b£¨vo t‡yp r™rscert.kerala.gov.in/images/2015/teachertext/... · b£¨vo t‡yp 8 6. cxynuÙl...
TRANSCRIPT
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
˙LW[ AW—
LpÆj’˚\
UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ˙LW[m
2015
Yœl◊ II
TEACHER TEXTTAMIL
R™r
Prepared byState Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.inE-mail : [email protected]
Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869Typesetting and Layout : SCERTPrinted at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
Teacher Text Development committee
S. Babu, P.D. Teacher, Govt. LPS, Devikulam, Idukki
Dominic Savio. J, HSA, SFXHS, Parisakkal, Palakkad
M. Krishnamoorth, P.D. Teacher, GLPS, Kunnamkattapthy, Palakkad
Muniayandi, LPSA, GHS, Meenachipuram, Palakkad
M. Robert Xavier, HM, ALPS, Attempathy, Palakkad
Thankaraj. T, LPSA, GHS, Meenachipuram, Palakkad\
ExpertsDr. M. Nainar
Reader (Rtd), University College, Thiruvananthapuram.
Dr. S. RajaramProf.(Rtd), Tamil University, Tanjavur.
Dr. RatnasabapathyProf.(Rtd), Tamil Education, IASE, Chennai
Dr. VeerappanProf.(Rtd), NCERT
Academic Co-ordinator
Dr. D Sahaya Dhas , Research Officer, SCERT
Members
Standard II Tamil
Au◊˚P¬o!
œZk˚RLs RÙn˘UÙØ´p ß\˚U YÙnkRYoL[ÙL UÙ\ ER‹m
Y˚L´p CkR B£¨Vo T‡Yp E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[’.
A±YÙdLm CVpTÙL SPdL ER‹m Y˚L´p ◊ßV TÙP HtTÙ”
E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[’. Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤m Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
Y[of£ Ttfl Y⁄P Cflß´p œZk˚RLs T\ Yi•V Lt\p
A˚P‹Ls ÿ›˚U ˘Tflm Y˚L´p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ SÙm
Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. SU’ UÙ®Xjßp GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim
Ts∞dœ Y⁄°\ÙoLs. AYoLs A˚]Y⁄dœm RWUÙ] LpÆ
A∞lT˙R SU’ R˚XVÙV LP˚U. CRtœj ßhP™Pp ™L‹m
ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm.
CkRl T‡Y˚Xl TVuT”jßj ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLs ˘Nn’
ßhP™h”d œZk˚RL∞u ˘UÙØjß\u Y[˚U˘T\f
˘NVpT”≈oLs G] Sm◊°˙\u.
EeLs L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm GeLfiPu T°ok’
˘LÙsfieLs. œZk˚RLs Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV SÙm
Ju\ÙL ÿVt£l˙TÙm.
SpYÙrj’LfiPu,....
ÿ˚]-Yo Gv. CW-≈k-ß-Wu SÙVo
CVdœSo,
UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m,
ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm.
Es[PdLm
Tϧ A
1. TÙ’ A‘œÿ˚\.................................. 05˛25
2. UÙØd Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\........... 26˛28
3. Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\...................... 29˛38
4. TÙPl T°o‹ AhPY˚Q .............. 39
Tϧ B
1.GeL Fo TÙXÙœUÙ?.......................... 40 -75
2. ≈” SpX ≈”................................. 76˛114
3. Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu.................... 115˛138
4. E´o YÙZ................................ 139˛174
5. ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!.................... 175˛192
6. UkßWU˚Z................................. 193˛222
7. T£j’l◊£.......................... 223˛245
8. Èm Èm Yi•................................... 246˛265
1.1. ÿu‡˚W
CkßVÙÆp YÙrd˚Lj RWjßp ©\ UÙ®XeLfidœ ÿuUÙߨVÙLj ßL›m UÙ®Xm ˙LW[˙U.
˘TÙ’dLpÆ, ˘TÙ’ UdL∞u —LÙRÙWm CYt±u ˙Uu˚UL˙[ ˙LW[jßu Cf£\l◊dœd LÙWQm.
NÍLjߤs[ GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm Ts∞´p ˙Nojß⁄kRÙ¤m AYoLfidœj RWUÙ] LpÆ
A∞jRp GuT’ LpÆj’˚\ Gßo˘LÙsfim ™Ll ˘T¨V NYÙXÙœm. 1986˛Cp BWm©dLlThP
˙R£Vd LpÆd ˘LÙs˚L´uT• RWUÙ] LpÆ˚V ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙi” A•lT˚P YNßLfim,
B£¨Vo T´t£Lfim SPjRlThP]. Cj’Pu TÙPjßhPj˚Rd œZk˚R ˚UVUÙL‹m,
˘NVpTÙh”YØ´¤m, NVpÿ˚\ A•lT˚P´¤m, LÙXjßt˙LtT UÙtflYRtLÙ] ÿVt£Ls SPkR].
CRu TV]ÙL A±‹⁄YÙdLm œZk˚RL∞Pm —VUÙL SPdœm NVp GuT˚R SÙm LiP˚Pk˙RÙm.
CRuÍXm œZk˚R˚V ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙiP ◊ßV Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR SmUÙp
CVu\’.
YÙrd˚L´u GpXÙj ’˚\Lfim Au\ÙPm UÙ±d˘LÙi˙P C⁄d°u\]. ARt˙LtTd Lt©dœm
ÿ˚\, Lt\p E[ÆVp, Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs, Lt\p A‡TYl T¨UÙt\m, Ußl¿” TÙu\Yt±¤m
UÙt\m HtT”jR ˙Yi”m. A˚]j’l ©¨‹ œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p Y[of£˚V SÙm ˙SÙdLUÙLd
˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
˙YflThP NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf „ZpL∞≠⁄k’ Y⁄m œZk˚RLfidœm ˙YflThP EPp, E[j
ß\‡s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm T•lTRtœm Ts∞d LpÆ´p Yt±l TflYRtœUÙ] YÙnl˚T
EflßlT”jR Yi”m. Bi,˘Ti, NÙß, UÙØ, TiTÙ”, URm, EPtœ˚\Ls C˚Y ÍXm E⁄YÙœm
Ht\j RÙr‹L˚[ Gßo˘LÙs[d ˘LÙs˚LLfim NhPeLfim Uh”m ˙TÙRÙ’. UÙ\ÙLd œZk˚Rl
T⁄Ym ÿR˙X ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p ˙SÙdLeL˚[Ÿm, Lt©jRp ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm ˙Rok˘R”j’
Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. (2005 NCF TdLm 27)
TX RWlThP NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf „Z˚X E˚PVYoLs. TX RWlThP EPp, E[j ß\‡˚PVYoLs.
CqYÙfl GpXÙl ©¨˚Yf NÙokR œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l T\ Lt\p NVpÿ˚\L∞u
GpXÙ UiPXeL∞¤m ÷hTUÙL‹m ÷‘dLUÙL‹m UÙt\eL˚[ HtT”jR ˙Yi”˘U] NCF·fl°\’. LÙXjßt˙LtTl TÙPjßhPj˚Rf ∫W˚Uj’ LpÆ˚Vf ˘NVpT”j’m A˚Ul◊Ls ∫WÙLf
˘NVpThPÙp Uh”˙U CkR ˙SÙdLj˚R A˚PV ÿ•Ÿm. CdLi˙QÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p
Rt˙TÙ’ TÙPl◊jRLm ∫W˚UdLlT”°\’. LpÆj ˘RÙPoTÙL ˘NVpT”m Yp¤]oL∞u
A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm Li”©•l◊L˚[Ÿm, BWÙnf£L˚[Ÿm J⁄e°˚Qj’ Cf∫W˚Ul◊
S˚P˘Tfl°\’. N¨´≠⁄k’ ™Lf N¨VÙ]Yt±tœ Gu\ A‘œÿ˚\˙V Ceœd
L˚Pl©•dLlTh”s[’.
1.2 TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u ÿd°Vj’Ym
LPkR 5 Y⁄P LÙXUÙLd LpÆj’˚\´p HWÙ[m S≈] ˘LÙs˚LLs E⁄YÙ° Es[]. CkßVÙÆp
2009˛Cp S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm œZk˚RLfidœj RWUÙ] LpÆ AYoL∞u
E¨˚U G] EflߢNn°\’. E¨˚U A•lT˚P´XÙ] Ts∞d·Pm (Right Based Educational Institution)Gu\ ˙SÙdLj˚R A˚PV ÿ›l Ts∞ ˙UmTÙh”jßhPj˚R S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR SU’ TÙP
HtTÙh˚Pf NoY˙RN RWjßtœ EVojR ˙Yi”m. NoY˙RN RWm GuT’ H˙R‡m J⁄ SÙh•u
®˚XVpX. UÙ\ÙL J⁄ œ±l©hP LÙX A[˚Yd LPk’ ˘Np¤m œZk˚R EX°p Ge°⁄kRÙ¤m
˙LW[l Ts∞l TÙPHtTÙ” 2013
˘TÙ’ A‘œÿ˚\
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
6
LÙXjßt˙Lt\ A±‹L˚[Ÿm, Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm ˘T\ ˙Yi”m. BL˙Y EXL[ÙÆV
®˚X´p ˘NVpT”jRlThP S≈]UÙ] £\kR Lt\p Lt©jRp EjßLs ˙LW[d œZk˚RLfidœm
°˚PdL ˙Yi”m.
LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPjßp ·\lTh”s[ TÙP HtTÙ”, Ußl¿” B°V˚Y ˘RÙPoTÙ] NhPeL˚[l
TÙPjßhP ∫W˚Ul©tœ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.
LpÆ E¨˚UfNhPm ˛ 2009
©¨‹ ˛ 29 (AjßVÙVm 5)
TÙPHtTÙ”m Ußl¿h”f NVpÿ˚\ Y¨˚NŸm
1. BWmTd LpÆdLÙ] TÙP HtTÙ”m Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpÿ˚\ Y¨˚NŸm AW— A±d˚L
ÍXm œ±l©”m J⁄ LpÆ A˚Ul©]Ùp ˘NVpT”jRl TP ˙Yi”m.
2. LpÆ AßLÙW®˚X 1˛m ’˚Q ©¨ÆuT• TÙPjßhPj˚RŸm Ußl¿h˚PŸm NVpÿ˚\
Y¨˚N˚VŸm ˘NVpT”j’m˙TÙ’ ∏˙Z Y⁄Y]Yt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
(a) AW£VX˚Ul©p Y≠ŸfljRlT”°u\ Ußl◊Lfidœ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙL A˚URp.
(b) œZk˚R´u TuÿL Y[of£.
(c) œZk˚R´u A±‹m ß\‡m ◊X˚UŸm T•lT•VÙL Y[Wf ˘NnRp.
(d) EPp E[j ß\˚UL∞u ÿ› Y[of£.
(e) œZk˚Rdœ ˘S⁄dLUÙ]’m œZk˚R ˚UVUÙ]’UÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls, Li”©•l◊Ls,
BWÙnf£Ls CYt±u ÍXm Lt\p.
(f) Lt©dœm ˘UÙØ œZk˚R´u RÙn˘UÙØ´p A˚UV ˙Yi”m.
(g) TVm, U]˚Rj RÙdœm „Zp, BReLm ˙TÙu\Yt±≠⁄k’ œZk˚R˚V Æ”Æj’,
—RkßWUÙLd L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞´Pd œZk˚Rdœ ERY ˙Yi”m.
(h) œZk˚R ˘Ttfld˘LÙiP A±‹ A˚Rf ˘NVpT”j’m ß\˚U CYt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnRp.
LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP „Z≠p ˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h˚P
SPj’Y’ SU’ R˚XVÙV LP˚UVÙœm. C˚R Eflß ˘NnŸm Y˚L´p TÙPjßhPj˚Rf ∫W˚UlT’
Cu±V˚UVÙR’. CkRf „Z≠u A•lT˚P´pRÙu SÙm TÙPjßhPf ∫W˚Ul˚T ˙SÙdL ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
7
CXYNd LhPÙVd LpÆ œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚ULs
˙LW[f NhPeLfim ©¨‹Lfim 2011
AßLÙWm ˘Tt\ LpÆ ˚UVm
1. 29˛Y’ ©¨Æu AUXÙdLjßtœ UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m AßLÙWm
˘Tt\ LpÆ ˚UVUÙœm.
2. TÙPjßhPm Utflm Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[j RVÙ¨dœm˙TÙ’ CkRf NhPjßu
29˛Y’ ©¨Æu (2)˛Bm ETl©¨‹ (a) ÿRp (f) Y˚W´XÙ] Eh©¨Æu ®TkR˚]dœ
Ffl HtTPÙRYÙfl (1)˛Bm ETfNhPjßu ∏r T¨k’˚W ˘NnVlThP AßLÙWm ˘Tt\
LpÆ ˚UVm CVeœm.
(a) YVßt˙Lt\ £\lTmNm E˚PV TÙPjßhPm, TÙPËp CYt±p A•lT˚P
YÙrÆVp L⁄j’L˚[l T°okR∞dLj ˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p L⁄ÆL˚[
E⁄YÙdœRp.
(b) Jufl ÿRp Gh” Y˚W´XÙ] Yœl◊Lfidœ Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPjßtœm ˙R˚YVÙ]
œ˚\kRThNd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ®oQ´j’d œZk˚RLfidLÙ] Y[of£d
œ±l◊Ls RVÙ¨lT’Pu AYoLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV
B£¨Vo Bt\ ˙Yi•V LP˚UL˚[ Y•Y˚UjRp.
(c) Lt©jRp, Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p B£¨Vo LfidLÙ] T¶´˚Pl
T´t£d L⁄ÆLs E⁄YÙdœRp.
(d) 1995 UÙtflj ß\]Ù∞Ls ˙UmTÙh”f NhPj æoUÙ]lT• (NU E¨˚ULs,
E¨˚UL∞u TÙ’LÙl◊m TeL∞l◊m) UÙtfljß\]Ù∞ œZk˚RLfidœd LpÆ
◊Lh”YRtLÙL B£¨VoLfidœm T¶ÿuT´t£, T¶´˚PlT´t£j ßhPeLs
E⁄YÙdœRp.
(e) ˘RÙPo Utflm TuÿL Ußl¿h˚P S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRj ˙R˚YVÙ] YØÿ˚\Ls
E⁄YÙdœRp.
(f) ˘LÙs˚L ®Lrf£Ls, ßhPeLs, TÙPjßhPm, œZk˚RL∞u Lt©jRp TXuLs
C˚Y Tt±V Bn‹Lfim, Lt\pLfim Ht˘\”j’ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’Rp.
˙LW[l Ts∞l TÙPjßhPm (2013)Cu R≤jRu˚ULs
1. œZk˚R UVUÙ]’m NVpÿ˚\LfiPu C˚QkR’m £\kR NVpTÙ” Lfi˚PV’m Ußl◊L˚[
A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP’UÙ] TÙP HtTÙh˚P A˚UdL ˙Yi”m
2. ˘T¸æL ®˚X´¤m ˘NVpÿ˚\´¤m U]®˚X´¤m Ußl◊Ls ®˚X´¤m œZk˚RL˚[f
˘Nu\˚PV ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m
3. A±YÙdLm Gu\ ˘LÙs˚L˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP TÙPjßhPj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
4. LpÆl T¨UÙt\f ˘NVpL∞p TXÆRUÙ] Ÿdß ÈoYUÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[d ˚LVÙ[‹m
TVuT”jR‹m B£¨VoLfidœf —RkßWm A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
5. Lt\p A˚P‹, ˘TÙ⁄[PdLj Ru˚U, œZk˚RL∞u Tp˙Yfl RWm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l ©¨jR±k’
Tp˙Yfl Lt\p Lt©jRp EjßL˚[f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m. Li”©•j’d Lt\p, L⁄j˚Rl
˘Ttfld ˘LÙsfim ÿ˚\, ÆßY⁄ £kR˚] ÿ˚\, £kR˚]˚Vd œ±j’f £kßdœm ß\uL˚[
Y[ojRp, J⁄e°˚QkR Lt\p, C˚QkR Lt\p, ©WßT≠dœm £kR˚] Y[ojRp, R≤VÙL‹m,
œ›YÙL‹m ˘NnV YÙnl◊ A∞jRp ˙TÙu\Yt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
8
6. CXYNUÙL A˚]Y⁄dœm LpÆ A∞jRp GuT’ ˙TÙX˙Y A˚]j’d œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p
A˚P‹L˚[ EflߢNnYRtœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m.
7. UZ˚Xl Ts∞ ÿRp U≤˚Xl Ts∞ Y˚W Ju\ÙLd L⁄jßt˘LÙi” TÙPjßhPm E⁄YÙdLlTP
˙Yi”m.
8. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m ˘Yq˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u Es[PdLm, ˙R£V A[Æp E⁄YÙdLlThP
Es[PdLeLfidœ C˚QVÙLd ˙LW[jߤm ◊jRLeL˚[j RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
9. ˙R£V A[Ƥs[˚Rl ˙TÙufl Jufl, CWi” Yœl◊L∞p RÙn˘UÙØ (—tflf„Zp ˛ LpÆ˚V
Eh˘LÙi”) L¶Rm, Be°Xm G] Íufl TÙPl◊jRLeLs RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
10. 1 ÿRp 4 Y˚WŸs[ Yœl◊Lfidœ Be°XYØ ◊jRLeLs RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
11. ˘Nm˘UÙØ Gu\ ®˚X´¤m RÙn˘UÙØ Gu\ ®˚X´¤m R™r˘UÙØd Lt\¤dœ A ß L
ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
12.UZ˚XlTs∞d LpÆdLÙL J⁄e°˚QkR TÙPjßhPj˚R E⁄YÙd°, UZ˚Xl Ts∞˚V
Ae∏L¨dLlThP LpÆjßhPjßu TœßVÙL UÙt\˙Yi”m.
13. RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hTj˚R (ICT) J⁄ R≤VÙ] TÙPm GuTRtœ ˙UXÙL, ©\ TÙPeL∞u
T¨UÙt\jßtLÙ] L⁄ÆVÙL‹m ET˙VÙ°dL ˙Yi”m.
14. R≤dLY]m ˙R˚YlT”m œZk˚RLfidœ ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]’m ◊ßV’UÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[
E⁄YÙd°f ˘NVpT”j’Y’Pu ˘Yq˙Yfl Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm E⁄YÙd°f
˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.
15.Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´XÙ] ˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h˚P (CCE) Eflß
˘NnV˙Yi”m.
16. —LÙRÙW EPtLpÆ, L˚XdLpÆ, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeL˚[d LhPÙVl
TÙPlTœßL[ÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
17. ˙U≤˚Xl ©¨Æp LÙXjßt˙Lt\ TÙPl◊jRLeL˚[j RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
18. ˙R£Vd LpÆf NhPjßuT• LpÆ ˘Tflm E¨˚U˚V Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m
19. GpXÙ B£¨VoLfim J⁄ ˘S±VÙ[o (Mentor) Gu\ ®˚X´p EVok’ ˘NVpTh”j ˙R˚YVÙ]
YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm YNßL˚[Ÿm Ts∞d·Pjߤm YœlT˚\´¤m œZk˚RLfidœ
HtT”jR˙Yi”m.
20.B£¨VoLs L˚P©•dL ˙Yi•V Su˘]±f NhPeLfidœ (Code of ProfessionalEthics for School Teachers) ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m.
21. 21˛m Ët\Ùi•tœ Ht\ ÿ˚\´p Lt\p ß\uL˚[ (21st Century Learning Skills) LÙXjßt˙LtT
UÙt± A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.
22. StTi◊L˚[d L˚P©•dœm R˚Xÿ˚\˚V E⁄YÙdLjRdL Y˚L´p TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV
˙Yi”m.
23. NUYÙnl◊m NUj’Yÿm (Equity and Equality) °˚Pdœm Y˚L´p TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV Yi”m.
CVpTÙ] Lt\˚X EflßlT”jRd œZk˚RL∞u EPp U] A[Ƥm NVpTÙh”ÿ˚\´¤m TuÿL
Y[of£˚V CXdLÙLd ˘LÙi” A±‹, GiQm, ˘NVp CYt±t˙Lt\ TÙP HtTÙ” (Curriculum forthe harmony of Head, Heart and Hand) A˚UV ˙Yi”m. G≤p, TÙPHtTÙ” A‘œÿ˚\ GqYÙfl
A˚UV ˙Yi”m? ARu ˘LÙs˚LŸm S˚Pÿ˚\Ÿm GqYÙfl C⁄dL ˙Yi”m?
1.3. TÙPHtTÙ”˛ A‘œÿ˚\
Im◊XuL˚[ ET˙VÙ°j’f „r®˚X´≠⁄k’ —VUÙL˙Y Ltœm ß\˚ULfiPu J⁄ œZk˚R
©\d°\’. EXLj˚Rl ◊ßV ˙SÙd°p LÙiTRtœm, ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsYRtœm ˘NVpT”YRtœm
Ußl©”YRtœUÙ] YÙnl◊Ls ÿ˚\NÙokR LpÆ ÍXm œZk˚Rdœl Ts∞d·Pjß≠⁄k’ °˚PdL
˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
9
œZk˚RLs Gßo˘LÙsfim ©Wf£˚]f „ZpLfidœj
æo‹ LÙiTRu YØVÙ L˙Y Lt\p S˚P˘Tfl°\’.
TÙPjßhPl T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\´u £\l© Vp◊Ls
GqYÙfl C⁄dL ˙Yi”m?
• ˘NVpTÙh” A•lT˚P´XÙ]’.
• ˘NVpÿ˚\ ˘RÙPoTÙ]’.
• Lt\˚X EflßlT”j’m ÆRm.
• Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV ELkR’.
• „Z¤dœ Ht\’.
• Y[of£ UiPXeL˚[ EhT”j ßV’.
• LtTY¨u Æ⁄lTjßtœl TÙ⁄jR UÙ]’.
• Lt\¤Pu Ußl©P¤m J⁄e° ˚Qk’ A˚UkR’.
A±‹ E⁄YÙdLd LÙhTÙh•u A•l T˚P´XÙ] Lt\p
ÿ˚\˙V TÙP HtTÙh•u A•lT˚P. œZk˚R´u A±‹,
L⁄j’, „Zp CYt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” £\kR Lt\p
˘NVpTÙ”Ls E⁄YÙdœYRu ÍXm CVpTÙL A±‹ T\
CV¤m GuT˙R CRu £\l◊.
Lt\p A‡TYeLs
˘Yq˙Yfl YÙrd˚Lf „Z≠≠⁄k’ Y⁄m œZk˚RL∞u
A±‹, ß\˚U BoYm ˙TÙu\˚Y ˙YflThPRpXYÙ?
R≤STo ˙YflTÙh˚PŸm TuÿL A±˚YŸm
L⁄jßp˘LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[ E⁄YÙdœYRtœ
ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
Lt\p „Zp
œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚RŸm Y[of£˚VŸm L⁄jßp
˘LÙi” ˙YflThP Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˙LtL
CV¤m Y˚L´p YœlT˚\f ˘NVpTÙh˚P A˚UdL
˙Yi”m. œZk˚R ˚UVUÙ] Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f
˘NVpT”jR GqYÙfl Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh˚P
S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ˙Yi”m G] A±k’s˙[ÙUpXYÙ?
Lt\p NVpÿ˚\
• œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m AYoLfi˚PV
ÿu]±‹LfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß A±‹
E⁄YÙdLm (Knowledge construction)SPj’°u\]o.
• A±‹ E⁄YÙdLj˚Rj R≤STo ®˚X´¤m NÍL®˚X´¤m TÙodL ˙Yi”m.
• TXÆR Lt\p ÿ˚\L˚[d (Learning Styles) L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Im◊XuLs ÍXm TuÿL
A‡TYeL˚[d (Multisensory experiences) ˘LÙ”lT’ ÍXm Lt\p £\lT˚P°\’.
• œ›f˘NVpTÙ”Lfim LXk’˚WVÙP¤m S˚P˘Tflm ˙TÙ’ Lt\p ·”Rp ˙Uu˚UV˚P°\’.
• Lt\p YLj˚Rd L⁄jßp LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeLs A∞lTRu ÍXm œZk˚R´u Lt\p
˙UmT”°\’.
œZk˚RL∞u A±‹ E⁄YÙœm LhPjßp
B£¨Vo £\kR ÿ˚\´p ˘NVpThPÙp,
A’ œZk˚RLfidœd °˚Pdœm A±
Æ˚] EflßTPf ˘NnŸm. Lt\≠p
D”T”m œZk˚R R]’ A±˚Yf
—VUÙL˙Y E⁄YÙdœ°\’. R]’ Ts∞´p
Ltœm L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞´p SPdœm
LÙ¨VeLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jRj ˙R˚Y
VÙ] ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙LhLd œZk˚R
Lfidœ YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. U]l
TÙPm ˘Nn’ J⁄ N¨VÙ] Æ˚P˚V
A∞lTRtœl TßXÙL, R]’ A‡TYeLs
YÙ´XÙLj R]’ YÙd°VeL∞p Æ˚P
A∞dL FdœÆdL ˙Yi”m. C˚Y
VÙ‹m œZk˚RL∞u A±˚Y Y[Wf
˘NnV ER‹m ÿd°VUÙ] T•L[Ùœm.
A±‹ÈoYUÙL F°jRp GuT’ J⁄
Lt\p EjßVÙœm. C˚R SÙm FdœÆdL
˙Yi”m. TX ˙Y˚[L∞¤m œZk˚R
L∞u Au\ÙP A‡TYeL∞≠⁄k’m,
FPLeL∞≠⁄k’m AYoL∞u U]ßp
£X L⁄j’Ls E⁄YÙ° C⁄dLXÙm.
B]Ùp, B£¨Vo GßoTÙodœm YÙd°Ve
L∞p AYoL[Ùp ·\ CVXÙ’. A±kR
A±Ætœm A±Vl ˙TÙœm A±Ætœm
C˚P´p RÙu ◊ßV A±‹ E⁄YÙdLl
T”°\’. TX˙Y˚[´¤m Ts∞dœ
˘Y∞´˙XÙ, ≈h•˙XÙ ApX’ NÍLj
ß˙XÙ ◊ßV A±‹ E⁄YÙ°\’. CqYÙfl
E⁄YÙœm GpXÙ A±‹L˚[Ÿm SÙm
L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. A±‹m
˘TÙfl˚UŸm E˚PV B£¨˚V C˚Rl
Tt±j ˘R¨kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m. œZk˚R
´u A±‹ Y[of£dœ ER‹m ÆRjßp
˘NVpTÙ”Ls A∞j’m ˙LsÆLs
˙Lh”m œZk˚R˚V B£¨VWÙp YØ
SPjßf ˘NpX ÿ•Ÿm.
