10.03.paper on restrictions on foe

8/12/2019 10.03.Paper on Restrictions on FOE

1/23

"#$%&'(%')* +#,-. -/ 012$$'-)3 4%5),5&,$ 5), 6&')('27#$

85(9*&-:), 652#& /-& ;##%')*$ %?# @A 42#('57 "522-&%#:& -)

+#,-. -/ B2')'-) 5), 012$$'-)

"# $% '()*(+

,-(./012( 314(.0%4

5()04( 6%4 789 8)* 3(:%.48.#0%+89

CD C)%&-,:(%'-)?0 1@ /)12(4@8++# 8.A)%9+(*>(* 0B80 0B( 41>B0 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ 8

6%/)*801%)8+ B/:8) 41>B0 %6 0B( >4(80(@0 1:C%408).(= ?0 1@ 8 +#).BC1) %6 *(:%.48.#DA(# 0% 0B( C4%0(.01%) %6 8++ B/:8) 41>B0@D 8)* 6/)*8:()08+ 0% B/:8) *1>)10# 1) 10@

%9) 41>B0= E0 0B( @8:( 01:(D 10 1@ 8+@% /)12(4@8++# 4(.%>)1@(* 0B80 10 1@ )%0 8)

8&@%+/0( 41>B0D 8)* (2(4# *(:%.48.# B8@ *(2(+%C(* @%:( @#@0(: %6 +1:10801%)@ %)64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)=

?)0(4)801%)8+ +89 *%(@ C4%21*( 6%4 8 >()(48+ 0B4((

4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)D 8)* 0B1@ 0(@0 B8@ &(() (+8&%480(* %) 1)

)/:(4%/@ F/*>:()0@ 1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ 08@A(* 910B %2(4@1>B0 %6 1)0(4)801%)8+B/:8) 41>B0@ 04(801(@= G801%)8+ .%/40@D %60() 1)0(4C4(01)> .%)@010/01%)8+ >/848)0((@

9B1.B 84( &8@(* %) %4 84( @1:1+84 0% 1)0(4)801%)8+ >/848)0((@D B82( 8+@% B(+C(*

(+8&%480( 0B( C4(.1@( :(8)1)> %6 0B( 0(@0 6%4 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)=

E@@(@@1)> 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)D B%9(2(4D 1@ 8) (-04(:(+# .%:C+(-:800(4= $B(4( 84( @(2(48+ 4(8@%)@ 6%4 0B1@D 1).+/*1)> 0B80 0B( C41:84# >/848)0(( %6

64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ 10@(+6 :/+0168.(0(*D 0B80 0B( >4%/)*@ 6%4 4(@041.01)> 64((*%:

%6 (-C4(@@1%) H %4 1)0(4(@0@ 9B1.B @/.B 4(@041.01%)@ 81: 0% C4%0(.0 H 84( )/:(4%/@D


2/23

< I 0% 4(@041.01%)@ %)64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)D *(@.41&1)> B%9 1)0(4)801%)8+ 8)* 1) @%:( .8@(@ )801%)8+

.%/40@ B82( 8CC4%8.B(* 0B(:= ?0 8+@% B1>B+1>B0@ @%:( C4%&+(: 84(8@ %4 1@@/(@ 9B1.B4(:81) /).+(84 %4 9B1.B +8.A @/661.1()0 (+8&%4801%)= K%4 0B(@(D 10 C%@(@ L/(@01%)@9B1.B :1>B0 &( .%)@1*(4(* C8401.1C8)0@ 80 0B( 09% :((01)>@ 6%4 9B1.B 0B( J8C(4

@(42(@ 8@ &8.A>4%/)* :80(418+= ?0 *%(@ )%0D %) 0B( %0B(4 B8)*D (+8&%480( %) @C(.161.

84(8@ %6 4(@041.01%)@ H @/.B 8@ *(68:801%) +89D :(*18 4(>/+801%) 8)* C4%0(.01%) %6)801%)8+ @(./410#= $% *% F/@01.( 0% 0B(@( 1@@/(@ 9%/+* 4(L/14( 8 6/++0B &%%A=

CCD E?# "'*?% %- +#,-. -/ 012$$'-)$B( 41>B0 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ >/848)0((* 1) 2(4# @1:1+84 0(4:@ &%0B

E401.+( MN %6 0B( "#$%&'()* +&,*)')-$.# .# /01)# 2$34-( OP3QRSDM

8 PG T()(48+E@@(:&+# 4(@%+/01%)D 8)* E401.+( MNOIS %6 5#-&'#)-$.#)* 6.%)#- .# 6$%$* )#78.*$-$,)* 2$34-( O?55JRSDI8 6%4:8++# &1)*1)> +(>8+ 04(80# 480161(* MUV W080(@=X$B(+800(4 @080(@Y

,2(4#%)( @B8++ B82( 0B( 41>B0 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)Z 0B1@ 41>B0 @B8++ 1).+/*( 64((*%:

0% @((AD 4(.(12( 8)* 1:C840 1)6%4:801%) 8)* 1*(8@ %6 8++ A1)*@D 4(>84*+(@@ %6 64%)01(4@D

(10B(4 %48++#D 1) 94101)> %4 1) C41)0D 1) 0B( 6%4: %6 840 %4 0B4%/>B 8)# %0B(4 :(*18 %6 B1@

.B%1.(=

E++ %6 0B( 0B4(( 4(>1%)8+ B/:8) 41>B0@ 04(801(@ H 0B( 90'.:&)# 6.#%-$.# .# /01)#2$34-( O,5QRSD[0B(;1&'$,)# 6.#%-$.# .# /01)# 2$34-( OE5QRSV8)* 0B(;


3/23

< X B0@ B8@ )%0(*Y

_K`4((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) .%)@010/0(@ %)( %6 0B( (@@()018+ 6%/)*801%)@ %6 _8 *(:%.4801.`

@%.1(0#D %)( %6 0B( &8@1. .%)*101%)@ 6%4 10@ C4%>4(@@ 8)* 6%4 0B( *(2(+%C:()0 %6 (2(4#:8)=N

E)* 0B( E641.8) 5%::1@@1%) %) Q/:8) 8)* J(%C+(@a R1>B0@ B8@ 1)*1.80(*D 1) 4(@C(.0

%6 E401.+( N %6 0B( E641.8) 5%)2()01%)Y

$B1@ E401.+( 4(6+(.0@ 0B( 68.0 0B80 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ 8 &8@1. B/:8) 41>B0D 2108+ 0%

8) 1)*121*/8+a@ C(4@%)8+ *(2(+%C:()0D B1@ C%+101.8+ .%)@.1%/@)(@@D 8)* C8401.1C801%) 1)

0B( .%)*/.0 %6 0B( C/&+1. 866814@ %6 B1@ .%/)04#=M\

E0 0B( @8:( 01:(D 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ )%0 8&@%+/0( 8)* (2(4# @#@0(: %6 +89

C4%21*(@ 6%4 @%:( +1:10801%)@ %) 10= E401.+( MNOXS %6 0B( ?55JR C4%21*(@Y

$B( (-(4.1@( %6 0B( 41>B0@ C4%21*(* 6%4 1) C848>48CB I %6 0B1@ 8401.+( .8441(@ 910B 10

@C(.18+ */01(@ 8)* 4(@C%)@1&1+101(@= ?0 :8# 0B(4(6%4( &( @/&F(.0 0% .(4081) 4(@041.01%)@D

&/0 0B(@( @B8++ %)+# &( @/.B 8@ 84( C4%21*(* +89 8)* 84( )(.(@@84#Y

O8S K%4 4(@C(.0 %6 0B( 41>B0@ %4 4(C/0801%)@ %6 %0B(4@Z

O&S K%4 0B( C4%0(.01%) %6 )801%)8+ @(./410# %4 %6 C/&+1. %4*(4 O%4*4( C/&+1.SD %4 %6

C/&+1. B(8+0B %4 :%48+@=

$B1@ B8@ &(() 1)0(4C4(0(* 8@ :(8)1)> 0B80 %)+# 4(@041.01%)@ 9B1.B :((0 8 @041.0

0B4((101:80( O@(( &(+%9S=MM

?)0(4)801%)8+ >/848)0((@ %6 0B( 41>B0 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) B82( 8 )/:&(4 %6 A(#

6(80/4(@= K14@0D %C1)1%)@ 84( 8&@%+/0(+# C4%0(.0(* E401.+( MNOMS %6 0B( ?55JR=

$(.B)1.8++#D %6 .%/4@(D %C1)1%)@ 84( )%0 (-C4(@@1%)@= "/0 10 1@ @1>)161.8)0 0B80 0B(# 84(866%4*(* 8&@%+/0( C4%0(.01%)= $B1@ :(8)@ 0B80 10 1@ C(4:1@@1&+( 0% 0B1)A 0B( :%@0 (21+

8)* *(C482(* 0B%/>B0@D 8+0B%/>B >121)> (-C4(@@1%) 0% 0B(: :8# +(>101:80(+#98448)0 8 @8).01%)=

W(.%)*D 0B( 41>B0 8CC+1(@ 0% b(2(4#%)(a= ?0 :/@0 &( C4%0(.0(* c910B%/0 *1@01).01%) %68)# A1)*D @/.B 8@ 48.(D .%+%/4D @(-D +8)>/8>(D 4(+1>1%)D C%+101.8+ %4 %0B(4 %C1)1%)D

)801%)8+ %4 @%.18+ %41>1)D C4%C(40#D &140B %4 %0B(4 @080/@d=MI

8Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism, AdvisoryOpinion OC-5/85 of 13 November 1985, Series A, No. 5, para. 70.9Handyside v. United Kingdom, 7 December 1976, Application No. 5493/72, 1 EHRR 737, para. 49.10Media Rights Agenda and Others v. Nigeria, 31 October 1998, Communication Nos. 105/93, 130/94,128/94 and 152/96, para. 52.11 See, Mukong v. Cameroon, 21 July 1994, Communication No. 458/1991, para. 9.7 (UN Human RightsCommittee).


