cdp report: marseille immigration reception facility

MARSEILLE IMMIGRATION RECEPTION FACILITY

JACK PRESCOTT

IntroductionPage 5

Brief/Concept Page 17

Design NarrativePage 79

Technical and Environmental

Page 111

Cost AppraisalPage 133CONTENTS

INTR

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Introduction

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CROSSING THE MEDITERRANEAN: A FATAL JOURNEY

The Mediterranean Region has seen an upsurge in migrants fleeing persecution, conflict and poverty. A record number are set to drown this year if the current death rate remains unchecked, after 10 times as many lost their lives during the first three months of 2015 as during the dame period in 2014 (International Organisation for Migration, 2015). Syrians and Eritreans represent the highest percentage of migrants that have arrived on the Island of Lampedusa this past year. Deaths have amplified this last year, largely due to the number of migrants attempting to cross the Mediterranean which has led to fatalities. Reasons for this are not clear, but could be due to escalating numbers of migrants attempting to reach Europe. In 2014, 112,000 fluctuating numbers of migrants were discovered by Italian authorities. Policies now reflect prioritisation as being search and rescue, this is in response to the high numbers across the Mediterranean. This has led to many thousands of lives being saved.

Although measures are now in place global figures still do not portray the accurate rate of fatalities, as many of the unrecorded deaths may occur in the remote areas of the region. It has been reported that boats and the people on board have been lost at sea without there being any details of their death ever being recorded. It has been estimated by some experts that for every deceased person found on urbanised land that two other people are never found (Weber and Pickering, 2011).

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MEDITERRANEAN

EAST AFRICA

US/MEXICO BORDER

BAY OF BENGAL

HORN OF AFRICA

SOUTH-EAST ASIA

CARIBBEAN

SOUTH AFRICA

OTHER

100 200 300

3,072

SAHARA

(taken from IOM calculations and Grant, S)

Introduction

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At the heart of many political and humanitarian debates are issues related to bordered-related deaths. It is claimed by many that there is a soaring human cost connected to border control policies of many of the European States. It has been professed that the increase in deaths is due to migrants looking to move covertly along the more dangerous routes in order to prevent detection from the authorities. The migrants turn to smugglers to gain entry through sometimes treacherous waters in order to evade the stringent entry requirements. This only opens up a new set of dangers as it can often put the migrant at risk of abuse extortion and in many cases lead to fatalities (UNODC, 2011).

The indiscretion of this type of migration means that authorities are often unaware of what is happening and therefore cannot offer protection to the migrant thus leaving the migrants vulnerable to the criminal offenders who will only seek to profit from now what has become very lucrative process (Esses, et al, 2013). Furthermore, after closure of Mare Nostrum, an EU funded search and rescue vessel and Europes only Immigration Reception Facility in Lampedusa, Italy these figures are going to increase (Moorhead, 2014). This report will demonstrate how I will attempt to tackle this current issue surrounding immigration in the Mediterranean, through our group urban strategy and the introduction of an Immigration Reception Facility in Marseille.

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Flow of ImmigrantsHighMediumLow

HISTORICAL ANALYSIS: MIGRATION IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY

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Introduction

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MARSEILLE HISTORY

Since the 19th Century (partly due to its geographical location) Marseille has become a major first point of settlement for a diverse group of migrants. This is what makes it more distinct and sets it apart from other French cities. As seen in the analysis diagram opposite it became a staging post for long distance migrations from all over the world (mainly the Mediterranean).

The port itself had many assets during this time period. Economic players, industrial development and new markets opening up the colonial empire. Furthermore the inauguration in 1869 of the Suez Canal boosted sea exchanges. It became the Gateway to the East. It became a major industrial city in 1872 when ship repairs took off. It was ranked fourth in the world (behind Liverpool, New York and London) as it attracted new activities and a permanent import-export trade (Aissaoui, 2008).

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HISTORICAL ANALYSIS: MARSEILLE AND FRENCH DECOLONISATION SINCE 1943

FRENCH TERRITORIES

RATE OF FLOW

Decolonised Countries and TerritoriesDepartments and Overseas Territories

Very HighHighMediumLow

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Introduction

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During the second half of the twentieth century Marseille was affected by global phenomena that had implications for this port city opening up to the Mediterranean. The city did not recover very easily from the destruction of the Second World War. The port industry declined rapidly whose major operation veered away from Fos. Additionally it was subjected to the shock of decolonisation from both an economic and migratory point of view.

In 1962 the city took in numerous Algerian immigrants and a large workforce from the Maghreb region. These people were housed in new buildings at the time in districts North and East of the city. Urbanisation spread up into the hills and then across them to form what is in fact a vast agglomeration joining up cities of Aix, Martigues and Aubagne. The metropolitan area has more than 1.5 million people living, studying and working in it. However there is mixed views of it. On one hand there is a poor city characterised by criminal gangs but on the other hand there is an attractive, lively city where culture and tourism have become prime factors for economic development (Maussen, 2009).

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Introduction

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Marseille is a vibrant port city and has been for centuries. It has had very strong con-nections with the rest of the Mediterranean for a long time, and has had a particularly strong connection with the Maghreb region throughout. The French conquests of 1830 onward saw the colonisation of Algeria and Marseille has therefore been deemed as the key gateway to Europe for North Afri-ca ever since. The Nazi occupation of Mar-seille during the Second World War caused many North Africans to flea the country, however the liberation of France and in turn, Marseille, encouraged their return along with over a million further immigrants to France. Furthermore, following the inde-pendence of Algeria in 1962, the city saw the influx of around 150,000 Algerians, many of whom have since stayed, contributing to Marseilles diverse demography (Maussen, 2009).

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BRIE

F A

ND

CO

NC

EPT

DEV

ELO

PMEN

T

Major Container Ports

Secondary Ports

Marseille

Brief/Concept

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As a way of tackling the Mediterranean immigration issue, the urban design strategy consists of signing Marseille up to a network of secondary ports across the Mediterranean as shown in the model I made opposite. Throughout history, port cities have been vibrant places, with thriving economies due to their trade which brought with them migrants from all over. In recent years however containerisation has seen the overnight decline of many port cities as investment has been plunged into a small number of large ports and secondary port cities have subsequently suffered.

The project proposes a series of freeports within secondary port cities within the Mediterranean. As part of the wider proposal for Marseille as an independent city state to join the Arab Maghreb Union, Marseille will be home to one of these freeports. Along with the free movement of goods within a new network of port cities, will be the free movement of people. This in turn will reinvigorate the economies of these cities within the Mediterranean celebrating the arrival of migrants, offer the opportunities of enterprise and ultimately aid in the integration into existing communities.

URBAN DESIGN STRATEGY: ARRIVAL, OPPORTUNITY, INTEGRATION

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Brief/Concept

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The Arab Maghreb Union was formally established in 1989 to construct political and economic unity between member nations. Although relatively small in terms of population [88million in 2012], it is home to large phosphate, oil, and gas reserves is a transit centre to southern Europe

Mauritania has the lowest population within the region and is the poorest with is GDP per capita sitting at just $2200 USD. Its slavery has been deemed a human rights issue [human rights watch]. It has had links with France for a long time from whom it gained independence in 1960.

Morocco has had strong links with France and Spain for centuries having been occupied by both simultaneously. TheKingdom of Morocco was founded in 1956 when the country gained independence, however influences of both nations still live on. Marseille is twinned with Marrakech

Libya is the second smallest to Mauritania in terms of population but is significantly more wealthy with its GDP per capita sitting at $14,100 USD. Its oil reserves have arguably put the country in the international spotlight for decades, however its more recent unrest of 2011 during the Arab Spring saw the country plunged into turmoil and the outbreak of a full-scale revolt.