˙RPpLs, LsÆLs LhPp, ÆYÙReLs,
˘LÙs˚LLs E⁄YÙdœRp, L⁄j’Ls,
®˚XTÙ”Ls, C˚YL∞u E⁄YÙdLjßtœ
YØ SPj’m ˘NVpLfim, £k˚RŸm
B£¨VoL∞u Te˙Lt©]Ùp HtT”
°u\]. Ts∞d·PeLs ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh
L‹m, ÆYÙReLs NnV‹m, RPpLfidœ
F°j’ ◊ßV L⁄j’L˚[ E⁄YÙdL‹m
YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.
(NCF ˛ 2005, TdLm 41, 42)
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
10
• TÙPl˘TÙ⁄sLs BoYj˚Rj Ái”Y’m ˘TÙ⁄s E˚PV’UÙL A˚UYRu ÍXm Lt\p
˙U¤m £\lTÙL A˚UŸm.
• Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[f —Zt£ ÿ˚\´p (Spiriling) A˚UlTRu ÍXm Lt\p ·”Rp
£\l◊˚PVRÙL UÙfl°\’.
• Lt\p NVpTÙ”L˚[ S°r‹ (Flexibility), Lt\p NVpTÙ”L∞p G∞Vÿ˚\´p A˚UjRp
(Adaptations), Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ˙Rok˘R”jRp (Selection) B°VYt±u ÍXm
˙YflThP Lt\p ˙R˚YŸs[ YoL˚[Ÿm Æ⁄lTm Es[YoL˚[Ÿm L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[
ÿ•Ÿm.
• ˙TÙ’UÙ] Lt\p A‡TYeLs Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚Pdœm˙TÙ’ Uh”˙U Lt\p
A˚P‹ (Learning outcome) EflßlT”jRlT”°\’.
• Lt\¤m Ußl©P¤m J⁄e°˚Qk’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m.
• TÙPj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Es[PdLÿm (content) œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p ˙R˚YLfidœl
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Tp˙Yfl Lt\p Lt©jRp ˘NVp ÿ˚\Lfim EjßLfim ET˙VÙ°dœm˙TÙ’
GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ (Learning Outcomes) A˚PV ÿ•Ÿm.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u TuÿL Y[of£˚VŸm (All round development) SÙdLUÙLd LÙi”
Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls ßhP™PlTP ˙Yi”m.
1.4. Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (Learning Outcomes)
TXÆR TÙPeL∞u Lt\p NVpÿ˚\L∞u ÍXm A±‹, ß\uLs, U]®˚XLs /L⁄j’Ls GuT˚Y
œZk˚R´Pm E⁄YÙ°u\]. CYtfls £X œfl°V LÙXA[Ƥm £X øiP LÙXjߤm °˚PlT˚Y
Bœm. CqYÙfl œZk˚R´Pm E⁄YÙL Yi•V UÙt\eL˚[ ÿu]˙W SmUÙp æoUÙ≤dL ÿ•Ÿm.
TÙPjßhPm E⁄YÙdœm ˙TÙ’ Ts∞d·Pd LpÆ´u YÙ´XÙLl TX ®˚XL∞p œZk˚R A˚PV
˙Yi•V CXh£VeL˙[ Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Bœm. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YÙ´XÙL Jq˘YÙ⁄
AX°¤m ˘Tfl°u\ Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Y[of£ A˚Pk’ J⁄ Yœl©u Cflß´p Lt\p
A˚P‹L[ÙL UÙfl°u\]. LpÆ Ltœm LhPjßp œ±l©hP LÙX A[Æp Lt\p A˚P‹L[ÙL
Y[of£ A˚P°u\]. Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u ÿd°Vj’Ym Gu]˘Yu\Ùp AYt˚\ Etfl SÙdL‹m
(Observable) A[ÆP‹m (Measurable) CV¤m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°tœm T⁄Yjßtœm Yœl©tœm
ÿ•Æp œZk˚R A˚PV ˙Yi•V A±‹, ß\uLs, L⁄j’Ls, U]lTÙu˚U ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[
Ußl©Pd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l TœjRÙnkRÙp ˙TÙ’m. TÙPHtTÙh˚Pf £\lTÙL
S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRu ÍXm A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘Ttfls[]o Gufl
EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[ CqYÙfl ˘RÙœdLXÙm
• TÙPj˙RÙ” RÙPo◊˚PV Lt\p YØVÙLd œZk˚R T\˙Yi•V A±‹ (knowledge), ß\uLs
(Skills), U]lTÙeœLs (Attitudes), Ußl◊Ls (Values) GuT˚Y˙V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls.
• Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Etfl ˙SÙdLd ·•V’m (Observable) A[ÆPd ·•V’UÙL (Measurable)A˚UV ˙Yi”m.
• œfl°V, øiP LÙXeL∞p ˘Tflm Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Es[].
1.5. Lt\p BRÙWeLfim Lt\p A˚Ul◊Lfim
TÙPjßhPj˚Rl T¨UÙt\m NnYRtœl TVuT”j’°u\ TX ®˚XL˙[ Lt\p E˚\ÆPeLs. Lt\p
˘NVpÿ˚\ ÿ›˚U˘T\ TXRWlThP Lt\p E˚\ÆPeL˚[l TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• ËXLm • A±Æl◊l TX˚LLs
• Bn‹d·Pm (L¶Rm, A±ÆVp) • L¶≤ Bn‹d·Pm
• Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs • RLYp ˘RÙPo◊d L⁄ÆLs
Yœl◊ II
11
CRtœ ˙UXÙLd œZk˚RL∞u ß\˚UL˚[ ˘Y∞lT”j’YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls. Ts∞d·PeL∞p
EiPpXYÙ? AYt˚\Ÿm Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙLl TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• £flYo Uu\m
• LÙ˚Xd·hPm (Assembly)
• Uu\eLs (Clubs)
• ÆYÙR ˙U˚P
• LpÆf —tflXÙ
• Ru]ÙoYj ˘RÙi” ®flY]eLs (SPC, NSS, Scout, NCC)
œZk˚RL∞u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£dœ C’˙TÙu\ A˚Ul◊Ls Cu±V˚UVÙR]YÙœm.
1.6. L˚XdLpÆŸm T¶A‡TYd LpÆŸm (Art Education & Work Experience)
L˚XdLpÆ
T˚PlTÙt\p, Etfl˙SÙdœm ß\u, UÙtflf £kR˚] ˙TÙu\˚Y œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[Wf ˘NnVd
L˚XdLpÆ Cu±V˚UVÙR’. ◊ßV TÙPjßhP A‘œÿ˚\´p ˘TÙ’YÙ] TÙPeL˚[l ˙TÙu\
ÿd°Vj’Ym L˚XdLpÆdœm A∞dLl Th”s[’. Ts∞l TÙPjßhPjßp L˚XdLpÆ´p C˚N,
SP]m, TPm Y˚WRp, £tTeLs E⁄YÙdœRp, SÙPLm, ß˚WlTPm TÙu\˚Y EhT”jRlTh”s[].
œZk˚RL∞u CkRj ’˚\L∞¤s[ ß\˚UL˚[j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi” AYt˚\ Y[Wf ˘NnV
˙Yi”m.
L˚Xd LpÆ´u ˘TÙ’YÙ] CXdœLs.
• œZk˚RL∞Pm U˚\kß⁄dœm L˚Xjß\uL˚[d Li”©•j’ Y[odL ˙Yi”m.
• L˚XL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m œZk˚RL∞u ß\˚ULfid˙LtTd L˚XL˚[l T´tflÆdœm
YÙnl˚T A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
• Tp˙Yfl L˚XL˚[ CW£dL‹m L˚XL∞u AZ˚L Eh˘LÙs[‹m ˙Yi”m.
• L˚X˚V CW£j’ NÍL YÙrd˚L´p U≤R ˙SVj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
• TiTÙh” ˙YflTÙh˚Pl ©¨jR±k’ TiTÙh” ÆØl◊Qo˚Y Y[odL ˙Yi”m.
• L˚X´u L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi” ◊’˚UVÙ] £kR˚]L∞p D”TP‹m C˚QVÙ] NÍLf
˘NVpL∞p D”TP‹m ˙Yi”m.
• L˚X˚Vl TVuT”jßl ©\ TÙPeL∞u Lt\˚Xf £\l◊˚PVRÙdL ˙Yi”m (art appliedlearning).
• TuÿL A±‹ Y[of£dLÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”j’YRtœ A±V ˙Yi”m.
• Tp˙Yfl ß\˚ULs Es[ œZk˚RL˚[d Lt\p NVpTÙ”L∞p BoYÿPu D”TPf NnV
˙Yi”m.
• œZk˚RL∞u CW£l◊j Ru˚U˚V Y[Wf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ
EQo‹, A±‹ ˙TÙu\ UiPXeL∞u J⁄e°˚Ql◊m ÿu˙]t\ÿm E⁄YÙLl T¶ A‡TYd
LpÆ (Work Experience) ELkR’.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ T¶ A‡TYd Lt\p Yœl◊m A•lT˚P U≤RY[ UmTÙh˚P SÙdLUÙLd LÙi•⁄dL
˙Yi”m. GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞u ß\uLfim R≤jRu˚ULfim SÙh” Su˚Udœ Ht\ Y˚L´p
Y[W Yi”m GuT˙R U≤RY[ UmTÙh•u SÙdLm. RÙØ˚X S£lT’m RÙØp NnTYoL˚[
UßlT’m, NÍL EQo‹˚PV Utflm ˘RÙØp TiTÙh”˚PV ◊ßV R˚Xÿ˚\˚V E⁄YÙdœY’m
T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ´u ÿd°V CXdœL[Ùœm.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
12
• U≤RY[ ˙UmTÙ”
• ˙R£V ÿu˙]t\m
• ˘RÙØp BoYm
• EtTjßj ’˚\´p R≤j’Ym
• TuÿLj R≤STo Y[of£
StTi◊Lfim U]®˚XLfim Y[ojRp
L˚XdLpÆdœm T¶ A‡TYd LpÆdœm ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l TÙPjßhPl T¨UÙt\m S˚P˘T\
˙Yi”m. CYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm, YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm EhT”jßl TÙPeL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’l
T¨UÙt\m NnY’ AY£VUÙœm.
1.7 EPp SXm Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ
EPp ˛ U] Y[of£´u A•lT˚P E⁄YÙY’ ˘RÙPdL ®˚X´XÙœm. G]˙Y CkRd LÙX A[Æp
GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm EPp SXm Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´u A‡TYeLs °˚Pj’s[] GuT˚R
Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m. œZk˚R´u B˙WÙd°V, Æ˚[VÙh” ÿu˙]t\ ®˚XL˚[ A±ÆVp
ÿ˚\´p Y[Wf ˘NnR¤m B˙WÙd°VUÙ] YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\Lfim U]®˚XLfim Y[Wf ˘NnRp
GuT˙R EPpSX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm. EPp SX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´p
YÙnl◊L˚[ ®˚X ®flj’Y˙RÙ” ˘Yq˙Yfl TÙPeL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’l T¨UÙt\m ˘NnV‹m
˙Yi”m.
EPpSX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´u ÿd°V CXdœLs :
• Tp˙Yfl „ZpL∞p ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ÿ˚\´p EP˚X A˚NlTRtLÙ] ß\˚]l
˘Ttfld˘LÙsY’.
• EPp A˚N˚Yd Lh”lT”j’m Tp˙Yfl LhPeL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m EP˚Xl TuÿL
A˚N‹L∞u FPLUÙL ÿu˙]\‹m ˘NnY’.
• NÍLd LP˚ULs œ±jR ÆØl◊Qo‹ E⁄YÙL‹m UdL[Ùh£ ÿ˚\´XÙ] YÙrd˚L
ÿ˚\L˚[d L˚P©•dL‹m CW£dL‹m ˘NnY’.
• œZk˚R´u TuÿL Y[of£˚V Eflß ˘NnY’.
1.8. EhT”jßV LpÆ (Inclusive Education)
ReLs Yœl©¤s[ NL UÙQY‡dœ ≈” Cp˚X; YØ˙VÙWjßp œ•øodœZÙ´p ˙Noj’d
Lh•V RLW˙U AY‡˚PV ≈” Gu\ RLY˚Xl Tt±d œZk˚RLs LXk’˚WVÙ•]ÙoLs.
LY˚XL˚[l Te°”YRu YØVÙLj æo‹ LÙQ CVXÙ’ G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙiP œZk˚RLs
B£¨V¨u ERÆŸPu ˙NL¨jR ˘RÙ˚L˚V ET˙VÙ°j’ SiT‡dœ ≈” Lh•d ˘LÙ”j’
AkRl Ts∞d·Pm J⁄ SpX UÙߨVÙL A˚UkR’.
(J⁄ Ts∞ A‡TYm)
YœlT˚\´p GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm EhT”jß VÙ˚WŸm ◊\dL¶dLÙUp J⁄ Lt\p „Z˚X
E⁄YÙdL Yi”m. SU’ Ts∞d·PeL∞p GpXÙl ©¨Æ]⁄dœm R≤d LY]ÿm Lt\p ERÆŸm
A∞j’ NUf∫WÙ], RWUÙ] LpÆ (Equitable Quality Education) Eflß ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi”m.
R≤d LY]ÿm Lt\p ERÆŸm TÙ’LÙl◊m ˙R˚YlT”˙YÙo VÙo?
(A) NÍLl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWd LÙWQeL[Ùp ◊\dL¶dLlThPYoL∞u œZk˚RLs
• Tp˙Yfl TÙœTÙ”L[Ùp NÍLl TiTÙh”d œ”mTl ©u]¶´p ◊\dL¶dLlThP
œZk˚RLs, Yfl˚U´p YÙ”TYoLs, BßYÙ£Ls, Ti œZk˚RLs, RÙrjRlThP ©¨˚Yf
NÙokRYoLs. Y∞SÙh•≠⁄k’ œ•˙V±VYoLs, ®˚XVÙLj Reœm YNßVt\YoLs TÙu\
A˙SLl ©Wf£˚]L˚[ A‡TÆlTYoLs Cßp APeœYo.
Yœl◊ II
13
CqYÙ\Ù] œZk˚RL∞u œ˚\L˚[Ÿm œ˚\TÙ”L˚[Ÿm LiP±k’ AYoL˚[ Ae∏L¨j’
Ußj’ SPlTRÙL SU’ A‘œÿ˚\ C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. Ts∞L∞p œ›f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YØVÙL
CYoL∞u ©Wf£˚]˚V KW[‹ æodLÿ•Ÿm.
(B) EPp ˛ U]d œ˚\TÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙiP œZk˚RLs
EPp ˛ U] A[ÆXÙ] œ˚\TÙ”Ls Es[YoLfidœm, Lt\≠p £WUm A‡TÆdœm
œZk˚RLfidœm £\l◊d LY]m ˙R˚Y (Special Education Needs). ˙LsÆd œ˚\‹, TÙo˚Yj
ß\u œ˚\‹, ◊jß œ˚\‹, ˚L, LÙp F]m, Lt\≠p ©uRe°V ®˚X, Bh•Nm, ˘N¨©Wp TÙp£,
TuÿLd œ˚\TÙ”, U]®˚X TÙßdLlThP œZk˚RLs, LY]d œ˚\‹s[YoLs B°˙VÙo Cßp
APeœYo.
CYoLfidLÙLl TÙPjßhPjßu T¨UÙt\ ˙Y˚[´p ˚LVÙ[˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y?
• Lt\p ˙R˚YLs, BoYm B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j
ßhP™”Rp.
• Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim Te˙Ltœm Y˚L´p TÙPjßhP™Pp
∫W˚UdLlTP ˙Yi”m.
• Tp˙Y\Ù] Lt\p YLm, Lt\p ÿ˚\ B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßt˘LÙi” Im◊XuLfidœhThP
A‘œÿ˚\˚V (Multisensory approach) S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’Rp.
• œ˚\ ødœm ˘NVpTÙ”Ls (Remedial Practices), FdLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls (EnrichmentPractices) ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˙R˚Yd˙LtTj ßhP™h”f
˘NVpT”j’Rp.
• Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿h” YÙnl◊L˚[ S°r‹Pu (Flexiblity) NVpT”j’Rp
• £\l◊ Y[ B£¨VoLs (Resource Teachers) Utflm Yp¤]oL∞u ERÆ˚V E.flߢNnRp.
• œZk˚R´u LpÆ, TÙ’LÙl◊ B°VYt±p ˘Tt˙\Ù¨u ˘RÙPof£VÙ] ERÆ˚V
EflߢNnRp.
CkRl©¨‹L∞¤s[ œZk˚RL˚[j RÆW £\l◊ LY]ÿm TÙ’LÙl◊m °˚PdL ˙Yi•V
œZk˚RL˙[ R≤lThP ß\‡m ◊jßd·o˚UŸm ™œkR œZk˚RLs (Gifted Children). GpXÙl
©¨Æ¤s[ œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm LY]jßp LÙi” Ts∞f NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm „ZpL˚[Ÿm £\lTÙL
A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.
1.9. RLYp RÙØp÷hTd LpÆ´u YÙnl◊ (ICT)
RLYpL˚[l T¨UÙflYRtœ HWÙ[UÙ] ÿ˚\Ls S˚Pÿ˚\´p EiPpXYÙ? Cßp ™L‹m
ÿd°VUÙ]’ ICT LpÆ. œZk˚RLs Tp˙Yfl YØÿ˚\L∞p CkRj ˘RÙØp ÷hTj˚R H\dœ˚\V
˘R¨kß⁄lTÙoLs. CkR A±˚Y YœlT˚\d Lt\≠p ET˙VÙLlT”jR ˙Yi”m. Lt\˚X
G∞˚UVÙdL‹m EtNÙLUÙdL‹m CRuYØ CV¤m.
ICTCu R˚Y
TÙPjßhPl T¨UÙt\jßtLÙLl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „ZpL∞p ICT ’˚Qd L⁄ÆL˚[ ˙R˚Yd˙LtT
EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. TÙPl◊jRLjßu ˘S°rÆu˚U / ®LrÆu˚U, ˙TÙu\ œ˚\L˚[ ICTCu
YÙnl◊Ls ÍXm Gßo˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm. ICTCu R˚Y Gk˘RkRf „ZpL∞p Yi”m GuT˚RŸm
A˚R GlT•f ˘NVpT”jRXÙm GuT˚RŸm ßhP™P B£¨Vo ß\˚U YÙnkRYoL[ÙL C⁄dL
˙Yi”m.
˘TÙ⁄jRm
œZk˚R´u T˚PlTÙt\˚XŸm A±Æu TuÿLj Ru˚UL˚[Ÿm FdœÆdL ICT YÙnl◊L˚[l
TVuT”jR Yi”m. TÙPeL∞p BoYj˚RŸm FdLj˚RŸm ®˚X®flj’YRÙL ICT YÙnl◊L˚[
A˚UdL ˙Yi”m. ICTCu ET˙VÙLm Im◊XuL∞p œ˚\TÙ”s[ œZk˚RLfidœ AßLUÙ]
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
14
TV]∞d°\’. J≠ YØVÙL‹m TÙo˚Y YØVÙL‹m L⁄j’L˚[ AßLUÙL Eh°W°dL ICTTVuT”°\’. ˘Yq˙Yfl Lt\p ß\‡˚PV œZk˚RL˚[d L⁄jßt˘LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[
ICT ÍXm A∞lTRtœm C’ ER‹°\’.
SmTLjRu˚U
RLYp ˘RÙPo◊ FPLeL∞u SmTLjRu˚U˚V EflߢNnV ˙Yi”m. AW— Y˚X R[eLs, LpÆ
Y˚X R[eLs, Portal, Blog, Social Network ˙TÙu\Yt±¤s[ RLYpL˚[ AßLÙWÈoYUÙL
EflߢNn’ ET˙VÙ°dL ˙Yi”m. YœlT˚\ T¨UÙt\jßtœ ET˙VÙ°dLd·•V L⁄ÆL∞u
˘NVpTÙh”j Ru˚U˚V Eflß NnV˙Yi”m. CjR˚LV L⁄ÆLs NVpT”YRtœl TÙ⁄jRUÙ]
˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s G∞ßp °˚PdLd ·•VRÙL‹m ET˙VÙ°dL CVu\RÙL‹m C⁄dL˙Yi”m. ICTYÙnl◊Ls œZk˚RL∞u YV’, U]®˚X ˙TÙu\Yt±tœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
1. 10 ˙Uu˚ULs, U]®˚XLs, LP˚UŸQo‹ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Y[odL ER‹m UiPXeLs
(Core- Elements)
œZk˚RLs U≤R ˙SVj˚Rl Tt±Ÿm AW£VX˚Ul©u ˙Uu˚UL˚[l Tt±Ÿm ÆØl◊Qo‹
E˚PVYoL[ÙL Y[W ˙Yi”m. NÍL YÙrd˚L˚V FdœÆdœm U]®˚X˚V E⁄YÙdœRp, NÍL
LP˚UŸQo˚Y Y[ojRp TÙu\˚Y TÙPjßhPjßp ÿd°VUÙL EhT”jR Yi•V TœßL[Ùœm.
CYt˚\ Y[Wf ˘NnV ˙Ut·±V L⁄j’UiPXeL∞p Æ[dLm A∞dLlTh”s[’.
UdL[Ùh£ EQo‹
Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u Es[PdLj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ UdL[Ùh£j ˘RÙPoTÙ]
Li˙QÙhPj˚Rd L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ßhP ™”R≠¤m T¨UÙt\f
˘NVpL∞¤m UdL[Ùh£ A‘œÿ˚\ A˚UV ˙Yi”m. UdL[Ùh£ ÿ˚\´XÙ] Yœl◊, Ts∞
CPeLs (UdL[Ùh£ AWeœLs) UdL[Ùh£ YÙrd˚L A‘œÿ˚\ ˙TÙu\˚Y YØVÙL UdL[Ùh£
EQo‹ E⁄YÙdœRp GuT’ TÙPjßhPjßu CXdLÙœm.
AW£VX˚Ul◊ Uu˚ULs
Smÿ˚PV AW£VX˚Ul◊ ·flm Uu˚ULfim CXdœLfim TÙPjßhPjßp ©WßT≠dL Yi”m.
AW£VX˚Ul◊ ˙Uu˚UL˚[ UÙQYu A˚PYRtœ ELkR Es[PdLj˚RŸm T¨UÙtflf
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
URfNÙoTt\ U]®˚X
URfNÙoTt\ U]®˚X˚V Y[odL ERYd ·•V TÙP UiPXeL˚[ Es[PdLjßp ˙NodL‹m.
ARtœ ER‹m Y˚L´XÙ] T¨UÙt\ ÿ˚\˚Vd ˚LVÙ[‹m ˙Yi”m.
N°l◊j Ru˚U
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]YoLs Uh”UpX ˘TÙ⁄jRUt\YoL˙[Ù”m N°l◊j Ru˚U LÙhP ˙Yi”m Gu\
A•lT˚Pd ˘LÙs˚L˚Vl TÙPjßhPm CXdLÙLd ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
˘NVXÙdL T˚PlTÙt\p £kR˚]
UÙQYoL∞Pm NVXÙdLÿm T˚PlTÙt\¤UÙ] £kR˚]˚VŸm RP˚XŸm Y[Wf NnV Yi”m.
TÙPjßhPjßu Es[PdL UiPXeL∞¤m Lt\p EjßL∞¤m T˚PlTÙt\p YØVÙ] RP¤dLÙ]
YÙnl◊Ls C⁄dL Yi”m. TuÿL A±Æu (Multiple Intelligence) RXeL˚[Ÿm L⁄jßp LÙs[
˙Yi”m.
TiTÙh”P‡m TÙWmT¨VeLfiP‡m Es[ BRW‹
SU’ TiTÙ”, TÙWmT¨Vm, YWXÙfl CYt±tœ BRW‹ LÙh”m U]lTÙu˚U˚V E⁄YÙdœRp GuT’
TÙPjßhPjßu ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeL∞p Ju\Ùœm.
Yœl◊ II
15
NUj’Ym Gu\ L⁄j’
Tp˙Yfl „r®˚XL∞¤m Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m NUj’Ym, NU®˚X ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Eflß
˘NnV˙Yi”m.
R˚X˚Ul Ti◊
◊ßV Ët\Ùi•u NYÙpL˚[ Gßo˘LÙs[‹m YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”jR‹m RœkR R˚XYoL˚[
E⁄YÙdLl TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[ E⁄YÙdL Yi”m. YœlT˚\f NVpTÙ”L∞p GpXÙd
œZk˚RL∞u Te˙Lt˚TŸm Eflß ˘Nn’ R˚X˚U˙Vtœm ß\˚] Y[odL ER‹m „r®˚XL˚[
E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
YÙrd˚Lj ß\u LpÆ
Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p R≤SToLfidœ HtT”m ©Wf£˚]L˚[Ÿm NYÙpL˚[Ÿm ß\mTP
Gßo˘LÙs[ ER‹m NÙRLUÙ] Utflm ß\˚UVÙ] Ti◊L˙[ YÙrd˚Lj ß\uLs. Ru˚] A±Rp,
NL D”TÙ”, L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\u, R≤U≤R E\‹, T˚PlTÙt\p, ÆUo£dœm ß\u. ÿ•‹L˚[
G”jRp, æo‹ LÙ‘Rp, EQo‹L˚[d Lh”lT”j’Rp, U] A›jRj˚R Gßo˘LÙsfiRp TÙu\˚Y
ÿd°VUÙ] YÙrd˚Lj ß\uL[Ùœm. œZk˚RL∞u „r®˚XL˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊T”jß CkR
UiPXeL∞u LÙW¶L˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp EhT”jR Yi”m. YÙrd˚L˚Vj Ru]m©d˚LŸPu
A‘L‹m ÿu˙]\‹m Cjß\uLs œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹°u\].
œ•UL≤u LP˚U
SÙh•tœ UdL∞Pm Es[˚Rl ˙TÙufl, œ•UdLfim SÙh•tLÙLf £X LP˚U L˚[Ÿm
˘TÙfll◊L˚[Ÿm L˚P©•dL ˙Yi”m. SÙh•u Y[of£ GuT’ U≤Rj ß\≤u Y[of£ Gu\
Li˙QÙhPjßp TÙodœm CkRd LÙXLhPjßp SÙh•tœ ER‹m SpX œ•UL˚] E⁄YÙdœY˙R
LpÆ´u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm. J⁄ —RkßWUÙ] NÍLj˚R E⁄YÙdœY’Pu J›eLÙ]l ˘TÙfll◊s[
NÍLj˚R E⁄YÙdœm œ•UdL˚[l T˚PlT˙R LpÆ´u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLUÙœm.
