california energy commission energy technology futures: thinking about near-term and longer-term...
TRANSCRIPT
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Energy Technology Futures:Thinking About Near-Term and
Longer-Term Needs
Environmental Innovations Summit 2001Washington, D.C.
September 11, 2001
Terry Surles, Director
Technology Systems Division
California Energy Commission
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
California Must be Prepared to Face the Same Issues as Others Must
Economics Resource Competition New technology market
penetration
Environment Climate change Life cycle analysis
Security Oil, Nuclear materials
Energy Costs Fundamentally Affect our Overall Economy
Niagara Mohawk Dunkirk steam station on Lake Erie, New York. Coal-fired but going to undergo retrofit for cofiring biomass.
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
A
g
l]
l
l’
l’
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Coal16%
Large Hydro19%
Nuclear17%
Natural Gas36%
Eligible Renewable
12%
2000 Net Power System
Eligible Renewables
Biomass & Waste- 2.0
Geothermal - 4.6
Small Hydro - 3.0
Solar - 0.4
Wind - 2.0
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
We Must be Prepared to Address Future Market Scenarios
Regulated
De-regulated
De-centralizedCentralized
Status Quo • New energy systems
• Same players
Supermarket of Choices
• Same energy systems
• New players
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Any R&D Program Must Consider
Near-term realities Political Attributes: affordable, reliable, safe
Longer-term vision Resource competition Future regulatory/environmental issues
For both Limited budget Uncertainties associated with life-cycle costs and
competing technologies and lifestyles
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Vision Statement
The future electrical system of California will provide a clean, abundant and affordable supply
tailored to the needs of “smart”, efficient customers and will be the best in the nation.
Tailored, clean, abundant, affordable supply
Smart, efficient customers
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
California has Established a $62M/yr Public Interest Energy Research
Program (PIER)
California’s Energy Future
Economy:Affordable Solutions
Quality:Reliable and
AvailableEnvironment:Protect and
Enhance
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
PIER is Developing a Portfolio Approach for Funding Appropriate
R&D
PIER
Temporal-3 year-5 year-Next crisis
TechnologyMix Risk
- financial- environmental- health
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Efficient Funding and Management: Enhancing Partnerships and Collaborations
US DOE and their laboratories - opportunities for co-funding
California Agencies - Cal/EPA, Trade & Commerce, CalTrans
Other states and federal agencies - NYSERDA, ASERTTI, DoD
Utilities - market transformations, linkage to public goods programs, EPRI,GTI
Private Sector - associations, individual companies Universities - R&D, technical support
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
U.S. 1997 Carbon Emissions - 1500 Tcf
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Carbon Management: An Approach for Integrated Energy Systems R&D
Carbon Management
Mechanism for addressing policy initiatives (S. 1008)
Means to go fromnear term “no regrets” to longer-term sustainable development
Approach for R&D collaboration
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Carbon Management: An Approach for Integrated Energy Systems R&D
<<
Carbon Management
Efficiency Btu/GDP
Decarbonization CO2
BtuCO2 atm
CO2 produced<
Sequestration
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Demand Side Management:R&D to Support
Develop incentives for negawatts, conservation Expand Title 24 for commercial buildings Integration of building design with PV Real time pricing systems to address peak loads Incentives for load shifting technologies
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Per-capita electricity consumption, 1960–2000
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Rest of U.S.
