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Catalogue of Training and Information Tools on CommunityParticipation in Human Settlements

Table of ContentsCatalogue of Training and Information Tools on Community Participation in Human Settlements.........1

Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1World neighbors in action.......................................................................................................................1Human settlement managers training programme − handbook for the organization and design of courses..................................................................................................................................................3Bridging the gap: A participatory approach to health and nutrition education........................................4Self−evaluation: Ideas for participatory evaluation of rural community development projects...............5Local authority supervisor training program, Kenya...............................................................................6Urban housing and community development course..............................................................................6Teaching rural community development.................................................................................................7Organization and management of field education..................................................................................8Project management program Harare, Zimbabwe..................................................................................9Primer taller de capacitacion para mujeres dirigentes de organizaciones femininas en el districto de San Martin de Porres......................................................................................................................10Getting the community into the act: 72 participatory activities for field workers and trainers...............11Board of director's course: Instructor's manual and handouts..............................................................11Tecnicas educativas.............................................................................................................................14Women and graphics: A beginner's kit.................................................................................................16The tribune: A women and development quarterly...............................................................................18How to perform in front of an audience.................................................................................................19Audiovisual communication handbook.................................................................................................20Dialogar para construir, diseno participativo en barrios populares de Bogota.....................................21Women and technology: If it's not appropriate for women, it's not appropriate....................................211. Como leer un plano − 2. Mejoramiento poblacional.........................................................................221. Sistema constructivo 'bend' − 2. Prefabricacion, sistema 'bend'......................................................241. El replanted − 2. Como construir una vivienda con calicanto − 3. Como construir una vivienda con bloques de concreto − 4. Como construir una vivienda con cinva−ram − 5. Como construir una vivienda con horcones y concreto................................................................................................25Small−scale production of lime for buildings........................................................................................27Making building blocks with the cinva−ram block press.......................................................................28Building with stabilised soil blocks........................................................................................................28Small−scale production of local building materials...............................................................................29Manual para la construccion de vivienda con adobe............................................................................29Casas de tierra, Minka no. 9, october 1982..........................................................................................30Construction reference manual, a sourcebook for the use of local materials in construction...............31Sistematizacion de una practica tecnica en vivienda social.................................................................32Manual de autoconstruccion.................................................................................................................33Manual de construcao moradias nas aldeias comunais.......................................................................36When you build a house: a manual of construction details for Caribbean houses with emphasis on protection from strong winds...........................................................................................................37Cooler in summer/warmer in winter: How to improve your shha house...............................................37Techniques for low−cost/self−help housing..........................................................................................38Affordable sanitation.............................................................................................................................40Making your house safe against strong winds......................................................................................40A campaign plan for Tinsa Valley.........................................................................................................40Cooperative housingaffordability and related technical solutions.........................................................41Co−operatives: the affordable housing alternative...............................................................................41Managing housing co−ops' money.......................................................................................................42Estructura interna de una cooperativa de vivienda: Pobladores y educacion no. 1.............................43Co−operative housing, a handbook for effective operations................................................................44Co−op housing − The best move we ever made..................................................................................45Ideas on proposal writing and financial/technical assistance...............................................................46Information and training materials for low−cost water supply and sanitation.......................................47Self−help housing improvements for lowest−income communities: Motivators' and trainers' guide....49Manual para proyectos de ayuda mutua..............................................................................................53

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Catalogue of Training and Information Tools on CommunityParticipation in Human Settlements

HS/128/88/EISBN 92−1−13154−7

United Nations Centre for human Settlements (Habitat)P.O. Box 30030, Nairobi

Introduction

The full involvement of communities in the development of shelter, infrastructure and services is an essentialelement of effective shelter strategies. All parties gain from co−operative and participatory forms ofdecision−making, implementation and maintenance in shelter programmes. Faced with large numbers ofrequests for appropriate training material which would support the practical application of communityparticipation as a technique for carrying out shelter activities at the local level, the United Nations Centre forHuman Settlements (Habitat) undertook to collect and analyse available training tools and modules. Thepresent collection of 48 items of training material allows a first overview of tools which have been developed indifferent parts of the world for the purpose of training government officials and community representatives.The catalogue is composed of loose sheets, each of them carrying information on a specific training tool,including the name of its producer, a description of its content and purpose, and an appraisal of its use.

Five CATEGORIES are used:

− A. TRAINING/EDUCATION;− B. COMMUNICATION/INFORMATION;− C. CONSTRUCTION;− D. CO−OPERATIVES;− E. MISCELLANEOUS.

Within each category, four FORMATS are distinguished:

− 1. Bulletin, newsletter, handout, brochure, poster;− 2. Manual, handbook, cartoon strip, fotonovela;− 3. Game, exercise;− 4. Audiovisual.

Each sheet carries a title which is the title of the training or information tool presented. This title is given in itsoriginal language, and so are any captions drawn from the material. The sheets indicate at the top in whichlanguages the title is available.

World neighbors in action

PRODUCED BY: WORLD NEIGHBORS

AVAILABLE FROM: WORLD NEIGHBORS, 5116 NORTH PORTLAND AVENUE, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK73112, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH AND SPANISH

COST: SUBSCRIPTION $US 5

WORLD NEIGHBORS IN ACTION is a quarterly 'how−to−do−it' newsletter for use by people working inprogrammes in developing areas of the world. Editions, varying in length from 4 to 10 pages, contain a wealthof information on available training resources and bibliographies as well as a how−to−train section. Trainingtopics which have been covered in previous editions include: Co−operatives, Community Participation andProgramme Self−Evaluation, Decision−Making, and Community Action to Improve Housing.

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These very informative newsletters would be of great value to trainers who want to keep in touch with newtraining resources and for those who are looking for fresh ideas for the preparation of training workshops.

In addition, World Neighbors produces a 'Communications exchange' brochure, SOUNDINGS FROMAROUND THE WORLD, which contains brief reviews of materials produced by other organizations.

HOW−TO−DO−IT SECTION

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Human settlement managers training programme − handbook for the organizationand design of courses

PRODUCED BY: UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION(UNESCO) AND CENTRO ITALIANO DI RICERCA ED EDUCAZIONE AMBIENTALE (C.I.E.R.A), 1986.

AVAILABLE FROM: UNESCO, 7 PLACE DE FONTENOY, 75700 PARIS, FRANCE.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 250

The purpose of this handbook is to provide a simple tool for course design and monitoring for thoseresponsible for organizing and running human settlements training courses. The main target groups for suchcourses are middle−management professionals, technical experts and academic advisers who are concernedwith human settlements problems and management. The handbook recognizes that there can be no universalrecipe for course design since each course will be bound by a particular set of conditions and constraints.However, the objective is to assist the trainer to select an interesting and varied blend of teaching techniques,according to the training requirements of the target group.

The handbook is a simple, flexible, step−by−step procedures guide which will help course designers toidentify constraints, formulate course objectives, decide upon course content and select a variety of trainingmethods.

The handbook is divided into six sections. Section one is mainly introductory and explores some trainingtechniques which are expanded upon in later sections. The appendix summarizes these training techniques,for example, 'action maze', programmed case study, brainstorming and gaming simulations.

In section two, role−playing is examined in detail, with reference to differing approaches and the purposesthey can serve and how role−playing exercises are conducted. Three examples of role−playing are provided.The remainder of the handbook is devoted to a discussion of the use of case studies and linked simulations,development games and computer−simulation games.

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Bridging the gap: A participatory approach to health and nutrition education

WRITTEN BY: LYRA SRINIVASAN

PRODUCED BY: SAVE THE CHILDREN, USA, 1982

AVAILABLE FROM: SAVE THE CHILDREN, 54 WILTON ROAD, WESTPORT, CT. 06880, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:


As the title indicates, this manual is concerned with approaches to health and nutrition education and does notcover human settlements issues as such. It is addressed to nutrition and health educators who are interestedin trying out new participatory ways of working at the community level. Its purpose is to describe simpletechniques by which field staff members can be trained to approach local communities sensitively and toinvolve them fully in improving health. Despite the focus on health, this manual is an invaluable document forthose involved in preparing training−of−trainers programmes where the participants in the workshops areinvolved in community development programmes and, with imaginative adaptation, it could be applied tohuman settlements and self−help housing programmes.

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The list of activities and exercises will help the trainer introduce techniques which are designed to involve thecommunity in a development project. Very clear and full instructions on how to run the exercises and activitiesare given together with information on how to make up the didactic materials. A very wide range of didacticmaterials is used, for instance, puzzles, picture cards, flannelgraphs, sequence posters, slide shows,lollipuppets and open−ended stories. It is so unusual to find a document which gives such practicalinformation on such a wide variety of participatory training techniques that the publication merits attention byall who are involved in planning, setting up and running training courses where community participation is acomponent.

Lollipuppets

Self−evaluation: Ideas for participatory evaluation of rural community developmentprojects

WRITTEN BY: JIM RUGH

PRODUCED BY: WORLD NEIGHBORS DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATIONS, OKLAHOMA CITY, USA,1987.

AVAILABLE FROM: WORLD NEIGHBORS DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATIONS, 5116 NORTHPORTLAND AVENUE, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73112, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 5 (PRICE INCLUDES SURFACE POSTAGE WORLDWIDE, AIRMAIL IS EXTRA).

NUMBER OF PAGES: 42

This manual is designed to provide community development workers with guidelines on how to evaluate theirown programmes in an effective way. It offers tools whereby development workers can assess the degree towhich their programmes are meeting planned objectives. This information, in turn, provides them with thebasis for sound decisions on future developments in their programmes.