U≤R E¨˚ULs
R≤U≤Ru Gu\ ®˚X´p Ußl◊Pu YÙrYRtLÙ] E¨˚U˙V U≤R E¨˚U. Id°VSÙh”f N˚T´u
U≤R E¨˚U Æ[mTWjßu ÍXm EXL˘Ueœm Ae∏L¨dLlThP U≤R E¨˚ULfidœl TÙPjßhP
E⁄YÙdLjߤm ARu T¨UÙt\ ˙Y˚[´¤m ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚ULs
œZk˚RL∞u GpXÙÆR E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm TÙ’LÙlT’ SU’ LP˚UVÙœm.
CVt˚L CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊ —tfll◊\j Án˚U
CVt˚L CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊, —tfll◊\j Án˚U B°VYt˚\l TÙ’LÙdLd L˚P©•dL Yi•V
A•lT˚Pd Li˙QÙhPeL˚[ BWmT Yœl◊ ÿR˙X EhT”jR Yi”m. R≤U≤Rj Án˚U˚Vl
˙TÙufl ÿd°VUÙ]˙R —tfll◊\j Án˚U GuT˚RŸm Án˚UŸQo‹ œ•UL≤u LP˚UL∞p
A•lT˚PVÙ]’ Gu\’UÙ] EQo˚Y UÙQYoL∞P˙V HtT”jR ˙Yi”m. CVt˚L U≤R≤u
˙R˚Ydœ Uh”ÿs[RpX GuT˚R CVt˚L´u NU®˚X´p HtT”m UÙt\eLs GßoLÙXjßp
∫WØ‹Ls HtTPd LÙWQUÙœm Gu\ U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[odL ˙Yi”m.
CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊m —tfll◊\j Án˚UŸm E⁄YÙYRtœj RœkR NVpTÙ”L˚[ A∞dL Yi”m.
NUÙRÙ]d LpÆ
R≤lThP ÿ˚\´¤m ©\˙WÙ” NUÙRÙ]UÙL‹m AuTÙL‹m TZœm ß\˚]Ÿm U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm
E⁄YÙdœY˙R NUÙRÙ]d LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLm. LXYWeL˚[Ÿm LXYWeL˚[j Ái”m „ZpL˚[j
RÆodL‹m A˚Uß˚V ®˚XSÙhP‹m NUÙRÙ]m, Au◊ CYt±u YÙnl◊L˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp
Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u YØVÙLf ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi•V’ NUÙRÙ]d LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLUÙœm.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
16
NhP A±‹
NhPeLs Tt±V A±˚YŸm ÆØl◊Qo˚YŸm J⁄ œ•VW— SÙh•p YÙ›m TÙ’UdLs LÙi•⁄dL
˙Yi”m. NhP A±‹ œZk˚RLfidœd °˚Pdœm ÆRjßp TÙPlTœßL∞p CYt˚\ EhT”jR
˙Yi”m. NhP ERÆ Uu\m, NhP ˚UVm, NhP B˙XÙN˚], NhP ÆØl◊Qo‹ ˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™h”f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.
˚NTo œt\eLs
RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hTj ’˚\ Y[of£V˚Pk’s[ Cu˚\V LÙXjßp Au\ÙP YÙrÆp CYt˚\j
RY\ÙLl TVuT”j’Y’m œt\f NVpLfim S˚P˘Tfl°u\]. œZk˚RLs C’˙TÙu\ NVpL∞p
D”TPÙU≠⁄dL ER‹m ÆØl◊Qo‹f ˘NVpL˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. C˚QV
R[m, NÍL Y˚X R[m, ™u]gNp ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”j’Y’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘R∞YÙ]
A±˚YŸm TœjR±k’ ˘NVpT”m Ru˚U˚VŸm TÙPjßhPjßu ÍXm A∞dL ˙Yi”m. ˚NTo
œt\eLfidœ YZeœm RiP˚]L˚[Ÿm, C˚QVR[j˚R ÿ˚\VÙLl TVuT”j’m A±˚YŸm
TÙP HtTÙh•p EhT”jR Yi”m.
FPL ÆØl◊Qo‹
SU’ NÍLm J≠, J∞ FPLeLfidœ AßL ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞d°\’. œZk˚RL∞Pm J∞ FPLm
˘T⁄m BßdLj˚Rf ˘N¤j’°\’. G]˙Y, FPL ÆØl◊Qo˚Y E⁄YÙdœm Tp˙Yfl ·flL˚[l
TÙPjßhPjßp ˙NodL ˙Yi”m.
®˚Xÿu˙]t\d Li˙QÙhPm
SÙm YÙ›m È™ U≤R‡dœ Uh”m E¨˚UVÙ]Rufl Gu\ —tfll◊\ ÆØl◊Qo˚Yl TÙPjßhPm
A∞dL ˙Yi”m. —tflf„Z¤dœ Ffl Æ˚[Ædœm U≤R≤u TZdL YZdLeL∞≠⁄k’
—tfll◊\j˚R GlT•d LÙlTÙt\XÙm Gufl A±Rp Cd LÙXLhPjßp ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm. —tfll◊\ÿm
ÿu˙]t\ÿm GlT• J⁄e°˚Qk’ ˘NpXXÙm Gu\ BWÙnf£Ÿm ®˚Xÿu˙]t\m ˘RÙPoTÙ]
Li˙QÙhPÿm BWÙnf£Lfim TÙPjßhPm ˘Y∞d ˘LÙQW ˙Yi•VRÙœm. J⁄e°˚QkR
—tfll◊\ ÆØl◊Qo‹ E⁄YÙdœY˘RuT’ TÙPjßhPjßu ˙SÙdLeL∞p Ju\Ùœm.
C˚[Oo LpÆ
œZk˚R E[ÆVp Yp¤SoLs —LÙRÙW ˙N˚YVÙ[oLs, U⁄j’YoLs, B£¨VoLs B°˙VÙ¨u
·h” ÿVt£Ls YØVÙL C˚[Oo LpÆdœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Es[PdL UiPXeLs Tp˙Yfl
TÙPeL∞p EhT”j’YRtLÙ] YÙnl˚Td L⁄jßt˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. LtTYoL∞u EPp ®˚X,
Án˚U ˙TÙu\˚Y ˘RÙPoTÙ] Nk˙RLeLfim ˘R∞Æu˚UŸm A±ÆVp ®˚X´p L⁄jßp
˘LÙs[Y’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]RÙœm.
÷Lo˙YÙo TiTÙ” Æ˚[‹Ls
÷Lo˙YÙo TiTÙh•u æV Æ˚[‹Ls œ±jR Ei˚ULs RÙPdL Yœl◊Ls ÿR˙X TÙPjßhPjßp
EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. ÷Lo˙YÙo Gu\ ®˚X´p SU’ E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm ÷Lo˙YÙof NhPeL˚[Ÿm
TÙPj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV]YÙL A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.
˙TÙ˚Rl TÙ⁄s Gßol◊ U]lTÙu˚U
U’, TÙ˚R U⁄k’Ls, ◊˚L´˚X TÙu\Yt±u TVuTÙ” ◊ßV R˚Xÿ˚\´u B˙WÙd°Vj˚Rl
TÙßlT˚PVf ˘Nn°\’ GuT˚R SÙm EQW ˙Yi”m. Y⁄eLÙX R˚Xÿ˚\˚V CYt±≠⁄k’
TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m. CRtLÙLl ˙TÙ˚Rl ˘TÙ⁄s ET˙VÙLjßu EPp ˛ U] E˚[fNpL˚[Ÿm
ÆTj’L˚[Ÿm £jR¨dœm TPeLs, £flœ±l◊Ls, LÙh£Ls TÙu\Yt˚\ Es[PdLjßp EhT”jR
˙Yi”m. ˙TÙ˚R Gßol◊ U]lTÙu˚U˚V E⁄YÙdœY˙R CRu A•lT˚P ˙SÙdLm.
Yœl◊ II
17
Bi, Ti NUj’Ym
TÙP HtTÙ” Bi, Ti NUj’Yj˚R EflßlT”j’YRÙL C⁄dL Yi”m. Bi Ti YflTÙ”
TÙP HtTÙh•p C⁄jRp ·PÙ’. TÙPË≠p Es[ TPeL∞p ·P Bi ˛ ˘Ti NUj’Ym C⁄dL
˙Yi”m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ SPj’m˙TÙ’ Bi ˘Ti NUj’Yj˚R EflßlT”j’Y’
B£¨V¨u LP˚UVÙœm.
˙N™l◊ U]lTÙu˚U
BWmTd LpÆ ÿR˙X œZk˚RLfidœf £dL]UÙLf ˘NX‹ ˘Nn’ ˙N™dœm U]lTÙu˚U˚Vl
Tt±d Lt©dL ˙Yi”m. £dL]jßu £\l˚TŸm ÿd°Vj’Yj˚RŸm ˘R∞‹T”jR ˙Yi”m.
£dL]l Ti©˚]d L˚P©•lTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
NÙ˚Xl TÙ’LÙl◊
NÙ˚X ÆßLs, NÙ˚X ÆTj˚Rj R”lTRtLÙ] A±‹˚WLs, ˘NVpLs ˙TÙu\˚Y NÙ˚Xl
TÙ’LÙl©u LÙW¶L[Ùœm. NÙ˚X GuT’ J⁄ ˘TÙ’ CP˘UuT˚RŸm Sm˚U ˙TÙX˙Y
Ut\YoLfidœm NÙ˚X˚Vl TVuT”j’YRtœf —RkßWm Ei” Gu\ U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm E⁄YÙdL
˙Yi”m. NÙ˚Xl TÙ’LÙl˙TÙ” RÙPo◊˚PV NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL Yi”m.
TÙP HtTÙh•p CkRj ’˚\L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[ EflßlT”jR
˙Yi”m. TXÆR TÙPTÙLeL∞u EhL⁄j’dL˚[j Rok˘R”dœm TÙ’m CRtLÙ] NVpTÙ”L˚[
ÿ˚\lT”j’m TÙ’m R˚YVÙ] ÿu‡¨˚U °˚PdL Yi”m. Lt\p NVpTÙh•u TÙ’ C’
˘RÙPoTÙ] A±‹, StTi◊Ls U]lTÙeœ B°VYt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym Yi”m. RÙPo Ußl¿”
ÍXm CkR CXh£VeL˚[ A˚PV ÿ•kRRÙ Gufl TÙodL ˙Yi”m. TXÆR Uu\eL∞u
˘NVpTÙ”Ls SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC ÆjVÙWeLm ˛ L˚X CXd°V Uu\m LÙkß Ro`u
B°V CVdLeLs UÙQYoL∞˚P˙V SpX U]lTÙu˚ULfim, LP˚U EQo‹m, StTi◊Lfim
Y[W YØYœd°u\].
1.11. E¨˚U A•lT˚P´XÙ] LpÆ ( Right based Education)
œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[j æoUÙ≤j’ AYt˚\ EXL˘Ue°¤m S˚Pÿ˚\l T”j’YRtLÙL
Id°VSÙh”d LpÆ, NÍLm Utflm TiTÙh” A˚Ul◊ UNESCO) ÿuYkR’. CR˚]j ˘RÙPok’
Tp˙Yfl SÙ”L∞p œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[l TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙL HWÙ[UÙ] NhPeLs
E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[]. CkßVÙÆp ˙R£Vd LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm 2009˛Bm Bi”
S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP’ J⁄ ÿd°V ®Lr‹ Bœm. œZk˚RL∞u GpXÙ ÆRUÙ] E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm
TÙ’LÙd°u\ ˘TÙfll◊ ˘T¨VYoL∞u LP˚UVÙœm. LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPj˚Rl Tt±d ·flm˙TÙ’
AYt˚\ ÿd°VUÙL Íufl UiPXeL[ÙL Y˚LlT”jRXÙm.
• Te˙Lt◊ (Participation)• YÙnl◊ (Provision)• TÙ’LÙl◊ (Protection)
Te˙Lt◊ (Participation)
• œZk˚RL˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV GpXÙj æoUÙ]eL˚[l Tt±Ÿm Gu≤Pm LXkRÙ˙XÙ£lT’
Ei”.
• G”dLd·•V ÿ•‹L∞p G]’ L⁄j’Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym °˚PlT’i”
• Gu‡˚PV ß\uL˚[Ÿm Y˚Wÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±k’ ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˙LtL YÙnl◊
°˚Pd°u\].
• G]’ ß\uLs Y[W‹m Y˚Wÿ˚\Lfidœ AlTÙt˘NpX‹m ER‹m Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls
G]dœd °˚Pd°\’.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
18
• G]’ L⁄j’Lfidœ ÿu‡¨˚U °˚Pd°\’.
• G]dœm G]’ SiToLfidœm Yœl©p SPdœm ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p SpX ÿ˚\´p Te˙LtL
YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.
• G]’ ß\uL˚[ ˘Y∞lT”jR YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.
YÙnl◊ (Provision)
• RœkR LpÆj RœßŸ˚PV, LÙXjßt˙LtT A±˚Y Y[odœm B£¨VoL∞u ˙N˚Y
GeLfidœd °˚Pd°\’.
• J’dLlTh”s[ ˙SWm ÿ›Y’m Lt\p A‡TYeLs GeLfidœd °˚Pd°u\].
• EPp, U] Y[of£dœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Yœl◊f „Zp GeLfidœ °˚Pd°\’.
• GeLs B£¨VoL[Ùp Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ELkR Lt\p L⁄ÆL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]
˙SWjßp A∞dL ÿ•°\’.
• L˚X, Æ˚[VÙh”j ß\uL˚[ FdœÆdLj ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLfim YÙnl◊Lfim
GeLfidœd °˚Pd°u\].
LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm RTE (2009)
• 1 ÿRp 5 Y˚W T•dœm œZk˚RLfidœ 200 ˙Y˚XSÙhLfim, 800 U¶˙SWm Lt\p
˙SWÿm °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.
• 6 ÿRp 8 Y˚W T•dœm œZk˚RLfidœ 220 ˙Y˚X SÙhLfim 1000 U¶ ˙SWm Lt\p
˙SWÿm °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.
TÙ’LÙl◊ (Protection)
• Ts∞d·Pjߤm ˘Y∞´¤m SÙu GkR ÆRUÙ] TÙœTÙ”L˚[Ÿm A‡TÆlTßp˚X.
• Gu˚] VÙ⁄m GkR˘YÙ⁄ Y˚L´¤m ◊\dL¶lTßp˚X.
• EPp, U] √ß´p VÙ⁄m Gu˚]j ’u◊flj’Yßp˚X.
• TV™u± B£¨VoLfiPu TZL ÿ•°\’.
• œZk˚R Gu\Ù¤m G]dœj R≤j’Ym, E¨˚U Ei” Gufl A˚]Y⁄m Ae∏L¨d°u\]o.
• Ts∞´¤m ≈h•¤m SÙu ™L‹m TÙ’LÙlTÙL C⁄d°˙\u Gufl Gu]Ùp EflßVÙLd
·\ÿ•Ÿm.
˙LW[ UÙ®X TÙXo E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊ B˚QVm
2002Cp ˙U UÙRm ˙NokR Id°V SÙh”f N˚T´u œZk˚RLfidLÙ] £\l◊ UÙSÙh•p
œZk˚RLfid˙Lt\ Ko EXLm G‡m R˚Xl©p NhPm ˘LÙi” YWlThP’. 2005˛Bm
Bi•p UjßV AW— E⁄YÙd°V TÙXo E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊d œ› NhPm, 2012˛Cp
˙LW[ UÙ®Xl TÙXo E¨˚Uf NhPm B°VYt±u A•lT˚P´p ˙LW[ UÙ®Xl TÙXo
E¨˚U B˚QVm ˘NVpT”°\’. AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPm EflßlT”j’m TÙXo
E¨˚UL˚[l TÙ’LÙlT˙R CkR B˚QVjßu ÿd°V LP˚UVÙœm.
œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[ EflßT”jR Gu]Ùp Gu] NnV ÿ•kR’. SÙu C≤ Gu˘]u] NnV
˙Yi”m G] Jq˘YÙ⁄ B£¨V⁄m £kßdL ˙Yi”m.
1.12. ˘S±lT”j’Rp (Mentoring)˙R£Vd LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPjßp B£¨Vo / B£¨˚V J⁄ ˘S±VÙ[o (Mentor) Gufl
L⁄’lT”°u\Ùo. Ts∞´u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£dœ ˘S±VÙ[o ÿd°Vl Teœ Y°dL ˙Yi”m.
Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ EflßlT”jR SpX YØLÙh”Rp ˙R˚Y.
Lt©jRp NV≠p ÿd°V LÙW¶L[Ù] B£¨Vo œZk˚R E\Æp Cufl SpX UÙt\m HtTh”s[’.
Yœl◊ II
19
B£¨V˚W A±˚Y A∞dœm STWÙLd L⁄RÙUp œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y A±˚Y A˚PV ELkR
Tp˙Yfl YÙnl◊L˚[ HtT”j’m STWÙLd L⁄’UÙfl AYo ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.
N¨VÙLd ·±]Ùp Ts∞d·Pm GuT’ B£¨V⁄dœ R]’ ≈” ˙TÙufl Cu˘]Ù⁄ ≈PÙœm.
B£¨VoLs ˘Tt˙\ÙoL˚[l ˙TÙXf ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m. ≈h•≠⁄k’ °˚Pdœm Au◊,
AWY˚Ql◊, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TÙ’LÙl◊ EQo‹, Ae∏LÙWm C˚Y Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚PdLf
˘NnV Yi”m. CYt˚\d LiP±k’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm R˚Y´u A•lT˚P´p B£¨Vo
A∞dœm˙TÙ’ RÙu AYW’ ˘TÙfll◊ ÿ›˚UV˚P°\’. Al˙TÙ’ RÙu Ts∞ ≈PÙL UÙfl°\’.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u R≤lThP œ”mTf „Z˚Xj R¨k’˘LÙs[ ∏˙Z LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt˚\
B£¨VoLs ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m.
• œZk˚RL∞u ≈”Lfidœf ˘Np¤Rp
• ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfiP]Ù] L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m
• œZk˚R˚Vj ˘RÙPof£VÙLd LY≤jRp
• œZk˚RL∞u Au\ÙPl ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙ‘Rp. ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfidœ ÆØl◊Qo‹
A∞jRp.
CqYÙfl œZk˚Rdœ Au◊m AWY˚Ql◊m TÙ’LÙl◊ EQo‹m Ae∏LÙWÿm A∞j’ J⁄ Tt˙\Ùo
˙TÙp SPk’˘LÙi” œZk˚RLfidœd Lt\p A˚P‹Ls °˚PdL ER‹m STWÙL SÙm UÙflm˙TÙ’
RÙu CkRl ◊ßV LÙX LhPjßu B£¨VWÙL UÙfl°˙\Ùm.
˘S±lT”j’Rp (Mentoring) ÍXUÙL YØLÙh”Rp, A±‹˚W YZeœRp, BRW‹ ˘LÙ”jRp,
˙UmT”YRtLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp CYt˚\ B£¨Vo œZk˚RLfidœ A∞d°\Ùo. A‡TYm YÙnkR
STo Gu\ ÿ˚\´¤m ©uTt\j RœkR UÙߨ STo Gu\ ÿ˚\´¤m ˘S±VÙ[o œZk˚RLfiPu
TZL ˙Yi”m. Lt\¤dœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆLfim B˙XÙN˚]Lfim A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RL∞Pm U˚\kß⁄dœm ß\˚UL˚[ ˘Y∞d ˘LÙi”YW J⁄ SpX ˘S±VÙ[WÙp Uh”˙U
ÿ•Ÿm.
˘S±lT”j’Rp YÙ´XÙL,
• B£¨V⁄dœm œZk˚RLfidœm £\kR LpÆ A‡TYeLs °˚Pd°u\].
• B£¨Vo Utflm œZk˚RL∞u A±‹ UiPXm Y[of£V˚P°\’.
• œZk˚R, Ts∞ E\‹ Y¤Y˚P°\’.
• œZk˚R´u Lt\p Y[of£Ÿm, Bfi˚U Y[of£Ÿm Eflßl T”jRlT”°u\].
• Jufl ˙Nok’ £kßdL‹m, ÿ•‹ G”dL‹m, ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘NnV‹m CV¤°u\’.
• ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm Ts∞dœ™˚P˙V ˘RÙPo◊ Y¤lT”°\’. œZk˚R´u Lt\p ®˚X Tt±V
A±‹ ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœd °˚Pd°\’.
• L˚X, Æ˚[VÙh”, —LÙRÙWm, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ UiPXeL∞p œZk˚R´u
Te˙Lt◊m Ußl©P¤m Y¤lT”°u\].
˘S±lT”j’Rp SPdL ER‹m ÆRjßp Tß˙Y”L˚[ E⁄YÙd°l Tß‹ NnV Yi”m. Ts∞´p
Es[ GpXÙ B£¨VoL˚[Ÿm ˘S±VÙ[oL[ÙL‹m GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm
˘S±lT”jRlT”TYoL[ÙL‹m S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR Yi”m. Yœl©¤s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm
£fl œ›dL[ÙLd L⁄ß Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æu Y[of£˚V EflßlT”jR AkR YœlTÙ£¨V⁄dœl
˘TÙfll˚T A∞dLXÙm.
1.13. B£¨Vo RÙØp √ßVÙLd L˚Pl©•dL Yi•V Æßÿ˚\Ls (Code of Profes-sional Ethics for School Teachers)
1. B£¨VoL∞u LP˚ULs
1.1. GpXÙ UÙQY UÙQÆV¨Pÿm Au◊m AWY˚Ql◊m LÙhP ˙Yi”m.
• GpXÙd œZk˚RLfiP‡m J˙W ˙TÙp Au◊Pu TZL˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
20
• LpÆ´p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœj R≤lThP LY]m A∞dL˙Yi”m.
• œZk˚RLfidœj Ru]m©d˚L, BoYm, GßoTÙol◊ E⁄YÙœm ÆRm SPk’˘LÙs[ Yi”m.
1.2. _Ùß, URm, C]m, ®\m, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW ®˚X, ˘UÙØ, Bi ˛ ˘Ti ˙YflTÙ”, ©\kR CPm
C˚YLfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dLÙUp øߟPu TÙWThN™u± SPk’˘LÙsfiRp
• B£¨VoLs _]SÙVLd ˘LÙs˚L, ˘TÙfl˚U, NÍLøß ¡RÙ] Sm©d˚L B°VYt˚\d
œZk˚RLfidœ A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
• B£¨V¨u R≤lThP Sm©d˚LLs AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPjßtœ GßWÙL C⁄kRÙp A’
Ts∞d·Pj˚R ™L‹m TÙßdœm.
1.3. œZk˚R´u EPp, E[, EQo‹, TiTÙ”, NÍL, BuU Y[of£dœ Ht\ „Z˚X E⁄YÙdœRp.
• EPp, E[ ß\uLs ÿ› Y[of£V˚PŸm LÙXmRÙu Ts∞d LÙXm.
• LpÆVÙp A±‹ UiPXm Uh”m Y[of£ A˚PkRÙp ˙TÙRÙ’.
• ÿ›˚UVÙ] R≤U≤R Y[of£˙V LpÆ´u ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm.
1.4. Ts∞ YÙrd˚L´p GpXÙ ®˚X´¤m œZk˚R´u R≤j’Yjßtœ UßlT∞dLlT”°\’
• U≤Ru Gu\ ®˚X´p J⁄ œZk˚R´u _]SÙVL E¨˚ULfim ˘L¸WYÿm TÙ’LÙdLlTP
˙Yi”m.
• B£¨V¨P™⁄k’ E⁄YÙœm ˙UÙNUÙ] ˘NVpLs œZk˚RL∞u RuUÙ]jßtœ C›dœ
HtT”jßd Lt\˚Xl TÙßlT˚PVf ˘Nn°\’.
• Ts∞´u GpXÙf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞u ÿ›˚UVÙ] D”TÙh˚P
FdœÆdL ˙Yi”m.
• Id°V SÙh”f N˚T Ae∏L¨j’ CkßVÙ Jl◊Rp A∞jR œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚U
Æ[mTWj˚RŸm œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊ B˚QVjßu A±d˚L˚VŸm
B£¨VoLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ARt˙LtTf ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.
• Ts∞L∞p J›dLm, Lh”lTÙ” CYt˚\ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRtLÙL E⁄YÙd°V NhPeLs
œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[ UfldLd ·•V]YÙL C⁄dLd ·PÙ’.
1.5. œZk˚RL∞u TWmT˚Wj ß\uLfim £\l◊j ß\uLfim ˘Y∞lT”m Y˚L´p ßhP™hP
J›eœT”jßV ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Uh”Uu±d œZk˚R´u ß\uL˚[Ÿm £\l◊j
ß\uL˚[Ÿm ˘R¨k’˘LÙsY’ B£¨V¨u ÿd°V LP˚UVÙœm.
• J⁄ œZk˚R´u GpXÙj ß\uLfim Y[Wj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ AYo A∞dL
˙Yi”m.
1.6. AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPm G”j’˚Wd°u\ Ußl◊L˚[Ÿm U]lTÙu˚UL˚[Ÿm Eh˘LÙsfim
ÆRjßp TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV ˙Yi”m.
• _]SÙVLm, UR Sp≠QdLm, NUj’Ym, øß, —RkßWm B°V AW£VX˚Ul◊ Ußl◊Ls
TÙPHtTÙh•u ÿd°V ·flL[ÙL A˚UV ˙Yi”m.
• AW£VX˚Ul©p œ•ULuL∞u LP˚UL˚[l Tt±d ·flm ©¨‹ 51 A ◊¨k’˘LÙi” Aßp
A ÿRp K Y˚WŸs[ ©¨‹L˚[ ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ARuT•f ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.
1.7. œZk˚RL∞u ˙R˚Yd˙LtT B£¨Vo / B£¨˚V´u Lt©jRp ÿ˚\ ◊]W˚UdLlT”°\’.
• ˘RÙPo Ußl¿h•u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL∞u Ru˚U, ˘Tt\ A˚P‹, Æ⁄lTm, Ltœm
ÿ˚\ ÿR≠VYt˚\ L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt©jRp EjßL∞p ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eL˚[j
˘RÙPoS’ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
1.8. œZk˚RL∞u R≤lThP RLYp CWL£VeL˚[l TÙ’LÙj’ AkRj RLYpL˚[f NhPlT•VÙL
VÙ⁄dœj ˘R¨ÆdL ˙Yi”˙UÙ AYoL∞Pm ˘R¨ÆjRp.