4/23

< [ B0@5%::100((D 0B( &%*# %6 (-C(40@ 08@A(* 910B %2(4@((1)> .%:C+18).( 910B 0B( ?55JRD

B8@ 1)*1.80(*D 0B1@ 1).+/*(@ 8)# 1)6%4:801%) %4 1*(8@ 9B1.B :8# &( .%::/)1.80(*Y

E401.+( MND C848>48CB ID :/@0 &( 1)0(4C4(0(* 8@ ().%:C8@@1)> (2(4# 6%4: %6 @/&F(.012(1*(8@ 8)* %C1)1%)@ .8C8&+( %6 048)@:1@@1%) 0% %0B(4@e=MX

?0 8+@% 1).+/*(@ 68.0/8++# 1).%44(.0 @080(:()0@D %C1)1%)@ 9B1.B 8CC(84 0% +8.A 8)#

:(410D 8)* (2() %66()@12( @080(:()0@= E@ 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 %6 Q/:8) R1>B0@ B8@

)%0(*Y

?0 :800(4@ +100+( 0B80 _8)` %C1)1%) 1@ 8 :1)%410# %)( 8)* :8# 8CC(84 0% &( *(2%1* %6 :(410

@1).( e 10 9%/+* &( C8401./+84+# /)4(8@%)8&+( 0% 4(@041.0 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) %)+# 0%

>()(48++# 8..(C0(* 1*(8@=dM[

K%/40BD C4%0(.01%) 1@ 8+@% 91*( 1) 0(4:@ %6 0B( :8))(4 1) 9B1.B 8 .%::/)1.801%) 1@

*1@@(:1)80(*= $B1@ 1@ @1>)8++(* 0B( CB48@( c0B4%/>B 8)# %0B(4 :(*18 %6 [email protected]%1.(d 1) E401.+( MNOIS %6 0B( ?55JR 8@ 9(++ 8@ 0B( 0(4: c.8C8&+( %6 048)@:1@@1%) 0%

%0B(4@d 1) 0B( L/%0( 64%: 0B( Q/:8) R1>B0@ 5%::100(( 8&%2(= $B( :8))(4 %6

*1@@(:1)801%)D 8@ 9(++ 8@ 0B( 6%4: %6 0B( (-C4(@@1%)D B8@ %60() &(() 08A() 1)0%8..%/)0 1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ 9B() 8@@(@@1)> 0B( +(>101:8.# %6 8 4(@041.01%)=

W.4(8:1)> 8 @080(:()0 %/0 0% 8) 8)>4# .4%9* 1@ )%0 0B( @8:( 8@ 1).%4C%4801)> 0B80@080(:()0 1)0% 8 C%(:=MV

K160BD 0B( >/848)0(( C4%0(.0@ )%0 %)+# 0B( 41>B0 0% 1:C840 1)6%4:801%) 8)* 1*(8@ H 0B(41>B0 %6 0B( @C(8A(4Z C4%0(.01%) 1@ (-0()*(* 0% 0B( 41>B0@ 0% @((A 8)* 4(.(12(

1)6%4:801%) 8)* 1*(8@ H 0B( 41>B0@ %6 0B( +1@0()(4= E@ 0B( ?)0(4B0@ C/0 10 @% .%:C()*1%/@+#Y

_f`B() 8) 1)*121*/8+g@ 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ /)+896/++# 4(@041.0(*D 10 1@ )%0 %)+# 0B(

41>B0 %6 0B80 1)*121*/8+ 0B80 1@ &(1)> 21%+80(*D &/0 8+@% 0B( 41>B0 %6 8++ %0B(4@ 0% h4(.(12(h

1)6%4:801%) 8)* 1*(8@= e ?0@ @(.%)* 8@C(.0D %) 0B( %0B(4 B8)*D 1:C+1(@ 8 .%++(.012( 41>B0

0% 4(.(12( 8)# 1)6%4:801%) 9B80@%(2(4 8)* 0% B82( 8..(@@ 0% 0B( 0B%/>B0@ (-C4(@@(*

%0B(4@= e K%4 0B( 82(48>( .101i() 10 1@ F/@0 8@ 1:C%408)0 0% A)%9 0B( %C1)1%)@ %6 %0B(4@ %4

0% B82( 8..(@@ 0% 1)6%4:801%) >()(48++# 8@ 1@ 0B( 2(4# 41>B0 0% 1:C840 B1@ %9) %C1)1%)@=MU

?) 8 .8@( *(.1*(* +8@0 #(84D 0B( PG Q/:8) R1>B0@ 5%::100(( B(+* 0B80 0B( 4(6/@8+ %6

0B( Pi&(A 8/0B%4101(@ 0% 4(>1@0(4 8 )(9@C8C(4 98@ 8 *()18+ )%0 %)+# %6 0B( 64((*%:

12Article 2(1) of the ICCPR.13Ballantyne and Davidson v. Canada, Communication No. 359/1989 andMcIntyre v. Canada,Communication No. 385/1989, 31 March 1993, para. 11.3.14Hertel v. Switzerland, 25 August 1998, Application No. 25181/94, para. 50.15See, for example,Karatas v. Turkey, 8 July 1999, Application No. 23168/94, para. 52 (European Courtof Human Rights).16Note 8, para. 30.


5/23

< V B0@ %6 0B( (*10%4D &/0 8+@% %6 0B( 41>B0 %6 8 4(8*(4 %6 0B( )(9@C8C(4

0% 4(.(12( 1)6%4:801%) 8)* 1*(8@=M]

$B1@ 1@ 8 2(4# 1:C%408)0 8@C(.0 %6 0B( 41>B0 9B1.B @(42(@ 8@ 8) /)*(4C1))1)> 6%4D8:%)> %0B(4 0B1)>@D 4/+(@ C4%B1&101)> /)*/( .%).()04801%) %6 :(*18 %9)(4@B1CD 0B(

41>B0 0% 8..(@@ 1)6%4:801%) B(+* C/&+1. &%*1(@D 8)* /@1)> 0B( C4%.(@@ %6 +1.()@1)>0% C4%:%0( *12(4@10# 1) 0B( &4%8*.8@01)> @(.0%4= ?0 :8# &( )%0(* 0B80 0B( 1)0(4(@0@ %6+1@0()(4@ .8) @%:(01:(@ .%)6+1.0 910B 0B%@( %6 @C(8A(4@ H 6%4 (-8:C+( 9B(4( 8)

%9)(4 91@B(@ 0% &/1+* 8 +84>( :(*18 (:C14( H 9B1.B .8) 481@( *1661./+0 .%).(C0/8+

1@@/(@ 64%: 0B( C(4@C(.012( %6 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)=

K1)8++#D 9B1+( 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ C41:841+# )(>8012( 1) )80/4(D 1)8@:/.B 8@ 10.%)@0481)@ 0B( W080(a@ 8&1+10# 0% +1:10 (-C4(@@1%)D 10 8+@% B8@ 8) 1:C%408)0 C%@1012(

*1:()@1%)= ?) 0B1@ 8@C(.0D 0B( 41>B0 4(L/14(@ W080(@ 0% 08A( C%@1012( 8.01%) 0% C4%0(.0

10= $B1@ 68++@ 1)0% 09% :81) .80(>%41(@= K14@0D 0B( W080( :8# &( /)*(4 8 C%@1012(%&+1>801%) 0% 08A( 8.01%) 0% C4(2()0 C41280( 8.0%4@ 64%: 1)0(46(41)> 910B 0B( (-(4.1@(

%6 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) %0B(4@D 8 6%4: %6 B%41i%)08+ 8CC+1.801%) %6 41>B0@= $B/@1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ B82( %60() B(+* 0B80 W080(@ :/@0 8.0 0% C4(2()0 %4 1)2(@01>80(8008.A@ C41280( 8.0%4@ %) :(*18 %/0+(0@ %4 %0B(4@=M^

W(.%)*D 0B( W080( :8# &( 4(L/14(* 0% C/0 1) C+8.( C%@1012( :(8@/4(@ 0% ()@/4( 0B80

10@ %9) 8.01%)@ .%)041&/0( 0% 0B( 64(( 6+%9 %6 1)6%4:801%) 8)* 1*(8@ 1) @%.1(0#D 9B80

:8# &( 0(4:(* b*14(.0a C%@1012( :(8@/4(@= $B1@ :1>B0 1)2%+2(D 6%4 (-8:C+(D C/001)> 1)C+8.( 8 @#@0(: 6%4 +1.()@1)> &4%8*.8@0(4@ 9B1.B B(+C@ ()@/4( *12(4@10# 8)* +1:10

:(*18 .%).()04801%)=MNJ(4B8C@ 0B( :%@0 @1>)161.8)0 (-8:C+( %6 0B1@ 1@ 0B( 4(+8012(+#4(.()0 4(.%>)101%) %6 0B( %&+1>801%) %6 W080(@ 0% C/0 1) C+8.( 8 +(>8+ 648:(9%4A 0%

C4%21*( 6%4 8..(@@ 0% 1)6%4:801%) B(+* C/&+1. &%*1(@=I\

$B( 048*101%)8+ 0B4((801%)@= $B/@D 1) >?3@' A@#7&1 %BC0'D&ED 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 %6 Q/:8) R1>B0@ B(+* 0B80 $/4A(# B8* 681+(* 0%*[email protected]>( 10@ C%@1012( %&+1>801%) 0% C4%0(.0 8 )(9@C8C(4 8>81)@0 8008.A@ %0B(4@= ?)

*%1)> @%D B%9(2(4D 10 *1* )%0 8CC+# 0B( 0B4(( 9B(0B(4 %4 )%0 8 C%@1012( %&+1>801%) (-1@0@D 4(>84* :/@0 &( B8* 0% 0B(

6814 &8+8).( 0B80 B8@ 0% &( @04/.A &(09(() 0B( >()(48+ 1)0(4(@0 %6 0B( .%::/)10# 8)* 0B(

17

Mavlonov v. Uzbekistan, 27 April 2009, Communication No. 1334/2004, para. 8.4.18See, for example, zgr Gndemv. Turkey, 16 March 2000, Application No. 23144/93 (European Courtof Human Rights), Commission Nationale des Droits de lHomme et des Libertes v. Chad, October 1995,No. 74/92 (African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights) andMiranda v. Mexico, 13 April 1999,Report No. 5/99, Case No. 11.739 (Inter-American Commission on Human Rights).19See, for example, Recommendation 2007(2) of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on

Media Pluralism and Diversity of Media Content, adopted 31 January 2007.20See Claude Reyes and Others v. Chile, 19 September 2006, Series C No. 151 (Inter-American Court ofHuman Rights) and Trsasg A Szabadsgjogokrt v. Hungary, 14 April 2009, Application No. 37374/05(European Court of Human Rights).