Algeria has probably the strongest and most long standing links with France with it being one of its longest held overseas territories. Marseille is home to over 150,000 Algerians - which is the most of all foreign nationalities at 18% of its population.

Tunisia as with the majority of the Maghreb, was occupied by the French and was only liberated during the mid-twentieth century. Therefore its French influence can still be felt today. The links between the two countries have been recently strengthened with the 2006 nuclear power agreement which will see the creation of a new plant operational from 2019.

MA

RSEI

LLE

& T

HE M

AG

HREB

Marseille has had connections with the Maghreb Region for many years, which has lead many commentators to suggest that its associations with Africa are stronger than those with Europe.

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Brief/Concept

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North Marseille City State Joins

in 2014

Formed in 1988

MA

RSEI

LLE

JOIN

S TH

E A

MU Marseille has had connections with

the Maghreb region throughout history and coupled with growing the political tensions within France currently, Marseille is conveying a disconnect with the establishment of Paris which is stronger than ever. With a significant portion of the population of the city being migrants who do not have the right to vote, and the mainstream parties facing pressure from the far right to reduce further, public sector provision, the needs of the currently disjointed and impoverished communities are not likely to be met in future years.

The project proposes the establishment of Northern Marseille as an independent city state and a member of the Arab Maghreb Union. There will be free movement of goods and labour within the union a new government elected by everyone currently residing in North Marseille.

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Brief/Concept

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The Marseille Immigration Reception Facility is embedded within the urban design strategy located to the North of Marseille in one of the infamous northern quartiers. This will become the new immigration hub for these new migrant communities arriving whilst also dealing with the social tensions of the existing migrant colonies living in tough high rise tower blocks.

LOCATION

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MAGHREB

EU

OTHER

TURKEY

% OF IMMIGRANT POPULATION OF MARSEILLE BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

% OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN MARSEILLE WITH A MIGRANT BACKGROUND

AMOUNT OF MIGRANTS ENTERING MARSEILLE EACH YEAR

% OF SOCIAL HOUSING FOR MIGRANT WORKERS IN SECOND DISTRICT

4000


OTHER

TURKEY

EU

MAGHREB

FACTSHEET

The city has seen North Africans (Arab and

Berber) between the two World Wars; Sub-

Saharan Africans after WW2; immigrants

from Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia

(the Maghreb)in 1962 onwards and the

Pied-Noirs (people with French/European

ancestry) from the former French Algeria

and then immigrants from Comoros

followed (98% Sunni Muslim).

Marseilles ethnic diversity is seen as an

inspiration to many as it was awarded the

European Capital of Culture in 2013.

The Port of Marseille offers services to

Corsica, Sardinia, Algeria and Tunisia.This

traditional activity, with a long history, is

continuing to increase.

Marseille is now said to be 30% to 40%

Muslim as Jean Claude Gaudin says

We are reinventing ourselves as a

modern metropolis. We have tradition of

respecting different nationalities, even

when it isnt easy

(World Population Review, 2014)

Brief/Concept

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MAGHREB

EU

OTHER

TURKEY





4000

MAGHREB

EU

OTHER

TURKEY





4000

MAGHREB

EU

OTHER

TURKEY





4000

% OF MUSLIM PEOPLE IN MARSEILLE


A MELTING POT

Marseille is one of the Mediterraneans most important ports and throughout its long history, many nationalities have docked there and been assimilated into the city, turning it into a cultural melting pot. Marseille is a hive for immigrants trying to find space for their new lives and old culture, even as both evolve into something different.

There are currently five passenger ferries that arrive into the Port of Marseille everyday. Records have been broken once again this year, with 2.4 million passengers travelling through the port (up 4% compared to 2013).

The Tanit, the Mediterraneans largest ferry, began operating to Tunisia during 2013, boosting traffic to the country by 10%, while traffic to Algeria fell 11%. Marseille confirmed its position as Frances leading cruise port with numbers up 10% to 890,000 pax. The number of passengers taking cruises with Marseille as their home port was up 18% in 2012 and they represented 35% of all passengers, up 2% on the previous year (Moore, 2014).

(Greenfield, 2014)

(Moore, 2014)

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Marine Le Pens Front National Party has gained popularity in recent years, with its vocal attitude towards the strengthening of anti-immigration policy

Front National posters reflect the partys strong anti-immigration views.

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The gap between the ideology of the French far right and social landscape of Marseille is widening and the rise of the Front National Party is a reflection of this. With Marine Le Pen as leader of the party publicly declaring her disdain for the needs of ethnic minorities, many in Marseille are the target of her campaign. During a time where Muslims in France have been forced to pray on the streets due to a shortage in Mosques, Pen denounced such activity, deeming it to be public disorder (Lichfield, 2015).

The far right are avid campaigners against immigration and are keen to associate the social problems within France and particularly Marseille with those originally from overseas. The project aims strongly to aid in solving these issues from a polar opposite stand point. The proposal welcomes further immigration and relies upon the rise of new industry and enterprise, stimulated by a new freeport and an agreement with the Maghreb to provide jobs as well as public services funded by the new city state.

WELCOMING IMMIGRATION

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CULTURE SHOCK:BREAKING DOWN THE BARRIER

Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or upon visiting a new country. There are four phases:

1) Honeymoon2) Negotiation/Frustration3) Adjustment4) Mastery

The barriers listed below contribute to causing culture shock:

- language barrier- generation gap- information overload- technology gap- skill independance- homesickness

There is no true way to entirely prevent culture shock as individuals in any society are personally affected by cultural contrasts differently (Ward et al, 2005). However the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility will attempt to break down the barriers concerned with culture shock as will see in the next chapter.

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Ellis Island has two faces. It was seen as THE ISLAND OF HOPE for many as one side fac-es the Statue of Liberty, a welcoming beacon and gateway symbolising a new promised land.

It was also seen as the THE ISLE OF TEARS with the other side facing Lower Manhattan with its densely packed grey buildings, forbidding as it was beckoning.

The two faces reflected government policy for immigrant processing. Newcomers from first/second class passed straight through whilst the rest had to pass through Ellis Island. Admitting the fit and excluding the weak and hopeless (Hine et al, 1997). It was designed to intimidate while it inspired also (seen as a palace welcoming newcomers).

The following page analyses the journey the migrant took through the building having read a number of short stories within the book Ellis Island: Echoes from a Nations Past by by Lewis Hine et al. Although this was a very harsh way of immigrant processing, the fact that it created a set of visually charged spaces that evoked memory on the migrant and that it was the first architectural experience of this new promised land is what I want to take forward into my design.

HISTORICAL PRECEDENT: ELLIS ISLAND NEW YORK, USA

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12

Baggage Room

Kissing PostRegistry Room

Great Hall of Judgement

Medical Examination

Hospital/Quarantine

Legal Inspection

Stairs of Separation

Detention

Ticket Office

Social Workers

Money Exchange

9

11

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8

12 3 4

6

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Rejected and sent back

HOPE ANTICIPATION DESPERATION/ANXIOUSNESS

HUMILIATION FEAR ELATION

CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MIGRANT JOURNEY

Brief/Concept

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Immigrants who passed the six-second exam continued through the maze of met-al rails toward the far end of the hall for the legal inspection.

The medical area instilled fear into the immigrant. INSPECTION - CLASSIFICATION - LABELLING, elevated perch officials detects immigrants opposed to bathing whilst oth-ers check for illness/disease. Some immi-grants had to strip in an open room which was humiliating. they were then labelled with chalk.

Immigrants enter Great Hall of Judge-ment which was their first architectural experience. There was a great deal of waiting here as people moved slowly along aisles of iron railings (replaced by benches in 1900). Herded like cattle during this phase.

Immigrants leave baggage before going upstairs for processing - however robberies did occur here.