California
(DOE and CEC data, compiled 1960–89 by Worldwatch Institute, 1990–2000 by Rocky Mountain Institute; 2000 data are preliminary; 1991–2000 population data not yet renormalized to 2000 Census findings)
California: policy really does workM
Wh
per
pers
on-y
ear
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
43,509 MW
Contribution to ISO Peak DemandAugust 16, 2001 (MW)
Commercial AC
Commercial Lighting
Residential AC
Other
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
End-Use Energy Efficiency: Low Tech can be Effective, Coupled to New Tech
Cool roofs Ducts Lighting advances Low-energy cooling Plug Loads
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Properties of Cool Roofing Materials
Reflectivity, Emissivity & Roof Temperature
black asphalt aluminum coating white coating
low albedo high albedo very high albedo
high emissivity low emissivity high emissivity
hottest
hot cool
160 F 100 F
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Cool Roofing Energy Savings Vacaville, CA Home Base Demonstration
Initial solar reflectivity of 31%, after coating 74% Initial max temperature 170°F, after coating 120°F Used 10% less cooling energy Always 85°F or less in store Optimal comfort (below 79°F and 60% relative humidity) for 10
more shopping hours a week
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Lighting Advances: The Berkeley Lamp
Increased lighting quality Energy savings- 30-50% Low glare - computer Unique control features Up or down lighting Lots of light 450 W worth of
incandescent and halogen lighting for 150 W
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
‘NightBreeze’ Low Energy Residential Cooling
• Automatically brings fresh air into the house, improving air quality, without having to open windows at night
• Includes an efficient, variable airflow fan which saves money and energy while providing quiet comfort
• Helps reduce peak demand and eliminates the need for air conditioning in some California climates
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Demand Side Management Strategies are Important in Industry, Agriculture
Advanced pumps for irrigation Fume hoods for industry Sensors and monitors
soil moisture sensors real-time production monitoring
Collateral benefits and efficient use of other resources are an important attribute
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
High Performance Fume Hood• reduces airflow and energy requirements by 30-50%
• flow reduction from each hood cuts energy costs by $1000/yr
• maintains or enhances worker safety
• ASHRAE standard test achieved containment with 70% flow reduction
• with 30,000 hoods in state, the new Hood could save about 360 million kWh/yr, totaling nearly $30 million
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Spray Enhancement of Dry Cooling Systems
Dry Cooling provides a reduction of up to 95% of a power plant’s water demand
Spray Enhancement solves the problem of using dry cooling on hot, high demand days
The system at the 240 MW Crockett cogeneration plant in Crockett assisted this facility in generating an additional 7 - 15 MW of electricity during the hottest periods
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Demand Side Management can be Enhanced with Additional Technical
Approaches
Transmission systems new materials and technology real-time measurement of carrying capacity
Standards and codes for interconnection needs Better understanding of interdependency
relationships Instrumentation, sensors for Demand Response:
Communications and Control
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Real Time Transmission Line Monitoring/Rating
• tension monitoring increases transmission capabilities by 15-30%
• highly accurate - measures line sagging to within 1-3 inches
• increased safety - provides the actual real time rating and provides alarms of impending clearance violations
• system 1-3 were built for utilities in Virginia, Colorado and Finland
• 200th system was sold on 8/4/00. The systems are in use on five continents by 70 utilities.
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Production
Develop and deploy distributed generation technologies
Launch new paradigm shifting programs stop treating energy as a “tax”
Look to integrated systems in the future merge transportation/electricity: biomass,
conversion Support and develop storage and conversion
technologies as part of systems approach
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Decarbonization Focuses on Near-Term Development of Renewables and More
Efficient Use of Fossil Fuels
Renewable resources assessment better understanding of availability and location
Wind power firm capacity forecasting turbine for sub-optimal wind regime
Building integrated photovoltaics Advanced emissions reduction for gas turbines Increased efficiency of central station
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Building Integrated Photovoltaics
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
PowerLight
• PowerLight achieved a 57% reduction in manufacturing costs of the PowerGuard and opened an 18,000 ft2 automated tile manufacturing facility in Berkeley
•PowerLight is the U.S. leader in BIPV with PowerGuard
• 2/29/00 - PowerLight installed the largest roof-integrated, thin-film solar electric system in North America a 10,000 ft2 installation at the Port of Cape Charles, Virginia
• The PowerGuard system are joined by a tongue-and-groove design that requires no roof penetration or adhesive, thus eliminating leakage and related maintenance
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
PowerLight Corporation Building-Integrated PV Roof System
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Wind Energy
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
The Wind Turbine Company
Design, develop and demonstrate a utility-scale wind turbine
Horizontal axis, two-blade, downwind design
Prototype developed for PIER and tested at NREL rated at 250 kW
Commercial prototype demonstration sited at the Fairmont Reservoir in LADWP territory for a 500 kW - scaled up to 750 kW - wind turbine demonstration to begin in October 2001
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Possible Solutions to Mitigate the Issues: Technologies
Distributed generation - fuel cells, microturbine, ARICE
Utilization of waste heat Improved controls, instrumentation, information
management Storage technologies
upfront installation address intermittent energy issues power quality and reliability
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
MCFC and PEM Fuel Cell Stack
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Alzeta Gas Turbine Semi-Radiant Burner (GTSB)
• Alzeta’s GTSB combustors successfully demonstrated simultaneous readings below 2 ppm emissions of NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbon, several times lower than current state-of-the-art gas turbines.