6/23

< U B%/0 0B( 5%)2()01%)=

$B( @.%C( %6 0B1@ %&+1>801%) 91++ 1)(2108&+# 284#D B821)> 4(>84* 0% 0B( *12(4@10# %6

@10/801%)@ %&081)1)> 1) 5%)048.01)> W080(@D 0B( *1661./+01(@ 1)2%+2(* 1) C%+1.1)> :%*(4)

@%.1(01(@ 8)* 0B( .B%1.(@ 9B1.B :/@0 &( :8*( 1) 0(4:@ %6 C41%4101(@ 8)* 4(@%/4.(@= IM

W1:1+84+#D 1) 6*)07& 2&E&( )#7 F-4&'( %B 64$*&D 0B( ?)0(4B0@ *1* )%0 ()>8>( 1) 8 0B4((801%) 0% C4%21*( 8..(@@ 0% 1)6%4:801%) B(+* C/&+1. &%*1(@= R80B(4D

0B( 5%/40 &8@(* 10@ 61)*1)>@ %) 1)0(4)801%)8+ @080(:()0@ @/CC%401)> 0B( 41>B0 0%1)6%4:801%)D 0B( 68.0 0B80 :8)# .%/)041(@ B82( 41>B0 0% 1)6%4:801%) +89@ 8)* 0B(

1:C%408).( %6 8..(@@ 0% 1)6%4:801%) 0% *(:%.4801. %&F(.012(@ @/.B 8@ 8..%/)08&1+10#

8)* C8401.1C801%)=II

$B(4( 84( >%%* 4(8@%)@ 6%4 0B1@ @1).( 8) 8&@().( %6 :(8@/4(@ 0% C4%:%0( 64((*%: %6

(-C4(@@1%) 1@ 6/)*8:()08++# *166(4()0 64%: 4(@041.01%)@= $B( 8&@().( %6 C%@1012(8.01%) .8))%0 &( 8@@(@@(* 4(6(4().( 0% 0B( (-1@0().( %6 8 +89D 8@ 4(L/14(* 0B(

cC4%21*(* +89d C840 %6 0B( 0(@0= K/40B(4:%4(D 0B( )80/4( %6 0B( .%:C(01)>

1)0(4(@0@ 1@ *166(4()0= E@ 1@ .+(84 64%: 0B( Tj)*(: .8@(D C%@1012( %&+1>801%)@ 91++%60() 1)2%+2( (-C()*10/4(@D 8)* 0B(@( )((* 0% &( 9(1>B(* 8>81)@0 %0B(4 @%.18+

C41%4101(@D 480B(4 0B8) &8+8).(* 8>81)@0 8 41@A %6 B84: 0% 8 C4%0(.0(* 1)0(4(@0=

E0 0B( @8:( 01:(D 0B( 8&@().( %6 8)# (@08&+1@B(* 0(@0 %4 80 +(8@0 648:(9%4A 6%4

8@@(@@1)> 9B(0B(4 8 W080( 1@ /)*(4 8 C%@1012( %&+1>801%) 0% C4%21*( C4%0(.01%) 6%464((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) H 9B(0B(4 0B4%/>B 8 B%41i%)08+ 8CC+1.801%) %6 41>B0@ %4

*14(.0+# H 1@ C4%&+(:801.8+= E:%)> %0B(4 0B1)>@D 10 :(8)@ 0B80 0B( @.%C( %6 0B( 41>B00% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ /).+(84D &%0B 0% W080(@ 8)* 0% 0B%@( 9B% &()(610 64%: 0B(

41>B0=

J%@1012( %&+1>801%)@D C8401./+84+# %6 8 *14(.0 )80/4(D 84( 8+@% 4(+(28)0 0% 8)

8@@(@@:()0 %6 4(@041.01%)@ 1) 8)%0B(4 98#= fB(4( (66(.012(D C%@1012( :(8@/4(@ 91++()B8).( 0B( 64(( 6+%9 %6 1)6%4:801%) 8)* 1*(8@ 1) @%.1(0#D %60() .%)041&/01)> 0% 0B(

8&1+10# %6 8++ >4%/C@ 0% ()>8>( 1) (-C4(@@12( 8.012101(@ 0B4%/>B >4(80(4 *12(4@10# %6

0B( :(8)@ %6 .%::/)1.801%)= E@ @/.BD 0B(# .B8)>( 0B( /)*(4+#1)> ()214%):()0 H6%@0(41)> :%4( @C((.BD 9B1.B :8# 0B() &( :%4( (66(.012( 1) .%/)0(41)> b&8* @C((.Ba

H 8)* B().( 0B( .8+./+801%) %6 b)(.(@@10#a= $B1@ :8# &( C8401./+84+# 4(+(28)0D 6%4

(-8:C+(D 1) 8@@(@@1)> 9B(0B(4 48.1@0 @C((.B 1).10(@ 0% B804(*= fB(4( 0B( 48.1@0@C((.B 1@ (66(.012(+# .%/)0(4(*D 0B1@ 1@ +(@@ +1A(+# 0% &( 0B( .8@(= fB(4( %0B(4 2%1.(@

84( 6(9 %4 /)8&+( 0% (-C4(@@ 0B(:@(+2(@D 0B( 48.1@0 @C((.B 1@ :%4( +1A(+# 0% .4(80(B804(*=

!"#$%&'()

! fB80 @%40 %6 0(@0 :1>B0 &( 8CC+1(* 0% 8@@(@@ 9B(0B(4 %4 )%0 8 W080( 1@ /)*(4 8C%@1012( %&+1>801%) H %6 (10B(4 8 B%41i%)08+ %4 *14(.0 )80/4( H 0% C4%0(.0

64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)=

21Note 18, para. 43 et seq.22Note 20, paras. 77-87.


7/23

< ] 9B(0B(4 0B(4( B8@ &(() 8)

1)0(46(4().( 910B 0B( 41>B0 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)m

! ?@ 0B( */8+ (66(.012()(@@ 8)* C4%C%401%)8+10# 0(@0 6%4 8@@(@@1)> 0B( +(>101:8.#%6 :(8@/4(@ *(@1>)(* 0% C4%:%0( 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 0B( 41>B0 %)(m ?6 )%0D

9B80 @B%/+* 0B( 0(@0 &(m

CHD 6&-I',#, => J5K$B( 614@0 C840 %6 0B( 0B4((101:80( 1) @%:( .14./:@08).(@D

&/0 )%0 9B(4( 0B(# +1:10 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)= $B1@ 1@ 6814+# %&21%/@D 8@ 0B( 9B%+(81: %6 @/.B 8 +89 @B%/+* &( 0% ()@/4( 0B80 1)*121*/8+@ *% )%0 :8A( @080(:()0@

9B1.B .8/@( B84:= E@ 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 %6 Q/:8) R1>B0@ B8@ @080(*Y c0B( .101i():/@0 &( 8&+( 0% B82( 8) 1)*1.801%) 0B80 1@ 8*(L/80( 1) 0B( .14./:@08).(@ %6 0B( +(>8+

4/+(@ 8CC+1.8&+( 0% 8 >12() .8@(d=I^

?0 1@ .+(84 0B80 0B( 0(4: b+89a ().%:C8@@(@ *166(4()0 0#C(@ %6 +89@D 1).+/*1)>

8*:1)1@048012(D .121+ 8)* .41:1)8+ +89@D 8@ 9(++ 8@ 8 .%)@010/01%)=IN?0 1@ 8+@% .+(84 0B80

1) .%::%) +89 @#@0(:@D +(>8+ )%4:@ *(2(+%C(* 0B4%/>B 0B( .8@( +89 O1=(= .%::%)

+89 )%4:@S :((0 0B( 4(L/1@10( @08)*84*=X\

$B1@ 1@ C%0()018++# C4%&+(:801.8+D 1)C8401./+84 9B(4( 0B( 4(@041.01%) 1) L/(@01%) 8CC+1(@ 0% .4101.1@: %6 0B(8*:1)1@04801%) %6 F/@01.( %4D (2() :%4( @%D F/*>(@ 8@ 1)*121*/8+@D 8@ 910B 0B( +89 %)

.%)0(:C0 %6 .%/40= ?) @/.B .8@(@D 0B(4( 1@ )% @(C84801%) &(09(() :8A1)> 8)*

8CC+#1)> 0B( 4/+(@D C%0()018++# 8 &4(8.B %6 0B( 41>B0 0% 8) (66(.012( 4(:(*# 8@>/848)0((* E401.+( IOXS %6 0B( ?55JR=XM

?0 1@ +(@@ .+(84 0B80 @(.%)*84# )%4:@ %6 +89D @/.B 8@ 4(>/+801%)@ C8@@(* 0B(

(-(./012( /)*(4 0B( 8/0B%410# %6 C41:84# +(>1@+801%)D :((0 0B( @08)*84*@ %6

28The Sunday Times v. United Kingdom, 26 April 1979, Application No. 6538/74, para. 49.29

Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and Others v. Turkey, 13 February 2003, Application Nos. 41340/98,41342/98, 41343/98 and 41344/98 (European Court of Human Rights), para. 58 et seq.30The European Court of Human Rights has often accepted such norms as meeting the provided by law

part of the test for restrictions. See the Sunday Times, note 28, para. 47 and Observer and Guardian v.United Kingdom, 26 November 1991, Application No. 13585/88, para. 50-53.31In many common law countries, judges can issue a conviction for contempt of court in a mini-proceeding

inside of the main proceeding, immediately after the allegedly contemptuous statement has been made, or

by way of summary proceedings before the judge or court to whom or which the statements relate. The

South African Constitutional Court has ruled that this is a breach of the right to freedom of expression. See

State v. Mamabolo,2001(3) SA 409.


10/23

< M\ B0@ 8)* B%9 0B1@ :8# &( *%)(=

$B( ?)0(4B0@ 1@@/(* 8) E*21@%4# lC1)1%) %) 0B1@ 1@@/(1) MN^UDXI 1) 9B1.B 10 8@@(@@(* 0B( :(8)1)> %6 0B( 0(4: b+89a 1) E401.+( X\ %6 0B(

E5QRD 9B1.B @080(@Y

$B( 4(@041.01%)@ 0B80D C/4@/8)0 0% 0B1@ 5%)2()01%)D :8# &( C+8.(* %) 0B( ()F%#:()0 %4

(-(4.1@( %6 0B( 41>B0@ %4 64((*%:@ 4(.%>)1i(* B(4(1) :8# )%0 &( 8CC+1(* (-.(C0 1)

8..%4*8).( 910B +89@ ()8.0(* 6%4 4(8@%)@ %6 >()(48+ 1)0(4(@0 8)* 1) 8..%4*8).( 910B 0B(

C/4C%@( 6%4 9B1.B @/.B 4(@041.01%)@ B82( &(() (@08&+1@B(*=

$B( 5%/40 *(2%0(* @%:( 800()01%) 0% 0B( 1*(8 0B80 0B( :(8)1)> %6 0B1@ 0(4:

C4(.+/*(* (-(./012( 8.01%) 0% 4(@041.0 41>B0@D )%01)> 0B80 41>B0@ 4(C4(@()0 c1)21%+8&+(

80041&/0(@ %6 0B( 1)*121*/8+ 0B80 .8))%0 &( +(>101:80(+# 4(@041.0(* 0B4%/>B 0B((-(4.1@( %6 >%2(4):()08+ C%9(4dDXX 0B80 10 1@ c(@@()018+ 0B80 @080( 8.01%)@ 866(.01)>

&8@1. 41>B0@ )%0 &( +(60 0% 0B( *[email protected](01%) %6 0B( >%2(4):()0dDX[8)* 0B80 10 .8))%0 &(

0B( .8@( 0B80 c6/)*8:()08+ 41>B0@ .8) &( 4(@041.0(* 80 0B( @%+( *[email protected](01%) %6>%2(4):()08+ 8/0B%4101(@ 910B )% %0B(4 6%4:8+ +1:10801%) 0B8) 0B80 @/.B 4(@041.01%)@

