C H A P T E R O N E

DNA structure and gene expression

Genome Information Labratory

석사 1 년

김 태 홍

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.2 DNA structure and repilcation

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.4 RNA processing

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structure

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.2 DNA structure and repilcation

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.4 RNA processing

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structure

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.2 DNA structure and repilcation

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.4 RNA processing

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structure

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.2 DNA structure and repilcation

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.4 RNA processing

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structure

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.2 DNA structure and repilcation

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.4 RNA processing

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structure

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

Inosine

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

DSO – Dual Specific Oligonucleotide

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

Bisulfite

Methyltransferase

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.1 Building blocks and chemical bonds in DNA, RNA and polypeptides

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Phosphodiester bond

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Examples of the importance of hydrogen bonding in nucleic acids and proteins

Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in nucleic acids

Double-stranded DNA

DNA-RNA duplexes

Double-stranded RNA

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in nucleic acids

Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in proteins

1.2 DNA structure and replication

1.2 DNA structure and replication

1.2 DNA structure and replication

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Major classes of proteins used in the DNA replication machinery

Topoisomerases

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Major classes of proteins used in the DNA replication machinery

Helicases

Topoisomerases

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Major classes of proteins used in the DNA replication machinery

Helicases

Topoisomerases

DNA polymerses

High fidelity(DNA polymerase class)

Low fidelity(error-prone)DNA-directed DNA polymerases

RNA-directed DNA polymerases(reverse transcriptases)

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Major classes of proteins used in the DNA replication machinery

Helicases

Topoisomerases

DNA polymerses

Primases

High fidelity (DNA polymerase class)

Low fidelity(error-prone)DNA-directed DNA polymerases

RNA-directed DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptases)

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Major classes of proteins used in the DNA replication machinery

Helicases

Ligases

Topoisomerases

DNA polymerses

Primases

High fidelity (DNA polymerase class)

Low fidelity(error-prone)DNA-directed DNA polymerases

RNA-directed DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptases)

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Major classes of proteins used in the DNA replication machinery

Helicases

Ligases

Topoisomerases

DNA polymerses

Primases

Single-stranded binding proteins

High fidelity (DNA polymerase class)

Low fidelity(error-prone)DNA-directed DNA polymerases

RNA-directed DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptases)

1.2 DNA structure and replication

Viral genomes

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

1.3 RNA transcription and gene expression

CCCCACAAAA GATATGTTCA TGTCCTAATC CCCAGAATCT GCAAATGTTA TTTGGAAAAA GGGG

TTTTGC AGATGTAATT AAGTTAAGAA TCTTGAGATA AGATCATCCT GGATTATCCA GGTAGCCT

CA AAATCAAGTG ACAAGTGTCT TTGTAAGGGA CAAGTAGACC CATTACAGAG AAGACGACGC

GCAGAAAAGG AGGAAGCAGT GTGCTCATGG AGGCGGAGAT TGGAGTGATG TAACCGCAAG CC

GAGGAATG CTTATAGTCA CCAGAAGCTG GAAGAGTCAA AGGACACATT CTCCCCTCAA GCCCC

AGTGG GAGCACGGCC CAGCTGGATT TTGGACTTCT GGCCTCCAGA ACTGTAAGAG AAATGTCCA

T TGTCTTAAGC CAACCAGTTT GTGGTAGTTT GTTACAGCAG CCCCAGGAAA CTACTA

.