The manual consists of eight chapters which examine the essential ingredients of an evaluation process; whyevaluate, evaluation for whom, evaluation by whom, levels of evaluation, when to evaluate, what to evaluate,how to evaluate, and communicating the findings/making decisions.

The manual is clearly written and uses a minimum of 'development jargon'. It gives concrete suggestions andobservations which are illustrated by examples from the field. Part of the information is specific to differentkinds of programmes (health, nutrition, agriculture etc.). Other suggestions have a broad application and canbe applied to any development programme. The manual is supplemented by drawings, tables andphotographs. The appendices include two case studies on participatory evaluation, examples of

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record−keeping forms and a questionnaire. A list of readings is also provided for further study.

This manual would be beneficial to programme administrators, technicians and local programme staff.

Local authority supervisor training program, Kenya

PREPARED FOR: REGIONAL HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT OFFICE (RHUDO), UNITED STATESAGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID), NAIROBI, KENYA.

PRODUCED BY: PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT COLLABORATIVE INTERNATIONAL (PADCO INC),WASHINGTON, USA, 1985.

AVAILABLE FROM: USAID, WASHINGTON, D.C., 20523, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:


This manual, prepared by PADCO, for the Government Training Institute of Kenya, contains a one−weektraining management programme for training of trainers, focusing on: communication as a management skill;leadership in supervision; performance standards; planning process; problem−solving and decision−making;resource planning; work unit performance; and development of effective work teams.

The manual was prepared in a format such that any trainer with a basic knowledge of supervision and thelocal authority structure would be able to pick up the training package and conduct the programme. Each ofthe modules has an overview sheet which gives the module title, the approximate amount of time required tocomplete the module and an overview of the module content.

In the introduction, a guide for the trainers explains how to use the modules. It gives some description of eachof the techniques used in the training programme, advice on how to make training programmes effective andsome guidelines on adult education. The manual was written for the training of supervisors in local authorityinstitutions or supervisors of technicians; however, many of the characteristics discussed are critical for goodsupervision at any level in an organization, and, therefore, the manual is a handy guide for ideas and points tothink about when developing a short−term training programme.

Although the training was designed for Kenya, many of the exercises are very western−oriented and,therefore, are not appropriate for every audience without adaptation to take into account cultural and socialconditions. Nonetheless, very few manuals deal with the role of the supervisor; with how groups function andwith how leadership affects team performance; thus, some of the ideas presented in this manual would be ofinterest to trainers who are involved in creating a training course on these topics.

Urban housing and community development course

PRODUCED BY: DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND HOUSING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTUNIT, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, KENYA, 1982.

AVAILABLE FROM: UNESCO, POPULATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DIVISION, 7 PLACE DEFONTENOY, 75700 PARIS, FRANCE.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:


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This report is the result of a joint effort of the Department of Architecture and the Housing Research andDevelopment Unit (HRDU), University of Nairobi, Kenya. It documents the contents of a training course onurban housing and community development for architecture students, reflecting a growing emphasis inarchitecture courses on involving students in real−life problems of communities. Central to this training courseis the practical fieldwork carried out with the residents of Kabiro, a low−income urban community in Nairobi.

Taking Kabiro community as a case study, the students' task was to present a proposal to improve theenvironment of Kabiro by consolidating the dwellings and upgrading basic infrastructure and services. Theycarried out a user and physical survey and analysed the data collected on site. Community discussions wereconducted to identify the residents' priorities and to formulate a framework for project planning.

The contents of the report cover all training stages: that is, students' advance preparation, the lecture courseoutlines, a discussion agenda, a case study, survey methods and results, as well as the students' plans anddesign proposals for the future development of Kabiro. The appendix provides a full set of student handouts,course programmes, field−survey instruction sheets, briefs for various assignments, a reading list and abibliography.

This report is not a 'how−to−do−it' training manual; however, it would be useful to anyone providing retrainingcourses for housing professionals whose formal training did not include a practical planning component forsites−and−services and/or upgrading schemes with a focus on participatory community development. Thecontent, format and training exercises provide an example of how training involving the community might bestructured.

Teaching rural community development

PRODUCED BY: FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT, UNIVERSITY OFNAIROBI, KENYA, 1979.

AVAILABLE FROM: UNESCO, POPULATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS DIVISION, 7 PLACE DEFONTENOY, 75700 PARIS, FRANCE.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:


The report offers a method for teaching architectural students planning and design skills related to ruralcommunity development and is based on the experience gathered from an 11−week fieldwork course in threeKenyan rural communities. The main objectives were:

− to introduce architecture students to the basic physical needs of rural communities;

− to understand the principles of appropriate village technology for rural water supply, sanitation, and food andwater storage;

− to allow students to identify a community's basic needs, to set priorities and to suggest appropriate ways ofmeeting highpriority needs;

− to design facilities for a community which are appropriate, can be produced with local inputs and can belocally managed.

The course provided an introduction to village technologies and to fieldwork techniques, such as problemidentification, setting of priorities and project formulation and design.

The report has five sections. The introduction gives a written and illustrated summary of village technologies,followed by the content and structure of the villages reports, and concludes with the project designs preparedby the students. The appendix covers the timetable and contents of the 11−week training course.

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This report has been prepared in the context of Kenya; however, with adaptation of the text and illustrations, itcould be a useful example for those preparing similar courses in Africa and other regions.

Organization and management of field education

WRITTEN BY: SAM MSHIU

PRODUCED BY: CO−OPERATIVE EDUCATION MATERIALS ADVISORY SERVICE (CEMAS)/INTERNATIONAL CO−OPERATIVE ALLIANCE (ICA), 1984.

AVAILABLE FROM: CEMAS/ICA, 15 RUE DES MORILLONS, CH−1218 LE GRAND−SACONNEX, GENEVA,SWITZERLAND, OR REGIONAL OFFICES OF ICA IN COTE D'IVOIRE, INDIA, AND THE UNITEDREPUBLIC OF TANZANIA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: SWF 15

NUMBER OF PAGES: 77

This manual, developed by CEMAS, was specifically designed to support co−operative field education indeveloping countries. It was field−tested at two courses in the international co−operative training centre,Stanford Hall, Loughborough, England, by students taking the diploma course in co−operative education andtraining during 1982/83 and 1983/84, with participants from 18 countries. The document suggests how toestablish and run a co− operative field−education department within a co−operative organization, such as aco−operative union, and discusses the planning and organization that must precede implementation ofeducational programmes in the field.

It aims to assist the co−operative education worker:

− to recognize the need for good organization and management in education/training programmes;

− to set up and run an effective co−operative field−education unit;

− to become familiar with a wide range of educational/training methods and techniques;

− to plan and implement educational programmes in the field.

The manual does not deal specifically with co−operative forms of housing; nonetheless, the general principlesof how education and training should be organized are applicable to any training programme.

The author suggests that training should be carried out in all types of co−operatives and at all levels (i.e.,primary or secondary co−operatives and national co−operative federations). The focal point in the manual isthe co−operative union at the district or provincial level. A trainer, therefore, would have to adapt the materialto make it suitable for small community− based co−operatives. In addition, it is not a how−to manual but anexcellent reference on the procedures and necessary steps in planning an educational programme.

It is recommended for co−operative field educators, other field workers, co−operative leaders andpolicy−makers, heads of co− operative training institutions and governmental departments and agenciesresponsible for co−operative development.

VI. Financing Education/Information Programmes

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Education fund

Project management program Harare, Zimbabwe

FEB.21 ST−MARCH,1983

PRODUCED BY: THE OFFICE OF HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT, UNITED STATES AGENCY FORINTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID), HARARE CITY COUNCIL AND MINISTRY OF HOUSING,ZIMBABWE.

AVAILABLE FROM; USAID, OFFICE OF HOUSING & URBAN DEVELOPMENT, WASHINGTON, D.C.,20523, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 217, INCLUDING HANDOUTS

This manual was developed as a four−week training programme carried out for the Harare City Council,Zimbabwe, in preparation for the implementation and supervision of the Parkridge Fontainbleau project, alarge sites−and−services scheme. The construction of the units was by aided self−help, building brigades andco−operatives. The City Council had little or no experience with the latter two approaches; the objective of thetraining programme, therefore, was to train a core management team which would have an understanding ofthe total project and could train other personnel.

The group of 35 trainees was made up of administration officers, estate officers, building liaison officers andcommunity service officers who had some practical experience in similiar housing projects. The trainingapproach was based on the philosophy that training is a shared responsibility between the trainers and thetrainees and that people learn best by doing.

Weeks one and two covered: Trainer skills − how to design a training event, training techniques and use oftraining materials; Group decision−making exercises − guided discussions, brainstorming, problem−solvingtechniques, the action training and research model and case histories of self−help shelter projects in otherAfrican countries.

Weeks three and four covered: Communication skills − what makes an effective group, field analysis, lookingat building brigades and co−operatives, report−writing, managing time; Community development skills −leadership styles, how to deal with conflict, project management skills and project planning.

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The manual is made up of a set of packages covering specific subject areas, such as leadership, communitydevelopment skills, conflict resolution and conducting meetings. Within each training package, there are twosubsections which broadly cover theory and practice. The theory part of the training module is broken downinto the following subsections − training objectives, key concepts, training options and an overview ofadditional readings. The 'practice' part of the training module consists of a set of handouts.

This manual is developed within the framework of action research and training. Many of the exercises and theactivities might not be appropriate for every training group; therefore, the trainer would need to use discretionand judge the applicability of the exercises in each training context.