Immigrants disembark ship, lined up in front of main door underneath a metal canopy which was oppresively large and formed into groups.

At the top of the stairs an inspector stamps ID cards and doctor waits at top of stairs to keep an eye on weaknesses or illness how-ever immigrants unaware.

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Tough Medical Inspection

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HOPE ANTICIPATION DESPERATION/ANXIOUSNESS

HUMILIATION FEAR ELATION

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Baggage Room

Kissing PostRegistry Room


Medical Examination

Hospital/Quarantine

Legal Inspection


Detention

Ticket Office

Social Workers

Money Exchange

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12 3 4

6

5

7



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This is where family and friends waited for their loved ones. After months or years apart, they kissed and hugged and shout-ed with joy and relief.

A post office, a ticketing office for the rail-ways, and social workers to help the immi-grants who needed assistance. There was also an office to exchange money.

Legal detainees lived in a dormitory room on the third floor. These were more like pens and they werre very overcrowded. They might wait a few days or even a month. Then their case would be reviewed in the Hearing Room but ost likely they were sent back via ferry/ship.

One by one, the passengers were called forward to speak with a uniformed inspec-tor seated on a tall stool behind a high desk. Interpreters helped the immigrants communicate however this was traumatic for the immigrants as they were seen as being interogated.

Immigrants who were marked were taken out of the line and kept for further exami-nation and sent to the hospital and quar-antine areas.

The immigrants arrived at the top of anoth-er staircase at the other end of the Great Hall. This staircase had three aisles. Immi-grants who were being detained were of-ten brought down the center aisle. People who were traveling west or south walked down the right side of the staircase. Those going to New York City or to the north walked down the left side.

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Kissing Post(12)

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Memory is not about remembering a fact or about recalling information. Memory is the complete intellectual and emotional immersion in the event itself. It is about under-standing in depth the consequences of the event both backwards and forwards in his-tory. It has to resonate in the soul. Without that resonance we would just be machines, robots with no empathy or understanding about what those facts mean for ourselves or for others. Memory is a key dimension for orientation in our lives, and architecture is all about orientating people.

Daniel Libeskind

Brief/Concept

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MEMORY

I want to create a set of visually charged spaces that will trigger memorable moments for the migrant as they move through the building. I want to engage memory through the visceral experience of the migrant by intensifying their emotions. I believe memory is a fundamental way to orient the emotion, the mind and the soul. These emotions initially will not be positive for the migrant as I want to create a sense of anticipation and trepi-dation but then will open out into soothing spaces taking them on an emotional journey. This will be done through light, through proportions, through acoustics, through materials, and through the language of architecture.

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CURRENT PRECEDENT: LAMPEDUSA IMMIGRANT RECEPTION CENTRE ISLAND OF LAMPEDUSA, ITALY

Lampedusa Immigrant Reception Centre is seen as THE ISLAND OF HOPE for migrants of North Africa crossing the Africa-Europe border across the Mediterranean in search of a better life (Davies, 2013).

It has become a primary European entry point and place of transit for the migrants of North Africa and afar. The compassionate welcome from islanders is at odds with Italys harsh immigration laws. It was a successful as a reception centre up until 2009 where an unexpected increase in migrants caused overcrowded conditions and since forced its closure. It is the first step in a registration process that can take up to one month and is a closed contention facility guarded by police (World Health Organisation, 2011).

The following page analyses the journey the migrant took through the building. This was done after reading the Parliamentary Assembly Council of Europe Report on Lampedusa in 2011. Although this centre diminished due to overcrowding, I was able to take a lot of the successful processes involved forward and implement them within my scheme.

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HOPE INITIAL EUPHORIA

ANTICIPATION HUMILIATION FEAR ELATION

12

4

3


5

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Identification and Asylum Sep-

aration Zone

Medical

Quarantine Short TermHealthcare

Temp. Ac-com and Expulsion

Asylum Detention

Centre

Disinfectant Zone - Cleaning

and Environ-mental Hygiene

Services

Asylum Temporary Accomdation

Admin Temporary Accomdation

Cultural and Linguistic

Mediation

Pschosocial assistance

Catering


Brief/Concept

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For the migrants seeking asylum they enter the Asylum detention centre, that usually means long waiting hours. It can be quite harsh for them when they have to wait for an entire day to shower and change their clothes, after coming by sea all the way from Libya.

Those with infectious diseases will be housed in separate accomodation in the expulsion centre were they will be treated until they get deported.

Migrants arrive at the dockside feeling ecstatic that they have arrived. They are then identified and separated if they are an asylum seeker. They are channelled into one or the other depending on either bus during transfers.

Immigrants disembark boats and as each boat arrived at the port, anxious smiles were clearly visible on the faces of the migrants. Some dropped to their knees and prayed on the edge of the dock.

Migrants are screened and quarantined if theey have a contagious disease. There is also basic emergency medical care and referred to specialised health centres if the condition is bad.

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Arrival of migrants onto dockside

Medical Inspection

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HOPE INITIAL EUPHORIA

ANTICIPATION HUMILIATION FEAR ELATION

12

4

3


5

6

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98

Identification and Asylum Sep-

aration Zone

Medical

Quarantine Short TermHealthcare

Temp. Ac-com and Expulsion

Asylum Detention

Centre

Disinfectant Zone - Cleaning

and Environ-mental Hygiene

Services

Asylum Temporary Accomdation

Admin Temporary Accomdation

Cultural and Linguistic

Mediation

Pschosocial assistance

Catering


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Italian police on Lampedusa told IRIN that migrants are issued with new shoes and clothes before they leave the holding centres. Futhermore there is cultural and linguistic mediation as well as pschosocial assitance if need be. Also migrants will be catered for.

Migrants are first processed by Italian po-lice at Lampedusas two centres and are given hot meals, access to showers and beds. The centre has a capacity of 800 beds however in recent years due to the influx there was a total of 2800 at one point and it became overcrowded so tents were used.

A designated ferry then transports migrants from Lampedusa to Sicily several times a week. Next, they are allocated to holding centres in places such as Mineo, Naples or Bari, where it takes 7-30 days to receive a six-month visa.

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Recent reports emerged that refugees were made to stand naked in the open air while waiting to be sprayed for scabies were described as being like a concentra-tion camp.

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Recent protests regarding unsanitary conditions

Accomodation Facilities

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ADAPTABILITY

The main reason for the failing of the Lampedusa reception centre in Italy was due to an influx in Syrian refugees in 2008 (Tayler, 2014). The centre became overcrowded as a result. Therefore it is integral for my design to be capable of expanding and adapting to cope with with an increase in occupancy level in the future.

Poetically an architectural expression I would like to make would be for the ad-hoc modular structure to expand southwards engulfing and finally inhabiting the ground floor of Zaha Hadids CMA CGM Tower. The CMA CGM has a large ship container trade, one of the third biggest in the world. In essence there are two opposite trades occupying the same land. One being a building to welcome the people from the poorest continent in the world whilst the other is the result of modern capitalism. It is therefore my intention to completely ignore the CMA CGM Tower and expand these modules southwards, even touching the Tower as if it wasnt even there. Similar to the congregating of slums around expensive high rise accommodation in Mumbai.

Zaha Hadids CMA CGM Tower(19)

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THE SITE

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With the amount of migrant deaths rising over the past year whilst crossing the fatal Mediterranean Sea in search of a better life, EU leaders hold acrisis summit to seek a solution to this current political dilemma. The Marseille Immigration Reception Facility is an alternative route the EU could take in tackling this current immigration issue.

As part of a wider urban design strategy consisting of signing Marseille up to a network of secondary ports across the Mediterranean, making them into freeports thus allowing the free movement of labour and goods between them. This in turn will reinvigorate the economies of these cities within the Mediterranean celebrating the arrival of migrants, offer the opportunities of enterprise and ultimately aid in the integration into existing communities.

