Carbon..Its Structure and its

Components

IntroductionAlthough cells are 70-95% water, the

rest consists mostly of carbon-based compounds.

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids are all composed of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to atoms of other elements.These other elements commonly

include hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), and phosphorus (P).

Properties of Carbon• The atomic symbol is C• The atomic number is 6– The atomic number is the number of

protons in an atom.• The atomic mass is 12.01g– The mass number is the total protons

and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus. • The freezing point is 3500°C• The boiling point is 4827°C

Electron Configuration Diagrams

• Carbon has 6 electrons, 6 neutrons, and 6 protons.

• The electron configuration of carbon is [He] 2s2 2p2

• The atomic radius is 77 pm or 0.91Å

• Its oxidation states are 4 and 2

Electron Configuration Diagrams (continued)

• The electron dot notation of carbon is: • The shell model of carbon is:

• The crystal structure is hexagonal and is represented as:

Carbon Compounds• Graphite (2 types of graphite)

• Alpha• Beta

• Diamond• Fullerines• “White” Carbon– It was discovered in 1969. It is a

transparent birefringent material.

Carbon Compounds• One of the compounds that carbon forms is

Carbon Dioxide. The reaction is as follows: – C + 2O CO2

• Carbon dioxide, also knows as CO2, is commonly used in soda. It gives soda carbonation. When a soda is bottled, before it is sealed, the space at the top is filled with carbon dioxide. This bottle is under presser, which causes the carbon dioxide to dissolve into the soda. When the bottle is opened, the pressure is released causing the dissolved carbon dioxide to leave solution, creating bubbles.

Carbon dioxide Characteristics• The chemical formula is CO2• The molecule weight is 44• The Triple point is -56°C 4.28 bar rel.• The sublimation temperature (atm) is 78.9°C• The critical temperature is 31°C• The critical pressure is 73.96 bar rel.• The sublimation heat at -78.9°C is 136,89 cal/kg The specific weight in the gaseous phase at 0°C and at

atm is 1.977 kg/m³

Compounds in Food• Acetic Acid– CH3COOH• 10 million carbon compounds

– Carbohydrates• Can be found in many sugars including:

– Sucrose– Glucose– Fructose – Galactose

Carbohydrates• Carbon is part of

the essential nutrient carbohydrate. An example of a carbohydrate is glucose.

Isotopes of Carbon• Carbon 14 is one isotope with a half

life of 5715 years. It has been know to date materials such as wood.

Molecular Structure of Carbon

Saturated Hydrocarbons

• A Hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.

• In a saturated hydrocarbon, all the bonds are single bonds.

• Alkane is another name for a saturated hydrocarbon.

Ethane

Characteristics of HydrocarbonsFactors that determine the properties of a

hydrocarbon are:The number of carbon atomsHow the atoms are arranged: Straight chain Branched chain Ring

STRUCTURE OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONSNO. OF CARBON ATOMS NAME FORMULA

1 METHANE CH4

2 ETHANE C2H6

3 PROPANE C3H8

4 BUTANE C4H10

5 PENTANE C5H12

6 HEXANE C6H14

Straight Chains

A hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in

methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in cellulose.

The Ring Or Cyclic

Carbons can be arranged in the form of a ring or cyclic, such as cyclobautane , Benzene etc .

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical

elements to exist in two or more different forms, known as

allotropes of these elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element; the

element's atoms are bonded together in a different manner. For

Example –Graphite,Diamond..

Graphite In g r a p h I t e e a c h c a r bo n a t o m Is b o n d e d t o t h r e e o t h e r Ca rbo n a t om o n t h e s a m e pl a ne

I n a h e x a g o n a l A r r a y .

Fullerene• This is also a form of carbon

allotrope. The first one to be identified was C-60 which has carbon arranged in the shape of a football.

• As it resembled to the geodesic dome designed by US architect Buckminster Fuller ,

• So the molecule was named fullerene.

Diamond• In diamond, each carbon atom is

tetra headedly attached to four other carbon atoms forming a rigid three dimensional structure.

• Thus it is the hardest substance known.

Thank You for watching…..

Name:-Kuber BathlaClass:-9th ‘Jasmine’

Roll no:-20 Subject:-Computer

Submitted to:-Mr.Neeraj Nagpal