&( @(0 %/0 1) C4%21@1%)@ %6 8 >()(48+ )80/4(d=XV$B( 5%/40 0B/@ B(+*Y

$B( 5%/40 .%).+/*(@ 0B80 0B( 9%4* h+89@Dh /@(* 1) E401.+( X\D .8) B82( )% %0B(4

:(8)1)> 0B8) 0B80 %6 6%4:8+ +89D 0B80 1@D 8 +(>8+ )%4: C8@@(* 0B( +(>1@+80/4( 8)*

C4%:/+>80(* 0B( ,-(./012( "48).BD C/4@/8)0 0% 0B( C4%.(*/4( @(0 %/0 1) 0B(

*%:(@01. +89 %6 (8.B W080(=XU

Q%9(2(4D 80 0B( ()* %6 0B( F/*>:()0D 0B( 5%/40 :8*( 0B( 6%++%91)> @080(:()0Y

$B( 8&%2( *%(@ )%0 )(.(@@841+# )(>80( 0B( C%@@1&1+10# %6 *(+(>801%)@ %6 8/0B%410# 1) 0B1@84(8D C4%21*(* 0B80 @/.B *(+(>801%)@ 84( 8/0B%41i(* 0B( 5%)@010/01%)D 84( (-(4.1@(*

910B1) 0B( +1:10@ 1:C%@(* 0B( 5%)@010/01%) 8)* 0B( *(+(>801)> +89D 8)* 0B80 0B(

(-(4.1@( %6 0B( C%9(4 *(+(>80(* 1@ @/&F(.0 0% (66(.012( .%)04%+@e=X]

$B1@D 4(8* 1) .%)F/).01%) 910B 0B( (84+1(4 @080(:()0@ %6 0B( 5%/40D @/>>(@0@ 0B80

C41:84# +(>1@+801%) */+# 8*%C0(* 0B( +(>1@+80/4( :1>B0 8++%.80( 0B( C%9(4 0% 0B((-(./012( %4 8) 8*:1)1@048012( &%*# 0% 1@@/( 4/+(@ +1:101)> 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)D

&/0 8CC4%C4180(+# .%)@0481)@ 0B(14 *[email protected](01%) 0% *% @%D 0B1@ 91++ C8@@ :/@0(4 /)*(4

0B( C4%21*(* +89 C840 %6 0B( 0(@0= fB80 9%/+* )%0 &( C(4:100(*D B%9(2(4D 9%/+*&( &4%8* 8++%.801%)@ %6 C%9(4 9B1.B *1* )%0 @/661.1()0+# .%)@0481) %661.18+ *[email protected](01%)D

@/.B 8@ 91*( C%9(4@ 0% 8 C4(@1*()0 0% 8*%C0 *(.4((@ %4 %4*1)8).(@ (66(.012(+# 0% 4/)

0B( .%/)04#D 1).+/*1)> */41)> 8 .+81:(* @080( %6 (:(4>().#=

32The Word Laws in Article 30 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion OC-6/86 of 9 May 1986, Series A, No. 6.33Ibid., para. 21.34Ibid., para. 22.35Ibid., para. 26.36Ibid., para. 27.37Ibid., para. 36.


11/23

< MM /+80%4 1@ >12() 0B( C%9(4 0% 8*%C0 8 &1)*1)> .%*( %6 .%)*/.0 6%4 0B(&4%8*.8@0 :(*18= l60()D 0B(@( +89@ >48)0 4(+8012(+# &4%8* *[email protected](01%)84# C%9(4@ 0%

4(>/+80%4@ 8@ 0% 9B80 :1>B0 &( 1).+/*(* 1) 0B(@( .%*(@= E0 0B( @8:( 01:(D 0B1@ 1@%60() .%)@1*(4(* 0% &( 0B( +(8@0 1)04/@12( :8))(4 %6 C4%:%01)> C4%6(@@1%)8+@08)*84*@ 1) &4%8*.8@01)> 8)* C4%0(.01)> 21(9(4@ 8)* +1@0()(4@ 8>81)@0 C%0()018+

B84:=

E 4(+80(*D &/0 @+1>B0+# *166(4()0 C%1)0D 1@ 0B80 +89@ 4(@041.01)> 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)

@B%/+* )%0 >48)0 (-(./012( %4 8*:1)1@048012( 8/0B%4101(@ (-.(@@12(+# &4%8**[email protected](01%)84# C%9(4@ 0% +1:10 (-C4(@@1%)= ?) 2& F#-)'$. H$*1 )#7 I$7&. ;::'&,$)-$.#G.,$&-E %B F#-)'$. J.)'7 .< 6(.'(D 0B( l)0841% Q1>B 5%/40 .%)@1*(4(* 8 +89 >48)01)>0B( "%84* %6 5()@%4@ 0B( C%9(4 0% .()@%4 8)# 61+: 10 *1* )%0 8CC4%2( %6= ?) @041A1)>*%9) 0B( +89D 0B( 5%/40 )%0(* 0B80 0B( (21+@ %6 28>/()(@@ (-0()* 0% @10/801%)@ 1)

9B1.B /)6(00(4(* *[email protected](01%) 1@ >48)0(* 0% C/&+1. 8/0B%4101(@ 4(@C%)@1&+( 6%4()6%4.1)> 0B( +89Y

?0 1@ 8..(C0(* 0B80 +89 .8))%0 &( 28>/(D /)*(61)(*D 8)* 0%08++# *[email protected](01%)84#Z 10 :/@0 &(

8@.(4081)8&+( 8)* /)*(4@08)*8&+(= E)# +1:10@ C+8.(* %) 0B( 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)

.8))%0 &( +(60 0% 0B( 9B1: %6 8) %661.18+Z @/.B +1:10@ :/@0 &( 8401./+80(* 910B @%:(

C4(.1@1%) %4 0B(# .8))%0 &( .%)@1*(4(* 0% &( +89=X^

$B( PG Q/:8) R1>B0@ 5%::100(( B8@ 8+@% (-C4(@@(* .%).(4) 8&%/0 (-.(@@12(*[email protected](01%)D @C(.161.8++# 1) 0B( .%)0(-0 %6 &4%8*.8@0 +1.()@1)>Y

$B( 5%::100(( (-C4(@@(@ 10@ .%).(4) e 8&%/0 0B( 6/).01%)@ %6 0B( G801%)8+

5%::/)1.801%)@ E>().#D 9B1.B 1@ 8008.B(* 0% 0B( '1)1@04# %6 n/@01.( 8)* B8@ 9B%++#*[email protected](01%)84# C%9(4 0% >48)0 %4 *()# +1.().(@ 0% 48*1% 8)* 0(+(21@1%) &4%8*.8@0(4@=XN

E)%0B(4 8@C(.0 %6 0B( 4(L/14(:()0 0B80 4(@041.01%)@ &( C4%21*(* +89 1@ 0B80 0B(+89 :/@0 &( >12( 8*(L/80( )%01.( 0% 0B%@( @/&F(.0 0% 10 %6 9B80 (-8.0+# 1@ C4%B1&10(*=

l0B(491@(D 0B(@( +89@ 91++ (-(40 8) /)8..(C08&+( c.B1++1)> (66(.0d %) 64((*%: %6

(-C4(@@1%) 8@ 1)*121*/8+@ @08# 9(++ .+(84 %6 0B( C%0()018+ i%)( %6 8CC+1.801%) 1) %4*(40% 82%1* .()@/4(= E@ 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 B8@ @080(*Y

_E` )%4: .8))%0 &( 4(>84*(* 8@ 8 c+89d /)+(@@ 10 1@ 6%4:/+80(* 910B @/661.1()0 C4(.1@1%)

0% ()8&+( 0B( .101i() 0% 4(>/+80( B1@ .%)*/.0Y B( :/@0 &( 8&+( H 16 )((* &( 910B

8CC4%C4180( 8*21.( H 0% 6%4(@((D 0% 8 *(>4(( 0B80 1@ 4(8@%)8&+( 1) 0B( .14./:@08).(@D 0B(

.%)@(L/().(@ 9B1.B 8 >12() @10/801%) :8# ()081+=[\

K/40B(4:%4(D 28>/( C4%21@1%)@ 84( @/@.(C01&+( %6 91*( 1)0(4C4(0801%) &%0B

8/0B%4101(@ 8)* 0B%@( @/&F(.0 0% 0B( +89= E@ 8 4(@/+0D 0B(# 84( 8) 1)210801%) 0% 8&/@(

38(1983) 31 O.R. (2d) 583 (Ont. H.C.), p. 592.39Concluding Observations on Kyrgyzstans Initial Report, 24 July 2000, CCPR/CO/69/KGZ, para. 21.40Sunday Times, note 28, para. 49.


12/23


13/23

< MX 8+ *(61)101%)d=[V?) 2.((%B 6)#)7)D 0B( Q/:8) R1>B0@ 5%::100(( 4(.%>)1@(* 0B( c28>/( .410(418 %6 0B(C4%21@1%)@d 1) L/(@01%)D &/0 4(+1(* B(821+# %) 0B( W/C4(:( 5%/40 %6 58)8*8 1)

B%+*1)> 0B80 0B(# 9(4( )%)(0B(+(@@ @/661.1()0 0% C8@@ :/@0(4 8@ &(1)> C4%21*(* +89=[U$B( 4/+(@ 1) L/(@01%) C4%B1&10(* *[email protected]:1)801%) 1) 0B( C4%21@1%) %6 @(421.(@

8)* (@08&+1@B(* 8 91*( 48)>( %6 4(:(*1(@ 0% 8**4(@@ *[email protected]:1)801%) 9B(4( 10 *%(@%../4=[]

!"#$%&'($)

! WB%/+* 10 &( %C() 0% 0B( .%/40@ 0% *(2(+%C .%::%) +89 4/+(@ 9B1.B 4(@041.064((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)m fB80 8&%/0 4/+(@ 9B1.B 81: 0% C4%0(.0 0B(

8*:1)1@04801%) %6 F/@01.(m l4 F/*>(@m! WB%/+* 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 8*%C0(* 8*:1)1@048012(

&%*1(@ &( .%)@1*(4(* 0% :((0 0B( @08)*84* %6 C4%21*(* +89m ?6 @%D 9B80

.%)@0481)0@ %) 0B(14 *[email protected](01%) 0% 8*%C0 @/.B 4/+(@ 84( )(.(@@84#m fB80 +1:10@%) *[email protected](01%) 84( )(.(@@84# 6%4 %0B(4 8*:1)1@048012( 8.0@ 0% &( .%)@1*(4(*

28+1*m! fB80 *(>4(( %6 28>/()(@@ 1) 8 +89 1@ 8..(C08&+(m 58) C41).1C+(@ %) 0B1@ &(

6%4:/+80(* %4 *%(@ 10 +84>(+# *(C()* %) 0B( .14./:@08).(@m

HD J#*'%'.5%# L'.$B( @(.%)* C840 %6 0B( 0(@0 6%4 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1@ 0B80 0B(

4(@041.01%) :/@0 &( 6%4 0B( C4%0(.01%) %6 8 +(>101:80( 8)* %2(441*1)> 1)0(4(@0= $B( +1@0%6 1)0(4(@0@ 1) E401.+( MNOXS %6 0B( ?55JR 1@ (-.+/@12( 1) 0B( @()@( 0B80 0B(@( 84( 0B(

