calstart plug in sources of power

Plug-in Vehicles as Sources of Power

Jasna Tomic

Plug-in 2009Long Beach, CA

Aug 12, 2009

Clean Transportation Technologies and Solutions

Copyright CALSTART 2009

CALSTART: Advanced Transportation

National and International in Project Areas

2008155+ Worldwide Participant

Network

4 Offices in US

Four focus areas:Tech CommercializationFleet, Port ConsultingIndustry ServicesPolicy Development


CALSTART’s Four-Part Role to Grow the Clean Transportation

Technology Industry

Industry ServicesClean Transportation

Solutions Group

Technology Commercialization

Identifying opportunities, building teams, securing funding, and advancing

technology, vehicles, fuels, and systems

Helping ports, property developers, transit districts,

and fleets seeking to implement cost-effective

customized solutions

Providing value-add services to companies: timely

information, partnering, new business opportunities,

conferences, technology evaluation

Advancing key policies, advising policymakers, and helping

companies plan for the future

Unique Combination

Policy


Vehicle & Electric Grid

• Two large sector that can be integrated

• Smart interaction between vehicle fleet, grid and intermittent renewable

• Large, low-cost storage for renewables

• Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) power as bridging technology


Charging Infrastructure needs upgrading

• CALSTART worked with 5 major utilities to install chargers (1993)

• Well over 100 charging stations deployed

• That infrastructure needs to be updated for coming vehicles


Size of Electrical Connections is Important

• Public Level 2 charger 208 VAC, 32 Amps 6.6 kW

• Public Level 3AC charger (100A line)208 VAC, 80 Amps 16.6

kW• Larger residential appliance

240 VAC, 40 Amps 9.6 kW

• 120 VAC, 15 Amps 1.8 kW• 120 VAC, 30 Amp 3.6 kW


Number of EV and PHEV models growing - cost still a

concern• GM Volt EREV: Extended

Range Electric Vehicle - Pre-production model unveiled Sept 16, 2008

• Chrysler surprises industry, announces will produce electric vehicle(s) by 2010

• Nissan LEAF 2010 EVs • Mitsubishi Motors working on

an EV with PSA Peugeot Citroen; plans for iMEV by 2010

• The upfront cost is of concern


Fuel Savings vs Cost

• 8 years for HEV

• 10 years for PHEV

Source: NREL- Denholm, 2007


Battery Size and Daily Driving of EVs and PHEVs

Battery size in EVs 15- 50 kWh

PHEVs 10 – 15 kWh

Daily driving is ~ 30 miles per day

Lots of unused energy storage!

3


Vehicle to Grid- Integration of Transportation and Power Grid

Arrows indicate direction of power flow

(Kempton &Tomic, JPS, 2005) 2


Uses for V2G Power

EDV

Base-load Power

Peak Power

Ancillary Services

turbine

Energy Storage


Electricity Market Prices

• Ancillary Services Capacity Price– Frequency Regulation $15-55/MW-h- Spinning Reserves $20/MW-h

Capacity price ($/MW-h) + Energy price ($/MWh)

Energy Price• Baseload Power 2-10 c/kWh• Peak Power 5-80 c/kWh

5


Fleet Case -252 EVs

• For regulation services - 252 vehicles• Upgrade costs for V2G included• Pline = 15 kW• tplug = 17 h• cel = 0.05 $/kWh, cen = 0.15 $/kWh • NiMH

• CAISO Regulation Capacity price ( 2003)Regup pcontr = 19.5 $/MW-hRegdown pcontr = 20.3 $/MW-h


YEAR 2003

FLEETPOWER kW Revenue Cost Net Profit

@15 kW3,780 $1,039,000 $380,000 $659,000

Calculated Profits with V2G for Ancillary Services

(Tomic & Kempton, JPS, 2007)

252 RAV4 EVs in CAISO


Mini E Project• Satisfied with performance• Random charging now• Electricity at 12 c/kWh• Even at 30 c/kWh equal to

$3/gallon

• Putting in place monitoring of mileage and charging

• Need to implement structured program

• Time of charging – Length of charge


HEV and PHEV Trucks

• GHEV Project- funded by SCAQMD

• In-use data collection• Fuel, emissions,

maintenance over 12 months

• PHEV modeling work• Parcel delivery, bucket

trucks, school bus – what platforms are good candidates for PHEVs?

• Analysis of potential use for V2G when parked.

Partners – FedEx, Azure, NREL, CALSTART


V2G Provides New Source of Distributed Generation

•50% of cars as EDVs increase electric load ?100 Million carsx 15,000 Miles per year / 4.8 Miles per kWh= 312 Billion kWh per year at off-peak times= 7 % of 2020 total national load

•With V2G, these EDVs also provide a huge power resource:

100 M cars x 15 kW x 0.5 avail. = 750 GW of DG> 70% of 2020 national electric power

capacity!Conclusion: Even 50% of cars as EDV, IF they have V2G, probably REDUCE grid infrastructure requirements


Benefits of V2G

• Cost of EVs & PHEVs is relatively high• V2G provides revenue to owner and helps

offset that higher cost• Dual use for clean transportation and grid

power support - shared capital cost• Encourages early adoption of EVs & PHEVs• Distributed generation• Energy storage for grid and integration of

renewable sources


Recommendations• We need targeted deployment of V2G now!• Need to show benefits in targeted demonstrations• Discharging of EVs and other distributed generation back to

the grid provides greater benefit to the grid– Use of stored electricity, grid stability, added generation capacity

• Design projects with fleets or aggregated vehicles – 50 to 200 vehicles (muni, gov fleets, campus)1) Controlled charging2) Variable rate charging3) Discharging to grid4) Added functionality of on-board power

• Commercial fleets, utilities, CalISO

• With installation of ‘smart grid’ deploy in parallel new applications and technologies such as V2G that really put the smart grid to use


Recommendations

• Business case needs to be shown• Plug-in vehicles have added functionality –

export power and V2G power• Commercial vehicles good early adopters

and can provide lessons for the consumer world --- e.g. parcel delivery applications, utility, telecom

• Light-duty vehicles --- Consortium tying together vehicle deployment + infrastructure upgrading + user education

• Regional showcases of plug-in deployment

Jasna [email protected]

www.calstart.org

Clean Transportation Technologies and Solutions SM