GATA-1

GATA-2

Nkx2-5 Nkx2-5

Whn ELF-1

+1 transcription start site

1.4 RNA processing

RNA splicing

1.4 RNA processing

A A G G G A G C T A A A T GG CGGGGTGGA T GG A A T T G C A A G T A T T G A A A G T A T A C

R LE GN G DV IG A

R LE GN G DV IG A IS

G C A C G G C C C A G C T G G A T T T T G G A C T T C T G G C C T C C A G A A C T A G A C A G G G C

C T C A C T G T G T C A C C C A G G G T G G A A T A C A G T G G T G T G A T C A T A G C T C A C T G

C A G C C T G G A A T T C C T G G G C T C A A G C A A C C C T G C C A C C T C A G C C T T C C A A G

T A G C T A G G A C T A C A G A A C A T C C A T G A T A G C A G T C T T C T G T A A A T C G A A C T

T T T C A A G A A T T C T C T G A A G G A A C C A A G T A G G A T A T T C T T A C A T C A T G A C T

T A A T G T G A A T G C A A G A A C A A G A A A T A G G T T T T A T C T C T A A A T A T A A T G A A

G G G C T G T G T G T A A A C A C T G A C C C T G T C T C A A T T C T A A C A A G C A T T T T A G A

C A T G A G T T T A C A T C G G C A A A T G G G T T C A G A T C G A G A T C T T C A G T C C T C T G

C T T C A T C T G T G A G C T T G C C T T C A G T C A A A A A G G C A C C C A A A A A A A G A A G A

A T T T C A A T A G G C T C C C T G T T T C G G A G G A A A A A A G A T A A C A A A C G T A A A T C

A A G G G A G C T A A A T GG CGGGGTGGA T GG A A T T G C A A G T A T T G A A A G T A T A C

A G A A G C T G G A A G A G T C A A A G GA C A CA T T C T C C C C T CA A GCC C C A G T G G G A

G C A C G G C C C A G C T G G A T T T T G G A C T T C T G G C C T C C A G A A C T A G A C A G G G C

C T C A C T G T G T C A C C C A G G G T G G A A T A C A G T G G T G T G A T C A T A G C T C A C T G

C A G C C T G G A A T T C C T G G G C T C A A G C A A C C C T G C C A C C T C A G C C T T C C A A G

T A G C T A G G A C T A C A G A A C A T C C A T G A T A G C A G T C T T C T G T A A A T C G A A C T

T T T C A A G A A T T C T C T G A A G G A A C C A A G T A G G A T A T T C T T A C A T C A T G A C T

T A A T G T G A A T G C A A G A A C A A G A A A T A G G T T T T A T C T C T A A A T A T A A T G A A

G G G C T G T G T G T A A A C A C T G A C C C T G T C T C A A T T C T A A C A A G C A T T T T A G A

C A T G A G T T T A C A T C G G C A A A T G G G T T C A G A T C G A G A T C T T C A G T C C T C T G

C T T C A T C T G T G A G C T T G C C T T C A G T C A A A A A G G C A C C C A A A A A A A G A A G A

A T T T C A A T A G G C T C C C T G T T T C G G A G G A A A A A A G A T A A C A A A C G T A A A T C

Primer S2

Primer AS2

M Q E Q E I G F S KI Y

G

N E

CL NV T PD SV I TL IS L D

M LS RH Q GM DS R LD SQ S

A SS SV L SP KV K PA KK R R

R SI GI S FL KR K ND RK K S

IS SE I

M LS RH Q GM DS R LD SQ S

A SS SV L SP KV K PA KK R R

R SI GI S FL KR K ND RK K S

SE I

AluJ element

A G A A G C T G G A A G A G T C A A A G GA C A CA T T C T C C C C T CA A GCC C C A G T G G G A

1.4 RNA processing

1.4 RNA processing

1.4 RNA processing

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

1.5 Translation, post-translational processing and protein structrue

Summary

DNA, RNA 그리고 단백질은 작은 단량체들로 이루어진 중합체이다 . DNA 와 RNA 는 단량체

로서 nucleotides 를 가지며 , 단백질은 아미노산을 단량체로서 가진다 . 이들은 공유결합 및 비

공유결합을 통하여 구조를 유지하고 있다 . DNA 는 antiparallel 을 이루는 이중나선 구조로서

반보전적인 방법을 통하여 복제를 수행한다 . RNA 는 DNA 를 주형으로 하여 만들어지는 단일

가닥으로서 DNA 의 특정 부분들이 가지고 있는 유전정보가 단백질을 만들어내는 과정의

중간매체이다 . 특정한 일부 바이러스의 경우에는 RNA 가 DNA 대신에 genome 을 이루고 있

기도 하다 . DNA 에서 RNA 가 만들어지는 과정을 전사 (transcription) 라 하는데 전사는 trans

-acting 및 cis-acting 에 의해 조절된다 . 이때 메틸레이션은 trans-acting 을 저해하기도 한

다 . 전사로 인해 만들어진 RNA 는 완성되지 않은 상태이며 splicing 과 capping 및 tailing 을

통하여 완성되게 된다 . 전사된 RNA 의 정보를 통하여 단백질이 만들어지는 과정인 번역 (tra

nslation) 도 크게 다르지 않다 . 리보좀 등에 의해 완성된 단백질은 이후 여러 효소의 작용에

의해 필요치 않은 부분이 잘려나가게 되고 완성된다 .