%)+# 1)0(4(@0@ 9B%@( C4%0(.01%) :1>B0 F/@016# 8 4(@041.01%) %) 64((*%: %6

(-C4(@@1%)=[^?)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ 2(4# 484(+# @041A( *%9) 8 4(@041.01%) %) 0B( &8@1@

%6 0B1@ C840 %6 0B( 0(@0D 8)* 0B( F/41@C4/*().( 4(>84*1)> 10 1@ 4(+8012(+#/)*(4*(2(+%C(*=

?) 8@@(@@1)> 9B(0B(4 8 4(@041.01%) %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 8**4(@@(@ 8 +(>101:80(

81:D 10 @((:@ .+(84 0B80 &%0B 10@ C/4C%@( 8)* 10@ (66(.0 @B%/+* &( 08A() 1)0% 8..%/)0=$B( W/C4(:( 5%/40 %6 58)8*8 B8@ B(+* 0B80 9B(4( 0B( %41>1)8+ C/4C%@( 98@ 0%

8.B1(2( 8) 81: %0B(4 0B8) %)( %6 0B%@( +1@0(*D 0B( 4(@041.01%) .8))%0 &( /CB(+*Y

_"`%0B C/4C%@( 8)* (66(.0 84( 4(+(28)0 1) *(0(4:1)1)> .%)@010/01%)8+10#Z (10B(4 8)

/).%)@010/01%)8+ C/4C%@( %4 8) /).%)@010/01%)8+ (66(.0 .8) 1)28+1*80( +(>1@+801%)=[N

K/40B(4:%4(D 0B( ?)*18) W/C4(:( 5%/40 B8@ B(+* 0B80 4(@041.01%)@ :/@0 &((-.+/@12(+#D )%0 F/@0 08)>()018++#D *14(.0(* 0%984*@ 0B( +(>101:80( 81:Y

4525 November 1996, Application No. 17419/90, para. 42.4618 October 2000, Communication No. 736/1997, para. 11.4.47Ross, a teacher who had published anti-Semitic work, was removed from his position as a teacher and

transferred to a non-teaching position.48SeeMukong v. Cameroon, note 11, para. 9.7 (UN Human Rights Committee).49R. v. Big M Drug Mart Ltd., [1985] 1 SCR 295, p.331.


14/23

< M[ 8@ 0B( C%@@1&1+10# _%6 8 4(@041.01%)` &(1)> 8CC+1(* 6%4 C/4C%@(@ )%0 @8).01%)(*

0B( 5%)@010/01%) .8))%0 &( 4/+(* %/0D 10 :/@0 &( B(+* 0% &( 9B%++# /).%)@010/01%)8+ 8)*

2%1*=V\

?) 8@@(@@1)> 0B1@D .%/40@ >% &(#%)* 0B( >()(48+ 81: 0B( +89 @(42(@ 8)* +%%A 80 10@

@C(.161. %&F(.012(@= E@ 0B( 58)8*18) W/C4(:( 5%/40 B8@ @080(*Y

n/@0161.801%) /)*(4 @=M 4(L/14(@ :%4( 0B8) 0B( >()(48+ >%8+ %6 C4%0(.01%) 64%: B84:.%::%) 0% 8++ .41:1)8+ +(>1@+801%)Z 10 4(L/14(@ 8 @C(.161. C/4C%@( @% C4(@@1)> 8)*

@/&@08)018+ 8@ 0% &( .8C8&+( %6 %2(441*1)> 0B( 5B840(4a@ >/848)0((@= VM

E401.+( X\ %6 0B( E5QRD )%0(* 8&%2(D 4(.%>)1@(@ 8@ +(>101:80( %)+# 4(@041.01%)@ 9B1.B84( 8CC+1(* 6%4 0B( C/4C%@( 6%4 9B1.B 0B(# 9(4( 8*%C0(*=VI

?)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@D B%9(2(4D B82( 0()*(* 0% +1:10 0B(14 8)8+#@1@ /)*(4 0B1@ C840 %60B( 0(@0 0% .%)@1*(41)> 9B(0B(4 0B( +89 1) L/(@01%) .%/+* C+8/@1&+# @(42( %)( %6 0B(

+(>101:80( 81:@ +1@0(*= $B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40D 6%4 (-8:C+(D *%(@ )%0 8@@(@@ 9B(0B(40B( C41:84# C/4C%@( %6 0B( 1:C/>)(* C4%21@1%) 1@ 0% C4%0(.0 0B( +(>101:80( 81:D 8)*10 +(82(@ 0B( L/(@01%) %6 9B(0B(4 8) 1)0(4(@0 1@ bC4(@@1)> 8)* @/&@08)018+a ()%/>B 0%

98448)0 %2(441*1)> 8 6/)*8:()08+ 41>B0 0% 0B( )(.(@@10# C840 %6 0B( 8)8+#@1@=

$B1@ 84>/8&+# /)*(4:1)(@ 0B( +%>1. 8)* 41>%/4 %6 0B( 0B4(( 0%%

:/.B 0% B1)>( %) 0B( )(.(@@10# 8)8+#@1@ 8)* 681+1)> 0% ()6%4.( 0B( .%)*101%)@ 0B(+(>101:80( 81: C840 %6 0B( 0(@0 98@ *(@1>)(* 0% 1:C%@(= '8)# %6 0B( 1)0(4(@0@ +1@0(*

1) E401.+( MNOXS %6 0B( ?55JR H 1).+/*1)> 0B( 41>B0@ %6 %0B(4@D C/&+1. :%48+@D )801%)8+@(./410# 8)* C/&+1. %4*(4 H 84( L/10( >()(48+ 1) )80/4(= E :%4( 41>%4%/@ 8CC+1.801%)

%6 0B( +(>101:80( 81: C840 %6 0B( 0(@0 .%/+* 4/+( %/0 0B%@( 8@C(.0@ %6 0B(@( 1)0(4(@0@

9B1.B *% )%0 98448)0 +1:101)> 8 6/)*8:()08+ B/:8) 41>B0=

l)( %6 0B( :%@0 >()(48+ 1)0(4(@0@ +1@0(* 1) E401.+( MNOXS %6 0B( ?55JR 1@ 0B( 41>B0@ %6

%0B(4@D 9B1.B ().%:C8@@(@ 8) (-04(:(+# 91*( 48)>( %6 C%0()018+ 4(8@%)@ 0% +1:1064((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)= ?0 1@ .+(84 64%: 2.(( %B 6)#)7) 0B80 0B1@ 1).+/*(@ 41>B0@ B(+* >4%/C@ %4 .%::/)101(@D 8@ 9(++ 8@ 1)*121*/8+@=VX

?0 :1>B0 &( 84>/(* 0B80 1).+/*(@ %)+# 41>B0@ 0B80 84( C4%0(.0(* /)*(4 1)0(4)801%)8+

B/:8) 41>B0@ +89= $B1@ 1@@/( B8@ )%0 &(() 8**4(@@(* *14(.0+# 1) 0B( F/41@C4/*().(D&/0 1) C48.01.(D 1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ *% )%0 08A( 0B1@ 8CC4%8.B= K%4 (-8:C+(D 1)

6)()7. 6.,) %B G:)$#D 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 B(+* 0B80 8 &8) %) 8*2(401@1)> +89#(4@

B8* 0B( 81: %6 ()@/41)> 0B80 0B(# 9(4( c*[email protected]((0D B%)(@0 8)* *1>)161(*d=V[fB1+( 0B1@1@ )% *%/&0 8 9%40B# >%8+D 10 B84*+# L/8+161(@ 8@ 8 6/)*8:()08+ B/:8) 41>B0=

50Thappar v. State of Madras, [1950] SCR 594, p.603.51R. v. Zundel, [1992] 2 SCR 731, p.733.52See also Principle 6 of the Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in theInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , 28 September 1984, UN Doc. E/CN .4/1985/4.53Note 23, para. 11.5.54Note 25, para. 46.


15/23


16/23

< MU B(@0

%4*(4D /C%) 9B1.B 0B( C4%0(.01%) %6 8++ B/:8) 41>B0@D 1)*((* %/4 9B%+( 98# %6 +16(D*(C()*@= l) 0B( %0B(4 B8)*D 10 1@ 2(4# *1661./+0 6%4 )%) F/*>(@D 0%

/)*(4@08)* 8)* 8@@(@@ 9B80 .%)@010/0(@ 8 0B4(80 0% @(./410#D /)*(4:1)1)> %2(4@1>B0:(.B8)1@:@= $B1@ C4%&+(: 1@ .%:C%/)*(* 0B( @B4%/* %6 @(.4(.#D @%:(01:(@

+(>101:80(D 0B80 @/44%/)*@ )801%)8+ @(./410# :800(4@= E@ W:%++8 B8@ C%1)0(* %/0Y

Q1@0%4# 1@ 4(C+(0( 910B (-8:C+(@ %6 >%2(4):()0 (66%40@ 0% @/CC4(@@ @C((.B %) 0B(

>4%/)*@ 0B80 (:(4>().# :(8@/4(@ 84( )(.(@@84# 6%4 @/42128+ 0B80 1) 4(04%@C(.0 8CC(84

C8)1.A#D *1@1)>()/%/@D %4 @1++#=V^

$B( C4%&+(: 1@ @/.B 0B80 (2() (66%40@ 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) C4%C%)()0@ 0%

*(61)( 0B( )801%) B82( )%0 8+98#@ &(() @/..(@@6/+= $B( N.4)##&(L0'3 8'$#,$:*&(OP)-$.#)* G&,0'$-EQ H'&&7.1 .< 9R:'&(($.# )#7 ;,,&(( -. 5#


17/23

< M] 9B(0B(4 %4 )%0 0B( &8) @(42(* 8 )801%)8+ @(./410#

>%8+ 1) 0B( 614@0 C+8.(=UI

E) (2() :%4( @/4C41@1)> .8@( 1)2%+2(* 8 W9(*1@B )801%)8+ 9B% 98@ *1@:1@@(* 64%:8 F%& 910B 0B( W9(*1@B >%2(4):()0 %) )801%)8+ @(./410# >4%/)*@D &/0 98@ 4(6/@(*

8..(@@ 0% 0B( 1)6%4:801%) 9B1.B C4%21*(* 0B( &8@1@ 6%4 B1@ *1@:1@@8+= $B( ,/4%C(8)5%/40 6%/)* 8) 1)0(46(4().( 910B C41280( +16( &/0 B(+* 0B80 0B1@ 98@ F/@0161(* 8@)(.(@@84# 0% C4%0(.0 W9(*()a@ )801%)8+ @(./410#D (2() 0B%/>B )% *14(.0 (21*().( 98@