The manual, however, is a useful tool for any trainer who is involved in the preparation of training forgovernmental officials who will be supervising sites−sand−services, self−help and co−operative programmes.

Information, influence, assessment (what for)

Primer taller de capacitacion para mujeres dirigentes de organizaciones femininas enel districto de San Martin de Porres

PRODUCED BY: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION SOCIAL Y EDUCACION POPULAR ALTERNATIVA,PERU, 1984.

AVAILABLE FROM: CENTRO DE INVESTIGACION SOCIAL Y EDUCACION POPULAR ALTERNATIVA,SAN MARTIN DE PORRES, EMETERIO PEREX 348, URB. INGENIERIA, LIMA, PERU.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 67

The manual has been developed for women's organizations and deals with some aspects of leadership inthese organizations. It contains a synthesis of the first training workshop held in the San Martin de Porrasdistrict of Lima, Peru, with the participation of various women's organizations. The manual uses themethodology of popular education and not only contains a record of what the workshop covered but alsoshows how the themes were introduced and what the participants achieved from the exercises. This

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presentation makes it a didactic document which is enjoyable to read and a training tool not only for peopleinvolved in the planning of workshops but also for the participants because their collective experiences are ofgreat value for the daily orientation of their work in their organizations.

Each topic presented contains three parts: first, 'Reflexions' contains the ideas and experiences that werediscussed and studied; secondly, 'Working This Way' describes practical activities to ensure maximumparticipation from the participants, and, thirdly, 'What We Achieved' contains the analysis of what was gainedfrom each of the discussions. The workshop covered 11 themes; among them were Why the Need forTraining Organizations; our Situation as Women; What Is a Group; Problems and Needs; Concepts ofOrganization; Planning; Duties and Responsibilities in an Organization; Leadership, Organization andCommunity Participation; and Communication through Role−Play.

This manual is a guide for community workers or officials involved in community−level training, particularly atthe initial stages of forming a community group. Equally, it could be used by community representatives, suchas committee members, for the education development of their group. Since there are very few resourceguides on leadership training, the manual provides a valuable example.

Getting the community into the act: 72 participatory activities for field workers andtrainers

PRODUCED BY: WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT UNIT (WAND), EXTRA−MURAL DEPARTMENT,UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES, 1983.

AVAILABLE FROM: WAND, UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES, ST. MICHAEL'S, BARBADOS.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:


This training manual is made up of 72 field−tested activities and provides material that can be used by thosewho work with villagers in community development programmes. The activities are aimed at enabling ruralwomen to define their needs, identify and harness resources that could be used to meet these needs, andplan and evaluate projects and programmes that would address their needs.

The manual is divided into two sections. Part One, entitled UNDERSTANDING PEOPLE, includes sections ongetting acquainted, personal development, attitudes, communication and working with groups. Part Two,entitled INVOLVING THE COMMUNITY, includes sections on community development, needs assessment,programme planning and evaluation. Each exercise contains explanations of time and materials needed,objectives and recommended methods.

All the activities in the manual are based on participatory methodologies, not only to ensure full involvement ofcommunities in the definition and design of programmes but also to sensitize community developmentworkers, planners and policy−makers to the capabilities, needs and concerns of women participating indevelopment programmes. Although the activities in the manual do not specifically cover communityparticipation in housing programmes they cover some of the most important issues on communityparticipation, and, therefore, the manual would be a valuable tool for trainers involved in the preparation ofparticipatory training workshops.

Board of director's course: Instructor's manual and handouts

PRODUCED BY: CO−OPERATIVE HOUSING FEDERATION OF TORONTO, CANADA, 1986.

AVAILABLE FROM: CO−OPERATIVE HOUSING FOUNDATION OF CANADA, 56 SPARKS STREET, SUITE401, OTTAWA, CANADA, KIP 5A9.

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LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: HANDOUTS $CAN 10 PER SET INSTRUCTOR'S MANUAL SENT ON REQUEST

NUMBER OF PAGES: APPROX 500

The Co−operative Housing Foundation of Canada is a member−based organization providing developmentaland educational services to housing co−operatives and local federations of housings co− operatives. Itseducational service includes a train−the−trainer programme. For this programme, a series of instructor'smanuals is available on a variety of topics. The instructor's manuals are available to those who have gonethrough the train−the− trainer programme. Each training manual is accompanied by a set of course handoutsfor participants.

This manual is designed to provide directors and members who may become directors with some basicbackground what being a director of a housing co−operative involves. It also provides a useful overview forothers, such as staff, involved in the management of a housing co−operative.

The manual contains five sections and is designed to provide all the information and materials necessary toconduct the course. The instructional techniques include lectures by the instructors, discussion and exchangeof ideas by group members, handouts and group exercises; some topics are introduced or summarized by theuse of prepared overhead transparencies. After the introduction, section two, THE COURSE OUTLINE,reviews the topics to be covered, with suggested times for each section, if all topics are to be covered in atwo−day course: the material contained in the manual cannot be taught in the detail presented in a two−daysession. It is organized so that the instructor can select elements for the groups he is working with. Eachsection of the course includes one or more exercises which are central to the learning experience. Somesections of the course can be taught on their own as evening or half−day workshops. The third section,INSTRUCTORS NOTES, contains the material to be covered in the course in point form. It also includes anoverview of each section of the course for the instructor and describes how to use teaching techniques, howto conduct exercises and when to use handouts and overhead transparencies. The fourth section,MATERIALS, contains all lists and copies of the handouts and the overhead transparencies. The final sectionis a background paper on the Co−operative Housing Foundation.

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Steps in planning

Other titles in the same co−operative training manual series include:

− Leadership Skills: A Workshop on Chairing and Recording for Co−op Committees,− Member Selection Committee course,− Member Involvement Committee Workshop.

All come with instructor's manuals and a complete set of handouts.

This series of manuals has been produced in the context of the Canadian co−operative movement, and muchof the terminology and the specific details of the financial, legal and structural aspects are relevant only in theCanadian context. Nonetheless, these manuals provide a complete package for the instructor and, therefore,they would be worthy of attention for anyone who is designing training packages for cooperatives or trainingof− trainers programmes in other parts of the world.

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Objectives, policies, goals

Tecnicas educativas

1. "EL SEMBRADO DE VIVIENDAS2. "EL CUERPO"3. "LA PROPIEDAD CO− OPERATIVA"

PRODUCED BY: CENTRO OPERACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y POBLAMIENTO, A.C. (COPEVI), MEXICO

AVAILABLE FROM: COPEVI, TLALOC 40−2, COL. TLAXPANA, DELG. MIGUEL HIDALGO, 11370 MEXICO,D.F., MEXICO.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST: THESE ITEMS ARE NOT PRODUCED FOR SALE, BUT THE SUMMARY/INSTRUCTION SHEETSMAY BE OBTAINED ON REQUEST FROM COPEVI.

"EL SEMBRADO DE VIVIENDAS" is an educational game which uses cardboard models to present thephysical structure of a neighbourhood, that is, houses, roads and green areas. The objective of the exercise isto help the members of a group to participate in the decision−making process about the use of space inneighbourhood−improvement programmes in an active way. In the exercise, participants are asked to decidehow best to use the available land (taking into account land−use regulations) both at an individual level (that iswhere they want their houses located) and at a communal level (the use of communal spaces).

The materials required to set up the exercises are simple and inexpensive. Instructions on how to organizethe group, the materials required, the number of participants etc. are provided in a summary sheet.

The exercise is a useful tool for community development workers, engineers and architects working directlywith communities on upgrading, sites−and−services or self−build housing projects. It could be introduced atthe design and decision−making stages of schemes.

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EL CUERPO is a group activity that involves making up a poster. The objective is to assist the participants tobecome familiar with the functions of a co−operative general assembly, the duties of office holders andcommittees and the responsibilities of members. In the process of assembling a poster of a human body, bypiecing together the different parts, the members are made aware of how the different structures of aco−operative are linked. This is an entertaining way to introduce new co− operative members to the structureand functions of a housing co− operative. The summary sheet gives clear instructions on how to set up andcarry out the exercise, together with drawings and materials which make up the poster.

LA PROPIEDAD COOPERATIVA is a tape−slide show which addresses one of the most common problems incooperative housing − the concept of co−operative ownership. The tape−slide show is probably most usefulfor new groups or future members of co−operatives. After viewing the presentation, the participants are askedto discuss whether they agree or disagree with the rules established in the audiovisual. In this way, the trainerhas the opportunity to verify whether the participants are fully aware of the implications of becomingco−operative members.

Se desarrolla el tema del funcionamiento biologico de algunas partes del cuerpo humano

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Fase de "relacion" de las funciones de algunas partes del cuerpo con las funciones de los consejos ycomisiones y asamblea general de la cooperativa

Women and graphics: A beginner's kit

PRODUCED BY: THE INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S TRIBUNE CENTRE, 1982

AVAILABLE FROM: INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S TRIBUNE CENTRE, 777 UNITED NATIONS PLAZA, NEWYORK, NY 10017, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH AND SPANISH

COST: SUBSCRIPTIONS TO OR ORDERS FOR SINGLE ISSUES OF THE TRIBUNE ARE FREE TOINDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

FOR ALL OTHERS THE FOLLOWING PRICES APPLY:

INDIVIDUAL ISSUES $US 2

ONE−YEAR SUBSCRIPTION:NORTH AMERICA $US 8

EUROPE/AUSTRALIA/JAPAN $US 12

NUMBER OF PAGES: 62

This edition of THE TRIBUNE NEWSLETTER NO. 21, 1982, entitled WOMEN AND GRAPHICS: AWOMEN'S KIT, is a practical set of instructions for groups producing their own informational materials. A setof illustrated directions and exercises on lettering guide the untrained artist in preparing attractive free−handlettering and simple line drawings. This is followed by easy instructions on how to make rubber cement (asuitable glue for pasting the art and print work) and a bamboo tripod which can be used as an inexpensivedisplay board for flannelgraphs, flipcharts or posters. Some examples of illustrations taken from previousissues of the Tribune Newsletters on rural women are included for reproduction by community groupsdesigning their own publications. The last section is an annotated bibliography made up of low−costcommunications handbooks as well as books dealing with preparing material for the printer, newsletter

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publication and visuals and graphics.