Yœl◊ II
21
• J⁄ B˙XÙNLWÙLf NVpT”m B£¨V⁄dœd œZk˚RL∞u R≤lThP RLYpL˚[j R¨k’
˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm
• CkRj RLYpL˚[d œZk˚RL∞u Su˚UdLÙL Uh”m A±‹ÈoYUÙL TVuT”jR Yi”m
1.9. œZk˚RL˚[l TVÿflj’Rp, EPp √ßVÙLj RiP˚] A∞jRp, U] √ßVÙL‹m, EQo‹
√ßVÙL‹m ’u◊flj’Rp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpL∞p D”TPd·PÙ’.
• œZk˚RL˚[l TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚UL∞≠⁄k’m ◊\dL¶l©≠⁄k’m —WiPpL∞≠⁄k’m
TÙ’LÙdœm LP˚U B£¨V⁄dœ Ei”.
• RiP˚] A∞jRÙp œZk˚RLs Su\ÙLl T•lTÙoLs G‡m RY\Ù] L⁄j˚R UÙt\
˙Yi”m.
• CqYÙ\Ù] „Z≠p œZk˚Rdœd °˚Pdœm NhPl TÙ’LÙl◊l Tt±
B£¨VoLs ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
1.10. GpXÙÆRUÙ] TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚UL∞≠⁄k’m œZk˚R˚Vl TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m.
• GpXÙ ÆRUÙ] TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚ULfim EPp LÙVeL˚[ Uh”™u± øiP LÙXm ®tœm
U]dLÙVeL˚[Ÿm HtT”j’°u\].
• ˙Y˚X NnŸm CPeL∞¤m Ts∞L∞¤m SPdœm TÙ≠Vp LÙ”˚ULfidœ GßWÙL CkßV
EfN øßUu\ÿm ˙R£VdœZk˚RLs TÙ’LÙl◊f NhPm (National Children Protection Rule)Æßj’s[ ÆßL˚[ B£¨VoLs Ußj’ SPdL ˙Yi”m.
2. Tt˙\ÙoL∞Pÿm NÍLj˙RÙ”m Es[ LP˚ULs
2.1. ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfiPu Au◊P‡m, BRW‹P‡m ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
• B£¨VoLs œZk˚R˚Vl Tt± Su\ÙLj R¨k’˘LÙs[ AYoL∞u Tt˙\ÙoLfiPu SpX
E\‹L˚[ Y[odL ˙Yi”m.
• B£¨V⁄dœm ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm C˚P˙VŸs[ £\kR ˘RÙPo◊ œZk˚Rdœ B£¨V⁄Pu
·”RXÙL ˘S⁄eL ER‹m.
• ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfim ReLfi˚PV œZk˚RL∞u Ts∞f ˘NVpL˚[l Tt±
B£¨VoL∞P™⁄k’ ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[ BYXÙL C⁄lTÙoLs.
• œZk˚R´u Y[of£d LhPjßp HtT”m RYflL˚[Ÿm ˙Uu˚UL˚[Ÿm ˘Tt˙\ÙoL˙[Ù”
T°ok’ ˘LÙsfim˙TÙ’ ˘T¨V BTj’L˚[d ·Pj R”dL ÿ•°\’.
2.2. œZk˚RL∞u RuUÙ]jßtœj æeœ Æ˚[Ædœm GkRf ˘NV≠¤m D”TPd·PÙ’.
• ©\ œZk˚RL∞u ÿu≤˚X´p œZk˚RL∞u ˘L¸WYj˚Rl TÙßdœm ÆRjßp ˙TNd
·PÙ’. A’˙TÙX˙Y ˘Tt˙\ÙoL∞u ˘L¸WYj˚Rl TÙßdœm ÆRjßp SPk’˘LÙs[d
·PÙ’.
• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©¨‹d œZk˚RL∞u „Z˚X (_Ùß, URm, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWm) ◊LrY’ Ut\
œZk˚RL∞Pm RÙr‹ U]lTÙu˚U˚V HtT”j’m.
2.3. œZk˚RLs CkßVÙÆu TiTÙh˚Pd œ±j’l ˘T⁄˚UlTP BY] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
• TXÆRl TiTÙ”, ˘UÙØ, URm, Sm©d˚L ˘LÙiP SÙ˙P CkßVÙ C’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m
©WßT≠dL ˙Yi”m.
• CkßVÙÆp ˙Ytfl˚U´p Jtfl˚U L˚P©•dLlT”°\’.
• TWvTW N°l◊jRu˚UŸm GpXÙd LXÙfNÙWeL˚[Ÿm Ußdœm U]lTÙu˚UŸm ˙Yi”m.
• CkRd ˘LÙs˚LLs TÙPjßhPjßu ÍXm Y[Wf ˘NnV ÿVt£dL ˙Yi”m
2.4. Tp˙Yfl ©¨Æ]¨˚P˙V HtT”m Gßol˚T E⁄YÙdœm ˘NVpL˚[j RÆodL ˙Yi”m,
• YœlT˚\´p GpXÙ URjß]˚WŸm Sm©d˚LL˚[Ÿm ˘UÙØL˚[Ÿm NUUÙL Ußdœm
ÆRjßp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
22
• ˙R£V Jtfl˚U˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” ÿR≠p CkßVu ©u]˙W J⁄ ©¨Æu
Efll©]o Gu\ GiQj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©¨Æ]¨u Æ[mTWjßtLÙLl Ts∞/YœlT˚\˚Vl TVuT”jRd ·PÙ’.
• RtLÙX NÍL AW£V˚Xl Tt± E˚WVÙ”m ˙TÙ’ B£¨Vo/B£¨˚V HRÙY’ J⁄
©¨Æ]⁄dLÙLl ˙TNd ·PÙ’.
3. B£¨Vo Gu\ RÙØ˙XÙ”m, NL B£¨VoL˙[Ù”m Bt\ Yi•Vd LP˚ULs
3.1. ˘RÙØp ß\u Y[Wj ˘RÙPof£VÙL ÿVt£ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
• J⁄ œZk˚Rdœ ®WkRWUÙLd Lt©dL ÿV¤m B£¨V⁄m A˙R˙TÙufl LtL ˙Yi”m.
• Gl˙TÙ’m Y[ok’ ˘LÙi•⁄dœm A±‹ UiPXeL˚[d œ±j’m Lt©dœm ÿ˚\L˚[d
œ±j’m RLYpL˚[j ßWh•f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• Ge°⁄k˘RpXÙm R]dœl ◊ßV A±‹Ls °˚Pdœ˘Uufl ÆNÙ¨lT’ B£¨V¨u R˚XVÙV
LP˚UVÙœm.
3.2. ©\ B£¨VoL˙[Ù”m Utfls[YoL˙[Ù”m L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m SPjR˙Yi”m
• LpÆj ˘RÙPoTÙ] EQo‹ E⁄YÙdœYRtœ A˚]j’ B£¨VoLfidœm Ru]ÙXÙ]
T˚Pl◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdœm YiQm J⁄ NkRolTj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
• CqYÙ\Ù] EQo‹ E⁄YÙdLj ßhP™P¤m, TV‡s[ Jj’˚Zl◊m B£¨VoL∞Pm E⁄YÙL
˙Yi”m.
• Ts∞d·Pjߤs[ GpXÙl ©Wf£˚]Lfidœm æo‹LÙiTRtœ A˚]j’ B£¨VoLfim
Jufl ˙Nok’ LXk’˚WVÙ•j æoUÙ]m G”dL‹m ˘NVpTP‹m ˙Yi”m.
• B£¨VoLs Uh”™u±l Ts∞d·Pjߤs[ ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙQ ÿuY⁄TYoLs
A˚]Y˚WŸm Jufl ˙NojRp ˙Yi”m.
3.3. NL B£¨VoL˙[Ù” ˘T⁄˚U˙VÙ”m U¨VÙ˚R˙VÙ”m TZL ˙Yi”m.
• Ts∞´¤s[ A˚]j’ B£¨VoL∞Pÿm AYoL∞u LpÆj RWj˚R˙VÙ AYoLs
Lt©dœm TÙPj˚R˙VÙ L⁄jßp LÙs[ÙUp T⁄˚U˙VÙ”m Ußl˙TÙ”m TZœRp Yi”m.
3.4. B£¨VoLs R≤VÙL •ÎNu SPjR˙YÙ R≤VÙo ®flY]eL∞p Lt©lT˙RÙ Cp˚X.
• B£¨VoLs R≤VÙL •ÎNu SPj’Y’ AY⁄˚PV Ts∞d·Pf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l
TÙßd°u\’.
• ˘NÙkRf ˘NV˚X ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙ] ˙SWm CpXÙUp ˙TÙ°\’.
• ˘NÙkR UÙQYoLfidœj R≤VÙL •ŸNu ˘LÙ”dœm˙TÙ’ Ts∞d·Pjßu A•lT˚Pj
Rj’YeLfidœ GßWÙLf ˘NVpT”Y’ ˙TÙufl B°\’
3.5. Ru‡˚PV NVpL∞¤m æoUÙ]eL∞¤m BßdLm N¤jß Æ”YÙoLs GuTRÙp GkR ÆRUÙ]
T¨—L˙[Ù ˙Yfl ERÆL˙[Ù YÙeœYßp˚X.
• TX˚] GßoTÙoj’d ˘LÙ”dLlT”m Æ˚X EVokR T¨—L˚[ B£¨VoLs
UÙQYoL∞P™⁄k˙RÙ Tt˙\ÙoL∞P™⁄k˙RÙ YÙeLd ·PÙ’.
3.6. ©\ B£¨VoLs œ±j˙RÙ, ˘T¨V AßLÙ¨Ls œ±j˙RÙ ˙R˚YVt\ œt\m ·flYßp˚X.
• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo œt\m ·fl°u\ YZdLm B£¨VoLfid°˚P´p ˙R˚YVt\RÙœm.
• ©\ B£¨VoLfidœ GßWÙL ø⁄©dL ÿ•VÙR œt\eL˚[d ·flRp ·PÙ’.
• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©\ B£¨Vo / B£¨˚V´P™⁄k’ RYfl ˘RuT”˘U≤p AR˚] ÍjR
B£¨VoL∞u LY]jßtœd ˘LÙi”YW ˙Yi”m,
Yœl◊ II
23
3.7. ©\ B£¨VoLs, UÙQYoLs, ˘Tt˙\ÙoLs CYoL∞u ÿu≤˚X´p NL B£¨V˚Wd œ˚\
·flYßp˚X.
• B£¨VoLs œ±j’ YflThP L⁄j’Ls C⁄dLXÙm. B]Ùp AYt˚\ Y∞lT”j’m ÿ˚\
N¨VÙ]RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
• ©\ B£¨VoLs Lt©dœm ÿ˚\˚Vd œ˚\ ·flm ÆRm ˙TNd·PÙ’.
3.8. ©\ B£¨VoL∞u Lt©jRp ÿ˚\L˚[ UßdL ˙Yi”m.
• £\lTÙLd Lt©lTYoL∞u ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ ÿ˚\T”jR‹m AlT•lThP £\l˚T
Eh˘LÙs[‹m ˙Yi”m. B]Ùp AYt˚\ ÿ›Y’m LiÍ•jR]UÙL Htfld˘LÙs[d
·PÙ’.
3.9. ©\ B£¨VoLs œ±jR R≤STo ÆTWeL˚[ CWL£VUÙL ˚YdL‹m, NhP√ßVÙLj
˙R˚YlT”m˙TÙ’ Uh”m Y∞lT”jR‹m Yi”m.
• HRÙY’ ˙R˚YdLÙLf ˙NL¨d°u\ NL B£¨VoL∞u R≤ STo ÆTWm CWL£V œQm
E˚PV˘R≤p A˚YL˚[f NhP√ßVÙ] ˘NVpLfidœ Uh”˙U ˘Y∞´”Rp ˙Yi”m.
1.14. Lt©jRp ˚L˙V” (Teaching Manual)
Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ CXh£VUÙLd ˘LÙi” Jq˘YÙ⁄ B£¨V⁄dœm —VUÙ] ÿ˚\´p
˘NVpTÙ”Ls E⁄YÙdL CVX ˙Yi”m. TÙPË≠¤m, B£¨Vo T‡Y≠¤m ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j Ru‡˚PV YœlT˚\´p Es[ œZk˚RLfidœ Ht\YÙfl UÙt\eLs ˘Nn’m,
·”Rp ˙Noj’m ˘NVpT”jߟm £\lT˚PVf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lt\p A˚P˚Y
A˚PV‹m ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NVpL˚[j ßhP™P≠p EhT”jR ˙Yi”m.
Lt\p NVpTÙ”LfiPu Ußl©P˚XŸm Jufl Noj’j ßhP™h”f NVpTdLjßp G›R Yi”m.
˘RÙPo Ußl¿h•u YØVÙLd °˚Pd°u\ ÆTWeL˚[ A˚PVÙ[lT”j’Y˙R Ußl¿h”l Tœß´p
A˚UV ˙Yi”m.
A”j’Y⁄m J⁄ YÙWjßtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh˚P, Ts∞ Y[dœ› (SRG) TÙPdœ›
(Subject Councils) CYt±p ˘Y∞´”Y’ Sufl. J⁄ YÙW LÙXjߤs[ Ußl©”Rp Tœß´¤s[
ÆTWeL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙd° B£¨Vo J⁄ £fl ©WßT≠l◊ œ±l◊ (Reflection Note) RVÙWÙdL‹m
SRG´p ÆYÙßdL‹m ˘NnVXÙm. CkRd œ±l©u A•lT˚P´p B£¨V¨u ˘RÙPoßhP™Pp
œ±l◊ RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
24
Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•u UÙߨ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
Lt©jRp ˚L˙V”
TÙPjßu ˘TVo :
SÙs :
˙SWm :
˚UVdL⁄j’.... :
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls :
L⁄j’Ls :
ß\uLs :
˘UÙØ Ei˚ULs (˘UÙØdœ Uh”m) :
˘UÙØ Y•YeLs (˘UÙØdœ Uh”m) :
Ußl◊Ls, U]lTÙu˚ULs :
Lt\p LڮLs :
GßoTÙodœm T˚Pl◊Ls :
˘NVpÿ˚\ TdLm Ußl¿h”l TdLm
˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Ußl©P¤m Ußl©hP RLYpL˚[
APe°V ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ceœ G›R ˙Yi”m
R˚X˚U B£¨V¨u JlTm B£¨Vo JlTm
Yœl◊ II
25
©WßT≠l◊d œ±l◊ (Reflection Note)
G]’ LiP˚PRpLfim, TœjR±‹m. (Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u Ußl©Pp ˘NVpYØ °˚PjR
ÆTWeL∞u A•lT˚P´p)
•
•
•
•
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim, æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim
•
•
•
•
©WßT≠l◊d œ±l◊ .... GRtœ?
œ±l©hP Lt\p A˚P‹Lfid˙LtT Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ” ÿ›˚UVÙL ®˚\Y˚PkR ©u]˙W
©WßT≠l◊ RVÙWÙdœRp ˙Yi”m.
• CkRd œ±l◊L˚[ SRG ·hPjßp ˘Y∞lT”jRXÙm.
• ˘RÙPo ßhP™P¤dœ YØ YœdLXÙm.
• T⁄Y Ußl¿h•u J⁄e°˚Ql◊dœl TVuT”jRXÙm.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
26
˘UÙØd Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\
L⁄j˚R Y∞lT”jR‹m Eh˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m L⁄Æ˙V UÙØ. A±˚Y A˚PYRtœm £kR˚],
TiTÙ”, LtT˚] B°VYt˚\l ◊ßV TÙ˚R´p N¤j’YRtLÙ] YØLÙh•VÙL‹m UÙØd LpÆ
A˚U°u\’. NÍLjßp Ut\YoLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs[ œZk˚R ˘UÙØjß\˚] Y[oj’d
˘LÙs°\’. RÙu NÙokR NÍLjß≠⁄k˙R ˘UÙØjß\˚]d œZk˚R ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs°\’. GkR
˘UÙØ˚VŸm Ltfld˘LÙs[ ER‹m ß\u GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞Pÿm ©\Æ´˙X˙V Ei”. Cl©\Æj
ß\˚]l TVuT”jß˙V ˘UÙØ˚V GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim ˚LVÙfi°u\]. TX Y˚LVÙ] ˘UÙØf
„ZpL∞p ß\˚UVÙL‹m RVdL™u±Ÿm ©\⁄dœl ◊XlT”j’m ß\u ˘T\f ˘NnR˙X ˘UÙØd
Lt\≠u ˙SÙdLm.
1997˛98 ÿRp SU’ UÙ®Xjßp S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u TV]ÙLl TÙPjßhPm,
TÙPËp, Lt\pÿ˚\, Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p ◊’˚UVÙ] UÙt\eLs Yk’s[]. T˚ZV Lt©jRp
E[ÆVp ÿ˚\dœ UÙ\ÙL UÙQYoLs —VUÙL A±YÙdLm ˘NnV YÙnlT∞dœm Y˚L´p ◊ßV
A‘œÿ˚\ A˚Uk’s[’. ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ Tœßdœ (Whole to Part) G‡m CkR
A‘œÿ˚\lT• RÙn ˘UÙØd LpÆ L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m ÍXm SPkR’. C’ T˚PlTÙt\˚X
FdœÆlTRÙL‹m YÙrd˚L˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PVRÙL‹m A˚Ukß⁄kR’. ˘RÙPok’ 2007 Cp
S˚Pÿ˚\dœ YkR TÙPHtTÙ” Cmÿ˚\´≠⁄k’ ÿu˙]Ùd°f ˘Nufl ˘UÙØÿ›˚U
A‘œÿ˚\´u(Whole Language Approach) A•lT˚P´p ˘UÙØ˚V E⁄YÙdœm ß\u ˘T\
YØYœjR’ UÙQY≤u A±˚YŸm ˘UÙØ˚VŸm TVuT”jß Au\ÙP ®Lr‹L˚[Ÿm
T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞lT˙R Cm˘UÙØdLpÆ´u ˙SÙdLUÙœm.
—VUÙL YÙ£jRp, —VT˚Pl◊ TÙu\˚YLfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’m, YÙ£l◊, G›j’ CYt±p
˘T\ Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ EflߢNn’m J⁄ NUf∫o A‘œÿ˚\˚V (Balanced Approach) Rt˙TÙ˚RV TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u ÿXm S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚R´u ˘UÙØ A±‹, £kR˚]j ß\u CYt±u Y[of£ Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˘RÙPo◊˚PVRÙœm.
BL˙Y L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m, ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs, ˘UÙØd·flLs B°VYt±tœ
ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dœm ÆRm ˘UÙØ Yœl◊Ls S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m. F°jRp, LtT˚] ˘NnRp,
Æ[dœRp, Y⁄¶jRp TÙu\ ß\uLs YLUÙL‹m, LtT˚] Y[j’P‡m TVuT”j’m YÙnl◊Ls
˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ÍXm œZk˚RLfidœd °˚PdL ˙Yi”m. Cl◊ßV A‘œÿ˚\ B£¨Vo
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˚Udœm TÙ’ TÙ’YÙ] A‘œÿ˚\˚Vd L⁄jßt LÙi” —VUÙLf NVpTP
YÙnlT∞d°\’.
• G›jR±‹.
• ©\⁄dœl ◊¨Ÿm ÆRm SpX EfN¨l◊Pu YÙ£jRp.
• YÙ£j’d L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨Rp.
• CW£jRp.
• T˚Pl◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdœRp.
• ˙Lh”l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsfiRp.
• ˘NÙpY[m ˘T⁄dœRp.
• CXd°Vl T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm, L˚XY•YeL˚[Ÿm Ußl©”Rp.
• RLYp˘RÙPo◊ L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”jßj RLYp ˙NL¨jRp.
˙Ut·±V ß\uLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ UÙQYoLfidœ EflßlT”jR Ts∞d LpÆ
ÍXm CVX ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
27
˘UÙØd LpÆ˛ BWmT Yœl◊L∞p
˘UÙØ AZ˚LŸm, T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm A±k’ LÙs[‹m —RkßWUÙ]l T˚Pl◊Lfidœ YÙnT∞dœm
ÆRÿm ˘UÙØdLpÆ „Zp BWmT Yœl◊L∞p A˚UV ˙Yi”m. ˘NnßjRÙsLs Utflm £flYo
CRrLs ®˚\kR YœlT˚\f „Z˚X A˚UdL ˙Yi”m. G∞V —˚YVÙ] L˚RLs, Lh”˚WLs,
LÆ˚Rs ˙TÙu\ ˘UÙØ Y•YeL˚[d œZk˚RLs ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[‹m T˚Pl◊L˚[f —VUÙL
E⁄YÙdL‹m YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. G›j’Ls, ˘NÙtLs, TVuTÙ”, ˘UÙØS˚P ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j
˙R˚Yd˙LtTf N¨VÙL‹m ’p≠VUÙL‹m TVuT”j’m ß\uL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[Wf˘NnV
˙Yi”m.
˘UÙØdLpÆ˛ EVo®˚X´p
YÙrd˚Lf „Z¤d˙LtTf £\kR ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØ˚Vd ˚LVÙ[‹m Tp˙Yfl CXd°V Y•YeL˚[
CW£dL‹m, Ußl©P‹m, T˚PdL‹m CXd°VeL˚[l Tt±V ÿ›˚UVÙ] A±‹˘T\‹m CkR
®˚X´p YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. ˙YflThP TiTÙh” Y•YeL˚[j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[‹m R]’
L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm, EQo‹L˚[Ÿm ˘Y∞´P‹m YÙnT∞dL ˙Yi”m. A•lT˚P ËpL∞≠⁄k’m
C˚QVR[eL∞≠⁄k’m RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨dL‹m J≠, J∞ FPLeLs, ß˚WlTPeLs
˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl©”YRtLÙ] ˘UÙØjß\u EVo®˚X´p ˘T\˙Yi”m.
˘UÙØ YœlT˚\ GqYÙfl A˚UV˙Yi”m
• L˚R, LÆ˚R ˘NÙp¤Rp S•l◊ ˙TÙu\Yt±tLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp.
• ÆYÙRm, L⁄jRWeLm SPj’Rp.
• RLYp ˙NL¨jRp, CWN˚]dLÙL YÙ£jRp
• ˘NÙtLs, AYt±u TVuTÙh˚P F°j’l ˘TÙ⁄s Li”©•j’ ALWÙß TÙoj’l ˘TÙ⁄s
EflßlT”j’Rp.
• œfl SÙPLeLs G›R‹m, S•dL‹m TXY˚Ll T˚Pl◊Ls E⁄YÙd° ˙UmT”jß CRrLs,
—YolTjߨd˚LL∞p ˘Y∞´”Rp.
• L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi”, L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞´”YRtLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp.
• ˘TÙ’ Su˚U, L˚X CXd°VeLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹L˚[d ˙Lh”d L⁄j˚Rl
◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.
˙UmT”j’Rp
J⁄ œZk˚R T˚Pl˚T E⁄YÙdœm˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•V T•Ls.
• R≤VÙL G›’Rp.
• £X˚W YÙ£dLf ˘NnRp.
• œ›Æp YÙ£jRp ˛ RW ®oQVd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Ußl©”Rp.
• œ›Æ¤s[ A˚]Y⁄m ˙Nok’ G›’Rp YÙ£jRp.
• B£¨Vo T˚Pl˚T ˘Y∞´”Rp.
• Jl©”Rp (B£¨Vo T˚Pl◊, œZk˚RLs G›ßV’)
• HRÙY’ J⁄ œ›Æu T˚Pl˚T A˚]Y⁄m ˙Nok’ ˙UmT”j’Rp.
• ©\ œ›dL∞u T˚Pl◊L˚[ AkRkRd œ›Æ]˙W ˙UmT”j’Rp.
• AYWYo R≤VÙL ÿR≠p G›ßV T˚Pl◊L˚[f ˘NVpÿ˚\ YØd °˚PjR A±Æu YØ
˙UmT”j’Rp. CR˚]l T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˙NojRp.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
28
œZk˚RLs E⁄YÙdœm ˘UÙØ Y•YeL∞p HWÙ[m œ˚\TÙ”Ls HtTPXÙm. CR˚] Ußl©h”
˙UmT”jß]Ùp Uh”˙U œZk˚RL∞u G›j’j ß\˚] Y[Wf NnVÿ•Ÿm. T¨˙VÙoLs G›’m
T˚Pl◊L˚[ Y∞´”YRtœ ÿu]Ùp CqYÙfl UmT”j’Y’i”.
L⁄j’l©˚Z, YÙd°V A˚Ul◊l ©˚Z, NÙt©˚Z, G›j’l©˚Z TÙu\Yt˚\d L⁄jßp LÙi”
T˚Pl◊L˚[ ˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m.
RÙn˘UÙØŸm, ©\˘UÙØŸm
˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp Ts∞dLpÆ ÍXm T•dœm œZk˚Rdœ ÿm˘UÙØj ßhPj ßuT• RÙn˘UÙØ,
Be°Xm, ∂kß ˙TÙu\˚Y T•dL YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’. C’ Uh”™u± œZk˚RL∞u
Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTl Tp˙Yfl CkßV UÙØL˚[Ÿm, Y∞SÙh” UÙØL˚[Ÿm T•lTRtLÙ] YÙnl◊
Ts∞d LpÆ´p Es[’. ˘Yq˙Yfl ˘UÙØL˚[d LtTRu ÍXm Tp˙Yfl TiTÙ”L˚[j ˘R¨k’
˘LÙs[d œZk˚Rdœ YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.
œZk˚R´u GiQeLs, EQo‹Ls, L⁄j’Ls B°VYt˚\ ˘Y∞lT”jR ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˘UÙØ
RÙn˘UÙØ˙V. BL˙Y RÙn˘UÙØdœl Ts∞dLpÆ´p ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RL∞u A±YÙdLjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]’m RÙn˘UÙØ˙V.