C4(@()0(* %6 0B( 8++(>(* 0B4(80= $B( 5%/40 98@ C4(C84(* 0% 8..(C0 0B80 %661.18+

@86(>/84*@ 8>81)@0 8&/@( %6 0B( @#@0(: 9(4( @/661.1()0=UX $() #(84@ +80(4D 10048)@C14(* 0B80 0B( 1)*121*/8+ B8* &(() 614(* 6%4 B1@ C%+101.8+ &(+1(6@ 8)* 0B80 0B(

W9(*1@B 8/0B%4101(@ B8* @1:C+# :1@+(* 0B( 5%/40=U[

!"#$%&'($)

! ?@ 10 ()%/>B 6%4 1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ 0% 8@@(@@ 9B(0B(4 8 +89 .%/+* @(42( %)(%6 0B( +(>101:80( 1)0(4(@0@ C4%0(.0(* /)*(4 1)0(4)801%)8+ +89 /)*(4 0B(

+(>101:80( 81: C840 %6 0B( 0(@0m l4 @B%/+* 0B(# >% 6/40B(4 0% 8@@(@@ 9B(0B(4@/.B C4%0(.01%) 1@ 8 A(# C/4C%@( %6 0B( +89 %4 C4%21@1%) 8)*D 6/40B(4:%4(D9B(0B(4 %4 )%0 0B80 @C(.161. C/4C%@( 1@ @/661.1()0+# 1:C%408)0 0% 98448)0

%2(441*1)> 8 6/)*8:()08+ B/:8) 41>B0m! WB%/+* 0B( 4(6(4().( 0% c41>B0@ %6 %0B(4@d 1) E401.+( MNOXS %6 0B( ?55JR &(

/)*(4@0%%* 8@ &(1)> +1:10(* 0% 0B( B/:8) 41>B0@ %6 %0B(4@D %4 @B%/+* 10

(-0()* 0% 8++ 41>B0@ C4%0(.0(* +89m ?) 0B( +800(4 .8@(D 9B80 .%)*101%)@:1>B0 &( C+8.(* %) 0B1@ )%01%) 0% 82%1* 10 @(41%/@+# /)*(4:1)1)> 0B1@ C840 %6

0B( 0(@0m! Q%9 .8) %0B(4 C4%0(.0(* 1)0(4(@0@ H 1).+/*1)> C/&+1. :%48+@D C/&+1. %4*(4D

)801%)8+ @(./410# H &( *(61)(* :%4( )844%9+#m

HCD A#(#$$5&>$B( 0B14* C840 %6 0B( 0(@0 1@ 0B80 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) :/@0 &(

c)(.(@@84#d 0% C4%0(.0 0B( 1)0(4(@0 1*()0161(* /)*(4 0B( @(.%)* C840 %6 0B( 0(@0= $B1@1@ 0B( C840 %6 0B( 0(@0 /C%) 9B1.B 0B( +(>101:8.# %6 8 4(@041.01%) B8)>@ 1) 0B( 28@0

:8F%410# %6 1)0(4)801%)8+ .8@(@= P)+1A( 0B( %0B(4 09%D 0B1@ C840 %6 0B( 0(@0 C4(@()0@ 8B1>B @08)*84* 0% &( %2(4.%:( 0B( W080( @((A1)> 0% F/@016# 0B( 4(@041.01%)D

8CC84()0 64%: 0B( 6%++%91)> L/%0801%)D .10(* 4(C(80(*+# 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40Y

K4((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)D 8@ ()@B41)(* 1) E401.+( M\D 1@ @/&F(.0 0% 8 )/:&(4 %6 (-.(C01%)@

9B1.BD B%9(2(4D :/@0 &( )844%9+# 1)0(4C4(0(* 8)* 0B( )(.(@@10# 6%4 8)# 4(@041.01%)@:/@0 &( .%)21).1)>+# (@08&+1@B(*=UV

62Observer and Guardian v. United Kingdom, 26 November 1991, Application No. 13585/88, paras. 56-71.63Leander v. Sweden, 26 March 1987, Application No. 9248/81.64On 27 November 1997 the Swedish government officially recognised that there were never any grounds

to label Leander a security risk and that he was wrongfully dismissed. They also paid him compensation

of 400,000 Swedish crowns (approximately US$48,000).65See, for example, Thorgeirson v. Iceland, 25 June 1992, Application No. 13778/88, para. 63.


18/23

< M^ d %4 c@/&@08)018+ )((*d 6%4 0B( 4(@041.01%)=UU$B1@8@@(@@:()0 9%/+* @((: 0% 8+1>) :%4( +%>1.8++# 910B 0B( L/(@01%) %6 9B(0B(4 %4 )%0

0B( 4(@041.01%) @(42(* 8 +(>101:80( 81: &/0D 1) C48.01.(D :%@0 1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@.%)@1*(4 10 /)*(4 0B1@ C840 %6 0B( 0(@0=

W(.%)*D 10 B8@ &(() B(+* 0B80 0B( :(8@/4(@ 0% C4%0(.0 0B( 41>B0 :/@0 &( 4801%)8++#

.%))(.0(* 0% 0B( %&F(.012( %6 C4%0(.01)> 0B( 1)0(4(@0D 1) 0B( @()@( 0B80 0B(# 84(

.84(6/++# *(@1>)(* @% 8@ 0% &( 0B( +(8@0 1)04/@12( :(8@/4(@ 9B1.B 9%/+* (66(.012(+#

C4%0(.0 10= $B1@ 1@ @%:(B%9 %&21%/@ @1).( 9B() 4(@041.01)> 41>B0@ %)( :8# )%0 c/@( 8@+(*>(101:80( 1)0(4(@0`D 0B80 9B1.B

+(8@0 4(@041.0@ 0B( 41>B0 C4%0(.0(* :/@0 &( @(+(.0(*=U]W1:1+84+#D 0B( W/C4(:( 5%/40 %658)8*8 B8@ B(+*Y

K14@0D 0B( :(8@/4(@ 8*%C0(* :/@0 &( .84(6/++# *(@1>)(* 0% 8.B1(2( 0B( %&F(.012( 1)

L/(@01%)= $B(# :/@0 )%0 &( 84&10484#D /)6814D %4 &8@(* %) 144801%)8+ .%)@1*(4801%)@= ?)

@B%40D 0B(# :/@0 &( 4801%)8++# .%))(.0(* 0% 0B( %&F(.012(=U^

E) (-8:C+( %6 0B1@ :1>B0 &( @#@0(:@ 6%4 4(>/+801)> B84:6/+ .%)0()0 1) &4%8*.8@01)>=?) @%:( .%/)041(@D *14(.0+# 8CC+1.8&+( .%)0()0 C4%B1&101%)@ 84( 6%/)* 1) 0B( C41:84#

+(>1@+801%)= ?) %0B(4@D 0B( +89 C4%21*(@ 6%4 0B( 4(>/+80%4 0% 9%4A 910B @08A(B%+*(4@D

1).+/*1)> &4%8*.8@0(4@D 0% *(2(+%C 8 .%*( %6 .%)*/.0 9B1.B 10 8CC+1(@ 0B4%/>B 8@#@0(: %6 .%:C+81)0@ +(8*1)> :81)+# 0% 984)1)>@ 6%4 &4(8.B= ?)8@:/.B 8@ 0B( +800(4

1@ (66(.012( 8)* #(0 +(@@ 1)04/@12(D 10 1@ :8)*80(* 0B( )(.(@@10# C840 %6 0B( 0(@0=

$B(4( 1@ )% 4(8@%) 9B# 0B1@ @B%/+* )%0 8+@% (-0()* 0% @(+6/+80%4# @#@0(:@ 6%4 0B(:(*18= $B/@D 16 8) (66(.012( @(+6/+80%4# @#@0(: 1@ 8281+8&+(D 10 91++ &( *1661./+0 0%

F/@016# +8#(41)> 8 @080/0%4# @#@0(: %2(4 0B1@=

E .+%@(+# 4(+80(* &/0 *166(4()0 )%01%) 1@ 0B80 8 4(@041.01%) @B%/+* )%0 &( %2(4&4%8* 1)0B( @()@( 0B80 10 084>(0@ )%0 %)+# 0B( B84:6/+ @C((.B &/0 8+@% +(>101:80( @C((.B= l).(

8>81)D 0B1@ :8A(@ %&21%/@ @()@( @1).( 10 1@ )%0 8CC4%C4180( 0% >% 6/40B(4 0B8) 1@

)(.(@@84# 8)* +1:10 C4%0(.0(* @080(:()0@= E@ 0B( ?)0(4 >%2(4):()08+ 1)0(4(@0@D :/@0 &( @% 648:(* 8@ )%0 0% +1:10 0B(

41>B0 C4%0(.0(* E401.+( MX :%4( 0B8) 1@ )(.(@@84#=dUN$B( PW W/C4(:( 5%/40 B8@

@1:1+84+# 984)(* 8>81)@0 0B( *8)>(4@ %6 %2(4&4%8* 4(@041.01%) %) @C((.BY

66See, for example, Lingens v. Austria, 8 July 1986, Application No. 9815/82, para. 39 (European Court ofHuman Rights).67Compulsory Membership, note 8, para. 46.68R. v. Oakes, [1986] 1 SCR 103, pp.138-139.69Compulsory Membership, note 8, para. 46.


19/23

< MN 64((*%:%6 (-C4(@@1%) 0% C4%0(.0 8) %2(441*1)> C/&+1. %4 C41280( 41>B0D 8+0B%/>B 0B(# :8# )%0

1>)%4( 8) %&21%/@ %C01%)= W1:1+84+#D (2() 0B( :%@0 .84(6/++# *(@1>)(* 4(@041.01%)@:8# %..8@1%)8++# &( 8CC+1(* 1) 8 :8))(4 0B80 %2(4@0(C@ 8CC4%C4180( &%/)*@=

$B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 %6 Q/:8) R1>B0@ 8**4(@@(@ 0B1@D 1) C840D 0B4%/>B 0B(8CC+1.801%) %6 0B( *%.041)( %6 0B( c:84>1) %6 8CC4(.1801%)d= $B/@D 1) ;41&7 )#7F-4&'( %B "#$-&7 K$#37.1D 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40D 8@@(@@1)> )(9 4(>/+801%)@ 9B1.B4(@041.0(* 0B( C%+101.8+ 8.012101(@ %6 %661.18+@D @080(*Y

Against that background, the introduction of the Regulations had to be considered a

proportionate response to a real need which had been properly identified and addressed inaccordance with the respondent States margin of appreciation in this sector.71

$B1@ :8# &( 4(8@%)8&+(D &/0 10 +8.A@ +%>1.8+ C4(.1@1%)= J/0 *166(4()0+#D 0B( 5%/40 B8@

681+(* 0% *(2(+%C .+(84 C41).1C+(@ 4(>84*1)> 0B( 8CC+1.801%) %6 0B( :84>1) %68CC4(.1801%)=]I

K1)8++#D 10 1@ 9(++ (@08&+1@B(* 0B80 4(@041.01%)@ :/@0 :((0 8 @%40 %6 C4%C%401%)8+10#0(@0D 9B(4( 0B( &()(610 1) 0(4:@ %6 C4%0(.01)> 0B( 1)0(4(@0 :/@0 &( >4(80(4 0B8) 0B(