The Marseille Immigration Reception Facility will be the transitional phase from Arrival into Opportunity. As you can see the current masterplan concept shows the powerful route that was created to pull existing segregated communities down through the boulevard enticing them with services such as education and market place, echoeing notions of Brick Lane in Spitalfields.

I will now propose that this design will create a new secondary route connecting the initial point of entry to the new key Opportunity phase which will provide accommodation and employment for these new migrant communities.

OUTLINE

CONNECTION TO CITY

CREATING A NEW

SECOND-ARY ROUTE

PRIMARY ROUTEPULLING EXISTING

COMMUNITIES DOWN BOULE-

VARD

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CONFLICT OF

CULTURES

The initial reasoning for the position of Marseilles Immigration Reception Facility delved into the notion of chaos and order. Where the flyover interweaves appears very chaotic with either side the current masterplan has attempted, in essence to create order to these new migrant settlers.

On the other hand it can be noted that these two concepts can mean the total opposite. The flyover could be perceived as an astonishing piece of engineering, ordering traffic to and from the city centre. Whilst the masterplan scheme containing an ad-hoc modular system with a souk market on ground floor level will be chaotic.

The positioning also relates well to the chaotic conflict between the emerging migrant and the French national.

POSITION

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NUMBER OF PASSENGER FERRIES ARRIVING IN THE EAST PORT OF MARSEILLE EACH DAY

MAGHREB

EU

OTHER

TURKEY





40001500

1,500-3,500ESTIMATED MAXIMUM NUMBER OF PEOPLE USING THE NEW IMMIGRATION RECEPTION BUILDING EACH DAY

% OF MIGRANTS THAT USE PASSENGER FERRIES DOCKING AT MARSEILLE FERRY TERMINAL

TOTAL PASSENGER FERRY CAPACITY

(figures taken from Marseille Port Guide 2014)

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ROUTE

It was establshed early on in the project that my scheme would solely be an Immigration Reception Facility. Marseilles current ferry terminal located southwards of the facility has only recently been built in 2013. It was therefore concluded that it would not be viable to create a new ferry terminal. Instead migrants travellling by ferry from the Maghreb-Arab Union and afar will arrive at Marseilles ferry terminal before being placed on secondary smaller vessel. As you can see in the model opposite shows the route the migrant will take from Marseilles ferry terminal to the Marseilles new Immigration Reception Facility.

MARSEILLE IMMIGRATION RECEPTION FACILITY

MARSEILLE FERRY TERMINAL

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ANTICIPA-TION

SERENITY ELATIONHOPE AND INITIAL EUPHORIA

Medical Screening

Quarantine for

Contagious Diseases

Longer TermHealthcare and

Treatment in Temporary

Accomodation

Short TermHealthcare

Education about

Illness and Health

Sent back with greater knowledge and under-standing of

Immigrants arrive by

ferry/other form of boat

BorderControl/Iden-tification and

Asylum Separation

DetentionFacility

Suitable Tempo-rary Accomoda-tion for Detainees

and Asylum Seekers

Educate and help migrants

learn new skills

Sent back with greater knowledge

and skills

Cleaning and

Environmen-tal Hygiene

Services

Social, Culture and

Linguistic Mediation

Local Support

Network - set migrants up with acco-modation

Catering - migrants given

food and water on arrival

Money Exchange and Ticket Office for Tram

Immigrants enter Opportunity Stage where there will be employment and accomodation

ImmigrationLawcourts EU Citizens

arrive by ferry

EU Citizens will be able to walk straight through the building

once past border control

TERMINAL SPACE

TREPIDATION/FRUSTRATION

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JOURNEY OF EMOTIONS AND

CRITICAL PROCESSES

As shown in the diagram opposite is the critcal processes that will happen within the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility. It also shows the journey of emotions the migrant will take from arriving all the way through to leaving the building into the opportunity phase.

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IN LIMBO OPPORTUNITYARRIVAL

BORDER CONTROL AND

IDENTIFICATION

EU CITIZENS

SCREENING CLEANING AND

HYGIENE

IMMIGRANTS

PRAYER ROOMS

SHORT TERM HEALTHCARE

HOLDING FACILITYLAW

COURTLAW

COURTLAW

COURTLAW

COURTLAW

COURT

CIVIC/TERMINAL SPACE

CATERING/RESTAURANTS CURRENCY EXCHANGE

QUARANTINE FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

TEMPORARY HOUSING FOR

MIGRANTS

TEMPORARY HOUSING AND EDUCATION

FOR SICK MIGRANTS

CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC MEDIATION

LOCAL SUPPORT NETWORKS - SET UP MIGRANTS WITH ACCOMODATION AND EMPLOYMENT

KISSING POINT

BRIDGE

BRIDGE OF LIGHTPROPOSED VOLUMETRIC SECTIONSTAGES

EXISTING SECTIONKEY:

PORT FORSMALLER ILLEGAL VESSELS

PORT FORLARGER FERRIES

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IN LIMBO OPPORTUNITYARRIVAL

BORDER CONTROL AND

IDENTIFICATION

EU CITIZENS

SCREENING CLEANING AND

HYGIENE

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COURTLAW

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COURT

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CATERING/RESTAURANTS CURRENCY EXCHANGE

QUARANTINE FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES

TEMPORARY HOUSING FOR

MIGRANTS

TEMPORARY HOUSING AND EDUCATION

FOR SICK MIGRANTS

CULTURAL AND LINGUISTIC MEDIATION

LOCAL SUPPORT NETWORKS - SET UP MIGRANTS WITH ACCOMODATION AND EMPLOYMENT

KISSING POINT

BRIDGE

BRIDGE OF LIGHTPROPOSED VOLUMETRIC SECTIONSTAGES

EXISTING SECTIONKEY:

PORT FORSMALLER ILLEGAL VESSELS

PORT FORLARGER FERRIES

SCHEDULE OF ACCOMODATION AND VOLUMETRICS

This is a diagram showing my initial intentions for the schedule of accomodation and spacial volumetrics of my design. As you will see as you begin to read this report some of these initial ideas have continued through to final design whereas certain parts have been abandoned.

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EARLY CONCEPTUAL SKETCHES

Here are some early conceptual sketches of my scheme. Early intentions from the start was to create a linear building that would span from the initial entry point into the opportunity phase. Reorienting the site towards its own play of space. Ordering the site across lines which cut themselves off from the web. Paths started to cross and out of the block, buildings whos vectors emerge. Firstly started looking into Daniel Libeskinds early work especially Berlin City Edge, this project weaves in a tight structure of place and structure bearing the scars of history. This linear structure is what I want to accentuate within my design.

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KISSINGPOINT

CONCEPT PLAN ONE

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CONCEPT SECTION ONE

ARRIVAL IN LIMBO BRIDGE OF LIGHT OPPORTUNITY

KISSINGPOINT

VOID

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CONCEPT MODEL ONE

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An initial idea was to have a chaotic entrance to the reception facility as way of expediting the honeymoon phase concerned with culture shock. Here migrants would have to weave in between staggered steel structures before reaching the entrance. However this was later scrapped as it was decided that migrants will already feel chaotic mentally. Furthermore, the lawcourts intially stood in between the flyover now sit under the flyover as part of a new mini masterplan.

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KISSINGPOINT

CONCEPT PLAN TWO

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ARRIVAL IN LIMBO BRIDGE OF LIGHT OPPORTUNITY

KISSINGPOINT

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CONCEPT SECTION TWO

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KISSINGPOINT

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CONCEPT MODEL THREE

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The previous pages leading up to this shows how my initial conceptual designs have evolved. Similar with this section its interesting to note the key ideas and emotions that have been taken right through up until the final design. As shown here in the sketch section the chaotic steel tubes ahve been abandoned and lawcourts have now moved underneath the flyover.