Lt©dœm UÙØ
EVo LpÆ ˙TÙX˙Y Ts∞d LpÆ´¤m Be°Xm YØ Lt\p SPdL ˙Yi”m Gufl RY\ÙL
®˚]dœm ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] UdLs ˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp Es[]o. B]Ùp, RÙn˘UÙØ ÍXm Lt\˙X
£\kR’ Gufl LpÆf £kR˚]VÙ[oLfim, E[ÆVp Yp¤]oLfim, R˚XYoLfim L⁄j’
˘R¨Æd°u\]o. Y[of£ ˘Tt\ EXLSÙ”L˚[l TÙojRÙp EVoLpÆ´¤m, A¤YXLeL∞¤m
øßUu\eL∞¤m RÙn˘UÙØ˚V˙V ©uTtfl°\ÙoLs. œZk˚Rl T⁄Ym ÿR˙X RÙn˘UÙØ ÍXm
Lt\Ùp A±YÙdLm ˙YLUÙL SPk’ ARuÍXm Í˚[ Y[of£ ’¨RlT”m. B]Ùp, Be°Xd
LpÆVÙp L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙsYßp £WUm HtTh”d œZk˚R U]A›jRjßtœ Es[ÙLd Lt\pß\u
TÙßd°\’.
Yœl◊ II
29
Lt\p (Learning) GuT’ œZk˚RL∞Pm CVpTÙL‹m ˘RÙPof£VÙL‹m SPdœm E[f ˘NVXÙœm.
Lt\p £\lT˚PV ˙Yi”˘U≤p œZk˚RLfidœ A∞dœm A‡TYeLs ˙SÙdLjßu
A•lT˚P´p A˚UV˙Yi”m. Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙi” AYoLs ˘T\˙Yi•V
ß\uL˚[Ÿm A±‹L˚[Ÿm Tt±V ˘R∞YÙ] A±‹ B£¨V⁄dœ C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄
TÙPlTœß´¤m œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ÿu]˙W LiP±k’ Lt\p
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™P˙Yi”m. CkRf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YÙrd˚Lf „Z˙XÙ” ˘RÙPo◊T”jßf
˘NVpT”jR˙Yi”m.
CqYÙfl ˘Tt\ ß\uLfim, A±‹Lfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ EflßT”jR ˙TÙ’UÙ]˚YVÙ? Lt\p
A˚P‹L˚[ ÿ›˚UVÙLl ˘T\ÙRYoLfidœ C≤ Gu˘]u] ˘RÙPo˘NVpTÙ”Ls A∞dL
˙Yi”m? GqYÙfl A∞dL ˙Yi”m? B£¨V¨u CqYÙ\Ù] £kR˚]Ls Ußl©”R¤dœ
YØYœd°\’.
Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿”Ls
J⁄ TÙPlTœß / AXœ T¨UÙt\jßtœl ©u]o UÙQYoLs Gu˘]u] Lt\]o? GuT˚R Ußl©”m
˘NV˚Xd Lt\˚X Ußl©”Rp (Assessment of learning) Gufl ·\XÙm. TÙPlTœß˚Vd Lt\©u
UÙQY≤u ß\u, Lt\p ®˚X ˙TÙu\˚Y Ceœ Ußl©PlT”°u\]. C’ Ußl©”R≠u J⁄
®˚X˙V Bœm.
C⁄l©‡m Lt\˚X EflßlT”j’YRtLÙ] Ußl¿h•tœd ·”Rp ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.
Lt\p SPd°u\ ˙Y˚[´p A’ ˙Uu˚UV˚PYRtLÙL B£¨V˙WÙ UÙQYoL˙[Ù ERYXÙm.
Lt\¤Pu SPdœm CkR Ußl©”R¤m ©uÚhPm (feed back) A∞jR¤m Ußl¿h•u ˙Y˘\Ù⁄
®˚XVÙœm. C˚Rd Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl©”Rp (Assessment for learning) Gufl ·\XÙm. C’ Lt\p
ÿu˙]t\U˚PVj ˘RÙPok’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi•V ˘NVp Bœm. C’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lt\p
˘NVpTÙh”P‡m C˚Qk’ C⁄d°u\’.
Cj’Pu Lt\≠u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tt\ L⁄j’dL˚[Ÿm ÿ•‹L˚[Ÿm —V ÆUoN]m ˘Nn’
UÙt\eL˚[ HtT”jß UmT”jR Yi”m. C’˙Y —VUßl©”Rp Bœm. CqYÙfl —VUßl©”Rp
YÙ´XÙL‹m Lt\p S˚P˘Tfl°\’. C˚R Ußl©”R˙X Lt\p (Assessment as learning) Gufl ·\XÙm.
Lt\p ·”Rp ˙Uu˚U˘T\ Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl©”Rp, Ußl©”R˙X Lt\p GuTYt±tœd ·”Rp
ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL Yi”m. CqYÙfl Lt\p Uu˚UV˚PVYRtLÙ] Ußl¿h”f NVpLfidœ
ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”dœm A‘œÿ˚\˚V˙V SÙm Htfld˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\
Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙ] Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\˚V SÙm Y•Y˚Udœm ˙TÙ’ ARtœl
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm SÙm ©uTt\ ˙Yi”m. B˚LVÙp Lt\p
A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dœm Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\˚V (outcome focused assessmentapproach) Htfld˘LÙs[ Yi”m. Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd LÙi” Y•Y˚UdLlThP
Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p UÙQY≤u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Te˙Lt◊ EflߢNnVlT”°\’. ÆUoN]
ÿ˚\´XÙ] £kR˚], Ÿdß ÈoYUÙ] £kR˚], Lt\≠u ©WßT≠l◊, ˘Y∞´”Rp, Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl
˘RÙPo◊T”j’m A±‹ B°V˚Y˙V CkR A‘œÿ˚\´u £\l◊L[Ùœm.
˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿” (CCE)
˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h” ÿ˚\˙V Ts∞L∞p S˚Pÿ˚\l T”jRlT”°\’. Lt\p
˘NVp œZk˚RL∞Pm ˘RÙPof£VÙL SPd°\’. G]˙Y ß\uLfim A±‹Lfim GkR A[‹
A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚Rl T¨˙NÙßdœm Ußl¿”m ˘RÙPok’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m. œZk˚R´u
Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
30
ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£ GuT’ A±‹, NÍLm, U]m NÙokR Y[of£˙V Bœm. Ußl¿h•u
ÿ›˚U˚VŸm ˘RÙPof£˚VŸm EflßlT”jR ˘RÙPoUßl¿h•p CWi” ÿd°VUÙ]
UiPXeL˚[d L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
CCE UiPXeLs
1. A±‹ NÙokR UiPXm.
2. NÍL, E[m NÙokR UiPXm.
C˚Y Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm ƨYÙLl TÙol˙TÙm.
A±‹ NÙokR UiPXm (BWmT ®˚X)
œZk˚R Ltœm GpXÙl TÙPeLfim A±‹NÙo UiPXjßu Th•V≠p EhT”m. ˘UÙØ, A±ÆVp,
L¶Rm, NÍL A±ÆVp, L˚XdLpÆ, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ, B˙WÙd°Vm ˙TÙu\ GpXÙl
TÙPeL˚[Ÿm CkRl Tœß´p EhT”jRXÙm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPj˙RÙ”m ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Lt\p
A˚P‹L˚[d LiP±k’ AYt˚\ GkR A[‹ œZk˚RLs Ttfls[ÙoLs Gu\ Ußl¿” SPjRlTP
˙Yi”m. Ceœ CWi”ÆRUÙ] Ußl¿”Ls S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m.
1. ˘RÙPo Ußl¿” (CE)
2. T⁄Y Ußl¿” (TE)
˘RÙPo Ußl¿” (CE)
BWmT ®˚X´p ˘UÙØd Lt\p HWÙ[UÙ] ß\uL˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙL S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi•Ÿs[’.
C˚Y L⁄j’Ls, Ei˚ULs, Tp˙Yfl A±‹ UiPXeLs T˚Pl◊Ls GuT]YÙœm. CYt˚\
EhT”jRÙUp ˘UÙØj ß\uL˚[ ÿ•‹ ˘NnV CVXÙ’. ˙Lh”m YÙ£j’m L⁄j’L˚[
Eh˘LÙsfiRp, Tf— G›j’ ÍXm A˚R Y∞´”Rp, T˚Pl◊Ls Y∞´”Rp TÙu\ ß\uLs
˘UÙØdLt\p ÍXm Y[Wf NnV˙Yi”m. BL˙Y UÙØdLt\p GuT˚R NÙRÙWQ ß\uL[ÙL˙YÙ
A±‹ R⁄T˚YVÙL˙YÙ Y˚Wÿ˚\lT”jRd ·PÙ’.
Ceœ Íufl ÿ˚\´XÙ] ˘RÙPo Ußl¿”Ls SPjRlTP˙Yi”m.
• ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿”
• T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ (Port folio) Ußl¿”
• AXœ Ußl¿” (Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤s[ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl©”Rp)
C˚Y Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm ƨYÙLl TÙol˙TÙm.
˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿”
Lt\p Y˚[´p NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl©”Rp ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙœm. Lt\p NVpÿ˚\´u
GpXÙf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm Ußl©Pj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆL˚[ A∞dL˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄
L⁄j’⁄YÙdLd LhPjߤm œZk˚RL∞u L⁄j’Ls ˘Ttfld˘LÙiP ß\uLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\
Ußl©PXÙm. —VUßl¿h•tœm TWvTW Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœm B£¨Vo Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœm
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Ußl¿h”d œ±l◊L˚[ AXœL∞u A•lT˚P´p E⁄YÙd°l TVuT”jR˙Yi”m.
˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ Ußl©P ˘TÙ’YÙLd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.
1. ˘NVpTÙh•p œZk˚RL∞u Te˙Lt◊ (˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Htfl G”jRp, R≤ STo ˘NVp
˙Uu˚U, œ› D”TÙ”, L⁄j’lT¨UÙt\m)
2. L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹
3. ß\uLs ˘TflRp
4. ˘Y∞´”Rp
5. Tß‹ ˘NnRp / RVÙWÙdœRp
Yœl◊ II
31
˘NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl©P ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlThP œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘NV˚XŸm
Ußl©h”, B£¨V¨u Ußl¿h”l TdLjßp Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SPdœm ˙Y˚[´p
˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\d œ±j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m. œZk˚RL∞u ˙SÙh”l◊jRLj˚Rf
˘NVpUßl¿h•tLÙ] Lt\p NÙu\ÙLl TVuT”jR˙Yi”m. T⁄Y (Term) ÿ•Æp Uh”˙U CYt˚\j
RWUÙL UÙt± ARtLÙ] AhPY˚Q´p œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.
• T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Ußl¿”
Lt\p ˘RÙPoTÙLd œZk˚RLfidœm ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm B£¨V⁄dœm ©uÚhPm (feedback)A∞lTRtœl T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ TVuT”m. C’ Lt\˚X ˙YLUÙdL ER‹m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
YÙ´XÙLd LPk’ Np¤m TÙ’ E⁄YÙœm GpXÙl T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm T˚Pl◊j RÙœl©p EhT”jß
Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. TÙPm ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p NÙuflLfim Cßp APeœm.
T˚Pl◊j RÙœl©p
• ˙SÙh”l◊jRLm
• ©\ Lh”˚WLs (R≤STo T˚Pl◊, ˙Uu˚UlT”jßV’)
• ©\ Lt\p NÙuflLs (TPeLs, ˙NL¨l◊)
• Lt\p NÙuflL˚[ Ußl©Pd œZk˚RLs E⁄YÙd°V Ußl¿h”d œ±l◊Ls
• T˚PlTÙt\p Lh”˚WLs
• T´t£j RÙsLs (Work Sheet)
˙TÙu\˚Y APeœm.
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚T Ußl©”YRtœd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[d œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.
• L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹
• ÿ•‹L∞u J⁄e°˚Ql◊
• £\kR Y•Y˚Ul◊
• ÿ›˚U
• R≤jRu˚U
˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ CYt±u RWm ®oQ´dœm ÿ˚\
˘NVpÿ˚\L∞u Ußl¿”, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p Jq˘YÙ⁄ RW®oQVd
œ±l˚TŸm ™Lf £\kR’ / £\kR’ / NWÙN¨ / C≤Ÿm £\lTÙL ˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ A[Æu
A•lT˚P´p 4/3/2/1 ◊s∞Ls A∞dL˙Yi”m.
5 ˘NVpTÙh”j RW®oQVd œ±l◊Ls Jq˘YÙu±¤m 4/3/2/1 G] Ußl˘Ti A∞j’ ˘UÙjRm 20
Ußl˘Ti G]d LQd°P ˙Yi”m.
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ÿ˚\´p Ußl˘Ti˚Qj RWUÙL UÙt\XÙm.
Ußl˘Ti NR≈Rm RWm
15-˛20 75-- ˛ 100 A12 ˛ 14 60 ˛ 74 B9 ˛ 11 45 ˛ 59 C7 ˛ 8 33 ˛ 44 D
Below 7 Below 33 E
J⁄ T⁄Yjßu ˘NVpÿ˚\˚VŸm, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚TŸm ÿ›˚UVÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”,
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ±l©tœm Ußl˘Ti A∞j’j RWUÙL UÙt\ Yi”m. Lt\p NVpTÙh•p UÙQY≤u
ß\u, E⁄YÙd°V T˚Pl◊Ls TÙu\˚Y Ußl¿” NnV B£¨V¨u Lt©jRp L˙V”, UÙQY≤u
˙SÙh”l◊jRLm ˙TÙu\Yt±u Es[PdLj˚R B£¨Vo TVuT”jRXÙm.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
32
(1) B£¨Vo Lt©jRp L˙Vh•u Æ[dLm (Teaching Manual)
Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ ÷hTUÙLj ßhP™P‹m ˘RÙPo Ußl¿h˚Pf £\lTÙLf ˘NnV‹m B£¨Vo
Lt©jRp ˚L˙V” RVÙ¨dL ˙Yi”m. CRtœj Rt˙TÙ’s[ Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh˚Pf ∫W˚UdL
˙Yi”m. Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p ∏˙Zj RWlTh”s[Yt˚\ EhT”jRXÙm.
1. Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
2. L⁄j’Ls / ÿ•‹Ls
3. ß\uLs
4. U]lTÙu˚ULs / StTi◊Ls
5. Lt\p ’˚Qd L⁄ÆLs
6. GßoTÙodœm T˚Pl◊Ls
7. ˙SWm
8. ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Ußl©”R¤m APe°V ˘NVpTÙh”l
TdLÿm Ußl¿h” ÆTWeLs APe°V Ußl¿h”l TdLÿm
9. Ußl¿h”l TdLjßu ÆYWeL∞u A•lT˚P´p ©WßT≠l◊d
œ±l◊Ls
B£¨Vo Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p Ußl¿h•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLs L⁄j’⁄YÙdLjßtLÙ] Lt\p
˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ßhP™Pp, Ußl¿h”f „ZpLs, EjßLs ˙TÙu\˚Y C⁄dL˙Yi”m.
(2) TÙPeLs RÙPoTÙ] SÙh”l◊jRLm Tt±V Æ[dLm
A±‹ UiPXj˚R Ußl¿” ˘NnVl TVuT”j’m ÿd°VUÙ] L⁄Æ˙V UÙQYoL∞u
˙SÙh”l◊jRLm. Jufl CWi” Yœl◊L∞p Lt\p ˘NVpLfidœ HtTl Tp˙Yflf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[
®˚\‹ ˘NnV ˙SÙh”l◊jRLm TVuT”°\’. ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßu YÙ´XÙLd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l
˘Tflm YÙnl◊ UÙQYo Lfidœd °˚Pd°\’. TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f
˘NnYRu ÍXm UÙQYu Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R B£¨VWÙp Eflß ˘NnV
CV¤m. B˚LVÙp Íufl SÙuœ Ik’ Yœl◊L∞p TÙPm ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˙SÙh”l ◊jRLeL˚[
Ußl¿h•tœ EhT”jR˙Yi”m. ˘NVpTÙh•u YÙ´XÙL E⁄YÙ] T˚Pl◊Ls ˘RÙPoTÙ]
Æ[dLeL˚[ UÙQYu œ±j’ ˚YlT’m CkR ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßp RÙu.
LÙXY˚WV˚\dœs B£¨Vo A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl©h”d Lt\p ÿu˙]t\j ßtLÙ] A±‹˚WL˚[Ÿm
ERÆL˚[Ÿm A∞dL ˙Yi”m. AXœ ÿ•Y˚PŸm ˘TÙ›’ AkR AXœ ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p
A˚P‹Ls A˚]j˚RŸm UÙQYu ˘TtflÆhPÙ]Ù GuT˚R A±V ER‹m L⁄ÆVÙL
˙SÙh”l◊jRLm UÙ\˙Yi”m.
L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹, „Z¤dœm L⁄j’Lfidœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Æ[dLm, —V £kR˚]L∞u ˘Y∞¬”,
J⁄e°˚Ql◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßp C⁄dL˙Yi”m. L⁄j’L˚[j ˘R∞YÙL
˘Y∞´P˙Yi”m. L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm £kR˚]L˚[Ÿm ÿ›˚UVÙL ˘Y∞´”Rp, ˘RÙPof£VÙ]’m
Ju±t˘LÙufl ˘RÙPo◊s[ Æ[dLeLs B°V˚Y Y⁄UÙfl ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjߤs[ œ±l◊Ls
A˚UV˙Yi”m.
• AXœ Ußl¿”
Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤m, TXÆRd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl
˘RÙPo◊lT”jßd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. CRtœ J⁄ ÿ›˚UVÙ] œQm Ei”. Ko AX˚L
Ußl©”YRu YÙ´XÙL CkR ÿ›˚U˚V Ußl¿” ˘Nn°˙\Ùm. YÙn˘UÙØ Ußl¿”, Æ]Ù•Æ]Ù,
ß\kR ◊jRL Ußl¿”, LsÆLs RVÙ¨jR¤m Tßp Li”©•jR¤m, ◊ßV T˚Pl◊L˚[ Ußl©”Rp
˙TÙu\˚Y AXœ Ußl¿h•p EhT”m. œ±l©hP AX°p Lt\p A˚P‹L∞p œZk˚RLs Ge˙L
Yœl◊ II
33
C⁄d°u\]o GuT˚R A±Vj RW®oQV A[‹˙LÙp (Rating Scale) B£¨Vo NÙR˚]l Th•Vp
(Check list) CYt˚\l TVuT”jRXÙm.
AX˚L Ußl©Pd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p ◊s∞Ls A∞j’ T⁄Yjßu (Term) Cflß´p
Tß˙Yh•p Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m Ju±tœ ˙UtThP AXœL˚[ Ußl©h”, AXœ Ußl¿h•u
NWÙN¨˚Vl T⁄Yjßu (Term) Cflß´p Tß‹ NnRÙp TÙ’m. CRtœ HtTj RW®oQV œ±l◊L˚[
B£¨Vo RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl œ±l◊L˚[j RVÙ¨dœm ˘TÙ›’ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[
GqY[‹ Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R A±V ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL˙Yi”m. CkR Íufl T⁄YeL∞¤m
(Term) °˚PjR ˘UÙjRl ◊s∞Lfidœ HtTj RWm (Grade) ˘LÙ”j’ œZk˚R´u ˘RÙPoUßl¿h•u
RWj˚Rd (Grade) Li”©•dL Yi”m. L˚XdLpÆ, T¶A‡TYd LpÆ B˙WÙd°V Æ˚[VÙh”d
LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeLfidœm C˙R ÿ˚\´p RWm (Grade) A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
˘RÙPo Ußl¿h”j RWm LiP±Ÿm ÿ˚\ (CE Grade)
Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPjßu ˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊, AXœ Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p Jq˘YÙu±u
RWj˚Rd LQd°hP©u AYt˚\ A,B,C,D,E Gu\ RWjßtœ ÿ˚\˙V 5/4/3/2/1 G] Ußl˘Ti
A∞dLXÙm. CqYÙfl °˚Pdœm ˘UÙjR Ußl˘Ti¶u A•lT˚P´p LtTY¨u CE RWm
Li”©•dLXÙm.
CE RWm =°˚PjR Ußl˘Ti
X 100˘UÙjR Ußl˘Ti
G”j’dLÙhPÙL J⁄ œZk˚Rdœj R™Øp ˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊, AXœ Ußl¿”
˙TÙu\Yt±tœ ÿ˚\˙V A,B, B G]d ˘LÙiPÙp °˚PjR Ußl˘Ti 5+ 4 +4 =13 Bœm. ˘UÙjR
Ußl˘Ti 15 Bœm. RW Ußl˘Ti (NR≈Rjßp) = = 86.67 Bœm. Th•Vp A•lT˚P´p
R™ØtLÙ] CE °˙W” A Bœm.
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”j’s[ Th•V˚X ET˙VÙ°j’ CE RWm LQd°PXÙm.
RW Ußl˘Ti NR≈Rm RWm
12- ˛ 15 75-- ˛ 100 A9 ˛ 11 60 ˛ 74 B7 ˛ 8 45 ˛ 59 C5 ˛ 6 33 ˛ 44 D
Below 5 Below 33 E
T⁄Y Ußl¿” (TE)
T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p UÙØl TÙPeL∞p Ußl©P Yi•V AX°u Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p
˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs, ˘UÙØd ·flLs, ˘UÙØj ß\uLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl¿”
˘NnV˙Yi”m. Es[PdLm, ß\uLs CYt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l Tp˙Y\Ù] ˙LsÆL˚[
EhT”jRXÙm. A±ÆVp TÙPeLfidœl T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p Ußl©P Yi•V AXœL∞u Es[PdLl
TœßL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’d ˙LsÆLs
RVÙo ˘Nn’ Ußl¿” ˘NnVXÙm.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ AXœ/L⁄j’ UiPXjßtœ E¨V ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l Tp˙Y\Ù] E[f NVpLfidœ
(A±‹, AX£ BWÙnk’ ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp, A±Æu TVuTÙ” T˚Pl◊j ß\u Ußl©”Rp ˙TÙu\
E[f ˘NVpLs) RœkR ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’ J⁄ ◊©¨uh RVÙo ˘Nn’ TXÆRUÙ] ˙LsÆLs
RVÙ¨dL Yi”m. LsÆLfidœl TÙ⁄jRUÙ] RW ®oQV œ±l◊Ls E⁄YÙd° AR]•lT˚P´p
Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
L˚XdLpÆ, T¶A‡TYd LpÆ, —LÙRÙWd LpÆ TÙu\ TÙPeL˚[f Nnÿ˚\´u A•lT˚P´p
T⁄Y Ußl¿” ˘NnV˙Yi”m. C˚Rf ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿” (Performance Assessment) Gufl ·\XÙm.
13 X 100
15
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
34
ARtLÙ] UÙߨLs AkRkRl TÙPeL∞u ˚L˙Vh•p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. L˚XdLpÆ,
T¶A‡TYdLpÆ, —LÙRÙWd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeLfidœ CkR ÿ˚\´p RWm A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
Ußl¿h•tLÙ] Tp˙Yfl T•YeLs (BWmT ®˚X)
T⁄Yjßp J⁄ ÿ˚\ Uh”˙U RWeL˚[d œ±l©hP T•Yjßp A˚PVÙ[lT”jR ˙Yi”m. 1
ÿRp 4 Y˚W Yœl◊L∞p T•Ym F1 J⁄ T⁄Yjßp J⁄ ÿ˚\ Tß‹ Nn’ Cß≠⁄k’ CE RWÿm TERWÿm Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l T•Yjßp (T•Ym F3) UÙt± G›RXÙm. TÙPeL∞u Ußl˘Ti˚Q
Uh”UpXÙUp œZk˚R´u NÍL U] A[ÆXÙ] £\kR œ±l◊L˚[Ÿm Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l
T•Yjßp A˚PVÙ[lT”jRXÙm. 5 ÿRp 8 Y˚WŸs[ Yœl◊L∞p Bi•p J⁄ RP˚Y Jq˘YÙ⁄
TÙPjßu Ußl˘Ti˚Ql T•Ym F2˛p A˚PVÙ[lT”jßV ©u, Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l T•Ym
F4˛p UÙt± A˚PVÙ[lT”jR ˙Yi”m.
TÙPeL˚[ SPj’m B£¨VoL˙[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ T⁄Yjߤm F2 p Tß‹ ˘Nn’ Yœl◊ B£¨V⁄dœ
A∞dL Yi”m. YœlTÙ£¨Vo AR˚] J⁄e°˚Qj’ F4˛p A˚PVÙ[lT”jR Yi”m. Tp˙Yfl
Y•YeLs LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
TE-RWm ®oQ´dœm ÿ˚\
T⁄Y Ußl¿h•u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˙LsÆL∞u RW ®oQV œ±l◊Lfidœ Ußl˘Ti A∞j’ 4/3/2/1
ARu A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ NVpTÙ”Lfidœm RWm LQd°P Yi”m. UÙjR RWm Ußl˘Ti
A•lT˚P´p TÙPjßu RWm LQd°P ˙Yi”m. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”j’s[ ÿ˚\´p RWm. gradeLQd°PXÙm.
RW ◊s∞Ls (NR≈Rjßp) RWm
75 ˛ 100 A60 -˛ 74 B45 -˛ 59 C33 -˛ 44 D
33dœ œ˚\YÙL E
Ußl¿” ˛ Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ (BWmT ®˚X)
T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p °˚Pdœm CE ◊s∞Ls / RWj˚Rd LQd°h” 3 T⁄Yjߤm œZk˚Rdœd °˚PjR
™L‹m EVokR ◊s∞ / RWj˚R Y⁄PjßtLÙ] RÙPo Ußl¿h•u UÙjR RWUÙL A∞dL Yi”m.
ÿRp T⁄Yjßp J⁄˙Y˚[ œ˚\kR °˙W” YÙe°V J⁄ œZk˚R ©u]o Lt\≠p ÿu˙]±
Y⁄m˘TÙ›’ CE˛Cp œZk˚R´u RWj˚R ˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m. œZk˚R RWjßp ˙Uu˚U
˘Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R ˙UtTÙo˚Y YÙ´XÙL Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©‡˚PV‹m
Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ T•Ym ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[’.
NÍL E[m NÙokR UiPX Ußl¿” (BWmT ®˚X)
A±‹ UiPXj˚Rl ˙TÙX˙Y ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙ] Ju˙\ NÍL ˛ E[ UiPXjßu Ußl©”Rp.
Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning together, Learning to be ˙TÙu\ ß\uL˚[d LY]jßp
˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. NÍL U]√ß UiPXeL∞u Ußl¿h”Pu ˘RÙPo◊ T”jßd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[
ß\uL˚[ Ußl¿” ˘NnVXÙm.