B84: .8/@(* 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)= l0B(491@(D %) &8+8).(D 0B( 4(@041.01%) .8))%0&( F/@0161(* 8@ &(1)> 1) 0B( %2(48++ C/&+1. 1)0(4(@0= $B1@ >%(@ 0% 0B( @/&@08).( %6 8

4(@041.01%)D 8@ 9(++ 8@ 0% 8)# @8).01%) 1:C%@(* 6%4 &4(8.B %6 10=]X

l2(48++D 0B( 1)0(4(@0@ *((:(* 0% 9B1.B :8# F/@016# 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6

(-C4(@@1%) :8# &( *121*(* 4%/>B+# 1)0% C41280( 8)* C/&+1. .80(>%41(@= fB()

1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ 84( 68.(* 910B .+81:@ &8@(* %) C41280( 1)0(4(@0@D 0B(# 0()* 0%8@@(@@ 0B( 8.0/8+ *8:8>( .8/@(* 0B( @080(:()0@D][&/0 9B() 68.(* 910B .+81:@

&8@(* %) C/&+1. 1)0(4(@0@D @/.B 8@ )801%)8+ @(./410# 8)* C/&+1. :%48+@D 0B(# 84( :%4(

70Shelton v. Tucker, 364 US 479 (1960), p. 488. See alsoR. v. Oakes, note 68, pp. 138-9: Second, themeans, even if rationally connected to the objective in this first sense, should impair as little as possible

the right or freedom in question.71

2 September 1998, Application No. 22954/93, para. 59.72The Court has held that the margin is wider in relation to restrictions aimed at protecting moral values

than restrictions on political speech (see Wingrove v. United Kingdom, 25 November 1996, Application No.17419/90, para. 58), but this is not the same as principles governing when it may be applied.73See, for example, Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. United Kingdom, 13 July 1995, Application No. 18139/91(European Court of Human Rights).74Of course there are exceptions to this. Thus, in Goodwin v. United Kingdom, 27 March 1996, ApplicationNo. 17488/90, the European Court of Human Rights was faced with an injunction against publication, and

the harm was projected rather than actual. In many cases, the precise extent of the harm for example froma defamatory statement is not clear, but the existence of (at least some) harm is still established.


20/23

< I\ B0 0% 8**4(@@ 0B1@ 4(L/141)> 8 .+%@( )(-/@&(09(() 0B( 1:C/>)(* @C((.B 8)* 0B( 41@A %6 B84:= $B/@D 0B( W/C4(:( 5%/40 %6

?)*18 B8@ )%0(*Y

$B( 8)01.1C80(* *8)>(4 @B%/+* )%0 &( 4(:%0(D .%)F(.0/48+ %4 684 6(0.B(*= ?0 @B%/+* B82(

C4%-1:80( 8)* *14(.0 )(-/@ 910B 0B( (-C4(@@1%)= $B( (-C4(@@1%) @B%/+* &( 1)041)@1.8++#

*8)>(4%/@e= ?) %0B(4 9%4*@D 0B( (-C4(@@1%) @B%/+* &( 1)@(C848&+# +%.A(* /C 910B 0B(

8.01%) .%)0(:C+80(* +1A( 0B( (L/128+()0 %6 8 b@C84A 1) 8 C%9*(4 A(>a=]U

?) 8 .8@( 64%: W%/0B E641.8D GB %B P)-4$&D 0B( 8CC(++8)0 98@ .B84>(* 910B 1).101)>%66().(@ 8>81)@0 0B( T4%/C E4(8@ E.0 1) 0B( .%)0(-0 %6 C4%0(@0@ 8>81)@0 0B( 4(:%28+ %6

?)*18)@ 64%: .(4081) 84(8@= $B( 8CC(++8)0 @080(*D $#-&' )*$)Y c? 98)0 0% *(.+84( 0B80 0%4(:81) @1+()0 1) 0B( 68.( %6 C(4@(./01%) 1@ 8) 8.0 %6 @/C4(:( .%984*1.(= "8@1. +89@ %6

B/:8) &(B821%/4 4(L/14( /@ 0% @08)* 8)* 61>B0 8>81)@0 1)F/@01.( 8)* 1)B/:8)10#=d $B(

5%/40 4(F(.0(* 0B( W080(a@ .+81: %6 1).10(:()0 0% .41:(D B%+*1)> 0B80 @1).( 0B( C8@@8>( 1)L/(@01%) *1* )%0 .%)081) c8)# /)(L/12%.8+ *14(.01%) 0% 0B( +1@0()(4@ 0% 4(6/@( 0% %&(#

4(:%28+ %4*(4@d 10 *1* )%0 .%)0482()( 0B( +89=]]

J(4B8C@ 0B( .+(84(@0 8)* @04%)>(@0 @080(:()0 %6 0B( )((* 6%4 8 .+%@( +1)A &(09(() 8)

(-C4(@@1%) 8)* 0B( 41@A %6 B84: &(6%4( 0B( 6%4:(4 :8# &( 4(@041.0(* .%:(@ 64%: 0B(P)10(* W080(@D 9B(4( 0B( W/C4(:( 5%/40 B8@ B(+*Y

_$`B( .%)@010/01%)8+ >/848)0((@ %6 64(( @C((.B 8)* 64(( C4(@@ *% )%0 C(4:10 8 @080( 0% 6%4&1*

%4 C4%@.41&( 8*2%.8.# %6 0B( /@( %6 6%4.( %4 %6 +89 21%+801%) (-.(C0 9B(4( @/.B 8*2%.8.# 1@

*14(.0(* 0% 1).101)> %4 C4%*/.1)> 1::1)()0 +89+(@@ 8.01%) 8)* 1@ +1A(+# 0% 1).10( %4 C4%*/.(

@/.B 8.01%)=]^

$B1@ +800(4 (@08&+1@B(@ 8 .+(84 0(@0 0% &( 8CC+1(*= ?)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@D B%9(2(4D B82(

)%0 &(() @% C4(@.41C012(D 0()*1)> 0% 4(+# 1)@0(8* %) 8 91*( 48)>( %6 .%)0(-0/8+

68.0%4@ 9B() 8@@(@@1)> )801%)8+ @(./410# 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)=$B(@( *% 1).+/*( 0B( )80/4( %6 0B( +1)A &(09(() 0B( (-C4(@@1%) 8)* 0B( 41@A %6 B84:D

&/0 84( )%0 +1:10(* 0% 10=]N

!"#$%&'($)

75For purposes of this analysis, hate speech rules are deemed to protect a public interest equality or

public order although in Ross, they were also considered as protection of the rights of a group.76S. Rangarajan v. P.J. Ram[1989](2) SCR 204, p. 226.77[1964](3) SA 588 (A), p. 595 A-D.78395 U.S. 444, 447 (1969).79See, for example,Zana v. Turkey, 25 November 1997, Application No. 18954/91 (European Court ofHuman Rights),Incal v. Turkey , 9 June 1998, Application No. 22678/93 (European Court of HumanRights) and Arslan v. Turkey, 8 July 1999, Application No. 23462/94 (European Court of Human Rights).


21/23

< IM 9B(0B(4 8 :(8@/4( 1@ 0B( +(8@0 1)04/@12( :(8)@ 0% C4%0(.0 8)1)0(4(@0D @B%/+* )%) @#@0(:@D @/.B 8@ :(*18 @(+6/+80%4#.%:C+81)0@ @#@0(:@D &( 08A() 1)0% 8..%/)0m

! fB80 >/1*8).( .8) &( >12() 8@ 0% B%9 0% &8+8).( 0B( )((* 6%4 4(@041.01%)@ %)64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 0% &( 4801%)8++# .%))(.0(* 0% 0B( C4%0(.0(* 1)0(4(@0

8)* )%0 0% &( %2(4&4%8*D 8)* 0B( )((* 6%4 @%:( 6+(-1&1+10# 1) *(@1>)1)> 0B(@(:(8@/4(@m

! WB%/+* 1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ *% :%4( 0% *(2(+%C C41).1C+(@ >%2(4)1)> 0B()(-/@ 0B80 1@ 4(L/14(* &(09(() 8 C8401./+84 (-C4(@@1%) 8)* 0B( 41@A %6 B84:

0% 8 C/&+1. 1)0(4(@0 &(6%4( 0B( +800(4 :8# &( 4(@041.0(*m fB80 >/1*8).( .8) &(>12() 0% 0B(: 1) 0B1@ 4(>84*m

HCCD 6-$'%'I# "#M:'.#)%$ %- "#$%&'(% 012$$'-)$B( 8)8+#@1@ 8&%2( B8@ 6%./@(* +84>(+# %) 0B( L/(@01%) %6 9B() 8 W080( :8# 4(@041.0

64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)D @B%/+* 10 91@B 0% *% @%= E 6(9 C4%21@1%)@ %6 1)0(4)801%)8+ +89

@C(.161.8++# 4(L/14( W080(@ 0% 4(@041.0 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 0% C4%0(.0 %0B(4 41>B0@%4 1)0(4(@0@= K%4 (-8:C+(D E401.+( I\ %6 0B( ?55JR @080(@Y

OMS E)# C4%C8>8)*8 6%4 984 @B8++ &( C4%B1&10(* +89=

OIS E)# 8*2%.8.# %6 )801%)8+D 48.18+ %4 4(+1>1%/@ B804(* 0B80 .%)@010/0(@ 1).10(:()0 0%

*[email protected]:1)801%)D B%@01+10# %4 21%+().( @B8++ &( C4%B1&10(* +89=

E401.+( M] %6 0B( ?55JR C4%0(.0@ 8>81)@0 &%0B c84&10484# %4 /)+896/+ 1)0(46(4().(d

910B C4128.# 8)* c/)+896/+ 8008.A@d %) B%)%/4 8)* 4(C/0801%)= ?0 8+@% .8++@ 6%4 c0B(

C4%0(.01%) %6 0B( +89d 8>81)@0 @/.B 1)0(46(4().( %4 8008.A@ OE401.+( M]OISS= $B1@ 1@*1@01).0+# 9(8A(4 0B8) 0B( E401.+( I\ C4%0(.01%)@D 1)8@:/.B 8@ 10 %)+# .8++@ 6%4

C4%0(.01%) 8>81)@0 84&10484# %4 /)+896/+ 8008.A@=^\ J4%0(.01%) 8>81)@0 /)+896/+

8008.A@ H 0B( %)+# C4%0(.01%) 866%4*(* 0% 4(C/0801%) H 1@ C4(@/:8&+# *(C()*()0 %)0B( (-1@0().( %6 8 )801%)8+ +89 C4%B1&101)> 0B( 8008.A 1) 0B( 614@0 C+8.(=

n/*1.18+ 1)0(4C4(0801%) %6 @%:( 41>B0@ B8@ 8+@% .8++(* 6%4 4(@041.01%)@ 0% &( 1:C%@(*

%) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)= K%4 (-8:C+(D 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 %6 Q/:8) R1>B0@ B8@

B(+* 0B80 0B( 41>B0 0% C4128.# C+8.(@ 8 C%@1012( %&+1>801%) %) 0B( W080( 0% C4%21*(8*(L/80( C4%0(.01%) 8>81)@0 8008.A@ %0B(4@ %) &%0B C4128.# 8)* 4(C/0801%)=^M

E L/(@01%) 841@(@ 8@ 0% 9B(0B(4D 9B() &8+8).1)> 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 8>81)@0

%0B(4 41>B0@ 9B1.B 4(L/14( 0B( 6%4:(4 0% &( +1:10(*D @/.B +1:10801%)@ @B%/+* &(

8@@(@@(* 4(6(4().( 0% 0B( 0B4((B0@ @B%/+* &( 04(80(* 1) 0B( @8:( 98# 8@ .+81:@ 8>81)@0 4(@041.01%)@ %)

80Some of the regional human rights treaties do guarantee respect for privacy. See, for example, Article 8

of theEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), adopted 4 November 1950, E.T.S. No. 5, enteredinto force 3 September 1953. The European Court of Human Rights has also read a right to reputation into

this guarantee. See, for example,Pfeifer v. Austria, Application No. 12556/03, 15 November 2007.81Pfeifer v. Austria, 15 February 2008, Application No.12556/03.