This loose−leaf folder of art and illustration ideas and techniques would be useful for a trainer preparinghis/her own educational package or working with community groups to produce their own publicity andinformation.

YOU HAVE MASTERED THIS SKILL IF:

1. Expressions on faces are identifiable.

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2. Expressions for at least three different emotions can be drawn.

The tribune: A women and development quarterly

PRODUCED BY: THE INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S TRIBUNE CENTRE

AVAILABLE FROM: IWTC, 777 UNITED NATIONS PLAZA, NEW YORK, NY 10017, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH, SPANISH, FRENCH

COST: ORDERS FOR SINGLE ISSUES OF THE TRIBUNE ARE FREE TO INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS INDEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

FOR ALL OTHERS THE FOLLOWING PRICES APPLY:

INDIVIDUAL ISSUES $US 2

ONE−YEAR SUBSCRIPTION:NORTH AMERICA $US 8

EUROPE/AUSTRALIA/JAPAN $US 12

NUMBER OF PAGES: 40

THE TRIBUNE is a quarterly newsletter, produced by the International Women's Tribune Centre, in English,French and Spanish. Although these newsletters are not training manuals exclusively addressing housingissues, they provide all those working in the field of community training with an invaluable resource, since theycontain:

− descriptions of actual community projects and contact−address lists of women's groups working in a broadrange of activities;

− bibliographies of books, training manuals, periodicals and useful resource materials;

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− up−to−date information about specific women−and−development themes which can be easily used as asource of background information for presentations and discussions;

− practical ideas and information, suggestions for training activities and examples of graphics that can bereproduced in community publications or trainers' handouts.

Above all, the newsletters are generously illustrated and use simple line drawings, large lettering and visuals,so that they can be used by project personnel, trainers and community development workers for stimulatingdiscussion on issues with newly literate women in training workshops and in other action− oriented situations.

How to perform in front of an audience

PRODUCED BY: CO−OPERATIVE EDUCATION MATERIALS ADVISORY SERVICE,(CEMAS)/INTERNATIONAL CO−OPERATIVE ALLIANCE (ICA), SWITZERLAND, 1986.

AVAILABLE FROM: CEMAS/INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE ALLIANCE, 15 ROUTE DES MORILLONS,CH−1218 LE GRAND−SACONNEX, GENEVA, SWITZERLAND.

COST: SWF 12

NUMBER OF PAGES: 33

The purpose of this manual is to offer co−operative field workers, trainers and facilitators some practical ideason how to perform before an audience. The contents include guidelines on selecting appropriate meetingrooms, setting up a good working atmosphere in a workshop and using didactic materials, plus some hints onthe trainer's own appearance, manners, gestures, voice and use of language. An exercise is included in theappendix, with some comments for discussion.

The exercise consists of a set of pictures of a facilitator at work in a training situation. Using the hints andadvice contained in the manual, the reader is asked to comment on the pictures, identifying the good and badpoints of the facilitator's performance.

This manual is enjoyable to read and attractively presented with sketches, and the key messages are set outin bold and enlarged print which makes it a very interesting and useful publication. It would be ideal for use ina training−of−trainers course.

(i) Make a short statement with dramatic value.(ii) Hold an important paper up to show them briefly.(iii) Ask a "rhetorical" question (a question which does not require an answer).

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Audiovisual communication handbook

WRITTEN BY: DENNIS W. PETT

PRODUCED BY: AUDIO−VISUAL CENTER, INDIANA UNIVERSITY, USA.

AVAILABLE FROM: WORLD NEIGHBORS DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATIONS, 5116 NORTHPORTLAND AVENUE, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73112, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 4 (10 OR MORE AT $ 3.50 EACH)

NUMBER OF PAGES: 55

This handbook is designed to help trainers and instructors to plan, produce and use didactic audiovisualmaterials in the workshop/classroom situation and the community. It concentrates on materials that can beproduced or obtained locally at minimal expense. It is divided into five sections: Planning InstructionalMaterials, Using Media in the Classroom and in the Community, Presentation Methods and Materials, BasicProduction Techniques and Writing. The 10 appendices discuss topics such as planning, evaluation andsources of information.

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Dialogar para construir, diseno participativo en barrios populares de Bogota

WRITTEN BY: GERMAN MORENO

PRODUCED BY: ENDA AMERICA LATINA Y FUNDACION PROCO, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA, 1987.

AVAILABLE FROM: PROCO, DIAGONAL 60 NUMBER 23−64, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA, APARTADO POSTALNUMBER 51611.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 62

This short booklet is divided into four parts. Part one is a social drama using colloquial language which depictsa typical conversation between two architects and a family living in one of the low−income neighbourhoods ofBogota who wish to build an extension to its house. The dialogue covers the design discussions and thedecisions which the family takes with the guidance of the architects. The aim of the socio−drama is tohighlight some of the issues which arise in participative planning and the role of the architect in this process.The socio−drama could be performed in training sessions with architects or community groups, followed by adiscussion with the participants about the issues raised in the presentation. Part two discusses generalaspects of participatory design which would provide the trainer with some background information on the topicto compile notes for a discussion session with a training group. Part three discusses the process ofparticipatory design, based on the experience of PROCO over a period of five years directly working withcommunities. It shows how ongoing dialogue between a particular community and technicians improved thequality of housing by absorbing the creativity of the participants. The final section is a proposal on how to goabout implementing participatory design, including the necessary steps and tools.

This short booklet would be a valuable resource for architects and social workers who wish to rethink theirroles and responsibilities.

Women and technology: If it's not appropriate for women, it's not appropriate.

PRODUCED BY: THE INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S TRIBUNE CENTRE, 1986.

AVAILABLE FROM: INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S TRIBUNE CENTRE, 777 UNITED NATIONS PLAZA, NEWYORK, NY 10017, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 50

This tape−slide presentation is based on the proceedings of "Tech and Tools: an Appropriate TechnologyEvent for Woemn at Forum '85", where exhibitors from 27 countries discussed the 'appropriateness' oftechnologies. The set consists of 80 slides, a 15−minute audio cassette tape, a script and a shortbibliography. The tape−slide begins by highlighting the issues which confront women in their efforts to haveaccess to and use of technology in development. It raises critical questions about modern technology: whodecides, who will benefit and who will profit? Who decides on the priorities? What technology is appropriateand for whom?

Using various examples, the tape−slide show indicates how development in technology in many cases hasnot brought about any significant improvements for women. If women had been directly involved in projects,many of the failures would have been avoided. Examples are provided of initiatives taken by women to maketechnology appropriate.

Although the tape is not specific to housing programmes, it does raise general issues about planning and howdecisions are made in development programmes. The tape−slide show, therefore, would be an interestingway of bringing up the subject of women's participation in decision−making for programmes that will affect

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them and their communities either with planners, aid agencies or community groups who are recipients of anaid package. Notes are included on how to use the slides for a presentation.

WOMEN AND TECHNOLOGY:IF IT'S NOT APPROPRIATE FOR WOMEN, IT'S NOT APPROPRIATE

A Production OfINTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S TRIBUNE CENTRE

1. Como leer un plano − 2. Mejoramiento poblacional

PRODUCED BY: NORTE, CENTRO URBANO DE ASISTENCIA TECHNICA.

AVAILABLE FROM: TALLER NORTE, CENTRO URBANO DE ASISTENCIA TECHNICA, SANTA FILOMENANUMBER 85, SANTIAGO, CHILE.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 12

COMO LEER UN PLANO is a short simple booklet which explains the very basics of how to read anarchitect's drawing. In a series of large simple drawings using very little text, the different aspects of adrawing, that is, the plan, front elevation, side elevation, etc., are described. It is very suitable for use withpeople who have limited reading skills. It serves as an introduction for communities and could be used with atalk by the project architect to enable the participants, at a very general level, to become familiar witharchitect's language and symbols used in plans.

MEJORAMIENTO POBLACIONAL is an attractively illustrated booklet which raises some of the key issues insettlements upgrading and house improvement and explains how, by organizing together, communities cando much to improve their houses and neighbourhoods. It discusses the problems associated with cold, wind,rain and heat and the problems which arise owing to lack of proper maintenance. Having identified theseproblem areas, it offers some simple, low−cost solutions. This booklet could be used in housing−improvementprogrammes in the form of a handout to participants, after group discussion with technical personnel.

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Que vemos en un plano?

23

A que nos enfrentamos

1. Sistema constructivo 'bend' − 2. Prefabricacion, sistema 'bend'

PRODUCED BY: CENTRO EXPERIMENTAL DE LA VIVIENDA ECONOMICA (CEVE), ARGENTINA, 1979.

AVAILABLE FROM: ESPACIO EDITORA, LAFINUR, 29321 B 1425 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST:

The manual and the booklet on the BENO system show how to build low−cost housing using a prefabricatedsystem which consists of reinforced concrete panels. The housing can be built with no specialized handlabour, using regional materials and simple tools.

