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BuddhismBuddhism Religion and Philosophy; began ~6Religion and Philosophy; began ~6thth and 4 and 4thth

century BCE. century BCE. Based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, an Based on teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, an

Indian prince. Indian prince. Siddhartha abandoned life of luxury for Siddhartha abandoned life of luxury for

knowledge and enlightenment. knowledge and enlightenment. When he reached Enlightenment/Nirvana, he When he reached Enlightenment/Nirvana, he

becomes known as the becomes known as the BuddhaBuddha ("the awakened ("the awakened one"). one").

Different branches of Buddhism -Different branches of Buddhism -Theravada Theravada ("The School of the Elders“ and oldest surviving ("The School of the Elders“ and oldest surviving branch) andbranch) and Mahayana Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). ("The Great Vehicle").

Buddhism (Cont.)Buddhism (Cont.) Karma Karma is the force that drives Saṃsis the force that drives Saṃsāāra, ra,

the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each the cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skillful deeds and bad, being. Good, skillful deeds and bad, unskillful actions produce "seeds" in the unskillful actions produce "seeds" in the mind which result in consequences either mind which result in consequences either in this life or in a subsequent rebirth.in this life or in a subsequent rebirth.

RebirthRebirth refers to a process where beings refers to a process where beings live a succession of lifetimes as one of live a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of life, each running many possible forms of life, each running from birth to death. from birth to death.

Buddhist ConceptsBuddhist ConceptsFour Noble Truths:Four Noble Truths: Life leads to suffering/uneasiness Life leads to suffering/uneasiness

(dukkha) in one way or another. (dukkha) in one way or another. Suffering is caused by craving. Suffering is caused by craving. Suffering ends when craving ends. Suffering ends when craving ends.

Eliminating delusion will result in Eliminating delusion will result in reaching a liberated state of reaching a liberated state of EnlightenmentEnlightenment (bodhi). (bodhi).

Reaching this liberated state is achieved Reaching this liberated state is achieved by following the path (by following the path (Eightfold Path) Eightfold Path) laid out by the Buddha; basically right laid out by the Buddha; basically right living, attitudes, and meditationsliving, attitudes, and meditations

TaoismTaoism

Tao = “path” or “way”Tao = “path” or “way” Taoism emphasizes the Three Jewels of Taoism emphasizes the Three Jewels of

the Tao: the Tao: compassioncompassion, , moderationmoderation, and , and humilityhumility..

Taoist thought generally focuses on Taoist thought generally focuses on naturenature, the relationship between , the relationship between humanity and the cosmos. humanity and the cosmos.

Harmony with the Harmony with the Universe Universe Balance between opposing forcesBalance between opposing forces (yin- (yin-

yang)yang)

•Developed from the teachings of the philosopher Confucius

•The cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection

•Golden Rule: "do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you."

ConfucianismConfucianism

Confucianism (Cont.)Confucianism (Cont.)

Social harmonySocial harmony "Filial piety“ is among one of the "Filial piety“ is among one of the

greatest virtues. “Filial” characterizes greatest virtues. “Filial” characterizes the respect that a child should show to the respect that a child should show to his/her parents.his/her parents.

Loyalty was considered one of the Loyalty was considered one of the greater human virtues. Loyalty to one's greater human virtues. Loyalty to one's family came first, then to one's spouse, family came first, then to one's spouse, then to one's ruler, and lastly to one's then to one's ruler, and lastly to one's friends. friends.

Chinese PaintingsChinese PaintingsGu KaizhiGu Kaizhi

Gu Kaizhi is a notable painter of ancient China Gu Kaizhi is a notable painter of ancient China born in Wuxi.born in Wuxi. He wrote three books on painting theory.He wrote three books on painting theory. The three books were named, On Painting, The three books were named, On Painting, Introduction of famous paintings of Wei and Jin Introduction of famous paintings of Wei and Jin Dynasties, and Painting Yuntai Mountain.Dynasties, and Painting Yuntai Mountain.Three of Kaizhi’s paintings are still intact. Their Three of Kaizhi’s paintings are still intact. Their names are, “Admonitions of the Instructstress to names are, “Admonitions of the Instructstress to the Court Ladies.", "Nymph of the Luo River”and the Court Ladies.", "Nymph of the Luo River”and "Wise and Benevolent Women"."Wise and Benevolent Women". Gu Kaizhi’s painting,

Admonitions Scroll

CalligraphyCalligraphy In ancient China just like painting, Calligraphy was one of the most In ancient China just like painting, Calligraphy was one of the most

appreciated works of art.appreciated works of art. Amateurs, school officials, and aristocrats had the leisure to perfect Amateurs, school officials, and aristocrats had the leisure to perfect

the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork.the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. The equipment for painting Calligraphy are a brush pen, made of The equipment for painting Calligraphy are a brush pen, made of

animal hair, and black inks, made from pine soot and animal glue.animal hair, and black inks, made from pine soot and animal glue. Writing and painting was originally done on silk, but with the Writing and painting was originally done on silk, but with the

invention of paper in the 1invention of paper in the 1stst century, silk was quickly replaced. century, silk was quickly replaced. Wang Xizhi was a renowned Chinese Calligrapher in the 4Wang Xizhi was a renowned Chinese Calligrapher in the 4 thth

century AD. His most famous work of art is the Lanting Xu, which century AD. His most famous work of art is the Lanting Xu, which is the preface for a collection of poems written by numerous poets.is the preface for a collection of poems written by numerous poets.