1. L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\u (Coummunication Skills)
2. R≤STo ß\u (Interpersonal Skills)
3. T¨‹ (Empathy)
4. EQo‹LfiPu Jj’l˙TÙRp (Coping with emotions)
5. æoUÙ]˘U”jRp (Decision making)
Yœl◊ II
35
6. U] A›jRj˚Rj Gßo ˘LÙsfim ß\u (Coping with Stress)
7. T˚PlTÙt\p ß\u (Creative thinking Skills)
8. ÆUoN] √ß´XÙ] £kR˚] (Critical thinking)
9. ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u (Problem Solving Skills)
10. —V ˙UXÙi˚U (Self - Management)
A±‹NÙo UiPXjßu TÙPeL˚[ SPj’m B£¨V˙W CYt±u Ußl¿h˚PŸm ˘NnV˙Yi”m.
AkRkRl TÙPeL∞u NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl¿” NnŸm TÙ˙R CkR Ußl¿h˚PŸm NnV˙Yi”m.
Ce˙L ˘NVpß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnY’Pu StTi◊Ls U]®˚XLs ˙TÙu\˚Y E⁄YÙœm ÆRm
Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
NÍL E[ UiPXjßp UÙQYu ˘Tt\ £\l◊ CVp◊L˚[ LiP±k’ Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQY≤u SpX ß\uL˚[ FdœÆdL˙Yi”m. C’ RÙPoTÙL B£¨Vo œ±l˙Th•p
œ±dL ˙Yi”m. NÍL E[ UiPXeL˚[ Ußl¿” ˘Nn’ Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ AhPY˚Q´p
œ±dL Yi”m. CRtLÙ] T•Yjßp œ±l©hP LhPm RWlTh”s[’. UÙQY‡˚PV Lt\p Rof£
A±d˚L´¤m C’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] SpX œ±l◊Ls A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
36
b) ˘
RÙP
o U
ßl¿
” (
CE)
, T
⁄Y
Uß
l¿
” (
TE)
˙T
Ùu
\˚
Y J
q˘
YÙ⁄
T⁄
Yjß
¤m
Tß
‹ ˘
Nn
V E
R‹
m
TÙP
j ˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
J⁄
e°
˚Q
l◊ T
•Y
m (F
2)
T⁄
Ym
1/2
/3
TÙP
m ..................................................... Y
œl◊ ......................................... ©
¨‹
...............................
Gi
UÙQ
Y≤
u
TV
oCE
˘NVp ÿ˚\
T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl◊
AXœUßl¿”
CE RWm
TE RWm
Remark
Yœl◊ II
37
Y⁄
P J
⁄e
°˚
Ql◊ T
•Y
m (5 ˛
8 Y
œl◊) ˛ F
3
Yœ
l◊
:©
¨‹
:
Y⁄
Pm
:
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
38
Ußl¿”
A‘œÿ˚\ : Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym
A∞dœm A‘œÿ˚\
˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿” CCE
A±‹ UiPXm NÍL E[ UiPXm
˘RÙPo T⁄Y
Ußl¿” Ußl¿”
CE TE
♦ ˘NVpÿ˚\ ♦ L⁄j’Ls
♦ T˚Pl◊j ♦ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
˘RÙœl◊ ÿR≠V˚Y
♦ AXœ
1. L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\u.
2. R≤ STo ß\u.
3. T¨‹.
4. EQo‹LfiPu Jj’l ˙TÙRp.
5. U] A›jRj˚R Gßo
˘LÙsfim ß\u
6. æoUÙ]˘U”jRp.
7. ©WfN˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘Rp.
8. ÆUoN] √ß´XÙR £k˚R.
9. T˚PlTÙt\p ß\u.
10. —V ˙UXÙi˚U.
Yœl◊ II
39
Yœl◊ II (R™r)
TÙPl T°o‹ AhPY˚Q
AXœ : 1 GeL Fo TÙXÙœUÙ? 20 SÙhLs
AXœ : 2 ≈” SpX ≈” 23 SÙhLs
AXœ : 3 Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu 15 SÙhLs
ÿRp ®˚X Ußl¿”
AXœLs 1, 2, 3
(7 ®Lr‹Ls Y˚W)
AXœ : 3 ˘RÙPof£... 5 SÙhLs
AXœ : 4 E´o YÙZ 15 SÙhLs
AXœ : 4 ˘RÙPof£... 8 SÙhLs
¡sTÙo˚Y 12 SÙhLs
AXœ : 5 ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L 17 SÙhLs
AXœ : 6 UkßW U˚Z 15 SÙhLs
CWiPÙm ®˚X Ußl¿”
AXœLs 3, 4, 5, 6
AXœ : 6 RÙPof£.... 5 SÙhLs
AXœ : 7 T£j’l ◊£ 16 SÙhLs
AXœ : 7 ˘RÙPof£ 3 SÙhLs
AXœ : 8 Èm Èm Yi• 15 SÙhLs
AXœ : 8 ˘RÙPof£... 6 SÙhLs
¡sTÙo˚Y Cflß ®˚X Ußl¿”
_¯u
_¯˚X
BLv”
˘NlPmTo
Ad˙PÙTo
SYmTo
•NmTo
_]Y¨
©lWY¨
UÙof
T⁄Ym UÙRm AXœ T°o‹ ˙R˚YlT”m SÙhLs
Íu
\Ùm
T⁄
Ym
CWi
PÙm
T⁄
Ym
ÿRp
T⁄
Ym
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
40 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?AXœ 1
CkßVÙÆp ˘T⁄mTœßŸm °WÙUeL˙[. °WÙUj˚RlTt±
A±k’˘LÙsYRtœm D”TÙ” ˘LÙsYRtœm ER‹m ÆRjßp CqYXœ
Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
°WÙUjßu CVt˚LVZœ, °WÙUl◊\ Æ˚[VÙh”Ls, °WÙU UdL∞u
˘RÙØpLs ˙TÙu\˚YTt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙœUÙfl TÙPlTœßŸm
˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLl-Th”s[].
1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W´XÙ] GiL˚[d ·\‹m G›R‹m,
˘T¨V’ £±V’ LiP±V‹m, CWi•XdL GiL˚[l
Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[dL‹m, ·hPp LØjRp
°¨˚VLs ˘NnV‹m, G∞Vÿ˚\˚Vd LiP±Ÿm
L¶Rd L⁄j’L˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m
ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL...
˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˛ TÙPp, Æ”L˚R
˘UÙØjRı\uLs : JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[
YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’Rp, ◊ßV NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœRp
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
41
LÙX AhPY˚Q
AXœ 1 ˛ GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ? (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)
G]’ Fo (L¶Rm)
®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs
1. ˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ 3
2. J⁄ Æ”ÿ˚\d LÙXjßp (L¶Rm) 2
3. F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm 2
4. SÙPL AWeœ (L¶Rm) 1
5. Gu] BhPm BPXÙm? 2
6. GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh” (L¶Rm) 3
7. GeL AlTÙ... AmUÙ 3
8. ˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ (L¶Rm) 3
19 SÙhLs
AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs
˘UÙjRm 20 SÙhLs
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
42 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
1. F¨u CVt˚L AZ˚L Yo¶dœm TÙP˚Xj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’, UhP˚Uj’/TÙ”Y˚Rd Lh”l
TÙ”°\ÙoLs.
2. TÙP≠p CPm˘Ttfls[ JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
3. Lt\ ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR ÿ›˚UVÙ] YÙd°VeL˚[ E⁄YÙd°
G›’°\ÙoLs.
4. ˙LhP/YÙ£jR Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P G›’°\ÙoLs.
5. LiP/LÙ‘m LÙh£L˚[ G∞V YÙd°VeL∞p Æ[d°f ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
6. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd Lh” Aߤs[ L⁄j’L˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/
G›’°\ÙoLs.
7. ˘LÙ”dLlThP „Z¤dœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ◊ßV L⁄jR˚UkR YÙd°VeLs G›’°\ÙoLs.
8. ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ NÙtL∞u TÙ⁄s ◊XlT”UÙfl ÿ›˚UVÙ] YÙd°VeLs G›’°\ÙoLs.
9. N¨VÙ] J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[l TVuT”jßl ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
10. ˘UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.
11. TP YÙ£l©u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tt\ L⁄j’L˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
12. LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Te˙Ltflj Rm L⁄j˚Rd ·fl°\ÙoLs.
13. YÙ£l◊l TœßL˚[j RY±u±j ˘R∞YÙ] EfN¨l˙TÙ” YÙ£d°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
1. Rm F¨¤s[ CVt˚LV˚Ul◊ (Bfl, œ[m, U˚X, œufl...) Tt±d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
2. CWi” CVt˚LV˚Ul◊L˚[ Jl©h” AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ Jtfl˚U ˙Ytfl˚UL˚[l
Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
3. ReLs F¨p Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh”L∞u ˘TVoL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
4. Tp˙Yfl ˘RÙØpL∞u ˘TVoL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
5. ReLs F¨¤s[ ˘TÙ’f ˙N˚Y ˚UVeL∞u ˙Y˚XL˚[ ÆY¨d°\ÙoLs.
6. AYt±u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tflm ˘TÙ’f˙N˚YL˚[ C]m LÙi°u\]o.
L¶Rm
1. 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W Y¨˚NVÙL Gi‘°u\]o; YÙ£d°u\]o; G›’°u\]o,
2. J⁄ œ±l©hP Gi¶≠⁄k’ Y¨˚NVÙL Gi‘°u\]o; YÙ£d°u\]o. G›’°u\]o.
3. Tp˙Yfl Gi‘m ÿ˚\L∞p ·fl°u\]o (Æh”, 2 Æh”, 5 Æh”, 10 Æh”)
4. CPUßl◊ A±k’ GiL˚[l ©¨j˘R›’°u\]o.
5. CWi•XdL GiL˚[ UÙflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[dœ°u\]o.
6. CWi•XdL GiL˚[ Jl©”m ÿ˚\˚V Æ[dœ°u\]o.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
43
7. CWi•XdL Gi˚Ql Tp˙Yfl GiL∞u RÙ˚LVÙL Gi¶¤m G›jߤm G›’°u\]o,
8. GiL˚[ Hfl Y¨˚Nd˙LtT A”dœ°u\]o.
9. K¨XdL GiL∞u ·hPp, LØjRp ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.
10. S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ Li” Æ[d°d ·fl°u\]o.
11. U]dLQdLÙLf ˘Nn’ ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.
12. ·hPp ˘RÙPoTÙ] ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹LÙ‘m G∞V ÿ˚\L˚[d Li”©•d°u\]o.
L˚XdLpÆ
1. ◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs.
2. TPeLfidœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
44 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
1 GeL F
o ˙TÙXÙœ
UÙ?
R™
r
$°
WÙU
jß
u G
Ø˚
X Y
o¶
dœ
m T
ÙP˚
Xl
TÙ”
Rp
, R]
’ °
WÙU
jß
u £
\l◊Ls
.
$°
WÙU
eL∞
p Tp
˙Y
fl Æ
˚[
VÙh
”Ls
Æ˚
[V
ÙPl T
”°
u\]
.
$Æ
˚[
VÙh
”j
˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
T
p˙
Yfl
Æ”
L˚
RLs
Es
[]
.
$°
WÙU
jß
p T
p˙Y
fl
RÙØ
p
Nn
TY
oLs
Es
[]
o.
$J
q˘
YÙ⁄
˘
RÙØ
≠tœ
m A
Rt˙L E
¨V
£\l◊Ls
Ei
”.
$T
p˙
Yfl
˘
TÙ’
f˙
N˚
Y
˚U
Ve
Ls
°WÙU
jß
p ˘
NV
pT”
°u
\]
(Ae
Li
YÙ•
, A
gNX
Lm
, Ts
∞d·
Pm
,
BWm
Tf—LÙR
ÙW ®
˚X
Vm
)
$˘
TÙ’
f˙
N˚
Y
˚U
Ve
L[
Ùp
SU
dœ
Tp
˙Y
fl ˙
N˚
YLs
°˚
Pd°
u\]
.
L˚
XdLp
Æ
$°
WÙU
jß
u A
Z˚
Ll T
Pm
Y˚
WRp
$"˘
LÙh
•d°
Pdœ
m ˙
TWZ
œ'
TÙP
˚X
l
TÙ”
Rp
, LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”
Rp
, R]
’
L⁄
j’
L˚
[d ·
flRp
.
$Æ
”L˚
R Æ
˚[
VÙh
”L∞
p D
”T”
Rp
.
$J
jR
K˚
NŸ
˚P
V
˘NÙtL˚
[d
Li
”©
•jRp
.
$˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
, ˙
Yfl
Æ
˚[
VÙh
”Ls
Æ˚
[V
Ùh
”
Æ”
L˚
RLs
˙
TÙu
\
˘NV
pTÙ”
L∞
p D
”T”
Rp
.
$Tp
˙Y
fl Æ
˚[
VÙh
”Ls
Æ˚
[V
Ù”Rp
.
$˘
RÙØ
pLs
˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
Æ
”L˚
RLs
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
.
$˘
NÙp
Æ˚
[V
Ùh”
L∞
p T
e˙Lt\p
.
$œ
±l
◊L∞
u
A•
lT
˚P
´p
˘RÙØ
pL˚
[d
Li
”©
•jRp
.
$Y
Ùd°
Vjß
p T
Vu
T”
jß
G›
’Rp
.
$"F
⁄dœ
s˙[
E
tNÙLm
' TÙP
lTœ
ß˚
V
YÙ£
jRp
.
$˘
NÙt
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
˘NV
pTÙ”
.
$Y
˚WRp
˘NV
pTÙ”
; Y
iQ
m æ
h”
Rp
.
$°
WÙU
jß
u A
Z˚
L Y
o¶
dœ
m T
ÙP˚
Xl
TÙ”
°u
\]
o.
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP
p
YÙ´
XÙLj
RU
’
°WÙU
jß
u £
\l◊L˚
[d ·
fl°
u\]
o.
$C
Vt˚
LV
˚U
l˚
Tl T
t±
V Æ
”L˚
RLs
G›
’°
u\]
o; ·
fl°
u\]
o.
$J
jR K
˚NŸ
˚P
V ˘
NÙtL˚
[d Li
”-
©•
j’
d ·
fl°
u\]
o; G
›’
°u
\]
o.
$TÙP
˚X
˘U
hP
˚U
j’
l T
Ù”°
u\]
o.
$TÙP
≠p
Y
k’
s[
Æ
˚[
VÙh
”L˚
[d
·fl
°u
\]
o; G
›’
°u
\]
o.
$T
ÙP
≠p
Y
WÙR
Æ˚
[V
Ùh
”L˚
[d
·fl
°u
\]
o; G
›’
°u
\]
o.
$R]
dœ
l ©
•jR Æ
˚[
VÙh
˚P
Æ˚
[V
Ù-
”Y
’ G
lT•
G]
d ·
fl°
u\]
o; Æ
˚[
VÙ-
”°
u\]
o.
$Æ
˚[
VÙh
”j ˘
RÙP
oTÙ]
Æ
”L˚
RLs
·fl
°u
\]
o; G
›’
°u
\]
o.
$˘
UÙØ
Æ˚
[V
Ùh
”L∞
p
D”
Th
”
˘NÙtL˚
[Ÿ
m
YÙd°
Ve
L˚
[Ÿ
m
G›
’°
u\]
o.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
45
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
$˘
RÙØ
pL˚
[l T
Ùh•
V≠
”°
u\]
o.
$˘
LÙ”
dLlTh
”s
[ ˘
NÙt
L∞
u ˘
TÙ⁄
s
◊X
lT”
UÙfl
ÿ›
˚U
VÙ]
YÙd
°V
eL˚
[
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$Y
Ù£
l◊
l
Tœ
ßL˚
[j
RY
±u
±j
˘R∞
YÙ]
EfN¨l˙TÙ”
YÙ£
d°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$N¨
VÙ]
J
≠j’
˚Q
d œ
±¬
”L˚
[l
TV
uT
”jß
l ◊
ßV
˘
NÙtLs
G
›’
°-
\Ùo
Ls
.
$T
P
YÙ£
l©
u
YÙ´
XÙLl
˘
Tt\
L⁄
j’
L˚
[
Æ[
dœ
°\ÙoLs
/G›
’-
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP
pL∞
p T
e˙
Ltfl
j Rm
L⁄
j˚
Rd ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
. G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$◊
s∞
L˚
[ C
˚Q
j’
l T
Pm
Y
˚W-
°u
\]
o.
$TP
jß
tœ
l ˘
TÙ⁄
jRU
Ù] Y
iQ
m æ
h”
-
°u
\]
o.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
46 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L¶
Rm
$1 ÿ
Rp
99 Y
˚WŸ
s[
Gi
L˚
[l T
t±
V
A±
‹. G
iLs
˘
RÙP
oTÙ]
L¶
Rl©
Wf-
£˚
]Lfi
dœ
j æ
o‹
LÙQ
ER‹
m.
$J
ufl
Lfi
˚P
V‹
m ◊
jRLfi
˚P
V‹
m
œ›
dLs
˙
Nok’
C
Wi
•X
dL G
iLs
E⁄
YÙ°
u\]
.
$C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL∞
p Y
X’
TdL G
i
Ju
flL˚
[Ÿ
m
CP
’T
dL
Gi
Tj’
L˚
[Ÿ
m œ
±l©
”°
u\]
.
$C
PU
ßl©
t˙
LtT C
Wi
” G
iL∞
p
˘T¨V
’/£
±V
’ G
’ G
ufl
Li
”©
•d-L
ÆV
¤m
$G
iL˚
[l
T
p˙
Yfl
ÿ
˚\L∞
p
Æ[
dœ
Rp
.
$C
Wi
•X
dL
Gi
L∞
p
˘T
¨V
Gi
˚Q
Ÿm
£
±V
G
i˚
QŸ
m
˙Y
flT”
jß
ÆV
¤m
.
$C
Wi
” K
¨X
dL G
iL∞
u ˘
RÙ˚
L
Li
”©
•dLÆ
V¤
m.
$œ
±l
©h
P
Gi
¶d˚
LŸ
s[
˘TÙ⁄
hL˚
[ G
i¶
G”
jRp
, Y
Ù£jRp
,
Æ”
Th
P G
i˚
Q ®
Wl◊Rp
.
$J
⁄ œ
±l©
hP
Gi
¶≠
⁄k’
Y¨˚
NV
ÙL
G›
’Rp
.
$Tj’
Ls
U
tfl
m J
ufl
L∞
u œ
›dL˚
[
Etfl
˙SÙd
° G
i‘
Rp
, G
›’
Rp
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL˚
[l
T
j’
U
tfl
m J
ufl
m
œ›
dL[
Ùd°
C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL˚
[
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
. C
Wi
” G
iL∞
p ÿ
R≠
p
Tj
˚RŸ
m
A˚
Y
NU
UÙ]
Ùp
Ju
flL˚
[Ÿ
m J
l©
h”
l ˘
T¨V
G
i/
£±
V G
i L
i”
©•
jRp
.
$C
Wi
•X
dL
Gi
L˚
[l
T
jß
u
œ›
dL[
ÙL‹
m J
u±
u œ
›dL‹
m RWm
©¨j’
d L¶
Rl ©
Wf£
˚]
dœ
j æo‹
LÙ‘
Rp
.
G.L
Ù. 3
7 =
30 +
7
$1
ÿRp
99 Y
˚W Y
¨˚
NV
ÙL G
i‘
-
°u
\]
o, G
›’
°u
\]
o. Y
Ù£d°
u\]
o.
$J
⁄ œ
±l©
hP
Gi
¶≠
⁄k’
Y¨˚
NV
ÙL
Gi
‘°
u\]
o;
G›
’°
u\]
o.
YÙ£
d-
°u
\]
o.
$T
p˙
Yfl
G
iQ
p
ÿ˚
\L∞
uT
•
·fl
°u
\]
o (1 Æ
h”
, 2 Æ
h”
, 5 Æ
h”
, 10
Æh
”)
$C
PU
ßl
©t˙
LtT
G
iL˚
[l
©¨j˘
R›
’-°
u\]
o.
$C
Wi
•X
dL
Gi
L˚
[
UÙfl
Th
P
ÿ˚
\L∞
p Æ
[dœ
°u
\]
o.
$C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL˚
[ J
l©
”m ÿ
˚\˚
V
Æ[
dœ
°u
\]
o.
$C
Wi
•X
dL
Gi
˚Q
l
Tp
˙Y
fl
Gi
L∞
u
˘RÙ˚
LV
ÙL‹
m
Æj
ßV
Ù-
NU
ÙL‹
m
Gi
¶¤
m
G›
jß
¤m
G›
’°
u\]
o.
$G
iL˚
[l
˘
T¨
Vß
t˙
LtT
A
”dœ
-
°u
\]
o.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
47
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
$C
Wi
•X
dL G
iLs
U
tfl
m K
¨X
dL
Gi
L∞
u
Æj
ßV
ÙNm
Li
”©
•dL
ÆV
¤m
.
$G
iLs
˘
RÙP
o◊
˚P
V
S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©WfN˚
]dœ
j æ
o‹
LÙQ
XÙm
.
$K
¨X
dL G
iL∞
u ·
hP
p LØ
jRp
°¨˚
VL˚
[ U
]dLQ
dLÙL
f ˘
Nn
VX
Ùm.
$C
Wi
” K
¨X
dL G
iL∞
u ·
hP
˚X
l
Tp
˙Y
fl ÿ
˚\L∞
p ·
hP
XÙm
.
$G
iL˚
[
Jl
©h
”
CWi
•X
dL
Gi
L∞
p ˘
T¨
V G
i˚
QŸ
m £
±V
Gi
˚Q
Ÿm
Li
”©
•jRp
, H
fl C
\e
œ
Y¨˚
N´
p G
›’
Rp
.
$©
Wf£
˚]
˚V
l T
œl
TÙn
‹ ˘
Nn
’m
˘TÙ⁄
hL˚
[l TV
uT”
jß
Ÿm
·
hP
p
LØ
jRp
°¨˚
VLs
˘Nn
Rp
.
$„
Z¤
d˙
LtT
l
Tœ
lT
Ùn
‹
˘Nn
’
°¨˚
VL˚
[ U
]dLQ
dLÙL
f ˘
Nn
Rp
.
$Tjß
u œ
›dL[
Ùd°
d ·
hP
p L
Qdœ
Ls
˘Nn
Rp
.
$K
¨X
dL G
iLs
˘
RÙP
oTÙ]
·
hP
p,
LØ
jRp
©
Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙi
°u
\]
o.
$S˚
Pÿ
˚\l ©
Wf£
˚]
dœ
j æo‹
Li
”
Æ[
dœ
°u
\]
o.
$U
]dLQ
dLÙLf ˘
Nn
’ ©
Wf£
˚]
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙi
°u
\]
o.
$·
hP
p °
¨˚
VLs
˘
Nn
YRtLÙ]
G
∞V
YØ
ÿ˚
\L˚
[d L
i”
©•
d°
u\]
o.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
48 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
„r®˚
X´
Vp
$°
WÙU
jß
p œ
ufl
, U
˚X
, LP
tL˚
W, B
fl
œ[
m
˙T
Ùu
\Y
t±
p
H˙
R‡
m
£X
A˚
Ukß
⁄dœ
m.
$C
Wi
”
CV
t˚
LV
˚U
l◊
Lfi
dœ
C˚
P˙V
£
X J
tfl
˚U
Ls
˙Y
tfl
˚U
Ls
Es
[]
.
$°
WÙU
eL∞
p Tp
˙Y
fl Æ
˚[
VÙh
”Ls
Æ˚
[V
ÙPlT”
Y’
i”
.
$J
q˘
YÙ⁄
°
WÙU
jß
¤m
TX
˘
RÙØ
pLs
˘Nn
TY
oLs
Es
[]
o.
$T
p˙
Yfl
˘
TÙ’
f˙
N˚
Y
˚U
Ve
Ls
°WÙU
jß
p ˘
NV
pT”
°u
\]
.
(Ae
Li
YÙ•
, A
gNX
Lm
, Ts
∞d·
Pm
,
BWm
T —
LÙR
ÙW ®
˚X
Vm
)
$TP
j˚
R E
tfl
˙SÙdœ
Rp
, L[
lTV
Qm
˘Np
¤Rp
, LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
,
˘NV
pT
Ù”
:
Ei
PÙ
Cp
˚X
VÙ?
(Ah
PY
˚Q
)
˘NV
pTÙ”
: ˙
Yfl
TÙ”
(Th
•V
≠”
Rp
)
$œ
[m
B
fl ˙TÙu
\Y
t±
t°
˚P
˙V
Ÿs
[
Jtfl
˚U
Y
tfl
˚U
L˚
[l T
h•
V≠
”Rp
.
˘NV
pT
Ù”
:
˘NÙp
¤e
Ls
, ˙
Yfl
Æ˚
[V
Ùh”
Ls
.
$Tp
˙Y
fl Æ
˚[
VÙh
”L∞
u
TV
oL˚
[d
·fl
Rp
, G
›’
Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
; S
Ùu V
Ùo?
$Tp
˙Y
fl ˘
RÙØ
pL∞
u ˘
TV
oL˚
[l
Th
•V
≠”
Rp
.
$T
Pe
L˚
[l
T
Ùoj’
m,
˙S¨
p ˘
Nu
fl
TÙo˚
Y´
h”
m,
RLY
p
ßWh
•Ÿ
m
˘TÙ’
f˙N˚
Y ˚
UV
eL∞
u ˙
Y˚
XL˚
[
G›
’Rp
.
$Rm
F
¨¤
s[
C
Vt˚
LV
˚U
l◊ (B
fl,
œ[
m, U
˚X
, œ
ufl
) Tt±
d ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$C
Wi
” C
Vt˚
LV
˚U
l◊L˚
[ J
l©
h”
AY
t±
t°
˚P
˙V
Ÿs
[
Jtfl
˚U
˙Y
tfl
˚U
L˚
[l T
h•
V≠
”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$Re
Ls
F
¨p
Æ
˚[
VÙ”
m
Æ˚
[V
Ùh
”L∞
u
˘T
VoL˚
[d
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
; G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$T
p˙
Yfl
˘
RÙØ
pL∞
u ˘
TV
oL˚
[l
Th
•V
≠”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$Re
Ls
F
¨¤
s[
˘
TÙ’
f˙
N˚
Y
˚U
Ve
L∞
u
˙Y
˚X
L˚
[
ÆY
¨d°
\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
49
L˚RdL[m
®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
R™rf ˘NpÆ ThPQjßp T•d°u\Ùs. Ts∞ Æ”ÿ˚\ BWmTUÙ]’. ""AlTÙ..