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An obstacle that I had to overcome through designing the arrival building was the issue concerning privacy. As my intentions is dealing with breaking down the barrier concerned with culture shock, migrants that are rejected after screening would need to exit into the healthcare facility but in a way that would not be in full view of the public which would cause humiliation. One idea was create a lift system as shown in the sketch section which would take the migrant below ground where they would be screened and then exit on a different floor to the one they have just came through.

However it would this was scrapped and he sketch below was implemented where the migrant would exit down a private ramp as shown which would be more humane rather than a dark lift system that would also be very costly.

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Here are some sketches showing the Limbo space beneath the flyover. The initial idea was to create a secondary flyover however road that is taken up by this space will be redirected instead. One of the obstacles of this space was the layout. I initially struggled as I wanted this space to be adaptable as it was going to change over time.

As shown abover is a more labyrinth style idea that I had at the start however this would not really be suitable or adaptable enough to cope with the demands of the space. Therefore as shown in the image to the right, a tartan grid was implemented whereby a modular system could be assembled that would tie in nicely with my architectural expressions of the space.

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Here is an initial sketch of the modular system that would be used for the local support networks for employment and housing. The idea was to create a lightweight, cheaply clad metal as this Limbo space would become stateless sense of architecture. With the arrival and kissing point becoming bespoke, this space underneath the flyover is the uncertain period where the migrant will sort out their needs before finally crossing the transition into Marseille. Therefore I want this to be portrayed with the architectural qualities of the design. Below was an initial sketch of underneath the flyover, however this has now developed as you will see in the design narrative within the following chapter.

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Left, shows an initial sketch for the transition bridge which will connect the Limbo stage to the kissing point over a set of train lines. The concept was to create set of contemplation spaces whereby the migrant will gather their thoughts just before they meet family and friends. This has developed with my final design however the kiosks running down the centre have been scrapped and instead a secondary border control will be implemented which is a more practical solution.

Below, shows the initial kissing point sketch. The main concept was the compression of the bridge. As migrants enter they will be overwhelmed and will heighten the sense of elation as they enter into a much taller, comfortable space. This has followed through into my final design and its interesting to look back once you have read the full report.

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ARRIVAL AND SCREENING STRUCTURECONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF SCREENING FACILITIES

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CULTURE AND LINGUISTIC MEDIATION PODS - IN LIMBOCONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF LIMBO SPACE AND MEDIATION PODS

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FUTURE EXPANSION OF TEMPORAL LIMBO STRUCTURE ENGULFING ZAHAS CMA CGM TOWER CONCEPTUAL SKETCH SHOWING THE ENGULFMENT OF THE CMA CGM TOWER

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KISSING POINT

CONCEPTUAL SKETCH OF KISSING POINT

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ARRIVAL

TEMPORARY ACCOMODATION

IN LIMBO

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OPPORTUNITY

BAGGAGE RECLAIMLOST LUGGAGECURRENCY EXCHANGESHOPSCAFETOILETSCULTURE & LINGUISTIC MEDIATIONHOUSING SUPPORT NETWORKS EMPLOYMENT SUPPORT NETWORKSCRECHEPRAYER HALL

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GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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UPPER LEVEL PLAN

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ARRIVAL LIMBOPROCESSING

KEY:1) DOCK FOR ILLEGAL/SMALLER VESSELS2) DOCK FOR SPECIFIC FERRY 3) BAGGAGE STRUCTURE

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OPPORTUNITYKISSING POINTTRANSITION

ARRIVAL

Although this will be the main dock for the vessel that will carry migrants arriving from Marseilles Ferry Terminal, there will also be docking facilities for illegal vessels. However, it will be anticipated that if the urban design strategy is implemented then there will be a reduction in the amount of illegal vessels making the voyage to Europe. Migrants will disembark vessels onto a 4m raised platform with an initial sense of hope and euphoria. Before entering Marseilles Immigration Reception Facility, migrants will place their baggage onto a separate structure.

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ARRIVAL PROCESSING

KEY:1) ENTRANCE INTO STEPPED WAITING AREA2) BORDER CONTROL3) SUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE4) UNSUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE

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2Design Narrative

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PROCESSING: BORDER CONTROL

Migrants will then enter the processing phase. There will be a build up of anticipation as migrants are identified at the primary border control. The intention of this space is a funnelling effect in which migrants are made to feel a sense of trepidation. The reason for this is to expedite the Honeymoon phase of culture shock. It is also to make the next part of the journey more soothing and memorable to the migrant as they enter the key space. If their is any legal complications and migrants are rejected they will exit discreetly down a staircase and into a holding facility. Migrants who exit this way will therefore not become embarrassed after being rejected. They will then be held in temporary accommodation whilst awaiting a tribunal that may take a number of weeks.

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ARRIVAL PROCESSING

KEY:1) WAITING AREA2) PRIVATE SCREENING ROOMS3) SUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE4) UNSUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE

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PROCESSING: SCREENING

Successful migrants will then enter the screening process. Migrants will enter the screening rooms were they will be met by a doctor who will determine whether they have short term health problems or whether they need to be quarantined for a contagious disease. Migrants with health problems will exit through a different passageway to a separate health care facility. Again the design of the private exit is key in not making the migrant feel humiliated after finding out they have a health issue.

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KEY:1) BAGGAGE RECLAIM2) LEFT LUGGAGE3) CURRENCY EXCHANGE4) KIOSK5) HOUSING SUPPORT NETWORK6) EMPLOYMENT SUPPORT NETWORK7) RESTAURANT8) LOADING BAY9) STOREROOM10) STAFF ROOM11) TOILETS12) PRAYER HALL13) CRECHE14) LIBRARY15) VENDING MACHINES16) LEISURE AND GAMING AREA

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LIMBO: GROUND FLOOR

Successful migrants will then enter the Limbo phase where they will reclaim their baggage. The reason for them being in limbo is because they havent yet entered France. In order to bypass the next border control they must firstly enrol into the housing support network and employment support network. Without these documents they will not be able to enter Marseille. Within this phase will be a currency exchange, kiosks and restaurant. Migrants will usually be spending a number of hours within this space so therefore leisure and gaming facilities will be provided together with a large library. As it is anticipated that many of the migrants passing through the facility will be Muslim, there will be a prayer hall that faces towards Mecca. Although it can be used by other religions too. For families that are passing through, a creche will be available to drop children off whilst they resolve local support network matters. Deliveries for the restaurant will take place to west side loading bay and placed into the storeroom. A tartan grid was implemented to lay out these adaptable modular systems as shown opposite.

KEY:1) BAGGAGE RECLAIM2) LEFT LUGGAGE3) CURRENCY EXCHANGE4) KIOSK5) HOUSING SUPPORT NETWORK6) EMPLOYMENT SUPPORT NETWORK7) RESTAURANT8) LOADING BAY9) STOREROOM10) STAFF ROOM11) TOILETS12) PRAYER HALL13) CRECHE14) LIBRARY15) VENDING MACHINES16) LEISURE AND GAMING AREA

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KEY:17) CULTURE AND LINGUISTIC MEDIATION PODS18) ENTRANCE FROM LAWCOURTS19) EXIT TO TRANSITION PHASE

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LIMBO: MEZZANNINE LEVEL

The mezzanine level consists of culture and linguistic mediation pods which are open and will ventilate the space. The concept of these pods was to give migrants with a no language skills a sense of dominance and superiority. Entrance from the lawcourts will be from the north. A subtle perforated edge separates the main space and transition phase whereby migrants will advance.

