFrankfort Horizontal Plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 371 Pg’-SN Chin (pogonion) to Subnasale
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Subnasale to Lower Lip LOINC Sn-Li
length Distance from the Labius inferius to Subnasale projected onto the FrankfortHorizontal Plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 370 LI-SN Lower Vermillion border to Subnasale
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Subnasale to Stomion LOINC St-Sn
length Distance from superior Stomion to Subnasale
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 369 LS-SN Upper Vermillion Border to Subnasale
Soft Tissue C \ Superior sulcus depth measured perpendicular to
Frankfort and tangent to the vermillion border to the
upper lip, The distance from soft tissue subnasale to
the vermillion border of the upper lip, reflected on
the Frankfort Horizontal Planeane
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Anterior Nasal Spine to Pogonion LOINC ANS-Pg
length Distance from the Anterior Nasal Spine to Pogonion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
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Adenoid Width LOINC Adenoid
length Measured from a point on the posterior outline of the soft palate to theclosest point on the Pharyngeal wall
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
McNamara Upper Pharynx A point on the posterior outline of the soft palate to
the closest point on the posterior pharyngeal wall
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Tonsilar Width LOINC Tonsil
length Measured from the intersection of the posterior border on the tongue and theinferior border of the mandible to the closest point on the posterior
pharyngeal wall
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
McNamara Lower Pharynx Width measured from the intersection of the
posterior border of the tongue and the inferior border of the mandible to the closest point on the posterior
pharyngeal wall
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Wits Analysis LOINC AO-BO
length Distance between A point and B point, each projected to the FunctionalOcclusal Plane (line passing through posterior cusp of the maxillary first
molar and a line along the occlusion of the maxillary and mandibular
premolars and a line perpendicular to it through the averaged anterior contact of the first maxillary premolars with the maxillary canine (cuspid)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 218 A-B ON OC1-OC2 Plane WITS analysis
Tweed AO-BO The horizontal relationship of the maxilla to the
mandible
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Mandibular Arc LOINC Co-Xi-Pm
degrees The posterior-superior angle formed by Condylion to Xi (geometric center of the ramus) to Suprapogonion (Pm-point along curvature of symphysis
which changes form convexity to concavity)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 27 Mandibular arc The angle between the corpus and condyle axes
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Lower Facial Height Angle LOINC ANS-Xi-Pm
degrees The anterior angle formed by Anterior Nasal Spine (ANS) to Xi (geometriccenter of the ramus) to Suprapogonion (Pm- point along curvature of
symphysis which changes form convexity to concavity)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 8 Lower face Height The angle from the anterior nasal spine to the center
of the ramus (XI) to PM
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Sella Nasion to Palatal Plane LOINC SeNa-
ANSPNS
degrees The angle between the Sella-Nasion line and the Palatal plane (ANS-PNS)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 322 N-S/ANS-PNS Nasion-Sella/Maxillary Planes Angle
Riolo 9 N-S/ANS-PNS
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Palatal Plane to Mandibular Plane LOINC ANSPNS-
GoMe
degrees The posterior angle formed by the palatal plane (Anterior nasal spine and
Posterior nasal spine) and the mandibular plane (Gonion to Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 348 ANS-PNS/ME-GO Maxillary/Mandibular Planes Angle
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Palatal Plane to Mandibular Plane, constructed Gonion LOINC ANSPNS-
GoMe (constructed)
degrees The posterior angle formed by the palatal plane (Anterior nasal spine and
Posterior nasal spine) and the mandibular plane (constructed Gonion to
Menton)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Riolo 44 ANS-PNS/ME-GOI
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 101
Lower Lip to Menton LOINC Li-Me'
length Distance from Labrale Inferius to Soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 365 LI-ME' Lower Vermillion to soft tissue Menton
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 102
Point A to McNamara 90 LOINC Point A-
McNamara 90
length The distance between A point and McNamara 90
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
McNamara Anterior Position of Point
A
The linear distance between nasion-perpendicular (to
Frankfort Horizontal plane) and Point A
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 103
Subnasale to Menton LOINC Sn-Me'
length The distance from Subnasale to Soft tissue Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 366 SN-ME' Soft tissue lower face height
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Posterior Cranial Base Length LOINC Se-Ar
length Distance from Sella to Articulare
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Jarabak Posterior Cranial Base, S-
Ar
The distance from Sella to Articulare
Riolo 174 S-AR
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July 13, 2010 ‐ 105
Anterior Cranial Length LOINC CC-Na
length The distance from the CC point (the point where the Basion-Nasion planeand the facial axis intersect) to Nasion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 23 Cranial Length-Anterior The distance between CC point and Nasion
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Mandibular Body Length LOINC Go-Me
length The distance between Gonion and Menton
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 64 GO-ME Mandibular base length from Gonion
Riolo 94 GO-ME
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Palatal Plane to Sella Nasion LOINC SeNa-
ANSPNS
degrees The angle between the Sella-Nasion line and the Palatal plane (ANS-PNS)
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 322 N-S/ANS-PNS Nasion-Sella/ Maxillary Planes Angle
Riolo 9 N-S/ANS-PNS
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Overbite LOINC Overbite
length The distance between the incisal edges of the upper and lower centralincisors measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 264 UIE-LIE ON N-ME Overbite
Ricketts 4 Incisor Overbite The distance between the tips of the lower and upper
incisors measured perpendicular to the occlusal plane
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Condylion to Gonion LOINC Cd-Go
length The distance between Condylion and Gonion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 69 CD-GO Ramus height
Riolo 81 CO-GO
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Subnasale to Upper Lip LOINC Sn-Ls
length Upper lip length from Subnasale to Labius superius
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 363 ULS-SN Upper lip length from Subnasale
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Subnasale to Lower Lip LOINC Sn-Li
length Distance from the Labius inferius to Subnasale
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
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PlanesSample layout for each plane with column name.