G]dœl TÙh•˚Vl TÙodL‘m... °WÙUj’dœl TÙL‘m'' R™rf˘NpÆ AlTÙÆPm
˘Lg£]Ùs. ""SÙm SÙ˚[dœl TÙh•˚Vl TÙodL AjßÎ⁄dœl ˙TÙ°˙\Ùm'' AlTÙ
£¨j’d LÙi˙P ·±]Ùo. ""AlTÙ... °WÙUjßp Yfl Gu˘]u] TÙodLXÙm?'' NpÆ
BoYj’Pu ˙LhPÙs. AlTÙ °WÙUjßu AZ˚Ll TÙhPÙLl TÙ•]Ùo.
TÙPlTœß :
°WÙUjßu AZ˚L Yo¶dœm '˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ' TÙPp.
®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
R™rf ˘NpÆ AlTÙ‹Pu AjßÎo °WÙUj˚R YkR˚PkRÙs. TÙh•˚Vd
Lh•jR›Æ]Ùs. ""TÙh•... TÙh• GlT• C⁄d∏eL?'' ""SpXÙ C⁄d˙LiPÙ... Gu
˘NpXm''. TÙh• AY˚[j RPÆd ˘LÙ”jRÙs. R™rf ˘NpÆ YkR ÆYWm A±kR
SiToLs K• YkR]o. R™rf ˘NpÆ´u Au◊j ˙RÙØ Læ_Ù AY˚[ A˚Zj’d
˘LÙi” ÿt\jßtœ YkRÙs.
L¶Rl Tœß :
≈h” ÿt\jߤs[ ˘Sp≠UWjR•dœ YkR]o. ˘Sp≠dLÙnL˚[l ˘TÙfld°
G”jR]o.
®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
˘Sp≠UWjR•´p AYoLs ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘Sp≠dLÙnL˚[l ˘TÙfld° G”jR]o.
""G]dœ F˚Wf —t±lTÙodL B˚NVÙ C⁄dœ'' R™rf ˘NpÆ ˙LhPÙs.
""A’d˘Lu]... SÙu ·h•d°h”l ˙TÙ°˙\u''. ¿hPo ·±]Ùu. AYoLs F˚Wf
—t±lTÙodLf ˘Nu\]o. „oVÙ‹m ˙LÙ°XÙ‹m AYoLfiPu C˚QkR]o.
TÙPlTœß :
F¨¤s[ øfNpœ[jßtœf ˘Np¤Rp (F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm)
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
50 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
A˚]Y⁄m øfNpœ[jßp œmUÙ[m ˙TÙhP]o. R™rf ˘NpÆ ™L‹m
U°rf£V˚PkRÙs. ""R™rf ˘NpÆ, SÙm UÙ˚X´p SÙPLm TÙodLf ˘Np˙YÙUÙ?''
Læ_Ù ˙LhPÙs. ""SÙPLUÙ? Ge˙L?'' R™rf ˘NpÆ ˙LhPÙs. ""Su˚U °[l©u 25
Bm Bi”ÆZÙ. Aeœ RÙu SÙPLm SPdLl˙TÙ°\’'' „oVÙ ·±]Ùu, ''N¨...N¨..
UÙ˚X´p ˙TÙLXÙm'' R™rf ˘NpÆ NmUßjRÙs.
L¶RlTœß :
A˚]Y⁄m SÙPLm TÙodL Su˚U °[l©tœf Nu\]o. AYoLs SÙPL AWe°tœs
÷˚ZkR]o ˛ "SÙPL AWeœ'.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
SÙPLm TÙojR©u A˚]Y⁄m ≈h•tœj ß⁄m©]o. ""SpX SÙPLm'' R™rf ˘NpÆ
·±]Ùs. ""AmUÙYÙL S•jR Ti GqY[‹ A⁄˚UVÙL S•jRÙo'' „oVÙ ·±]Ùu.
AYoLs Ntfl SWm SÙPLj˚Rl Tt±l T£]o. ARu©u UflSÙs Gu] NnVXÙm
G] B˙XÙ£jR]o. Æ˚[VÙPXÙm G]j æoUÙ]m G”jR©u ≈h•tœf ˘Nu\]o.
TÙPlTœß :
Æ˚[VÙPj æoUÙ≤jR SiToLs Jufl ·•]o. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m Jq˘YÙ⁄
Æ˚[VÙh˚Pd ·±]o ˛ Gu] BhPm BPXÙm?
®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
K•VÙ• Æ˚[VÙ•]o. L˚[j’l TÙ´]o. ""K•VÙ•d L˚[lTÙL C⁄dœ. EhLÙok’
Æ˚[VÙPXÙm'' LÙ°XÙ ·±]Ùs. ""BUÙ... BUÙ.. EhLÙok’ Æ˚[VÙ”˙YÙm' Læ_Ù
·±]Ùs, ""Gu] Æ˚[VÙPXÙm?'' R™rf ˘NpÆ ˙LhPÙs. ""Gu°hP GiLh˚P
Es[’'' „oVÙ ·±]Ùu. A˚]Y⁄m EhLÙokR]o.
L¶RlTœß :
AYoLs A˚]Y⁄m ≈h”j ßi˚Q´p AUok’ GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh”
Æ˚[VÙ•]o.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
51
®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
AYoLs Ntfl˙SWm GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙ•]o. A”j’ Gu]
˘NnVXÙm? AYoLs B˙XÙ£jR]o, ""SÙu J⁄ Æ”L˚R Lh°˙\u. Æ˚P NÙpX
ÿ•ŸUÙ?'' Læ_Ù NYÙp ÆhPÙs. AYoLs UÙ± UÙ± Æ”L˚RLs ˙LhL
BWm©jR]o. Æ”L˚R Æ˚[VÙh” BWmTUÙ]’.
L¶RlTœß :
AYoLs TÙh• TÙh”d˘LÙi” Æ”L˚RLs LhL BWm©jR]o "GeL AlTÙ
˛ AmUÙ.'
®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
Æ”ÿ˚\ ÿ•k’ R™rf NpÆ F⁄dœf Np¤m SÙs S⁄e°V’. R™rf NpÆ
R]’ Y⁄jRj˚R SiToL∞Pm ˘R¨ÆjRÙs. ""˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ ÿ•k’ ˙TÙLXÙm''
Læ_Ù ·±]Ùs. TÙh•Ÿm AqYÙ˙\ ·\j R™rf ˘NpÆ SÙhL˚[ Gi¶]Ùs.
TÙPlTœß :
R™rf˘NpÆ SÙhLÙh•˚V G”jRÙs. ˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙÆu SÙhL˚[Ÿm
ThPQjßtœf ˘Np¤m SÙ˚[Ÿm Gi¶l TÙojRÙs. "˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ'.
ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹
˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ ÿ•kR’. R™rf˘NpÆ R]’ TÙh•´Pÿm SiToL∞Pÿm
Æ˚P˘Ttfll ThPQjßtœj ß⁄m©]Ùs. AYs A”jR Æ”ÿ˚\˚V
Gßo˙SÙd°´⁄kRÙs.
YœlT˚\dœf ˘Np¤mÿu...
Ko AX˚Lj ˘RÙPeœYRtœ ÿu AqYX°tLÙ] L˚RdL[j˚R
ÿ›˚UVÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙Lt\YÙfl L⁄j’f £˚RVÙUp ·\
˙Yi”m.
˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[ ÿu]˙W RVÙ¨j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m.
NÙoh•p G›R ˙Yi•V TœßL˚[ ÿu·h•˙V G›ß ˚YdL
˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
52 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
®Lr‹ ˛1
˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ
CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ ˛ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 1, 2
L˚XdLpÆ ˛ 17˛18
TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸm ÿu...
˙LÙ˚PÆ”ÿ˚\ ÿ•k’ Ts∞ BWmTUÙœm Cq˙Y˚[´p œZk˚RLfiPu Æ”ÿ˚\dLÙX
A‡TYeL˚[d ˙Lh”l ©u]o TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm.
• Æ”ÿ˚\´p øeLs Gu˘]u] ˘NnæoLs?
• E\Æ]oLs ≈h•tœf ˘Nu\YoLs GjR˚]˙To?
• Æ”ÿ˚\´p øeLs ™L‹m W£jR’ Gu]?
• —tflXÙf ˘Nu\YoLs VÙo VÙo?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh” œZk˚RLfiPu CVpTÙL E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm
·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. EeLfi˚PV Æ”ÿ˚\ A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs.
EeL˚[l TÙu\ J⁄ œZk˚R R™rf˘NpÆ R]’ Ts∞ Æ”ÿ˚\dœ Geœf Nu\Ùs R¨ŸUÙ?
G]d˙Lh”,
®Lr‹ Ju±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs ARu ©u.
• R™rf˘NpÆ´u AlTÙ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt± Gu]˘YpXÙm TÙ•´⁄lTÙo Gufl ˙LfieLs.
œZk˚RLs œ[m, YVp, U˚X, œ•˚N, BhLs Gu\ G’ ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m ·\h”m. œZk˚RLs
·flY˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´˙XÙ T—mTX˚L´˙XÙ G›’eLs.
EeL∞p VÙo VÙo ·±V’ N¨ Gufl TÙol˙TÙm G]d·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
TP YÙ£l◊
œZk˚RLs TPj˚R Etfld LY≤dLh”m. TPjßu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.
• TPjßp øeLs Gu˘]u] LÙi°»oLs?
• Gu˘]u] E´¨]eLs TPjßp Es[]?
• ˘TiLs Gu] ˘Nn’˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?
œZk˚RL∞u EtfldLY≤dœm ß\u Y[W Cf˘NVpTÙ” ER‹UpXYÙ?
˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ
R™rf˘NpÆ´u AlTÙ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt±l TÙ•]Ùo ApXYÙ? AYo TÙ•V TÙh˚Pd ˙LfieLs
G]d·±l TÙP˚X ˘Uh”Pu TÙ•d LÙi©ŸeLs. œZk˚RLs ˙LhLh”m.
©•jR Y¨ G’? Hu?
CWiPÙm Yœl◊d œZk˚RL˚[l TÙfljRUh•p TÙP≠p "©•jRY¨ G’?' G]d˙LhPÙp TÙP˚Xd
˙Lhœm ˘TÙ›’ ˙LhL C≤˚UVÙL C⁄dœm Y¨L˚[ Uh”˙U ·flYÙoLs. AkR Y¨´u
L⁄j’L˚[ Eh˘LÙi” ·flY’ Ntflf £WUm RÙu. G]˙Y TÙP≠p EeLfidœl ©•jR Y¨˚Vd
·± ARtLÙ] LÙWQj˚RŸm ·\˙Yi”m. ARu ©u]od œZk˚RLs ReLfidœl ©•jR Y¨˚Vd
Li”©•j’d ·± ARu LÙWQj˚RŸm Æ[dLh”m.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
53
TÙPp A±ÿLm GqYÙ˘\pXÙm?
B£¨Vo TÙP œZk˚RLs ˙LhPp...
B£¨V⁄Pu ˙Nok’ TÙ”Rp
œZk˚RLs œ›YÙLl TÙ”Rp
œZk˚RLs R≤VÙLl TÙ”Rp
EWdLl TÙ”Y’ VÙo Gufl NYÙp G›l©l TÙP˚YjRp
J⁄ Y¨˚V B£¨Vo TÙP, A”jR Y¨˚Vd œZk˚RLs TÙ”Rp.
J⁄ œ› ÿRpTjß˚Vl TÙP, A”jR œ› CWiPÙm Tjß˚Vl
TÙ”Rp
˘NÙp¤eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLs RU’ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt± A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m, EtfldLY≤j’j R]’
°WÙUjßu AZ˚L W£dL‹m £\l◊L˚[d ·\‹m ER‹m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. ◊jRLjßp £X Æ]ÙdLs
RWlTh”s[]. A’Uh”Uu± U¤m Æ]ÙdLs RVÙ¨j’d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd
œZk˚RLfim ·\ YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.
JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs
TÙP˚X A±ÿLm ˘NnR ©u œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL YÙ£j’l TÙP≠p Y⁄m JjR K˚NŸ˚PV
˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. ARu ©u R≤VÙL G›ßVYt˚\ C⁄Yo œ›Æp
T¨˙NÙßdLh”m. H˙R‡m CWi” œ›dLs "JjR K˚NŸ˚PV NÙtL˚[' Y∞´Ph”m. œZk˚RLs
G›’YRtœf £WUm HtThPÙp Ju\Ùm Yœl©¤s[ "K˘W›j’ UÙt±]Ùp' ˘NVpTÙh˚P ®˚]‹
T”j’eLs.
LÙp ˛ TÙp ˛ YÙp
Yi” ˛ Li” ˛ Ri”, œi”
"˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ' TÙP≠p Yk’s[ JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs.
LÙt±≤˙X ˛ ˙Nt±≤˙X
œ⁄Æ ˛ A⁄Æ
œh• ˛ ˘LÙh• ˛ øh• ˛ TÙh•
˘NeL⁄m◊ ˛ ˘Nq˘Yflm◊
..................................... ˛ ....................................................................
ARu©u TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ £X ˘NÙtLfidœ ®LWÙ] JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d
œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLd Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
54 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’eLs
RWlTh”s[ NÙt˘\ÙP˚Wl TVuT”jßl ◊ßV YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœY’ GuT’ CWiPÙm Yœl◊d
œZk˚RL˚[l TÙfljRUh•p BWmTd LhPUÙœm. BRXÙp ™L‹m LY]UÙLf NVpTP Yi”m.
J⁄ NÙp˚Xl TVuT”jß YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœm NVpTÙ”Ls Sp°V ©u]˙W Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P
SpL ˙Yi”m.
Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’ ˛ YV≠u S”˙Y Bfl Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’ ˘Np°\’
TWk’ ƨk’ ˛ ÍQÙ±p ˙R´˚Xj˙RÙhPm TWk’ ƨk’ LÙQlT”°\’
œ≤k’ ®™ok’ ˛ œ≤k’ ®™ok’ EPtT´t£ ˘NnRRÙp EPp Y¤Y˚PkR’
Í•jß\k’ ˛ ˙T]Ù˚Y Í•jß\k’ Æ˚[VÙ•VRÙp ˙T]Ù ∏˙Z Æ›kR’
ÿh•˙UÙß ˛ Y˚[dœs ALlThP G≠ ÿh•˙UÙß ˘Y∞˙VYW ÿVu\’
SÙu VÙo?
œZk˚RLfidœ Æ”L˚R˘Vu\Ùp ™L‹m ©•dœm. Ju\Ùm Yœl◊ ÿRp œZk˚RLs Tp˙Yfl
Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚PLÙQ‹m Æ”L˚RLs E⁄YÙdL‹m ˘Nn’s[]o. Cf˘NVpTÙh•p Y⁄m
Æ”L˚RLfidœd œZk˚RLs Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. ˙U¤m TX Æ”L˚RLs ßWh• J⁄
˘RÙœlTÙdLh”m. Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl©u A•lT˚P´p Æ”L˚Rl ˙TÙh• SPjRXÙm.
VÙo ˘T¨VYu?
œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ›Ætœ U˚Z Guflm A”jR œ›Ætœ ˘Y´p
Guflm ˘TV¨”eLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m AR‡˚PV £\l◊L˚[d ·\h”m. AqYl˙TÙ’ øeLs
NÙoh•p G›’eLs.
U˚Z ˘Y´p
• •
• •
• •
• •GkRdœ› AßLm £\l◊L˚[d LiP±kR’ G]d ˙LfieLs. AkRd œ›˙Y ˘Yt± ˘Tt\’.
CkRf NVpTÙh•tœl©u TÙPl◊jRLjߤs[ "˙YflTÙ”' Gu\ NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf
˘NnVh”m. ""VÙo T¨VYu?' Gu\ NVpTÙh•tœl ©u U˚Zdœm Y´¤dœÿs[ YflTÙh˚Pd
œZk˚RLs A±k’s[ÙoLs ApXYÙ? AR]•lT˚P´p Bfl œ[m, U˚X œufl, YVp ◊p˘Y∞
CYt±tœ C˚P˙VVÙ] ˙YflTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
EiPÙ? Cp˚XVÙ? A˚PVÙ[™”eLs.
C’ œZk˚RLfidœj "RLYp ßWh”Rp' ß\u T\ ER‹m BWmTdLhPf NVpTÙPÙœm. RWlTh”s[
AhPY˚Q´u ERÆŸPu ReLs °WÙUj˚Rl Tt±V RLYpL˚[j ßWh• ˘Y∞´Ph”m.
˘NÙpÆ˚[VÙh”
Eu ˘TVo Gu]?
SÙu ·flm Íufl ˘NÙtL∞p Gu ˘TVo Ei”
˘NÙtL˚[d ·fl
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
55
Æ Wp
_ u]p
VÙ o
Eu ˘TVo Æ_VÙ
C’˙TÙu\ ˘NÙpÆ˚[VÙh˚P SPj’eLs. œZk˚RLs BoYÿPu Æ˚[VÙ”YÙoLs ApXYÙ?
©uRe°V UÙQYoLfidœ SÙu A∞jR˚Y
JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dLf £WUm HtThP
œZk˚RLfidœ "K˘W›j˚R UÙt±]Ùp' NVpTÙh˚P Sp°˙]u.
œ›Æu R˚X˚Ul ˘TÙfll˚T Sp°˙]u.
YÙ£l©p ©u Re°VYoLfidœ YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p
T´t£ Sp°˙]u.
G›’Yßp ˙YLm CpXÙRYoLfidœl ˙TÙßV ˙SWm Sp°˙]u.
J∞kß⁄dœm YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•jRp
CWi˙PÙ Íu˙\Ù £u]f£u] YÙd°VeL˚[j Rok˘R”eLs. AYt±¤s[
˘NÙtL˚[d L⁄mT˚X˚L´p £R± G›’eLs. Cßp GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs
Es[]? VÙWÙp Li”©•dL ÿ•Ÿm? Gufl NYÙp Æ”eLs. œZk˚RLs
Li”©•dL ÿVt£dLh”m. ARtLÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm A∞ŸeLs. ""SÙu
Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙd°VUÙLf ˘NÙp¤˙Yu. øeLs AqYÙd°Vjßp CPm ˘Tflm
˘NÙtL˚[ C˚Qj’d LÙ” Y˚WkRÙp TÙ’m''. Ju˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ œZk˚RLs
øeLs ˘NÙp¤m YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•j’d ˙LÙ” C›dLh”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
56 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p
CPm ˘Tflm T˚Pl-
◊L˚[ Ußl©P ˙Yi-
”-UpXYÙ?
JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs
AhPY˚Q
YÙd°Vjßp A˚UjRp
TPm
T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl◊
G]’ œZk˚RLs
Su\ÙLf KW[‹ ©uRe°V
˘NnRYoLs ˘NnRYoLs YoLs
1. TÙP˚Xl TÙ”Rp
2. ˘UhP˚UjRp
3. Æ”L˚R G›’Rp
4. Æ”L˚R E⁄YÙdœRp
5. JjR K˚NŸ˚PV
˘NÙtLs Li”©•jRp
6. YÙd°Vjßp G›’Rp
7. AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊Rp
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
57
®Lr‹ ˛ 2
J⁄ Æ”ÿ˚\d LÙXjßp (L¶Rm TdLm 7˛9)
®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚Rd·t˚\ EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTd L⁄j’UÙ\ÙUp ·fleLs. L˚Rd·tfl
CqYX°u BWmTjßp RWlTh”s[’. L˚Rd·t˚\d ·±V©u L¶Rl TÙPl◊jRLjßu ÿRp
AX˚L A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.
Ck®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\
˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
L¶Rm ˛ 5, 6, 9
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs : UgNÙ•/◊∞V Æ˚RLs/˘Sp≠dLÙnLs
˘Sp≠UWjR•´p
Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi‘YRtœm, Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm
˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtœUÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
G]dœd °˚PjR ˘Sp≠dLÙnLs
R™rf ˘NpÆ EeLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm ˘Sp≠dLÙnLs RWl
˙TÙ°\Ùs. øeLs A˚Rl Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° ˚YdL˙Yi”m
G]d·± Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˘Sp≠d LÙnL˚[d ˘LÙ”dL
˙Yi”m. Tjßtœ AßLUÙ] Sp≠dLÙnLs C⁄dœUÙfl TÙoj’d
˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. œZk˚RLs Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi¶d
·\h”m. ARu ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p
LڮLs
• œf£dLh”Ls
• ˙LÙ≠Ls
• ˘TÙh”Ls
• Gi Ah˚PLs
• ◊∞Vÿj’Ls
• UgNÙ•
10 8 =
10 310 =
10 510 =10
Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\˚]
Ußl¿” ˘Nn≈oL[pXYÙ?
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
58 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh”
1 ÿRp 10 Y˚WŸs[ GiLs G›RlTh”s[
Ah˚PL˚[ Ik’ ≈Rm J⁄ ˘Th•´p
˙TÙP‹m. œZk˚RL˚[ CWi”
œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ› J⁄ Gi˚Qd
·\h”m (G.LÙ 37) . A”jR œ›
˘Th•´≠⁄k’ 37 dœ ®LWÙ] Ah˚PL˚[
G”j’ A”dLh”m. œZk˚RLs Gi˚Qd
·flm ˘TÙ›’ A”jR œ› Gi¶tœ
®LWÙ] Ah˚PL˚[ A”d° ˚Yj’
GiL˚[d ·flm˙TÙ’m NÙoh•p
G›’eLs.
Gi Gi Ah˚PLs
®Wl◊eLs
1.
2.
3.
4.
10 10 10 38
10 10 5
10 24
30
Ußl¿”
˘RÙPo Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœ 3 TœßLs Es[],
A˚Y Lt\p ˘NVpUßl¿”, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊
Ußl¿”, AXœ Ußl¿” GuT]YÙœm.
5 œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Lt\p ˘NV˚X
Ußl©P ˙Yi”m A˚Y Te˙Lt◊, L⁄j’j
˘R∞‹, ß\uLs, ˘Y∞´”Rp A˚PVÙ[l
T”j’Rp B°V˚YVÙœm.
T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ Ußl¿” NnY’ Tt±V „Zp
B£¨Vo T‡Y≠p RWlTh”s[’.
37 10 10 10 7
28
14
20
41
Ußl¿”
œZk˚RLs 10 u œ›dL[Ùd°
GiQ‹m G›R‹m
GiL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m
˘Nn°\Ùo-L[Ù?
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
59
˘Sp≠dLÙnLs ˘UÙjRm GjR˚]?
Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi‘YRtœd œZk˚RLfidœj ˘R¨Ÿm. A˚Rl TX ÆRjßp TVuT”jß
Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[ G∞˚UVÙLd ·hPXÙm.
4 6 5
10 5 15
+ +
+ =
˙U¤m TX L¶R Æ]ÙdLfidœd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL Æ˚P Li”©•j’ EjßL˚[d ·\h”m.
Li”©•l˙TÙm
TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ UkßWf N’Wj˚Rj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’ GiL˚[d ·h• Æ˚PL˚[ Jl©h”f
£\l◊L˚[d ·\h”m.
GiL˚[d Li”©•ŸeLs
RWlTh”s[ LhPeL∞p Æ”ThP LhPeL˚[ ®WlT˙Yi”m. B]Ùp J⁄ ®TkR˚]. ˙U≠⁄k’
∏ZÙL‹m, CP™⁄k’ YXUÙL‹m œfldLÙL‹m ˘S”dLÙL‹m Y⁄m Íufl
GiL˚[d ·h•]Ùp Æ˚P 15 YW˙Yi”m Gufl NYÙp Æ”eLs.
œZk˚RLs NYÙ˚X Ht˘\”j’f ˘NnVh”m.
6 8
2 4
©uRe°V UÙQYoLfidœ
Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d ·hPf £WUm HtThPYoLfidœl
˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß Gi¶d·\ YÙnlT∞j˙Ru.
Ußl¿”
• Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d
·hP G∞˚UVÙ] ÿ˚\˚Vd
L˚P©•d°u\]WÙ?
• ˘RÙ˚L LiPßu Ejß˚Vd
·fl°u\]WÙ?
• Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d ·h”YRtœ Gk˘RkR
CPeL∞p £WUm HtThP’?
• GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm J˙W CPjßp £WUm
HtThPRÙ?
• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm GlT• ER‹Y’?
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
60 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
®Lr‹ ˛ 3
F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm
®Lr‹ Íu±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs, ARu©\œ L˚R®LrÆu
A•lT˚P´¤m LRÙTÙjßWeL∞u A•lT˚P´¤m J⁄ £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu
E˚WVÙ”eLs. AqYÙfl E˚WVÙ”m ˙TÙ’ LRÙTÙjßWeLs, ®Lrf£Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d Liÿu
˘LÙi”YW‹m TÙPlTœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dœm BoYm E⁄YÙdL‹m CV¤m.
• R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim F¨p Gu˘]u] TÙojß⁄lTÙoLs?
• Gu˘]u] ˘Nnß⁄lTÙoLs?
• øeLs EeLs F˚Wf —t±l TÙojR’iPÙ?
• Gu˘]u] TÙojæoLs?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.
RÙeLs ·±V’ TÙPlTœß´p Yk’s[RÙ GuT˚R A±Vl TÙPlTœß˚Vj ß\k’ TÙodLh”m.
TPYÙ£l◊
"F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm' TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TPeL˚[ EtfldLY≤dLh”m. AR]•lT˚P´p
AYoLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.
• Læ_Ù Ge°⁄d°\Ùs?
• œ[jßp œßlT’ VÙWÙL C⁄dœm?
• AYu Hu œ[jßp œßd°\Ùu?
• RÙU˚WlÈ UÙ˚X A¶kß⁄lT’ VÙo?
• ◊˚LlTPm G”lT’ VÙo?
œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. ARu©u œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V
YÙ£j’lTÙodLh”m. J⁄ ÿ˚\ AYoLs YÙ£jR©u AR]•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.
• ◊˚LlTPm G”dœm˘TÙ›’ Læ_Ù Gu] ·\ı]Ùs?
• ˘NpÆdœd LmUp, Ídœjß ˙YiPÙUÙ G]d ˙LhP’ VÙo?
ARu©u TÙPlTœß˚V øeLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ ®fljß ®RÙ]UÙL YÙ£ŸeLs.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
61
YÙ£l◊
B£¨Vo YÙ£l◊
œ›Æp YÙ£l◊
R≤STo YÙ£l◊
EWjR YÙ£l◊
˘U¸] YÙ£l◊
œ±l©hP ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•dœm YÙ£l◊
B£¨Vo RY\ÙL YÙ£dLd œZk˚RLs RYt˚\d Li”©•dL
YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•
˙_Ù•l ˘TÙ⁄jRm
œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£lTRtœm, £X NÙtL˚[ G›’YRtœUÙ] ™Lf£\kR J⁄ NVpTÙ˙P
C’.