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LIMBO: ROOF ISOMETRIC

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KEY:1) ENTRANCE FROM LAWCOURTS2) ENTRANCE FROM BAGGAGE RECLAIM3) EXIT TO RESTAURANT4) EXIT TO LOCAL SUPPORT NETWORKS5) CURRENCY EXCHANGE 6) KIOSK7) LIBRARY


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KEY SPACE

The key space captures the Alhambra gardens meeting the souks of Marrakech. A tartan grid has been adopted to lay out the space. The intention of this space is to become soothing for the migrant as they have passed through the laborious processing phase. As you can see in the isometric opposite there is a grand entrance for the migrants from the lawcourts which is pivotal as it opens up this Rogers-esque viewpoint facing the library. This tall space consists of two courtyards, one stone and one light timber separated by a subtle, pure water feature that runs central to the core. Over the years in Northern Africa numerous wars have been fought over water and it is my intention to use water within this space as a way of bringing these migrants together. As shown opposite this central space will become a waiting area for migrants with the souk style local support networks leading off it. This was done as way of breaking down the culture shock barrier in way that subtly reminds migrants of their homeland.

Migrants will take a journey through a series of thresholds which leads to the library. A place to educate migrants about this new world they are now entering and bring different nationalities together. The library has inhabited the ground floor of Zaha Hadids CMA CGM Tower. This was purposely done as a way of ignoring the polar opposite trade that currently occupies the tower (3rd largest shipping container company in the world).

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KEY:1) SECONDARY BORDER CONTROL2) INTERVIEW ROOMS3) CONTEMPLATION PODS4) SUCCESSFUL MIGRANT ROUTE

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TRANSITION

TRANSITION

The point of transition links being in a state of Limbo and the Kissing Point. It also bridges across three railway lines that are used mainly for industry. Here the migrant will pass through a secondary border control where they will need to show documents in relation to health, employment and housing. If for some reason they dont have them, migrants have to be interviewed. However, once migrants pass through this will be a space for contemplation where migrants can gather their thoughts before they reach the end of the journey. Here there will be pods that look back over the railway. It should also be noted that compression of this space (floor to ceiling height of 2.4m) has been deliberate in order to enhance the sense of elation as they exit into the vast Kissing Point.

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KEY:1) KISSING POINT2) SEATING FOR WAITING FRIENDS AND RELATIVES3) EXIT TO OPPORTUNITY PHASE

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KISSING POINTTRANSITION

KISSING POINT

Migrants will reach the penultimate stage of this journey as they descend slowly down a ramp into the Kissing Point in reference to Ellis Island. Here migrants will be met with an overwhelming sense of elation as they may meet up with family and friends they havent seen for years. A shutter system will be adopted as way of ventilating the space but also it will open up views of the chaotic souk scenery surrounding it and sense smell of this new world they have now entered. There will also be a seating area for relatives or friends that are waiting to meet the migrants.

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Social Spaces and Low-Medium Skilled Industrial Warehouses

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OPPORTUNITYKISSING POINTTRANSITION

OPPORTUNITY

Finally the migrant will exit the reception facility into the Opportunity phase of the urban design strategy. Streets of housing will surround the existing industrial warehouses with social spaces at the end of each. The concept of the housing was to create a steel framework for the migrants to infill certain parts of their new home over time so it will eventually grow into an organic shape and bring vibrancy to the area. Enterprise zones will exist on ground floor level in addition to industrial warehouses will provide employment to the migrants.

With the expected influx currently, to be those from the Maghreb region, market spaces in the form of souqs running along long stretches and culminating in squares formed by the breaks in residential development would be introduced. This industry is expected to adapt in future years when, due to the growth in affluence of the Maghreb community and there is a new wave of immigration from elsewhere as the basic requirements for such industry will have been established.

Ad-Hoc Modular Housing and Enterprise Zones

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SECTION

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Piezoelectric materials are used to obtain energy from exerted forces or vibrations. The polarity of charge results in an alternating current (AC), which is then converted into direct current (DC). The converted current is then used to charge a capacitor or a battery, which can store the energy for later use.Average Person weighing 60kg generates 0.1 watt per secondNumber of people pass through Tokyo train terminal each day: 400,000 Area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: Energy created each day: 1,400kw/sec per dayEstimated maximum number of people that will pass through the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility each day: 7,500Estimated area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: 50 square metersEstimated energy that will be created each day: 357kw/sec per day

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY

PIEZO ELECTRIC PADS PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

BIOMASS

Photovoltaic panels convert solar energy into direct current electricityusing semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Marseille has a hot mediterranean/ dry-summer subtropical climate. Sum-mers are dry and hot due to the domination of subtropical high pressure systems.Annual average hours of sunlight/day: 7.15Total annual hours of sunshine in Marseille each year: 2858 Days of strong sun: 170Days of weak sun: 6010W solar panel in 7.15 hours of sunshine x 0.85 (this factor allows for natural system losses) = 60.775WH for each solar panelEstimated area covered in solar panels: 65 square metersEstimated energy that will be created each day: 3950.375kwh

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocel-lulosic biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.

In terms of the group urban strategy biomass energy could be generated by recycling waste from the temporary accommodation in the arrival phase, new ad-hoc housing in the opportunity phase and also waste from the existing communities in the integration. This energy created could be used for the Immigration Reception Facility.

WIND TURBINES

The Mistral is a strong wind from the NW affecting the eastern Mediter-ranean coast of France, from Marseille to St. Tropez. with sustained winds often exceeding forty kilometers an hour, and sometimes reaching one hundred kilometers an hour. From 14-18 September, Marseille welcomes Frances most beautiful kites to celebrate its famous mistral wind.

Wind probability: 42%Average wind speed: 15mphAverage air temperature: 17CSo the Wind Power at 15 mph is: P=(1.2)(1.1)(6.7) = 198 wattsSo you could expect about 40% of 60% of the wind power. Which is (.40)(.60)(198watts) = 47.52 watts.Estimated number of 12ft wind turbines across site: 20Estimated energy that will be created each day: 950.4kwh




BIOMASS




WIND TURBINES



Annual average hours of sunlight/day: 7.15Total annual hours of sunshine in Marseille each year: 2858Days of strong sun: 170Days of weak sun: 6010W solar panel in 7.15 hours of sunshine x 0.85 (this factor allows for natural system losses) = 60.775WH for each solar panelEstimated area covered in solar panels: 1950 square metersEstimated energy that will be created each year: 43,256,606kwh

Average Person weighing 60kg generates 0.1 watt per secondNumber of people pass through Tokyo train terminal each day: 40,000Energy created each day: 1,400kw/sec per dayEstimated maximum number of people that will pass through the MarseilleImmigration Reception Facility each day: 7,500Estimated area covered in Piezoelectric tiles: 50 square metersEstimated energy that will be created each day: 357kw/sec per day

PIEZOELECTRICSOLAR

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ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN NARRATIVE:

ARRIVAL

HEATING STRATEGY: As the arrival building is merely a point of transition with people moving through the space, together with Marseilles modest climate it will now act as a shelter and will not need to be heated which will lead to savings in energy costs.

VENTILATION STRATEGY: A natural stack ventilation strategy will be implemented where-by cool air enters from below, pushing warm air upwards and finally exiting through vents in the stepped roof structure.

LIGHTING STRATEGY: Solar shading devices will now be implemented on the south fac-ing elevation as there will be higher internal solar gains. North facing louvres will also be implemented but may become ad hoc in comparison to the south face of the build-ing.

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES:

Photovoltaic panels will be placed on the roof of this building which will provide an abundance of energy to be used in building two. Marseille has a hot mediterranean/ dry-summer subtropical climate. Summers are dry and hot due to the domination of subtropical high pressure systems.

