Now we will

study about

carbon and its

compounds

Ok sir…

But I think it

is difficult!!

Don’t worry

it is very

easy..

Illustration:- Can you tell which

one is made up of carbon???

INTRODUCTION TO CARBON

Carbon is a non metal which has

property of combining with itself.

It is present in various forms in nature.

There is a separate chapter called

organic compounds in which we will

study more about carbon and its

compounds.

Do you know why carbon is

studied as organic chemistry?? Carbon has a valency of 4. As it

having four, it can gain or lose 4

electrons. This special property of

carbon makes it link with hundreds or

thousands of other elements.

It also have the property to combine

with itself. This property is known as

allotropy.

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON

Carbon has a unique to link with itself.

The phenomenon is called allotropy and

the elements form after allotropy are

called allotropes. Some of allotropes are

listed below:-

Diamond:- Graphite:- Fullerene

C60:-

COVALENT BONDS

The bonds which are formed by

sharing of electrons are called

covalent bonds.

Depending upon the number of shared

pair of shared pair of electron, the

covalent bonds are classified into 3

types. They are:-

Single covalent bonds

Double covalent bonds

Triple covalent bonds.

SINGLE COVALENT BONDS

The bonds resulting from the equal

sharing of pair of electrons is called

single covalent bonds.

These are also called as saturated

bonds.

We can depict the formation of

covalent bonds by putting crosses ( )

and dots( )

DOUBLE AND TRIPLE

COVALENT BONDS The bond resulting from the equal

sharing of two and three pairs of

electrons are called double and triple

covalent bonds respectively.

These double and triple covalent

bonds are necessarily called

unsaturated compounds.

ILLUSTRATION:-WHICH OF

THESE ARE SATURATED??

HYDROCARBONS AND ITS

CLASSIFICATION The organic compounds made up of

carbon and hydrogen only are called

hydrocarbons.

On the basis of structure and

properties, hydrocarbons are

classified as open chain(acyclic) and

closed(cyclic).

ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC

HYDROCARBONS Open chain or acyclic hydrocarbons

contain open chain of carbon atoms.

They are called aliphatic hydrocarbons

whereas closed chain or cyclic

contains closed chains are called

aromatic hydrocarbons.

SATURATED HYDROCARBONS

OR ALKANES A hydrocarbon in which all the 4

valencies of carbon are fully satisfied

by the formation of single covalent

bonds are called alkanes.

General formula for alkane is C2n+2

ALKENES

A hydrocarbon in which all the 4

valencies of carbon are fully satisfied

by the formation of double covalent

bonds are called alkenes.

General formula for alkene is C2n

ALKYNE

A hydrocarbon in which all the 4 valencies of carbon are fully satisfied with the formation of triple covalent bonds are called alkynes.

General formula for alkyne is C2n-2.

Ethyne (Acetylene)

HCCH Propyne

HCCCH3 1-Butyne

HCCCH2CH3 1-Pentyne

HCC(CH2)2CH3 1-Hexyne

HCC(CH2)3CH3 1-Heptyne

HCC(CH2)4CH3 1-Octyne

HCC(CH2)5CH3 1-Nonyne

HCC(CH2)6CH3 1-Decyne

Now that s all

my child. We

will be learning

homologous

series in our

next class

Oh no!!

That s all

ah!! Ok

thank u sir

No

mention

bye.