The manual explains in detail the background to the building system and the equipment required to constructthe panels and to carry out all other stages of the construction work. The manual is a reference documentand, therefore, is for use by technicians, engineers and architects in housing departments, while the booklet,which contains the same information, offers a simple and clearly written summary of the stages ofconstruction and is well illustrated with clear diagrams. It is targeted on builders and site foremen.

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FABRICACION DE PLACAS DE HORMIGON

1. El replanted − 2. Como construir una vivienda con calicanto − 3. Como construiruna vivienda con bloques de concreto − 4. Como construir una vivienda concinva−ram − 5. Como construir una vivienda con horcones y concreto

PRODUCED BY: CONSEJO INTER−INSTITUCIONAL PARA LA COORDINACION DE PROGRAMAS DEVIVIENDA (CII−VIVIENDAS) Y CENTRO DE TECNOLOGIA APROPRIADA PARA LA VIVIENDA POPULAR(CETAVIP), SANTO DOMINGO, 1985.

AVAILABLE FROM: CII−VIVIENDAS, APARTADO POSTAL 20−238, SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICANREPUBLIC.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 16−20

This collection, made up of five clearly and concisely written booklets, provides information on constructionmethods and materials for the production of low−cost housing in self−help programmes. Each booklet coversthe same set of procedures, using different building materials and techniques. The procedures coveredinclude: building location, foundations, walls and roofs. Each booklet concludes with a checklist of the stepsfor construction of a building. The objective of the booklets is to offer construction options for cost reductionsin housing for low−income groups.

The booklets are directed to individual self−builders or community groups and are suitable for those withlimited reading skills. They would equally be useful to a training resource library for local housinginsitutitions/departments which work directly with communities, providing the housing officers, technicians andengineers with didactic material for training builders and site foremen involved in upgrading sites−and−

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services and self−help schemes in rural and urban low−income areas.

COLOCACION DE LOS BLOQUES

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DONDE LOCALIZAR LA VIVIENDA

Small−scale production of lime for buildings

WRITTEN BY: JOHN SPIROPOULOS

PRODUCED BY: GERMAN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE (GATE), 1985.

AVAILABLE FROM: GATE, POSTFACH 5180, D−6236 ESCHBORN 1, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OFGERMANY

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: FREE

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NUMBER OF PAGES: 80

This handbook is a practical guide for project field workers who are responsible for the investigation andplanning stages as well as the technical and production aspects of setting up a simple, small−scalelime−production project. Much emphasis is given to planning, since this is important for proper projectexecution. The handbook deals with design, construction and operation of small (less than 1' tons per day)limeworks, using a small vertical−shaft kiln which, after fieldtesting in various countries, is known to be flexibleand successful.

The handbook provides a framework for action, but the procedures and technical and operating informationshould not be adopted for use automatically but should be evaluated in the specific circumstances of theregion.

The document is as general as possible, while giving practical solutions. A list of names and addresses oforganizations is included and might be of assistance to project workers.

Making building blocks with the cinva−ram block press.

PRODUCED BY: VOLUNTEERS IN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE (VITA), 1977.

AVAILABLE FROM: VITA INC., 3706 RHODE ISLAND AVENUE, MT. RAINIER, M 20822, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 3.50

NUMBER OF PAGES: 26

The booklet was compiled by VITA volunteers as a result of their field experience. It is designed to show howto use a CINVA−RAM block press machine.

It is divided into eight parts, each one clearly explained and accompanied by detailed drawings. While theexplanations are comprehensive, the print and drawings are rather small; therefore, the book would be moreuseful as instructor's reference material than for group instruction.

It contains a useful reference list.

Building with stabilised soil blocks

AUTHOR: DAVID J. T. WEBB

PRODUCED BY: COMMONWEALTH ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATION (CAA) PROJECTS LTD., AND THEBUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT, 1986.

AVAILABLE FROM: THE BUILDING CENTRE, 26 STORE STREET, LONDON WC1E 78T, ENGLAND.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:

This tape−slide show is part of a set of three audiovisual programmes on shelter provision which are intendedfor professional advisers to governments and technical aid agencies and for training programmes formembers of construction teams. The tape−slide show is made up of 24 colour slides, a cassette and abooklet, containing the written text of the cassette, a reference section for further reading and a list ofinformation centres worldwide where stablized−soil products have been used.

This tape−slide show looks at one of the oldest building materials known to man − soil − and considers some

28

of the techniques which can improve its natural characteristics and extend its use as a building material indeveloping countries.

It begins by showing how adobe blocks have been used in building and what are some of the short−comingsof this type of construction, e.g. sun−dried mud blocks chip easily, crack or are open to rainwater erosion ifthey are not well protected. The development of different soil−block−making machines is summarized, anddetails are given of the BREPAK machine, pointing out the improvements in strength and durability whichhave been achieved over previous models of block−making machines. Some of the advantages of theBREPAK machine for use in developing countries are given.

A full explanation of the equipment needed and the types of soil and soil tests that are required to producestabilized blocks with the BREPAK machine are given.

Small−scale production of local building materials

AUTHOR: RAY SMITH

PRODUCED BY: COMMONWEALTH ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATION (CAA) PROJECTS LTD., AND THEBUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT, 1986.

AVAILABLE FROM: THE BUILDING CENTRE, 26 STORE STREET, LONDON WC1E 7BT, U.K.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:

This tape−slide show is part of a set of three audiovisual programmes on shelter provision which are intendedfor professional advisers to governments and technical aid agencies and for training programmes formembers of construction teams. The tape−slide show is made up of 24 colour slides, a cassette and abooklet, containing the written text of the cassette, a reference section for further reading and a list ofinformation centres.

The tape−slide show illustrates how, with a minimum of processing and at a very low cost, local raw materialscan provide a feasible solution for construction in developing countries. It demonstrates different techniques ofsoil selection, moulding, drying and firing for brick−making. Details are given on the making of water resistantmortars with rice husks, volcanic ash and certain types of natural stone. Appropriate and more effectivemethods of roof constructions with local craft techniques, are shown, including the production of roof tiles.

Manual para la construccion de vivienda con adobe

PREPARED BY: EL DEPARTAMENTO TECNICO DE CARITAS DE GUATEMALA, 1977

AVAILABLE FROM: CEMAT, 18 CALLE 22−52, ZONA 10, APARTADO POSTAL 1160−, GUATEMALA CITY,GUATEMALA.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST: $US 3

NUMBER OF PAGES: 41

This booklet is targeted at groups who are building houses with adobe. All the stages and techniquesexplained are supplemented by clear drawings.

The booklet begins by outlining the faults commonly found in adobe construction. Details on how to makeadobe blocks, taking into consideration the soil type, selection of land, construction method and roof structureare covered. The use of square adobe blocks and their advantages over other shapes are explained.

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By way of summary, a drawing illustrates all the best features of a well−constructed adobe house.

The booklet is a good reference guide for training foremen and community groups in adobe construction.

RESUMEN GRAFICO DE FALLAS CONSTRUCTIVAS

Casas de tierra, Minka no. 9, october 1982

PRODUCED BY: GRUPO TALPUY, PERU.

AVAILABLE FROM: GRUPO TALPUY, APARTADO 222, JR. CUSCO NO. 237 − 4 PISO, HUANCAYO,PERU.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST: $US 12 PER COPY;SUBSCRIPTION: INDIVIDUALS $US 15; INSTITUTIONS: $US 30.

NUMBER OF PAGES: 31

The October 1982 edition of MINKA is devoted to earth built houses. The main strength of the booklet is that itis well illustrated, with drawings depicting scenes from Andean life, and is, therefore, very suitable for workingwith rural communities in South America. The first section uses a story−telling technique to elaborate on thebest construction features of traditional earthen houses, while advocating the use of appropriate moderntechnologies to achieve improvements. Details are given on how to do a simple test for soil suitable for bricks.A description on location of buildings is followed by a step−by−step illustrated guide on how to make adobeusing a hand− press, how to lay a foundation, how to install drainage and how to protect walls.

There is enough technical detail and illustration for this to be a resource for foremen to teach communitygroups basic building skills in adobe construction.

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Construction reference manual, a sourcebook for the use of local materials inconstruction.

WRITTEN BY: DONALD BATCHELDER, ROBER CAIOLOA, STANTON DAVENPORT.

PUBLISHED BY: THE KITEREDDE CONSTRUCTION INSITUTUTE, UGANDA, AND THE EXPERIMENT ININTERNATIONAL LIVING, USA, 1985.

AVAILABLE FROM: ROBERT CAIOLA, PROJECTS AND GRANTS DIVISION, THE EXPERIMENT ININTERNATIONAL LIVING, KIPLING ROAD, BRATTLEBORO, VT. 05301, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 8 PLUS $ 2 FOR MAILING


In 1979, the Experiment in International Living and the Kiteredde Construction Institute, Uganda, planned avocational training centre, specifically designed to train young men in construction skills using locally availablematerials. The programme focused on practical skills development, learning by doing and the preparation oftrainees for jobs in the construction industry and in public works departments.

The training programme drew heavily on many years' knowledge of using local materials to make mortar,paints and plasters in the absence of manufactured and imported materials, of using efficient kilns andappropriate firing techniques, and of adapting masonry and carpentry to tropical building design. Thereference manual was compiled as a direct result of the experience gained in the training programme inUganda since 1980.