As the Immigrant Reception Facility will be busy with over 7,500 people using it each day, piezoelectric tiles will be implemented to harvest the kinetic energy produced when walking across a given area. Piezoelectric materials are used to obtain energy from exerted forces or vibrations. The polarity of charge results in an alternating current (AC), which is then converted into direct current (DC). The converted current is then used to charge a capacitor or a battery, which can store the energy for later use.

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RAINWATER COLLECTION

Approximate available space for rainwater collection for Lim-bo Building: 1500 square metresTotal annual rainfall in Marseille, France last year: 450mmLimbo Building: 0.45 x 1500 = 675 cubic metres (675,000 Litres per year/1,849 litres per day)

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LIMBO

HEATING STRATEGY: The whole of this space will be closed with glazing and doorways will be inserted on either side of building one and three as a way of closing off this space so therefore it will become the only building that needs to be heated. Therefore saving on energy costs. Ground source heat pumps that were originally proposed will be implemented as a way of heating the building during five winter months. The follow-ing page consists of a heating strategy for winter through the use of an air to air heat exchanger.

VENTILATION STRATEGY: A natural stack ventilation strategy will be implemented where-by cool air enters from the east and west facing windows, pushing warm air upwards and finally exiting through the structural ventilation pods as shown opposite. The fol-lowing page consists of a cooling strategy for summer where a passive evaporation cooling system will be implemented through the ventilation towers.

LIGHTING STRATEGY: Solar shading devices in the form of timber roof louvres will now be used to manage the sunlight pentetration into the key space below as there will be higher internal solar gains.


Rainwater collection will also be used as a way of reusing the water to flush out toilets and also for the water feature which is the focal point of the space.

Furthermore it can be noted that the height of the central core of this space is raised 10m above the flyover to reduce air pollution from vehicles passing by. A thick con-crete slab will now be inserted either side of this roof structure as a way to mitigate the

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WATER SPRINKLER TO COOL AIR BY EVAPORATION

HOT AIR ENTERS FROM ABOVE THROUGH WINDCATCHER AND BAFFLE WITH A BAFFLE TO DIVERT WIND INTO TOWER

WATER COLLECTED IN DRAIN AND FED CENTRAL WATER FEATURE FOR

RE-CIRCULATION AND AID A FURTHER COOLING PROCESS

SUMMER COOLING STRATEGY: PASSIVE DOWNDRAUGHT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM

Windcatchers facing North-West (as shown in the plan above) will divert the warm Mistral wind into the tower as shown left. A passive downdraught evaporative cooling system will be implemented whereby this warm air causes the water to evaporate into a mist and travel downwards through the tower into the main space. This ties into my concept nicely as I want to create a soothing, calm atmosphere as the migrant enters the space.

N.W. Mistral Wind

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10W FANS DRAW HEAT UPWARDS

GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS

AIR TO AIR HEAT EXCHANGER

WINTER HEATING STRATEGY: GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMPS AND AIR TO AIR HEAT EXCHANGER

The winter heating strategy consists of ground source heat pumps as shown in the diagram. Energy created through the PVP panels across the arrival and Kissing Point buildings will power the pump which will harness heat from underground thus pumping water through it. This will be spread over the vast 7,371m ground floor space. Furthermore an air to air heat exchanger will be inserted into the each tower where a 10W powered fan will draw exhaust heat up will then pass through it as part of a heat recovery ventilation process where it will then provide fresh, clean air and improved climate control. These are an effective and very low cost way on reducing the heat loads thus reducing carbon emissions and energy bills in the long term.

WARM AIR FROM DRYER EXHAUST

PREHEATED DRYER AIR

OUTDOOR INTAKE AIR

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BIOMASS




WIND TURBINES



Annual average hours of sunlight/day: 7.15Total annual hours of sunshine in Marseille each year: 2858Days of strong sun: 170Days of weak sun: 6010W solar panel in 7.15 hours of sunshine x 0.85 (this factor allows for natural system losses) = 60.775WH for each solar panelEstimated area covered in solar panels: 1200 square metersEstimated energy that will be created each day: 72,930kwh

SOLAR

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TRANSITION AND KISSING POINT

HEATING STRATEGY: As the arrival building is merely a point of transition with people moving through the space, together with Marseilles modest climate it will now act as a shelter and will not need to be heated which will lead to savings in energy costs.

VENTILATION STRATEGY: A natural stack ventilation strategy will be implemented whereby cool air enters from below, pushing warm air upwards and finally exiting through vents in the stepped roof structure as shown left.

LIGHTING STRATEGY: Solar shading devices will now be implemented on the south facing elevation as there will be higher internal solar gains. North facing louvres will also be implemented but may become ad hoc in comparison to the south face of the building.


Photovoltaic panels will be placed on the roof of this building which will provide an abundance of energy to be used in building two. Marseille has a hot medi-terranean/ dry-summer subtropical climate. Summers are dry and hot due to the domination of subtropical high pressure systems.

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PORTAL FRAME STEEL STRUCTURE

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The intention of the arrival building was to create a bespoke structure as this will be the first architectural experience the migrant embarks upon when entering Marseille. The concept was to create a monumental structure but one which can adapt. Over time it is anticipated that immigrants emerging in Marseille will rise so therefore the concept here will be for the building to expand. For example In Lampedusa Immigrant Recep-tion Centre in 2008 there was an influx in Syrian refugees, the centre could not cope with the demand and ended up closing. It is therefore essential that increase this is prepared for. As shown in the exploded isometric opposite the profile metal deck and steel frame can be added over time.

Due to its exposed seaside location the building will be subject to heavy weathering with the high salt content of the air speeding up material degradation. A mild steel cladding will be implemented as shown opposite (precedent: Thomas Heatherwicks East Beach Cafe) with the intention of rusting and gaining significant character over time. It is important to note that an oil based coating will be applied to the mild steel after it has weathered which will prolong the life of the structure.

The 30m wide walkway leading up to the building will be supported by vertical 350 UB with a horizontal 2m steel truss above and below. There will also be a piece of steel frame at 5m intervals across the walkway. This will also continue into the building itself but will be connected to 350 UB H section either side which will connect to a 2m truss above. Lateral bracing will connect the bottom of the UB to the steel roof truss above to create a portal frame structure throughout.

STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTIONAL

NARRATIVE: ARRIVAL

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A profile metal deck will be implemented as seen in the images opposite. This will be filled with concrete and will be supported using the floor and roof trusses collectively. This is advantageous as solar panels can be attached to the concrete slab providing easy installation and future maintenance. The underside of the profile metal deck as shown opposite will provide a sturdy entrance for the migrant as they descend towards the border control. The solid element of the concrete slab is intended to instil a sense of stability and hope as they enter into their first architectural experience of this new life.

Furthermore a separate baggage structure will stand alone as shown here. This will also reflect the same materiality as the arrival building. Steel columns will run at regular intervals up until the Limbo stage where it will then descend into it. The mild steel cladding that wil rust over time will be used to shelter the baggage.

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AD-HOC COLD ROLLED MODULAR COMPONENTS

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NARRATIVE: LIMBO

The intention of the Limbo space beneath the flyover was to create a temporal stateless architecture to accentuate the idea that the migrant is in a zone of uncertain-ty. They are not quite in Marseille just yet. Structurally I wanted this to be represented as shown in the exploded isometric opposite. A steel structural frame will be laid out across a tartan grid system which is the main component encased in concrete be-neath the flyover to mitigate vehicle noise. Over time it is anticipated that this space will change and expand. Therefore the components that exist with this overall substruc-ture need to be flexible and mobile. An ad hoc, modular system will be implemented as shown in the image opposite which will be clad in a cold rolled metal as it is a light-weight material that can be assembled and dissembled quickly. Similar to the systems used in airports however the intention here is to create souk type atmosphere which is something they can relate to for example Marrakech Souks (breaking down culture shock). These ad-hoc modules will be made up of a kit of parts system. The advan-tages to this are a reduction in time spent on site and is easier to transport and prefab-ricate. Furthermore in the future they can also be dissembled and reused elsewhere. The cold rolled metal can be sourced locally therefore saving in transport costs.