New Text Description LOINC New Abbv
Type of Measurement
Economides Description
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs
Frontal
Jarabak
London
McNamara
Ricketts
Riolo
Soft Tissue
Steiner
Tweed
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Frankfort Horizontal Plane LOINC Po-Or
plane The line between Porion and Orbitale
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs FH A horizontal plane running thru the right and left
ceph porion and the left orbitale.
London 37 ORB-PO Orbitale-Porion
McNamara FH A line drawn from anatomic Porion to Orbitale
Ricketts 1 Pr-Or Basic reference, porion and orbital relate to the basicsense organs, the eyey and the ear. The plane
connectiong these two points forms the basic
horizontal reference line in the the lateral tracingheadfilm known as the Frankfort Horizontal (FH)
plane.
Riolo Ceph Plane
4
PO-OR Porion-orbital
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Mandibular line LOINC Go-Gn
plane The line between Gonion and Gnathion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 63 GO-GN Mandibular base length from Gonion
Riolo 93 GO-GN
Steiner Mandibular Plane Between Gonion and Gnathion
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Mandibular line, constructed Gnathion LOINC Go-Gn’
plane The line between Gonion and constructed Gnathion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Jarabak Mandibular Body, Go-Gn The distance from Gonion to Gnathion
Ricketts 4 Mandibular plane A tangent line to the inferior border of the mandible
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Mandibular line, constructed Gonion and Gonathion LOINC Go’-Gn’
plane The line between constructed Gonion and constructed Gnathion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs Mandibular plane A line at the lower border of the mandible tangent to
the gonion angle and the profile image of thesymphysis
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Occlusal Plane LOINC Occlusal
Plane
plane The line between the midpoint of the line connecting the lower and upper
incisal edge and the midpoint of the line connecting the anterior cusp tip of
the maxillary and mandibular first molar and the Frankfort Horizontal Plane
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Downs Cant of Occlusal Plane The angle formed by bisecting the first molar cusp
height and incisal overbite and connecting the two
with a straight line and the Frankfort horizontal plane
London Horizontal
plane 7
OC1-OC2 Occlusal plane
Ricketts 6 Occlusal plane Line bisecting the overbite of the the molars, and
passing just inferior to Xi point
Riolo Ceph Plane7
ADP-PDP Anterior downs
Tweed Occlusal Plane The relationship of the occlusal plane to the
Frankfort horizontal Plane
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Esthetic Line LOINC Lnt-Pg'
plane The line from the Lower Nasal Tangent to soft tissue Pogonion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Ricketts 7 Esthetic plane A line connecting the tip of the nose and the most
anterior point of the soft tissue chin
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Lower Incisal Axis LOINC 1L-Ai
plane The line on the Lower central incisor from the incision inferius to the apex
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
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Nasal Line LOINC ANS-PNS
plane The line between the Anterior and Posterior Nasal Spine
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
London 28 ANS-PNS Maxillary base length
Ricketts 3 Palatal plane Defined by ANS-PNS, it is parallel to the Frankfort
Horizontal Line
Riolo Ceph plane
5
ANS-PNS Palatal plane
116 PNS-ANS
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Sella Nasion Line LOINC Se-Na
plane The line between Sella and Nasion
Reference: Variable # Abbreviation Description
Jarabak Anterior Cranial Base The distance from Sella to Nasion
London 5 N-S Anterior Cranial base length
Riolo Ceph plane#2
S-N Sella- Nasion
149 S-N