The purpose of the manual is to provide a basic understanding of the ways in which durable buildings can beconstructed with local materials in the total or near−iota' absence of manufactured materials. It differs,therefore, from most technical manuals which assume a certain level of availability of manufactured materials.Is describes the use of local materials in low−cost, durable construction and self help housing. It is very

31

readable and contains precise instructions and specifications which address every step in constructing ahouse or other building − brickmaking, selecting wood, pouring the foundation, bricklaying, roofing andinstalling windows and doors. A section is devoted to building materials and techniques, planning,management and basic mathematics and calculations for construction.

Sistematizacion de una practica tecnica en vivienda social

PRODUCED BY: JUVENTUDES PARA EL DESARROLLO Y EL PROGRESO (JUNDEP), CHILE.

AVAILABLE FROM: JUNDEP, FAMOR VELASCO 27, SANITAGO, CHILE.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 33

This is a popular education manual which covers not only building construction techniques but also housingimprovement, participation and organization. Three chapters deal with the technical aspects of building,including soil identification, soil testing and foundations. In the section on how to improve the use of thehouse, detailed diagrams show how to build a mud oven. Two chapters discuss community participation inhousing projects. Each theme is well illustrated, relying on line drawings rather than written text to conveyinformation, and, therefore, the manual is suitable for community groups where literacy rates are low. Themain document is accompanied by two small booklets in comic style for distribution among residents ELCOMITE and EL BANCO DE MATERIALES (17 pages each) which use story−telling to discuss the issues ofworking on a committee and controlling building materials.

Example 1

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Example 2

Manual de autoconstruccion

AUTHOR: JAIME NISNOVICH

PUBLISHED BY: CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS URBANOS Y REGIONALES (CEUR), BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA, 1986.

AVAILABLE FROM: CLUB DE HORNERO, CORRIENTES 2835, CUERPO A−6 P.A. BUENOS AIRES, 1193ARGENTINA.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES 72

The manual uses a comic−strip cartoon format to present discussions on the social aspects of buildinghousing and a detailed step−by−step guide to building by self−help. Divided into seven short chapters, themanual gives instructions and recommendations on all aspects of construction, use of materials, mixing ofcement, use of different building tools, and avoidance of accidents on site.

The manual was designed for the Club de Horneo, a community organization of self−builders in Argentina, toprovide information for its members and to offer help to community groups seeking advice on self−buildmethods. The manual is targeted, therefore, at community groups and it could be used by the community itselfto implement a building programme; alternatively, the manual would be a useful tool for housing officers who

33

are training communities in building skills for self−help projects.

Cómo apoyar sobre paredes

Cómo pueden ser los bordes

34

¿ Y en las medianeras

El tegho

35

Cómo pueden ser los desagües

Las pendientes

Manual de construcao moradias nas aldeias comunais.

PRODUCED BY: MINISTERIO DA AGRICULTURA, SECRETARIO DE ESTADO DO ALGODAO, MAPUTO,MOZAMBIQUE.

LANGUAGE: PORTUGESE

COST:

36

NUMBER OF PAGES: 15

The manual was developed by the Ministry of Agriculture as part of a housing−improvement programme inrural Mozambique. It includes the design and measurements of four different types of traditional housing andlists the materials required. The housing types vary according to the availability of land, the needs of peasantfamilies and available materials. The book gives details about possible extensions of the house andspecifications on walls, foundations, floor finishes and roof structures. General aspects of good design,hygiene and use of materials are also covered.

The manual largely consists of good detailed architectural drawings on A−3 size paper which makes themvery clear and usable as wall charts for group discussion. Nevertheless, their use would be restricted tocommunity leaders and site foremen who have already a basic knowledge of building, for example, to explainin detail some of the technical aspects of construction and to introduce improvements in building practices inrural areas.

When you build a house: a manual of construction details for Caribbean houses withemphasis on protection from strong winds

WRITTEN BY: E. H. ROBINSON

PRODUCED BY: CHRISTIAN ACTION FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE CARIBBEAN, (CADEC) AND THE ST.VINCENT CHRISTIAN COUNCIL.

AVAILABLE FROM: CADEC, P.O. BOX 616, BRIDGETOWN, BARBADOS.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 18

This manual was developed during the implementation of a self− help housing programme involving residentsof a rural village in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. It was used by the project supervisor in discussions withthe community to explain the construction details and to demonstrate construction methods. In someinstances, revisions were made as a result of the residents' responses.

It provides a summary of information on construction techniques for hurricane or earthquake−proneenvironments, local construction methods and appropriate low−cost design for the Caribbean climate. It usesclear, precise line drawings with a minimum of text to give the message and can be understood by people withfew or no reading skills. The drawings could be enlarged and used on a flipchart in a workshop situation.

Cooler in summer/warmer in winter: How to improve your shha house

PRODUCED BY: THE BOTSWANA RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PROJECT (BRET), FOR THESELF−HELP HOUSING AGENCY (SHHA), 1985

AVAILABLE FROM: BOTSWANA TECHNOLOGY CENTRE (BTIS), P/BAG 0082, GABORONE,BOTSWANA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 11

Cooler In Summer/Warmer In Winter is a short booklet which gives advice on how to improve the insulationand ventilation of a house. Using a dialogue between houseowners and a technical assistant, the comic strip

37

shows how improvements can be made without much expense and technical know−how.

Techniques for low−cost/self−help housing

PRODUCED BY: GERMAN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE (GATE), 1980.

AVAILABLE FROM: GERMAN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE, GTZ−GmbH, POSTFACH5180, D 6236 ESCHBORN 1, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: FREE


This manual, which is designed for people working in selfhelp projects, describes building techniques andmethods which were used in different parts of the world before modern industrial methods became available.It differs from other technical manuals, therefore, in that it contains methods which are neglected by modernexpertise. These techniques have been reviewed by experts and adapted to modern needs to improve localconstruction methods without trying to change them.

The manual is applicable not only for constructing houses by self−builders (working either individually or ingroups with locally obtainable material and their own techniques) but also for improving parts of simplehouses already constructed. The manual is not region−specific; instead, it offers a selection of solutions todifferent problems, so that users can adapt them to their own needs.

The information is designed to assist people building houses with the help of a foreman who has thenecessary skills to follow the details of the manual. The individual drawings are to guide him as the instructorof the group, while the technical illustrations and tables are for his own information. Illustrations in preferenceto written explanations are used, so that the instructions are as clear as possible.

The drawings can be ordered without the text, either the same size or enlarged four times, to allow for theinsertion of written text in the local language, and, in this way, the drawings can be used as a teaching aid fora training workshop.

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Example 1

Example 2

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Affordable sanitation

AUTHOR: RON CARROLL

PRODUCED BY: COMMONWEALTH ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATION (CAA) PROJECTS LTD, AND THEBUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT, 1986

AVAILABLE FROM: THE BUILDING CENTRE, 26 STORE STREET, LONDON WC1E 7BT, U.K.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:

This tape−slide show is part of a set of three audiovisual programmes on shelter provision which are intendedfor professional advisers to governments and technical aid agencies, and for training programmes formembers of construction teams. The tape−slide show is made up of 24 colour slides, a cassette and abooklet, containing the written text of the cassette and a reference section for further reading.

The tape−slide show concentrates on forms of sanitation which can be appropriate and affordable for manylow−income communities in developing countries. The introduction points out that attention has been directedto low−cost on−site sanitation options, since high−technology and highcost systems are unlikely to provideappropriate answers for developing countries. Therefore, researchers, in studying the design and operation ofa range of systems, such as aquaprivies, pit latrines and composting toilets, have come up with many designimprovements. These developments in latrine design and waste disposal are discussed. Examples fromdifferent countries are given of variations in latrine design, taking into account cultural patterns.

Making your house safe against strong winds

PRODUCED BY: WORLD NEIGHBORS

AVAILABLE FROM: WORLD NEIGHBORS, 5116 N. PORTLAND AVE., OKLAHOMA CITY, OK 73112, USA

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 10, INCLUDING SURFACE POSTAGE WORLWIDE

This filmstrip was photographed in India and, as a teaching aid, it has been directed to village−level audiencesin South Asia. It describes how to build a secure house from bamboo and mud, using the traditionalfour−corner−post construction. The story is narrated by an Indian villager, how, with the advice of a technicalworker, he was able to make his traditional village house secure against winds. The film emphasises the factthat the modifications to the house are both easy and inexpensive to implement. The villager could completethe work himself, with the help of the local carpenter under the direction of the technical worker. The onlyadditional materials which had to be purchased were tar, galvanized steel strips, steel wire and 18 bamboopoles for which, according to the villager, the cost was only fractionally more than his previous house.

The film covers all the stages of building the improved house: preparing the posts, fixing cross pieces at thebottom of each post, fixing bamboo pieces in each corner, fixing cross−bracing between every two poles,fixing beams to the posts with metal strips, fixing bracing with wire and nails and fixing each bamboo in theroof to beams with steel wire.

There is an accompanying summary sheet with notes on each frame of the film. A set of questions fordiscussion is also included.

A campaign plan for Tinsa Valley

PRODUCED BY: CO−OPERATIVE EDUCATION MATERIALS ADVISORY SERVICE(CEMAS)/INTERNATIONAL CO−OPERATIVE ALLIANCE (ICA), SWITZERLAND, 1980

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AVAILABLE FROM: CEMAS, 15 ROUTE DES MORILLONS, CH−1218 LE GRAND− SACONNEX, GENEVA,SWITZERLAND

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: SWF 18

NUMBER OF PAGES: 55

This handbook was compiled by a co−operative education officer who prepared a plan for amember−education programme from the pre−formation stage to the first full year of operation of a small,primary agricultural co−operative. The plan provides a very good guide for trainers and was, therefore,produced in handbook format.