Running in between the flyovers, the height of the space will be 10m above the existing road structure. A portal frame steel structure will support the timber louvre system that has been adopted above as a solar shading strategy. Vertical 350 UB will run along the edge, with a horizontal 2m deep steel truss above whilst 50 lateral bracing will be used to make up the portal frame as shown opposite.

Furthermore, the ground floor of Zaha Hadids CMA CGM tower has been inhabited as a poetic expression to ignore this polar opposite trade. Structurally, I will not disturb the existing structure of the tower however I will insert this modular system within it as shown opposite in the exploded isometric drawing.

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VERTICAL SECTION OF A VENTILATION TOWER AND SOCIAL SPACE

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CONSTRUCTION DETAIL

VERTICAL SECTION OF A VENTILATION TOWER AND SOCIAL SPACE CONSTRUCTION DETAIL OF TIMBER FLOOR CONNECTION

CONSTRUCTION DETAIL OF LOUVRE CONNECTION

14MM TIMBER FLOORING

20MM OSB PANEL7MM ACOUSTIC FLEECE

50MM CORRUGATED STEEL SHEET METAL, LOAD BEARING

200MM STEEL I BEAM

40MM STEEL TUBE

25MM STEEL TUBE

30MM TIMBER CLADDING

STEEL I SECTION 300MM DEEP

STEEL TRUSS 2M DEEP

60MM STEEL PLATE

75MM STYROFOAM INSULATION

The construction detail shows one of the social pods and ventilation towers. Poetically it is recognising that it is the In Limbo stage of the journey. It is the idea that they are floating above the ground, giving these migrants lacking in language skills a sense of hierarchy looking down below. Thus reiterating the underlying theme of breaking down the barriers of culture shock.

These sculptures are made of a lightweight aluminum which is fixed to the 350UB steel substructure. It cantilevers 4m but it is anticipated as it is such a tall structure then extra bracing will be needed to enable extra support as shown in the detail opposite. This is permanently fixed to a mullion encased in a concrete base slab. The flooring of the mezzanine level will consist of 14mm tiber flooring that will sit on a 7mm acoustic fleece, 20mm OSB panel and a 50mm corrugated steel sheet metal, load bearing which will fix to the steel 350UB. As stated previously which can be seen opposite, a concrete slab will sit beneath the flyover and continue onto the vertical wall to mitigate vehicle noise from above.

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STEEL PLATE THAT TIES INTO THE CONCRETE RAMP

(RIGHT SIDE)

STEEL BOLTS CONNECT TO STEEL 350UB SUBSTRUCTURE

(LEFT SIDE)

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One of the major structural element of this project overall is the transition bridge that spans 30m across a number of train lines, linking the In Limbo stage to the final kissing point. Floor to ceiling height will be just 2.4m as it leads onto the final kissing point which will be over 30m high. This is an attempt to intentionally create an overwhelming sense of elation when they reach the kissing point. AVierendeel steel truss will be used for the bridge. It will be almost like an elevated colonnade. The heavy junctions will compensate for a lack of cross bracing. The bridge is 30m x 30m with a height of 2.5m so therefore 11 Vierendeel trusses that will span 30m which will is laid out in conjunction with the tartan grid. The interview spaces that extend outwards from this can be cantilevered using trusses that will connect to the Vierendeel. As it is bridging over existing rail tracks it is essential the structural load is placed at either end of the bridge as there cannot be any support between them due to moving trains. As shown in the section the right hand bridge junction sitting onto the concrete is connected using a steel plate that ties into the concrete. The left hand side is connected to the steel 350UB using bolts.

Furthermore as trains are frequent phasing of this part of the project will be key in not disrupting train services. Therefore the bridge could be built off site and transported to the site to be lifted into place rather than being constructed on site.

As I want to create quiet space for transition and contemplation it is essential the fibreglass insulation will be used throughout to mitigate the noise from the train lines beneath the structure. Thicker 50mm glazing will also be used throughout whilst the same mild steel that was used in the arrival building will be seen again as migrants enter the space of transition.


NARRATIVE: TRANSITION

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NARRATIVE: KISSING POINT

Finally, the Kissing Point structure is very similar to that of the arrival building. Materiality is the same using the mild steel cladding which is connected to an overall steel structure. Intentionally this was to become a bespoke piece of architecture. However it does differ in some ways as I will be using steel 350 T beams that will connect to a 2m Vierendeel truss above. This will also be a portal frame structure and 50 lateral bracing will be used as shown in the isometric opposite. The reason I will for using the Vierendeel truss is because I would like to insert glazing into it without there being any lateral bracing obstructing the light quality. Promoting this concept of the migrant coming out of the light to the viewer who is seated at the end of the 1:20 concrete ramp. Poetically this ramp will be very subtle, similar to the ramp at Tate Modern in London designed by Herzog de Meuron. A mild steel shuttering system has also been adopted which will connect to the T beams which will not only ventilate the space bringing a sense of smell of this new land they are about to set foot in but also views out into the Opportunity phase.

As shown in the image left, a steel frame will used together with a bow string truss that will support the glass panels. This framework will connect to the mullion at the base. Essentially creating one truss that will help take the wind loads. At the base the mullion will be connected to a concrete pile that will help lock the glass into place. Furthermore, glass will be split into 5 x 6m sections that will be separated by 100 steel tubes that will connect to the bow string truss.

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THE VISIONThe urban design proposal aim is to build upon Marseilles existing connection with Maghreb region through a system of freeports, dedicated to Mediterranean secondary port cities. These cities are being left behind due to the continuing expansion of mass container shipping and we propose to create stronger links with smaller quantities of freight between these secondary port cities. Not only creating easier and cheaper trade routes but also a higher influx of migrants who will work and trade within this system. The site in north Marseille will be the first in this system of ports, and will accommodate for large quantities of migrants who wish to engage with this work and trade system.

The scheme is about regeneration through a celebration of immigration. There are political, social, religious issues that have been relevant throughout our investigation but the fundamental idea of regeneration through a revitalised economy is one that was at the heart of the project from the beginning. We aim to reinvent North Marseille in away that engages its culture, history and ideologies. Providing a solid industry that helps the people help themselves.

The incorporation of the free port is vital to the success of the overall ideology. It not only is a method to increase the financial viability of the scheme but creates a spring board of opportunity to migrant travelers from the Maghreb region. Allowing for easy free flowing travel between the associated port cities. The Marseille Immigration Reception Facility will be at the heart of it as a way creating the link from Arrival into Opportunity.

In terms of cost, it will be priceless in terms of bringing down the numbers of deaths concerned with crossing the ferocious Mediterranean Sea. It is a left wing approach that will be a the long term solution that will reinvigorate Marseille but on a larger scale it will boost the economies across othe other secondary port cities of the Mediterranean. If this was to be tested in Marseille first and it proved successful then the Marseille Immigration Reception could be replicated across these other secondary port cities. It will be funded by a combination of the EU and members of the Arab-Maghreb Union. It is anticipated that in the next 10-20 years, the demand for phosphorous will increase and with Morocco holding the the vast amount of the worlds reserves, it is expected to become thriving more developed country. Therefore the Moroccan government will be able to contribute significantly to this project which would in turn open up a gateway to Europe for these North African migrants.

A benchmark I intially looked into to estimate the cost of the Marseille Immigration Reception Facility was Stansted Airport by Foster & Partners as it has many similarities to

cdp report: marseille immigration reception facility

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