• PIER is helping develop low- or no- emission electric production methods, including gas turbines for use in DG
• Alzeta has begun royalty repayment to the PIER Program based on direct sales and licensing of the product
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Energy Storage Technology
Trinity Flywheel of Livermore, CA developed this 2kW/hr prototype Flywheel energy storage for field demonstration
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
There are Many Energy Scenarios: We Need to Plan for These
Natural gas availability/price volatility Aggressive approach to CO2 controls Central stations important, although
distributed generation use increases: unanticipated impacts to grid
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Kalina Cycle Canoga Park Facility
• Kalina Cycle uses working fluid of 70% ammonia and 30% water
• Ammonia has much lower boiling point than water and spins the steam turbine at lower temperatures
• 3.2 MW plant at Canoga Park, CA
• GE has purchased exclusive license to use Kalina in their combined-cycle gas turbine systems worldwide
• $505,000 royalties received from Exergy, Inc.
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Will California Lead Change?
OLD Electricity by nuclear,
gas, coal-by-wire, hydroelectric
No choice to consumers - tax mentality
Laissez-faire
NEW Base load central
stations with reliance on distributed generation - “Community systems”
Choice of supplier and technology
Government catalyzes true paradigm shift
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
New Generation Approved and Under Construction (6557 MW)
520 450
1060
500320880
1048
559
500 720
Blythe
Huntington Beach
Moss Landing
Elk Hills
Sunrise
Delta
La Paloma
Pittsburg- Los Medanos
Sutter
High DesertMW per Plant
June 2001
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Some Thoughts on Demand-Side Management and End-Use Energy
Efficiency
Large scale development of “smart” users Viability of low tech approach with technological
advances, e.g. new paints Increased re-use of all materials - with positive
energy balances, re. No energy penalties Transmission improvements
strategic placement of DG materials and sensors
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Decarbonization will Focus on Improving the Economics of New Systems
Service stations (reformers) for transportation systems and electricity generation
Biomass facilities for production of industrial products and electricity
Further increase in efficiency and reduction in cost for photovoltaics
Large-scale use of accurately forecasted, dispatchable wind power
Ocean power Nuclear power
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Turbine Hybrid
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Hoopa Valley Indian Tribe - PIER Small Modular Biopower (SMB) Demonstration
• SMB BioMax-15 System commissioned 8/01helps promote sustainable forestry
• As pictured, forest clearing residue is a source of fuel as is urban wood waste (twigs, leaves, bark and other trimmings)
• Fully-automated control system. Nominal rating is 12.5 kW but has run continuously at 15 kW for six hours
• NOx levels 0-2 ppm at full power, equivalent to .05 lb. NOx/MW-hr
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
EnergeTech, AustraliaParabolic-Focusing Pneumatic Pressure
Ocean Wave Energy Power Plant
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Carbon Sequestration Can Play a Future Role
Indirect sequestration terrestrial enhanced ocean fertilization
Direct Sequestration capture, separation, transport geological - EDR, EGR, CBM, brines ocean - direct injection
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Schematic diagram of a ZEST Electric Power Plant
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Carbon Management and Energy R&D: Mechanism to Catalyze California Discussions,
on Climate Change, Energy, Environmental and Economic Issues
Global
- Macro Impacts
- Resource Competition
Nation
- Security
- Environment
- Economy
State
-Affordability
- Environment
- Reliability
Local
- End use
- NIMBY
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
PIER is Focused on Supporting California’s World-Class Economy
California context: we can “frame the debate” on a national level
Funding where “we make a difference” in reinventing the business
Market Transformation working with the private sector
Develop a sustainable organization that will provide a stream of benefits to California
CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION
Conclusion: R&D is on Track to Address Future Energy Problems
Maintaining choices of energy resources address near-term issues prepare for the next crisis
Instrumentation and software advances will provide for a new generation of demand-side technologies
Advances in chemistry and materials will allow for advances in energy technologies
We must move toward a sustainable future