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Tang Dynasty Tang Dynasty (618-907)(618-907) In the Tang Dynasty, the primary subject matter of paintings was In the Tang Dynasty, the primary subject matter of paintings was

landscape. This was known as Shanshui painting.landscape. This was known as Shanshui painting. In these paintings the purpose was to grasp an emotion or atmosphere In these paintings the purpose was to grasp an emotion or atmosphere

so as to catch the feeling of nature.so as to catch the feeling of nature. Painting in this traditional style is done with a brush dipped in black or Painting in this traditional style is done with a brush dipped in black or

colored ink.  The finished work is then mounted on scrolls, which can colored ink.  The finished work is then mounted on scrolls, which can be hung or rolled upbe hung or rolled up

Dong Yuan was an excellent painter in the Southern Tang Kingdom.Dong Yuan was an excellent painter in the Southern Tang Kingdom. He was recognized for his figure and landscape paintings, and his He was recognized for his figure and landscape paintings, and his

graceful style became the standard for brush painting in China over the graceful style became the standard for brush painting in China over the next 900 years.next 900 years.

He studied the styles of Li Sixun and Wang Wei, but added a number He studied the styles of Li Sixun and Wang Wei, but added a number of techniques,  including more sophisticated perspective, use of of techniques,  including more sophisticated perspective, use of pointillism and crosshatching to build up vivid effect.pointillism and crosshatching to build up vivid effect.

Mountain Hall by Dong Yuan

Song Dynasty Song Dynasty (960-1279)(960-1279) In the Song Dynasty more restrained expression appeared; vast distances In the Song Dynasty more restrained expression appeared; vast distances

were conveyed through the use of blurred outlines, mountain contours were were conveyed through the use of blurred outlines, mountain contours were vanishing into the mist, and impressionistic behavior of natural phenomena. vanishing into the mist, and impressionistic behavior of natural phenomena. 

Paintings emphasized the spiritual qualities of the painting and the artist’s Paintings emphasized the spiritual qualities of the painting and the artist’s ability to expose the inner harmony of man and nature as perceived ability to expose the inner harmony of man and nature as perceived according to the Taoist and Buddhist concepts.according to the Taoist and Buddhist concepts.

Liang Kai was a Chinese painter who lived during the Song Dynasty. He Liang Kai was a Chinese painter who lived during the Song Dynasty. He referred to himself as "Madman Liang," and spent his entire life drinking referred to himself as "Madman Liang," and spent his entire life drinking and painting.  Eventually Liang retired and became a Zen monk and is and painting.  Eventually Liang retired and became a Zen monk and is recognized with inventing the Zen school of Chinese art.recognized with inventing the Zen school of Chinese art.

Wen Tong was another important figure in the Song Dynasty. Tong was Wen Tong was another important figure in the Song Dynasty. Tong was famous for his ink paintings of bamboo. He was so impressive at painting famous for his ink paintings of bamboo. He was so impressive at painting bamboo that he bamboo that he could hold two brushes in one hand and paint two different could hold two brushes in one hand and paint two different distanced bamboos simultaneously.distanced bamboos simultaneously.

Yuang and Min DynastyYuang and Min DynastyYuang Dynasty- Yuang Dynasty- Wang Meng was a prominent painter in the Yuan Dynasty and was known for Wang Meng was a prominent painter in the Yuan Dynasty and was known for

his well known work the Forest Grotto.his well known work the Forest Grotto. Zhao Mengfu was a Chinese scholar, painter and calligrapher during the Yuan Zhao Mengfu was a Chinese scholar, painter and calligrapher during the Yuan

Dynasty. He rejected the placid brushwork of his age in favor of the more crude Dynasty. He rejected the placid brushwork of his age in favor of the more crude style of the 8th century. This was considered to have been a uprising that style of the 8th century. This was considered to have been a uprising that shaped the modern Chinese landscape painting.shaped the modern Chinese landscape painting.

Ming Dynasty-Ming Dynasty- Chinese culture bloomed in the Ming Dynasty. There were narrative paintings, Chinese culture bloomed in the Ming Dynasty. There were narrative paintings,

a wider range of color, and a busy composition.a wider range of color, and a busy composition. Illustrated manuals on the art of painting began to be published as the Illustrated manuals on the art of painting began to be published as the

techniques of color printing were being perfected.techniques of color printing were being perfected. Jieziyuan Huazhuan is a five-volume work first published in 1679 and has been Jieziyuan Huazhuan is a five-volume work first published in 1679 and has been

utilized as a technical textbook for artists and students ever since.utilized as a technical textbook for artists and students ever since.

