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DISTRIBUTION OF LIGHT IN CMB

Cosmic Adventure 10.03


Blank Plot

When CMB was discovered in the 1960s by Penzias and Wilson, the CMB panorama was found to be remarkably uniform across the sky - it is nothing more than a blank plot. Scientists could not find anything more from the CMB anything other than assuming this this is the relic radiation left behind from the earlier universe.


Satellites to look for More Details

Nearly thirty years after the discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), a series of satellite probes had been launched to measure it in better details.

It started with the satellite COBE in 1992, then WMAP in 2003, and finally Planck in 2009.

PLANCK

WMAP

COBE

1989-1993

2003-2012

2009-2013Ongoing


Evenness found by Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)

In 1992, the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite confirmed the CMB temperature 𝑇0 to be:

2.725° Kelvin

The ripples which represent temperature variations were only delineated at the level of 1 part in 100,000.

COBE

1989-1993


The WMAP results

In 2003, the WMAP satelliteobtained a more detailed map of the sky.

It also showed fluctuation departures from 2.725 Kelvin. But these fluctuations were very small - only a few microKelvins, or millionths of a degree as previously found.

In the words of the scientists, the universe as a whole is spatially homogeneous and isotropic. -200 T (𝜇K)

+200

WMAP

2003-2012


Small Deviations

The variations are so tiny that units of millionths of a degree are used.

The variations average from -200 millionth of a degree Kelvin (blue) to

+200 millionth of a degree Kelvin (red).

False colours are used to show the variation

1°

1,000,000


Planck Observations

Planck was launched in 2009, and the recent data represent the product of the spacecraft's first 15.5 months of observations, further confirming the previous findings and providing more details for astronomical analysis.


Isotropic & Homogeneous

Since the distribution of cosmic photons is entirely the same everywhere

and in all directions, the present universe is isotropic, i.e. it looks the same

in all directions, rotationally symmetric; and homogeneous looking the same at all points in the Universe, symmetric under translations.


Different from Present Day Homogeneity

It is unlike the present day approximation of the universe where the idea of homogeneity and isotropy only apply to the part of the universe in a large scale over 100 million parsec (1 parsec =31 trillion km).

In a small scale the uneven distribution of material bodies like stars, galaxies, and groups of galaxies make the approximation invalid.

This is not an approximation. It is a real situation true to all scales, from the distance universe to the space around the earth.


Incredible Evenness

Present Universe in Large Scale

On the cosmic map of the universe the cosmic radiation is incredibly uniform. The distribution is so perfectly even that not a single hump or spot of unevenness can be found.

This means that it is impossible to mark out the temperature map clearly in the normal scale of one degree difference. If we stretch out the entire sky sphere onto a flat table and try to draw a temperature map with different colours, it is a monochromatic one.


Contribution of CMB

Scientists who worked on the analysis of CMB and subsequent experiments came up with various useful information such as polarization fluctuations, noise, power spectrum, temperature, etc. . . All these greatly helped the scientists to determine the nature and kinds of material that made up the universe.

The DASI & the Martin A Pomerantz Observatory, South Pole

Owens Valley Radio Observatory


In Collaboration with Cosmic Redshift

However, none these attributes of CMB can compared with the theory of Big Bang – the supposedly most significant cosmological at the time.

This was done by various scientists by associating it with another great discovery of the last century – the

Cosmic Redshift discovered In 1927.


To be continued on Cosmic Adventure 10.04

THE COSMIC REDSHIFT

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