In a very thorough way, he has shown why the work should be done, what he proposes to do and how heintends to do it. In the handbook, the pages on the right are the co−operative worker's plan, while, on the left,some comments have been included, to highlight the main points of interest. The comments are designed tostimulate thought about the approach and methods suggested in the plan. Although the example used in thehandbook is setting up an agricultural co−operative, this does not limit its applicability, since it provides goodideas on planning. The contents of the manual are not to be taken as a mode, only as a guide in thepreparation of co−operative member−education programmes. It should be of interest and of help to anyoneresponsible for this kind of work. Equally, it could be used as training material, perhaps in the form of a casestudy, on courses for field−education workers.

Cooperative housingaffordability and related technical solutions

PRODUCED BY: THE NATIONAL CO−OPERATIVE HOUSING UNION LTD. (NACHO), KENYA, 1987

AVAILABLE FROM: NACHU, P.O. BOX 51693, NAIROBI, KENYA

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 26

NACHU is a non−profit technical service organization working towards shelter provision for low−incomefamilies in Kenya, and this booklet has been used in training housing co−operative committees on projectplanning. The booklet does not contain details of how training was carried out; therefore, it is more of aresource document than format for training. Nonetheless, it contains worked examples of housing costs andprovides recommendations, given by NACHU, to its co−operative members, with the objective of reducing thecost of co−operative housing in Kenya, and, thereby, offering housing for the below−median− income family.

Three types of house plans are proposed, each one giving plot size, unit size and a description of constructionstandards.

Co−operatives: the affordable housing alternative

PRODUCED BY: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOUSING CO−OPERATIVES, WASHINGTON, D.C., USA,1981

AVAILABLE FROM: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOUSING CO−OPERATIVES, 2501 M STREET N.W.,SUITE 451, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20037, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 8.50

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This manual is designed as a training tool for qualified trainers familiar with the housing co−operative systemin the United States and it provides materials to run a two−day workshop, the participants being members ofhousing cooperatives. The primary goal of the workshop is to provide participants with a basic, workingknowledge of housing cooperatives and the conversion process (the co−operative terminology forimprovement works on properties). The manual contains reading, outlines, sample forms, exercises and othermaterials which the trainer will use at his own discretion, depending on the composition and the level ofknowledge of the participants in the workshop. Without the guidance of a skilled trainer, co−operativemembers would not gain much from reading the manual as a reference document.

The topics covered in the manual relate to the co−operative movement in the United States and the legalfinancial and structureal aspects of co−operative housing in that context, yet the manual does cover some ofthe broad issues and questions which affect co−operatives in other parts of the work, such as: whatco−operative membership means, common goal−setting errors, principles of planning, conflict−resolutionstrategies and leadership identification and development.

Managing housing co−ops' money

WRITTEN BY: STEVE ROSS

PRODUCED BY: NATIONAL FEDERATION OF HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS, LONDON, 1984

AVAILABLE FROM: NATIONAL FEDERATION OF HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS, 175 GRAY'S INN ROAD,LONDON WC1X 8UP, U.K.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: £3.75

NUMBER OF PAGES: 91

This manual is about looking after money in a housing cooperative, the rules that should be followed and thekind of records that should be kept to look after the co−operative's money properly. The manual is designedfor members of housing co−operatives who have no previous experience in looking after money or memberswho have got some experience but need to brush up on their knowledge of basic bookkeeping. The manual isa teach−yourself guidebook which will provide the reader with a series of exercises to work through, afterwhich he/she should have grasped the essentials of basic book−keeping. Equally, it could be used as aresource tool by a trainer for group work in a co−operative finance workshop.

An introduction on how to use the manual is followed by two sections. Section one − THE BASICS − providesan introduction to handling money for those who have no experience. Section two − MORE ADVANCED −deals with cash book, petty cash, bank statements, bank reconciliations and general advice on how tomanage money.

The manual is clearly written and well illustrated with large instructive drawings, for example, how to write acheque, and with some light−hearted cartoons. This manual very skilfully makes what is normally a ratherheavy topic − keeping the books and co−operative finances − approachable for co−operative members.Moreover, the format of the manual makes it a very accessible reference document, since the key points aresummarized in boxes; thus, the reader can quickly consult and locate the answers to specific enquirieswithout having to read through the whole manual.

Developed for use in the United Kingdom co−operative context, this manual, with minimal adaptation, couldbe a valuable model to other trainers preparing didactic material on managing money in co−operatives orcommunity groups.

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Not the best way!

Keeping the books can be fun!

Estructura interna de una cooperativa de vivienda: Pobladores y educacion no. 1

LA VIVIENDA: ESFUERZO COLECTIVO Y ORGANIZADO: POBLADORES Y EDUCACION NO. 2.

PRODUCED BY: CENTRO OPERACIONAL DE VIVIENDA Y POBLAMIENTO, A.C. (COPEVI), MEXICO,1983.

AVAILABLE FROM: COPEVI, TLALOC 40−2, COL. TLAXPANA, DELG. MIGUEL HIDALGO, 11370 MEXICO,D.F., MEXICO.

LANGUAGE: SPANISH

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COST:

NUMBER OF PAGES: 36 AND 38

ESTRUCTURA INTERNA DE UNA COOPERATIVA DE VIVIENDA is a well− illustrated comic cartoon bookletwhich uses a dialogue format between several co−operative members to discuss some of the most importantaspects of housing co−operatives, such as what happens at a general assembly, what are the duties of theadministrative committee and what are the responsibilities and roles of the members of education, finance anddiscipline sub−committees.

LA VIVIENDA ESFUERZO COLECTIVO Y ORGANIZADO is the second in the popular education bookletseries. It explains the importance of getting together and working collectively for people of low incomes, in theeffort to improve their housing conditions. The dialogue between a group of neighbours in a community showshow they identified their problems, compared them with those of other residents in the community and, in thisway, began to realize the common causes of their community's problems. As a result of this experience, theyreached the decision to form a cooperative. The booklet then addresses the question of what is a co−operative. It gives details of the requirements to be a member of a co−operative and the rights and duties ofthe membership.

These booklets are suitable for co−operative members and can be used as a supporting tool for populareducators in their training programmes with community groups.

Co−operative housing, a handbook for effective operations

PRODUCED BY: MIDWEST ASSOCIATION OF HOUSING CO−OPERATIVES AND ORGANISATION FORAPPLIED SCIENCE IN SOCIETY, USA, 1977.

AVAILABLE FROM: NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF HOUSING CO−OPERATIVES, 2501 M STREET, N.W.,SUITE 451, WASHINGTON, D.C. 20037, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 18.50


This handbook is produced by co−operative members who have served as committee chairpersons anddirectors in their co−operatives. Drawing from their own experiences, they attempt, in the handbook, to covermany aspects of directors' responsibilities.

The handbook is divided into four parts. Part one is introductory in nature, covering the role of the board, andthis is followed in part two on the management contract and contract negotiations. Part three deals withfinancial aspects, while part four deals with the role of committees, member selection and communityrelations.

The handbook is not a training tool but would be useful, as a reference book for directors or, as backgroundreading, for an instructor involved in the preparation of co−operative training courses. The handbook is writtenfor the co−operative movement in the United States and, like all other materials prepared in a particularcontext, it cannot be readily transferred to another without changes in style, content and information.

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ORGANIZATION OF A HOUSING COOP

Co−op housing − The best move we ever made

FILM 1: CO−OP HOUSING − THE BEST MOVE WE EVER MADE

FILM 2: CO−OP HOUSING − GETTING IT TOGETHER

ACCOMPANYING BOOKLET: CO−OP HOUSING,

WRITTEN BY: ANDY TAYLOR AND CATHERINE MACLEOD, CANADA, 1975

PRODUCED BY: THE CANADIAN NATIONAL FILM BOARD

AVAILABLE FROM: NATIONAL BOARD LOCAL DISTRIBUTION OFFICES OR THE CO−OPERATIVEHOUSING FOUNDATION OF CANADA, SUITE 401, 56 SPARKS STREET, OTTAWA, ONTARIO, CANADA,K1P 5A9.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: FILM NO. 1, 16MM, COLOUR, 22 MINUTES, $US 395FILM NO. 2, 16 MM, COLOUR, 23 MINUTES, $US 455

HIRE TERMS ALSO AVAILABLE FROM CANADIAN FILM BOARD AND SOME CANADIAN EMBASSIES.

CO−OP HOUSING − THE BEST MOVE WE EVER MADE explores housing co− operatives as an alternativeform of housing. The film is presented by some people who are living in such dwellings where the housing isowned and operated by people as users, not as investors. GETTING IT TOGETHER deals with the planningand procedures involved in setting up a co−operative, whether it means building housing or buying andrehabilitating existing housing. People living in different kinds of co−operatives talk about them and how theyfunction. Both films contain interesting graphics to introduce the stages of co−operative development, and

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co−operative members speak at length of the advantages as well as some of the obstacles of co−operativehousing.

The accompanying booklet gives in−depth detail about the development process of co−operatives. Itaddresses some of the questions which are commonly raised, suggests how to go about setting up aco−operative and outlines the process of buying and rehabilitating existing housing or acquiring land,managing the construction process. It is not intended to be a step−by−step guide; rather, it provides anoverview of the entire process for groups in the formative stages and is aimed at familiarizing them with someof the mechanics of starting a housing co−operative.

The films and the booklet are specific to the Canadian context and, therefore, contain terms which would notapply in other countries. Nonetheless, since the films deal with broad issues, such as organization,management and participation, they could be useful to stimulate discussion among groups who areconsidering co−operative self−help housing as an option.