Chinese Chinese Architecture Architecture The architecture was built according to severe rules of The architecture was built according to severe rules of

design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of design which made Chinese buildings follow the way of Taoism as well as other Chinese philosophiesTaoism as well as other Chinese philosophies Earlier than the Shang Dynasty, around the time of Earlier than the Shang Dynasty, around the time of 1500 BC, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of 1500 BC, Chinese buildings looked very similar to Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD). Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable. Long pillars and curved roofs were distinguishable. Palaces of Qin Dynasty and Chou Dynasty, continued in Palaces of Qin Dynasty and Chou Dynasty, continued in this style this style

Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City (Beijing, 1450 AD)

Chinese Architecture Chinese Architecture Continued Continued

The Chinese architecture altered throughout the Han The Chinese architecture altered throughout the Han dynasty around 200’s B.C, when dynasty around 200’s B.C, when BuddhismBuddhism came to China came to China

The Buddhists who settled in China built Pagodas for The Buddhists who settled in China built Pagodas for sacred thingssacred things

Around the Tang (500 AD) and Sung dynasty (1000 AD) Around the Tang (500 AD) and Sung dynasty (1000 AD) Pagodas began to become fancier as well as thinner with Pagodas began to become fancier as well as thinner with tall spires in order to make them look taller.tall spires in order to make them look taller.

Square pagoda in Shanghai is a Buddhist pagoda, Square pagoda in Shanghai is a Buddhist pagoda, containing a large statue of Buddha; it was a pilgrimage containing a large statue of Buddha; it was a pilgrimage site. This type of architecture is closely associated with site. This type of architecture is closely associated with China.China.

Chinese SculptureChinese SculptureTerracotta ArmyTerracotta Army

• Carved during the short-lived Qin Dynasty• in Mausoleum of First Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang• buried in 210-209 BC• 7,000 terracotta figures of horses and warriors• had paint when unearthed in 1974; pigment has since faded; each head is unique.

Chinese SculptureChinese Sculpture

Access to India, Middle East through the Access to India, Middle East through the Silk Road results in Buddhist influenceSilk Road results in Buddhist influence

Sculpture reaches zenith; time of Sculpture reaches zenith; time of prosperity and technological prosperity and technological sophisticationsophistication

Characterized by tri-colored ceramic Characterized by tri-colored ceramic figurinesfigurines

THE TANG DYNASTY (618-907 CE)

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Mogao CavesMogao Caves

Mogao CavesMogao Caves Located in the center of Dunhuang in Gansu provinceLocated in the center of Dunhuang in Gansu province It is made up of 492 temples in 25 kilometersIt is made up of 492 temples in 25 kilometers The first cave was started in 366 ADThe first cave was started in 366 AD Serves as a place for worship for BuddhistsServes as a place for worship for Buddhists Buddhist monks would put scriptures from the west Buddhist monks would put scriptures from the west

in the caves while pilgrims that came in could paint in the caves while pilgrims that came in could paint murals on the wallsmurals on the walls

Murals cover 450,000 square feetMurals cover 450,000 square feet Has some of the best Buddhist art that spans over Has some of the best Buddhist art that spans over

1,000 years1,000 years Caves were closed off sometime after the 11Caves were closed off sometime after the 11thth

century and rediscovered in the early 1900’scentury and rediscovered in the early 1900’s First dated example of block printingFirst dated example of block printing Considered one of the three most famous ancient Considered one of the three most famous ancient

sculptural sites of Chinasculptural sites of China

Yungang GrottoesYungang Grottoes

Yungang GrottoesYungang Grottoes Near a city of Datong in the province ShanxiNear a city of Datong in the province Shanxi Constructed between 460-525 AD during the Northern Constructed between 460-525 AD during the Northern

Wei dynasty by about 40,000 peopleWei dynasty by about 40,000 people Grotto- a small cave or cavernGrotto- a small cave or cavern Used for worship (Buddhist temple grottoes)Used for worship (Buddhist temple grottoes) Place of privacy for private prayerPlace of privacy for private prayer Composed of 53 grottoes, over 51,000 statues of Buddha, Composed of 53 grottoes, over 51,000 statues of Buddha,

and over 1,000 nichesand over 1,000 niches Contains traditional Chinese art with foreign influence- Contains traditional Chinese art with foreign influence-

mostly Greek and Indianmostly Greek and Indian It is carved from the side of the Wuzhou Mountain and It is carved from the side of the Wuzhou Mountain and

extends about 1 kilometerextends about 1 kilometer Considered one of the three most famous ancient Considered one of the three most famous ancient

sculptural sites of Chinasculptural sites of China