22/23

< II B80( @C((.B

&(6%4( &%0B 0B( PG Q/:8) R1>B0@ 5%::100(( 8)* 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 %6 Q/:8)R1>B0@ B82( 1)2%+2(* .%:C+81)0@ %6 8 21%+801%) %6 0B( 41>B0 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)

O64%: 0B( 8CC+1.801%) %6 B80( @C((.B +89@SD 480B(4 0B8) .+81:@ 0B80 0B( 8&@().( %6B80( @C((.B +89@ 681+(* 0% C4%21*( 8*(L/80( C4%0(.01%) 6%4 (L/8+10#= Q%9(2(4D .8@(@

1)2%+21)> 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 8)* C4128.# %4 4(C/0801%) 1).+/*( .+81:@ %621%+801%)@ %6 &%0B 41>B0@=

$B( PG Q/:8) R1>B0@ 5%::100((D 1) 8 )/:&(4 %6 .8@(@ 1)2%+21)> 4(@041.01%)@ %)

48.1@0 @C((.BD B8@ @C(.161.8++# B(+* 0B80 @/.B 8 4(@041.01%) B8* 0% &( F/@0161(* (6(4().( 0% 0B( 0(@0 @(0 %/0 1) E401.+( MNOXS %6 0B( ?55JR=^I$B( *48601)> B1@0%4# %6

E401.+(@ MN 8)* I\ %6 0B( ?55JRD 8@ 9(++ 8@ 0B( .8@( +89D @/>>(@0@ 0B80 0B( 4(@041.01%)@0B80 84( C(4:100(* 0B( 6%4:(4 84( 2(4# .+%@( 0% 0B( 4(@041.01%)@ 4(L/14(* 0B(

+800(4= X$B1@ @/>>(@0@ 0B80 %)+# 1)0()01%)8+ 1).10(:()0 %6 B804(*D *[email protected]:1)801%) %4

21%+().( 9%/+* :((0 0B( @041.0/4(@ %6 E401.+( MNOXS=^[

$B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40D B%9(2(4D 08A(@ 8 *166(4()0 8CC4%8.B 1) *166(4()0 .8@(@1)2%+21)> B80( @C((.BD *(C()*1)> %) 10@ 8CC4(.1801%) %6 0B( )80/4( %6 0B( @C((.B 1)L/(@01%)= ?) @%:( .8@(@D 10 B%+*@ 0B80 0B( @C((.B 1@ )%0 @/&F(.0 0% C4%0(.01%) /)*(4

0B( >/848)0(( %6 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) %) 0B( &8@1@ 0B80 10 .%)@010/0(@ 8) 8.01210#81:(* 80 0B( *(@04/.01%) %6 %0B(4 41>B0@ O@C(.161.8++# 0% (L/8+10#SD .%)0484# 0% E401.+(

M] %6 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%)2()01%)=^VE401.+( M] @01C/+80(@ 0B80 )%0B1)> 1) 0B( ,/4%C(8)

5%)2()01%) :8# &( 1)0(4C4(0(* 8@ >121)> 8)#%)( 0B( 41>B0 0% ()>8>( 1) 8)# 8.01210#81:(* 80 0B( *(@04/.01%) %4 /)*/( +1:10801%) %6 0B( 41>B0@ 10 C4%.+81:@= ?) %0B(4

.8@(@D 0B( 5%/40 ()>8>(@ 1) 0B( 048*101%)8+ 0B4(( 8

.%).4(0( 0(@0D 1) 0B( 5%/40@ *(.1@1%)@ 0B80 9%/+* F/@016# 0B(@( 48*1.8++# *166(4()0

8CC4%8.B(@= R80B(4D 10 @((:@ 0B80 0B( 4%/0( *(C()*@ %) 9B(0B(4D ) :'$.'$D 0B( 5%/40@((:@ .%)21).(* 0B80 0B( 8/0B%4 %6 0B( @080(:()0@ 98@ :%01280(* 48.1@0 1)0()0=

$B1@ B84*+# @((:@ 8CC4%C4180( 8)* 10 1@ @/&:100(* 0B80 8 &(00(4 8CC4%8.B 9%/+* &(0% 08A( 0B( 1)0(4(@0@ C4%0(.0(* E401.+( M] 1)0% 8..%/)0 9B() 8@@(@@1)> 0B(

82See, for example,Ross v. Canada, note 46, para. 11.1 andFaurisson v. France , 8 November 1986,Communication No. 550/1993, para. 9.4.83

See Bossuyt, M., Guide to the Travaux Prparatoires of the International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987), pp. 398-411. See alsoFaurisson v.France, note 82, concurring opinion of Evatt, Kretzmer and Klein, para. 4.84The term advocacy of hatred in Article 20(2) is widely seen as requiring intent.85See, for example, Garaudy v. France, 7 July 2003, Application No. 65831/01 andNorwood v. UnitedKingdom, 16 November 2004, Application No. 23131/03. In both of these cases, the Court rejected theapplications as inadmissible on the basis of Article 17.86See, for example,Jersild v. Denmark, 22 August 1994, Application No. 15890/89,Incal v. Turkey , 9June 1998, Application No. 22678/93 andLehideux and Isorni v. France, 23 September 1998, ApplicationNo. 24662/94.


23/23

)(.(@@10# %6 0B( 4(@041.01%)= ]?0 :8# &( )%0(* 0B80 0B1@ 9%/+* )%0 +1:10 0B( 1:C8.0 %6

E401.+( M]= R80B(4D 10 9%/+* 6%4.( *(.1@1%) 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6

(-C4(@@1%)=

E) 8@@(@@:()0 %6 0B( C4128.#o4(C/0801%) .8@(@ &(6%4( 0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 1@ 8+@%1)@04/.012(= ?) @%:( .8@(@D 8@ )%0(*D 0B( 5%/40 1@ 68.(* 910B 8 .+81: %6 8 &4(8.B %6 0B(41>B0 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 1) +1>B0 %6 8 4(@041.01%) &8@(* %) C4128.# %4

4(C/0801%)8+ 1)0(4(@0@= ?) @/.B .8@(@D 0B( 5%/40 >%(@ 0B4%/>B 0B( 0B4(( 8 &4(8.B %6 0B( 41>B0 0% 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%) 8)* @%:(01:(@/CB%+*1)> 0B( 4(@041.01%)=^^

Q%9(2(4D 9B() 0B( 5%/40 1@ 68.(* 910B 8 .+81: 0B80 C4128.# %4 0B( 41>B0 0% 8

4(C/0801%) B8@ &(() &4(8.B(* 1) +1>B0 %6 8 C/&+1@B(* @080(:()0D 0B( (@@().( %6 0B(

.+81: 1@ 0B80 )801%)8+ +89 *%(@ )%0 C4%21*( ()%/>B C4%0(.01%) 0% 0B(@( 41>B0@ O1=(=0B80 0B( W080( B8@ )%0 :(0 10@ C%@1012( %&+1>801%)@ 1) 0B1@ 4(>84*S= $B1@D +1A( C%@1012(

.+81:@ 6%4 C4%0(.01%) %6 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)D .8))%0 >% 0B4%/>B 8 C/4( 0B4(( .B8++()>(*Z 1)@0(8*D0B( *(.1@1%)D 16 10 B%+*@ 0B(4( 98@ 8 &4(8.BD 1@ .8++1)> 6%4 O8**101%)8+S 4(@041.01%)@ %)

64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)= K/40B(4:%4(D 0B( 2(4# &8@1@ %6 0B( 8CC+1.801%) 1@ 0B80 C4128.#%4 4(C/0801%)D &%0B +(>101:80( 1)0(4(@0@D 1@ )%0 @/661.1()0+# C4%0(.0(*=

$B( 4(8+ 1@@/( 1@ B%9 0% .%:( 0% 8) 8CC4%C4180( &8+8).( &(09(() 64((*%: %6(-C4(@@1%) 8)* 0B( .%:C(01)> 41>B0 8)*D 1) C8401./+84D 9B(0B(4 0B1@ @B%/+* 1)2%+2( 8

)(.(@@10# 8)8+#@1@D 8@ 910B %0B(4 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6 (-C4(@@1%)= ?) C48.01.(D0B( ,/4%C(8) 5%/40 B8@ )%0 (@08&+1@B(* 8)# @%40 %6 0(@0 %4 8CC4%8.BD &/0 @1:C+#

9(1>B(* /CD 1) 8 @((:1)>+# 480B(4 48)*%: 98#D 2841%/@ .%:C(01)> 68.0%4@= ^N$B1@ 1@

)% *%/&0 8 .%:C+1.80(* :800(4= "/0 0B80 *%(@ )%0 4(+1(2( 1)0(4)801%)8+ .%/40@ %60B(14 %&+1>801%) 0% C4%.((* 910B 41>%/4 9B() 8CC4%21)>D %4 4(L/141)>D 4(@041.01%)@ %)

6/)*8:()08+ B/:8) 41>B0@=

!"#$%&'($)

! ?0 1@ 8CC4%C4180( 0% /@( C4%21@1%)@ +1A( E401.+( V %6 0B( ?55JR 8)* E401.+( M] %60B( ,/4%C(8) 5%)2()01%)D 9B1.B 4/+( %/0 0B( /@( %6 8 41>B0 6%4 8.012101(@

81:(* 80 0B( /)*/( +1:10801%) %6 %0B(4 41>B0@D 0% 82%1* 8CC+1.801%) %6 0B(

0B4((B0@ 1)2%+2( 4(@041.01%)@ %) 64((*%: %6

(-C4(@@1%)D @B%/+* 0B( 0B4((

10.03.paper on restrictions on foe

Documents