Ideas on proposal writing and financial/technical assistance

PRODUCED BY: INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S TRIBUNE CENTRE, INC., 1982

AVAILABLE FROM: INTERNATIONAL WOMEN'S TRIBUNE CENTRE, INC., 777 UNITED NATIONS PLAZA,NEW YORK, NY 10017, USA.

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH

COST: $US 3

NUMBER OF PAGES: 80

The purpose of this manual is to provide women's groups with ideas on how to find finance to start theirprojects. A problem in many community projects is not lack of finance but leek of knowledge that funds existand can be obtained. Moreover, institutions that provide resources have their own procedures and need to beapproached in a manner with which many community organizations are not familiar.

The manual, therefore, offers a step−by−step guide on how to approach funding institutions, by covering thefollowing topics: gathering information, assessing resources, selecting a funding source and developing afinancial strategy for an organization. It also provides a cheek−list of some of the general criteria and prioritiesspecified by bilateral and multilateral funding agencies. It gives detailed guidelines and a sample format of thestructure and layout of each element of writing a proposal, that is, the contents of the funding proposal fromthe title page to the appendices. In addition, a series of paperwork samples of documents and formsassociated with fund raising and financial planning are given. These include a letter to a funding agency, abudget and a resource assessment form. The final section contains a listing of aid agency addresses,governmental institutions, foundations, private agencies and church groups which provide funding for projects.

Although the proposal writing is not specifically designed for housing programmes, this guide is a valuablesource for training community groups or junior staff members in housing agencies who have not had practicein writing funding proposals or managing the financial aspects of programmes. Above all, this is a valuabletraining resource, because the manual is easy to read and attractively presented.

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Ides

Information and training materials for low−cost water supply and sanitation

PRODUCED BY: THE WORLD BANK

AVAILABLE FROM: THE WORLD BANK, 1818 H STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20433, USA, ORIN−COUNTRY DISTRIBUTORS OF WORLD BANK PUBLICATIONS

LANGUAGE: ENGLISH, FRENCH, SPANISH(AT A LATER DATE IN ARABIC AND CHINESE)

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COST: THE TECHNICAL PACKAGE (17 Information and Training Sets, Project Preparation Handbook andthree Training Films in VHS) − $US 2,400

THE USER PARTICIPATION PACKAGE (four Information and Training Sets, six case Studies and twoReference Booklets) − $US 1,000

THE DECISION−MAKERS PRESENTATION (10−min Tape−slide Show with Information Pamphlet) − $US 75

THE COMPLETE COLLECTION (the Technical Package, the Decision− makers' Presentation and twobooklets from The User Participation Package) − $US 2,500

The training collection, LOW−COST WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION, has been jointly produced by TheWorld Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, 13 bilateral and multilateral agencies and 24research institutions. Extensively field−tested on trainers, students, engineers and other water and sanitationprofessionals, the package is the result of many hours of classroom use worldwide. The collection offers threedifferent packages for different user groups − engineers and other professionals, field staff members andgovernmental decision−makers. Equally, the materials might be useful for aid agency officials, educators andothers working in water supply for urban and rural development.

THE TECHNICAL PACKAGE provides a comprehensive collection of audiovisual and written materials madeup of 17 information and training sets, a three−volume Project Preparation Handbook and three training films.These draw heavily on case studies providing details and interesting examples of projects executed indeveloping countries. The package covers four broad subjects: Management and Community Participation;Health and Hygiene; Water Supply; and Sanitation.

Each of the training sets provides material for at least one hour of instruction and includes one or more20−minute tape slide shows, instructors' notes and 30 copies of participants' notes, with an illustratedtranscript of the slide show, a supplementary text, references and practical exercises. The in formation setsallow for flexibility at the instructor's discretion: for example, he/she can select particular topics from each setand adapt or expand the various slide shows to portray local conditions.

TECHNICAL PACKAGE TRAINING SETS

1. INTRODUCTION TO LOW−COST WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION

Set 1.1 Introduction$US 225

2. MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Set 2.1 Project Preparation and Implementation$US 225

3. HEALTH AND HYGIENE

Set 3.1 Health Aspects of Water Supply and Sanitation$US 225

Set 3.2 Hygiene Education$US 225

4. WATER SUPPLY

Set 4.1 Rainwater Roof Catchment Systems$US 225

Set 4.2 Wells and Handpumps$US 300

Set 4.3 Gravity Flow Water Systems$US 225

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Set 4.4 Water Distribution Network$US 150

Set 4.5 Water Treatment$US ...

5. SANITATION

Set 5.1 On Site Sanitation$US 300

Set 5.2 Waterborne Sanitation$US 225

Set 5.3 Sanitation Technology Selection$US 150

Set 5.4 Waste Treatment and Resource Recovery$US 150

6. CASE STUDIES

Set 6.1 User Participation Case Studies$US 150

7. TRAINING INFORMATION

Set 7.1 Instructors' Module$US 50

TRAINING FILMS

People and ProblemsProblems and SolutionsSolutions and People

16 mm $US 650VHS $US 150

EACH INFORMATION AND TRAINING SET OR FILM CAN BE ORDERED SEPARATELY

Self−help housing improvements for lowest−income communities: Motivators' andtrainers' guide

PREPARED BY: FOUNDATION FOR INTERNATIONAL TRAINING FOR THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES &THE DIVISION OF TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND HIGHER EDUCATION, UNESCO, 1981.

AVAILABLE FROM: 1262 DON MILLS ROAD, DON MILLS, ONTARIO M3B 2W7, CANADA.

LANGUAGE; ENGLISH, PORTUGUESE, SPANISH AND THAI.

COST: $C 30 PLUS $ 6 FOR SHIPPING.

NUMBER OF PAGES: APPROX. 600

The manual is based on the premise that education should be centred on the training of community extensionworkers or motivators and recognizes that they play a central role in the promotion of self−help housing.Written primarily as an outline format, the contents provide material for a two−week training course for the

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training of motivators at local community level by course leaders and instructors. Simple language isintentionally used throughout, since the eventual target groups are the self− builders; the aim, therefore, is tothe technical complexities of housing. The manual is structured in two parts which reflect the dual nature ofmotivators' tasks: (a) participatory community development education and change; and (b) the technicalprocesses of improving the housing of low−income groups. The purpose of the course is to provideparticipants with an approach to problem−solving for the housing issues they are likely to confront in theirdaily work, whether such issues are community related or technical.

The manual has been field−tested in five countries and in three languages and used in training at national andlocal levels. It is recommended for use in projects where self−help is actively encouraged and in urban areaswhere integrated sites−and−services schemes are to be implemented, but it is equally applicable in ruralprojects focusing on improvement of dwellings.

The manual consists of 20 modules, written as a series of self contained packages, accompanied by handoutsand illustrations for use on an overhead projector or wallchart. Each module has a table of contents, moduleobjectives, suggested timing for each session and lists of illustrations, handouts and references. Theillustrations relate very closely to the lectures; thus, since much of the lecture relies on visual explanation, thetrainees are introduced to the importance of visual aids in training, and the examples offer a basis for thetrainees to create their own visual material.

OBJECTIVE: Training at several levels.

LOCAL PROGRAMME: MOTIVATORS WORK WITH COMMUNITY

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NATIONAL PROGRAMME: TRAINING OF MOTIVATORS

INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME: TRAINING OF NATIONAL COURSE LEADERS

Modules 1−4 include:

Skills and Knowledge of the Motivator, The Self−Help Approach, Obstacles, Programme Objectives,Identifying Needs.


Available Resources − External, Internal and Human, Case Studies in Self−Help, The Motivator as a Catalyst,Educational and Organisational Techniques.


Housing Improvement − Environment, Climate, Rural/Urban Houses, Construction Modes, Roofs, Walls,Infrastructure, Services.

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Importance of Self Help

NEEDS

52

ROOF TYPES

Manual para proyectos de ayuda mutua

WRITEN BY: ERNESTO BARRAZA, EDIN MARTINEZ, RAIMUND WEGENER

PRODUCED BY: NATIONAL HOUSING INSTITUTE (INVI), SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,1985.

AVAILABLE FROM: GERMAN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY EXCHANGE, GTZ−GmbH, POST−FACH5180, D 6236 ESCHBORN 1, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY.

LANGUAGE:

COST:


The manual provides a detailed guide to the social, technical, financial and administrative stages for theplanning and implementation of self−help housing projects. It is written from the viewpoint that self−help is anintegral educative process which brings about social development as well as the provision of housing. As aresult, unlike other technical guides, the manual discusses in detail issues such as problems that are likely tooccur on site and inter−group conflicts, and shows how public education techniques can be applied e.g., theuse of models and oral advertising of a project to ensure maximum community participation.

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The financial and technical sections provide a check−list of procedures for running a scheme. These are notmerely summaries of what 'should be done' but guidelines on 'how to' execute each step of a scheme. Eachsection is followed by a set of appendices which provide a variety of models and samples of paperwork forhousing officers and illustrated booklets for use in training sessions with community leaders and groups ofself− builders. These include an outline agenda, guidelines for giving talks to the community and illustratedbooklets on the roles of storekeeper, co−ordinator and secretary, as well as sample timetables andwork−control, costing and building materials record sheets. A case study is included which incorporates anddemonstrates the use of the tools and techniques described in the manual.

The manual would be useful to run a training course for housing officers of a government department or fornon−governmental personnel who were not familiar with self−help methods of building or had not had directexperience of working with community groups in participatory projects.

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