œZk˚RL˚[ CWi•Wi” ˙ToL[Ù] œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. AkR CWi”˙T⁄dœm TÙPlTœß´u
HRÙY’ J⁄ TdLj˚Rd LÙi©dL ˙Yi”m. C⁄Y⁄m J⁄Yo ÿLj˚R J⁄Yo TÙodLÙUp ß⁄m©
AUW ˙Yi”m. R]’ ˙_Ù• Gu˘]u] ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’YÙu G] F°j’ C⁄Y⁄m AkR
TdLjß≠⁄k’ ˘NÙtL˚[j ˙Rok˘R”j’ G›R ˙Yi”m. C⁄Y⁄m Tj’ ˘NÙtLs ≈Rm G›Rh”m.
˙_Ù•Ls G›ßV ˘NÙtL∞p J˙W ˙TÙp YkR ˘NÙtLs GjR˚] GuT˚R GiQh”m. J˙W ˙TÙp
·”Rp ˘NÙtLs G›ßV ˙_Ù• ˘Yt± ˘Tt\’. AkR ˙_Ù•dœ SpX ˘TÙ⁄jRm Ei” G]d ·\
˙Yi”m.
˘NÙp¤eLs
TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’ÿ•jR©u AR]•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim —RkßWUÙL
E˚WVÙP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ©\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
62 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
®Lr‹ ˛ 4
SÙPL AWeœ (L¶Rm)
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs
• SÙtLÙ≠L∞p GiL∞PlThP NÙoh
• GiL∞PlThP YœlT˚\ SÙtLÙ≠Ls
• Gi Ah˚PLs
E⁄YÙœm T˚Pl◊ : C⁄d˚L Gi Y¨˚NlT”jßV NÙoh
1 ÿRp 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL Gi‘Rp, G›’Rp
®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdL˚[d
˙LfieLs.
• AYoLs SÙPLm TÙodLf ˘Nu\’ Ge˙L?
• øeLs SÙPLm/£≤UÙ TÙojR’iPÙ?
• £≤UÙ ˘LÙhP˚Ldœf ˘Nu\’iPÙ?
• Aeœs[ C⁄d˚LLs GlT•?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs. ARu ©u R™rf˘NpÆŸm
SiToLfim ˘Nu\ SÙPL AWe˚Ll TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d ˙Lh”d L¶RlTœß TdLm 10 SÙPL AWeœ
ß\dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs. AR]•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.
• SÙPL AWe°p J⁄ Y¨˚N´p Es[ C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?
• CWi” Y¨˚N´¤m ˙Noj’ ˘UÙjR C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?
• SÙPL AWe°¤s[ ˘UÙjR C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?
œZk˚RLs Gi¶d·\h”m.
œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. ReLs ·±V’ TÙPlTœß´p
Yk’s[RÙ GuT˚R A±V TÙPlTœß˚Vj ß\k’ TÙodLh”m.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ C⁄d˚Ldœm GiLs CPh”m.
SÙPLm TÙodLf ˘Nu\ SiToL∞u C⁄d˚L˚V A˚PVÙ[lT”jRh”m.
„oVÙ, R™rf ˘NpÆ´u C⁄d˚L˚Vd Li” ©•dLh”m.
Ußl¿”
• 1 ÿRp 50 Y˚W GiLs
• ÿu]Ùp, ©u]Ùp,
C˚P´p
• 10 ≈Rm ·h•d ·flRp
G›’Rp
¿hP¨u CP’TdLm „oVÙ
YX’TdLm R™rf ˘NpÆ 36
¿hPo
• ÿRp Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛
• CWiPÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛
• Íu\ÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛
• SÙuLÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛
AqYÙfl C⁄d˚LL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m.
1
11
21
31
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
63
Ußl¿”
œZk˚RLs 10 ≈Rÿs[
GiL˚[d ·h•d ·fl°u-
\]o; G›’°u-\]WÙ?
Gi Æ˚[VÙh”
Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®Wl◊Rp
33, 43, .........., .........., 73
20, 30, 40, .........., ..........,
A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ TÙPl◊jRLjߤs[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
˘T¨VYo YX’TdLm; £±VYo CP’TdLm
J⁄ ˘Th•´p 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[j ’i”f ∫h”L∞p G›ßl˙TÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs
Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m J⁄ ∫h”≈Rm G”dLh”m. øeLfim J⁄ ∫h˚P G”eLs. EeLs L´¤s[ ∫h˚Pd
LÙi©ŸeLs. G.LÙ 27 AkR Gi˚QÆP £±V Gi˚Q G”jRYoLs EeL[’ CP’TdLÿm T¨V
Gi˚Q G”jRYoLs EeL[’ YX’TdLÿm ®tLh”m. Cf˘NVpTÙh•u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs
˘T¨VGi, £±V Gi LiP±Ÿm ß\u ˘TflYÙoL[pXYÙ?
Gi SÙPÙ, Gi UÙ˚X,ÿj’dLs ˙LÙdLXÙm
˙TÙu\ L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpL‹m
1 11 21 31 41
2
"SÙPL AWeœ' NVpTÙh•u T˚Pl˚T "T˚Pl◊j RÙœlTÙL'
Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
SRG, CRC ˙TÙu\ CPeL∞p B£¨VoLs LXk’˚WVÙPp SPdœm ˙Y˚[´p ˙U¤m ◊ßV
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ E⁄YÙdœeLs.
GiL˚[d·flRp, G›’Rp, Y¨˚NlT”jßd·flRp, RÙPo˚Td LiP±Rp, Ejß˚Vd
·flRp ˙TÙu\ ß\uL˚[ B£¨Vo Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
64 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
®Lr‹ ˛ 5
Gu] BhPm BPXÙm?
CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ ˛ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 3
L˚XdLpÆ ˛
®Lr‹ IkßtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’
UflSÙs AYoLs Gu] ˘Nnß⁄lTÙoLs Gufl ˙LfieLs.
œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.
AYoLs Gu˘]u] Æ˚[VÙh”Ls Æ˚[VÙ•´⁄lTÙoLs
Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flm Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[l
Th•V≠”eLs.
øeLs ·±V Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[j RÙu Æ˚[VÙ•]ÙoL[Ù VÙo
·±V’ N¨ Gufl TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d ·±l TÙPlTœßdœs
÷˚ZŸeLs.
øeLs ·±V GjR˚] Æ˚[VÙh”dLs TÙPl Tœß´p
Yk’s[]?
øeLs ·±V GjR˚] Æ˚[VÙh”dLs TÙPlTœß´p YWÆp˚X?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’d ·\h”m.
TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚UjRp
TÙPp A±ÿLm
B£¨Vo TÙ”Rp
œ›YÙLlTÙ”Rp
J⁄ Y¨ J⁄ œ› A”jRY¨
CWiPÙY’ œ›
◊ßV ˘UhP˚UjRp
˚N˚LlTÙPp
R≤VÙLlTÙ”Rp
œZk˚RLs TÙ”RpJ⁄Tjß ÿRp œ› A”jRTjß
A”jR œ›
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
65
TÙP˚X A±ÿLm ˘NnVl Tp˙Yfl EjßL˚[d ˚LVÙfieLs.
Æ˚[VÙh” Æ”L˚RLs
"Gu] BhPm BPXÙm?' TÙP˚Xf NÙoh•p G›ßj ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs. ARu©u ""SÙu ·flm
œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Æ˚[VÙh˚P øeLs Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m. VÙo ÿR≠p
Li”©•d°u\]˙WÙ AY˙W ˘Yt± ˘Tt\Yo Gufl ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs A˚]Y⁄m Teœ˘T\
˙Yi”m.
TX˚L´˙X œØLs C⁄dœm œØL∞˙X Æ˚RLs C⁄dœm
˛ TpXÙeœØ
Lp˚XjÁd°l˙TÙ” ˚LVÙp R˚W˚VjRh” ∏˙Z Æ›m Lp˚Xd ˚LVÙp ©•j’d
˘LÙs
˛ ˘LÙjRÙeLp
Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊
œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh”j ˘RÙPoTÙ] Æ”L˚RL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ YWh”m. œZk˚RLs ˘LÙi” YkR
Æ”L˚RL˚[l TVuT”jß J⁄ Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdLh”m.
G]dœl ©•jR Æ˚[VÙh”
œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m R]dœl©•jR Æ˚[VÙh” G’ Gufl ·\h”m. A˚R GlT•
Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ GuT˚RŸm ·\ ˙Yi”m. A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
œZk˚RL∞u ˙Tf—j ß\˚] Y[odL C’˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm.
œ›dLs ReL[’ ÿ•‹L˚[ Yœl©p ˘Y∞´”m˙TÙ’, Aj’Pu
˘RÙPo◊˚PV LXk’˚WVÙP˚X SPjR ˙Yi”m. CRtLÙ] ˙LsÆL˚[
ÿu]˙W LiP±V ˙Yi”m. ©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnŸm
˘NVpTÙh˚Pf —VUÙLf ˘NnV‹m £dLp Es[ œZk˚RLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ]
TœlTÙn‹dœ ELkR ˙LsÆL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „r®˚XL∞p ˙LhLXÙm.
Yœl◊d LXk’˚WVÙP≠p...
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
66 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
®Lr‹ ˛ 6
GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh” (L¶Rm)
TdLm 11 ˛ 16
CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
L¶Rm ˛ 4, 5, 7
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs
GiLh˚PLs, ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚NlT”j’YRtLÙ] Gi Ah˚PLs.
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊: ˘T¨V Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V Gi Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚Nl T”jßj RVÙWÙd°V
GiUÙ˚X.
Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs
Gi Lh˚PLs
œf£dLh”Ls (˘T¨V’, £±V’)
Gi Ah˚PLs
NÙoh”Ls
10 10
10 10
10 10
10
1 1 1
1 1 1 ..................... .....................
CkR ®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd œZk˚RLfidœd ·fleLs. A˚Rj RÙPok’ L¶Rl TÙPlTœß
TdLm 11 I A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs. TPjßu A•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs.
Ck®LrƤs[ L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞u ÍXm SPjR ˙Yi”m.
GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh”
œZk˚RLs YhPUÙL EhLÙW Yi”m. GiLh˚PL˚[ E⁄h• Æ˚[VÙP Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m
R]dœd °˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[d œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ —tflm ÿ•Y˚PŸm˙TÙ’
˘Yt±˘Tt\Yo VÙo Gufl œZk˚RL˙[ ·\h”m.
°˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[f N¨VÙLd œ±d°u\]WÙ GuT˚Rd LY≤dL ˙Yi”m.
Æ˚[VÙh•u Æßÿ˚\L˚[ ÿu]˙W ·\˙Yi”m. CqÆ˚[VÙh•tœl ©u
L¶Rl◊jRLjߤs[ TdLm 11, 12 C¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙL˙Y ˘NnVh”m.
• œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙ”YRtLÙL ®˚\V GiLh˚PLs RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”UpXYÙ?
• LÙ°Rm/NÙoh TVuT”jß G∞˚UVÙL GiLh˚P RVÙ¨dLXÙm.
• GiLh˚PL∞p GiLs G›’YRtLÙ] TÙfll˚Td œZk˚RLfidœd LÙ”eLs.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
67
WÙ¶Ÿm œZk˚RLfim
CqÆ˚[VÙh˚P Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ GqYÙfl GuT’ TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[’. CPUßl©u
A•lT˚P´p GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdL‹m J⁄ Gi¶u CPUßl˚T ˙YflT”jß A±Ÿm ß\u ˘T\f
˘NnY˙R CqÆ˚[VÙh•u ˙SÙdLm.
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh•u YÙ´XÙL Eflß NnVh”m. CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p
GiLs E⁄YÙdœm˘TÙ›’ ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi L⁄j˚R EflßT”jR ˙Yi”m.
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs
LÙ°RjRÙp E⁄YÙd°V J≠˘T⁄d°, v˙LÙo ˙TÙo”.
GiL∞u ˘RÙPo◊ LiP±Rp, Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ÆY¨jRp, ˙TÙu\Yt±tLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
L¶Rl◊jRLm (TdLm 14) ˚Ll Tk’. Æ˚[VÙh”l Tœß˚V Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m YÙ£dLh”m. YÙ£j’d
LiP±kRYt˚\d ·fl°u\]o.
A¶L∞u ◊s∞Ls œZk˚RLs Li”©•d°u\]o
• Æ”ThP LhPeL∞p G›’°u\]o.
• ◊s∞ AhPY˚Q˚Vd œZk˚RLs GqYÙfl ®Wl◊Yo?
• A±Æl˚T J⁄ ÿ˚\·P YÙ£d°u\]o.
• ˙R˚YVÙ] TœlTÙnÆtœf £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh°u\]o.
• ÿRp ˘Nh•p Jtfl˚U A¶ ˘Tt\ ◊s∞Ls GjR˚]?
• Jtfl˚U A¶ Su˚U A¶˚V ÆP GjR˚] ◊s∞Ls AßLm ˘Tt\’?
• CWiPÙY’ ˘Nh•u ◊s∞Ls œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLd LiP±k’ G›’°u\]o.
• ˘Y∞´”°u\]o.
• ˙TÙh•´p ˘Yt± ˘Tt\Y˚Wd Li”©•d°u\]o.
• L¶Rl ◊jRLjßp G›’°u\]o.
˚LlTk’ Æ˚[VÙh” J⁄ A¶´p 6 ˙To
3 ˘Nh / 5 ˘Nh Æ˚[VÙh”
Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘Nh•¤m 25 ◊s∞Ls ÿR≠p ˘Tt\ A¶
˘Yt±˘Yflm
3 ˘Nh”L∞p 2 ˘Nh”m, 5 ˘Nh”L∞p 3 ˘Nh”m ˘Tt\YoLs
˙TÙh•´p ˘Yt± ˘TflYo.
J≠˘T⁄d° RVÙ¨jRp
J⁄ G4 RÙ∞p/’i”fNÙoh ·m◊ Y•Æp —⁄h• J≠˘T⁄d° RVÙ¨dLXÙm. T˚N
˙Rnj’ JhP ˙Yi”m. Æ∞m˚T J˙W ˙TÙufl ˘Yh• AZœ T”jRXÙm. C≤
˙TÙh•´u ÿ•˚Y J≠ ˘T⁄d°´u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ·\h”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
68 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
PÙ™˙]Ù RVÙ¨lT’ GlT•?
J⁄ NÙoh ˙TlT¨p 8 x 4 ˘N.¡ A[Æp 28 ’i”Ls
˘Yh•˘V”dL˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’i”L∞¤m ˚UVjßp ˘NeœjRÙL
˙LÙ” ˙TÙP ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’i”L∞¤m PÙ™˙]ÙÆu
◊s∞Lfid˙LtT (0˛1, 0˛2, .... 6˛6 Y˚W) ’˚[´P ˙Yi”m.
SiToL∞Pm ˙LfieLs
Ko CWi•XdL Gi˚Ql Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p YÙd°VUÙLd ·\XÙm Gu\ L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p
Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’. AkRj ß\u œZk˚RLs ˘Ttfls[ÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV
˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. 11 ÿRp 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[j ’i”f ∫h•p G›ß J⁄
˘Th•´p ˙TÙ”eLs. ÿRp œ›Æ¤s[YoLs ˘Th•´≠⁄k’ J⁄ ’i”f∫h” ≈Rm G”dL
˙Yi”m. R]dœd°˚PjR Gi˚Qd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p ·\˙Yi”m.Gßo œ›Æp
J⁄Y¨Pm ˙LhL˙Yi”m. AYo Gi G’ Gufl ·\˙Yi”m. N¨VÙLf ˘NÙu]Ùp CWiPÙY’
œ›Ætœ J⁄ ◊s∞. RY\ÙLf ˘NÙu]Ùp ÿRp œ›Ætœ J⁄ ◊s∞ G.LÙ: 25
Gi Gi Ah˚PLs
W˙Ux ˛ 5 JuflLfim 2 Tj’Lfim ßXLÙ ˛ 25
AqYÙfl Æ˚[VÙh” RÙPWh”m. A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim ß\u TtflÆhPÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß
˘NnR ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Gi G’ Gu\ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
10 EPu 6 ·h•]Ùp °˚Pdœm Gi
6 JuflLfim J⁄ Tj’m
16
20 ≠⁄k’ 4 I LØjR Gi
16 JuflLs
PÙ™˙]Ù Æ˚[VÙh”
Ko CWi•XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ K¨XdL Gi˚Qd LØlTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
˘Yt± Tt\Y˚W æoUÙ≤lT’ GlT•? Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm °˚Pdœm ◊s∞L∞p œ˚\kR ◊s∞Ls
˘Tt\Y˙W ˘Yt± ˘Tt\YoLs BYo.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
69
®Lr‹ ˛ 7
GeL AlTÙ ˛ AmUÙ
CqYX°u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
R™r ˛ 10, 11, 13, 15, 16
„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 4, 5
Ck®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. AR]•lT˚P´p Æ]ÙdLs £X ˙LfieLs.
• R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim Æ”L˚R Æ˚[VÙh•p Gu˘]u] Æ”L˚RLs
˙Lh•⁄lTÙoLs?
Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ReLfidœj ˘R¨kR Æ”L˚RL˚[d ·\h”m. œZk˚RLs ·flm
Æ”L˚RL˚[ AlT•˙V J⁄ NÙoh•p G›’eLs.
• øeLs ·±V H˙R‡m J⁄ Æ”L˚R˚Vj R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim ˙LhPÙoL[Ù Gufl
TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d·± TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. "GeL AlTÙ ˛ AmUÙ''.
TÙPlTœß A±ÿLm GqYÙ˘\pXÙm?
œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m.
TPeL˚[ Etfld LY≤dLh”m.
TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P ·\h”m.
øeLfim J⁄ ÿ˚\ TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙi©ŸeLs.
"SÙu ·flm Æ”L˚R TÙPlTœß´p Geœ Es[’ GuT˚Rj
˘RÙh”d LÙi©ŸeLs' Gufl ·fleLs.
YÙ£l◊ EjßLs TVuT”jßd œZk˚RL˚[ ˙U¤m ˙U¤m YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.
G›’eLs
TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
˘NÙp¤eLs
Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y˚X˚Vl Tt±Ÿm, œZk˚RLfidœl ©•jR Y˚XL˚[l Tt±Ÿm LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
70 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
SÙu VÙo?
SÙu ˘R⁄‹dœs ÷˚ZkRÙp F˙W LULUdœm! ˛ ÈdLÙ¨
˘NnßL˚[ As∞j R⁄˙Yu SÙu ˛ ˘Nnßj RÙs ˙TÙ”Yo
·Æd·Æ A˚Zj’d ·˚P ®˚\˚V ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄˙Yu ˛ LÙnL± ÆVÙTÙ¨
SÙu YkRÙp Gu ©u]Ùp œZk˚RLs Y⁄YÙoLs ˛ Iv ÆtTYo
øeLfim Li”©•ŸeLs
A ZLÙ]
ÿ ßVYo ˛ AÿRÙ
RÙ •
L ]‹
Æ Wp ˛ LÆRÙ
RÙ [m
N u]p
© ˚Z ˛ N©RÙ
RÙ Y¶
X h” ˛ XRÙ
RÙ Wm
œ ˚P
ÿ h˚P ˛ œÿRÙ
RÙ ≠
£X ˘NÙtL∞p APe°´⁄dœm ˘TVoLs. œZk˚RLs AYoL∞u ˘TVoL˚[f ˘NÙtL∞u ÍXm
œ±l©Ph”m.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
71
®Lr‹ ˛ 8
˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ (L¶Rm)
TdLm 17 ˛ 22
Ck®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ L¶RlTœß TdLm 17
ß\dLh”m.
CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
L¶Rm ˛ 8, 10, 11
˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs
SÙhLÙh•
ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls
SÙQVeLs
˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ
SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jßd Li”©•dœm Cf˘NVpTÙ” ™Lf£\l◊˚PVRÙœm.
·hPp/LØjRp °¨˚VLs EhThP S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙ‘m
˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
ß⁄ÆZÙf Nk˚R
ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls, SÙQVeL˚[ A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs, "YœlT˚\´p J⁄ L˚P' Gu\ L⁄jßu
A•lT˚P´p ˘LÙ”dLp YÙeLp ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”TPh”m.
TÙPlTœß´¤s[ S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ Li” ·\h”m.
SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jß ˙Yfl Gu˘]u] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpLXÙm?
SÙhLfim ˙Rߟm Li”©•jRp
SÙhLÙh•´p NUN’Wjßp Es[ SÙuœ GiL∞u £\l◊
˘Ys∞d°Z˚ULs Y⁄m SÙhLs
ARu £\l◊
Æ”ÿ˚\ ß]eLs
GiQ”dœLs
65
1312
18
18
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
72 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
L¶Rl◊jRLjߤs[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]˚VŸm YÙ£d°u\]o
˛ TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn°u\]o
˛ æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.
Æ˚X ÆYWl Th•V˚Xl TÙoj’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœm æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.
S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœd œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLj æo‹
LÙQ˙Yi”m.
S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙiTRtLÙLd œZk˚RLfidœ
Gu˘]u] ß\uLs ˙R˚Y?
RÙUÙLl ©Wf£˚]L˚[ YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[l ˘Ttfld ˘LÙsfiRp.
©Wf£˚]L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnV ÿ•°\’.
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV ÿ•°\’.
˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[f N¨VÙLf ˘Nn’ ˘TÙ’ÿ•‹L˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•°\’.
RÙu Li”©•jRYt˚\ ÆY¨dL ÿ•°\’.
˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙm
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf NnVh”m. C’ Y˚W œZk˚RLs Tt\ A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl¿”
˘NnV Cf˘NVpTÙ”Ls Efl’˚QVÙL A˚UŸm.
AXœ Ußl¿”
Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤ÿs[ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[d œZk˚RLs GkR A[‹
A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R A±Y˙R AXœ Ußl¿” Bœm. CRtLÙL
AX°u ÿ•Æp ˘LÙ”j’s[ ˙LsÆL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.
AXœ Ußl¿h•tLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls L¶Rl◊jRLjßp
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls
˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm R≤jR≤l T´tf£jRÙ[ÙLd ˘LÙ”dL
˙Yi”m.
RW ®oQVd œ±l◊Ls A•lT˚P´p Ußl©P ˙Yi”m.
Ußl©hP ÆYWeL˚[ AqYl˙TÙ’ Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p G›ß ˚YdL
˙Yi”m.
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ©uÚhPm (Feedback) A∞dL ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
73
TÙPpTÙPpTÙPpTÙPpTÙPp
·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm
˙RÙhPm SpX ˙RÙhPm ˛ Sm˚Uf
˘NÙdL ˚Ydœm ˙RÙhPm
·hPUÙL SÙÿm ˛ Ju\Ùnd
·• B”m ˙RÙhPm.
YiQ YiQ UXWÙp ˛ Sm˚U
U°Z ˚Ydœm ˘N•Ls!
ßu]j ßu]l TZeLs ˛ ˙U¤m
ßu]d ˘LÙ”dœm UWeLs!
˘LÙg—m °∞´u œW¤m ˛ L⁄e
œ´≠u C˚NŸm, APPÙ!
˘Sg˚N Asfi°\˙R! ˛ C˚R
®˚]dœm ˙TÙ˙R CuTm.
Th”l ˙TÙX AZLÙn ˛ ◊p
TPokß⁄dœm R˚W´p
Æh”l ˙TÙL U]˙U ˛ Cp˚X
™L‹m SpX ˙RÙhPm
˛ AZ. Ys∞VlTÙ.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
74 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
AXœ Ußl¿”
1. GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
1. TÙP˚X YÙ£ŸeLs; JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’eLs.
U˚X´≠⁄k’ J›œ’ TÙo A⁄Æ ˛ Aßp
R˚X Ír°d œ∞dœ’ TÙo œ⁄Æ
LÙh”d œ´p TÙh” Ae˙L TÙ”’ ˛ AkR
TÙh”d ˙LtT ˙RÙ˚L U´p BhPm ˙TÙ”’.
œh•d œWeœ UWjß≤˙X RÙ‹’ ˛ AkR
—h•j R]j˚Rl TÙoj’ U]m œ∞⁄’
1. ..............................., ...............................
2. ..............................., ...............................
3. ..............................., ...............................
4. ..............................., ...............................
2. ˘RÙPof£VÙL Y⁄m GiL˚[ G›’eLs
3. Æ”ThP GiL˚[ G›’eLs.
••
4. RWlTh”s[ Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[ Y˚LlT”j’eLs.
°¨d˘Lh, LiQÙÍf£, ˘RÙh” Æ˚[VÙh”, ˙LÙ˙LÙ, LT•, LÙpTk’, TpXÙeœØ, ˘SÙi•
Æ˚[VÙh”, ˙LÙ≠dœi”.
˘TÙ⁄hLs TVuT”jß ˘TÙ⁄hLs TVuT”jRÙUp
Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh”
• •
• •
• •
• •
5. Fol˘TV¨¤s[ G›j’L˚[l TVuT”jßl ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœeLs
• ß⁄˘Sp˙Y≠ ˛
• LÙƨlÈmTh•]m ˛
, , , , , , ,, , , ,39
13 23 43
48 58
Yœl◊ II
AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?
75
6. ©˚Z ß⁄jß G›’eLs
• RU˚Wl◊ U˚X ˘Yi”m
• ˙T¨V øfNs œ[m
7. J⁄ ˙U˚N´p 10 ˘Tu£pLs ≈Rÿs[ 4 TÙd˘Lh”Ls C⁄kR]. ˙U¤m 6 ˘Tu£pLs
B£¨˚V´u ˚L´≠⁄kR’. ˘UÙjRm ˘Tu£pLs GjR˚]?
8. YÙd°Vjßp G›’eLs
• Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’
≈” SpX ≈”AXœ 2
Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ≈”Ls, AYt±u ˙R˚Y, Aeœs[ YNßLs,
≈”LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄sLs B°VYt˚\l Tt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙL
CqYX°¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YØYœd°u\].
Uh”UpX, Tp˙Yfl ©WÙ¶L∞u YÙØPeL˚[d LY≤dL CqYX°p
YÙnlT∞dLlTh”s[’.
GßolTÙodœm UÙØ Utflm „r®˚X´Vp ß\uL˚[
A˚PY’Pu AYWYo ≈h˚PŸm ©WÙ¶L∞u
YÙØPeL˚[Ÿm ˙S£dL‹m TÙ’LÙdL‹m ˙R˚YVÙ]
U]lTÙe˚Ld œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”Y’m
Cu±V˚UVÙRRÙœm.
1 ÿRp 99 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnV‹m
Aq˘YiLs CPm˘Tflm S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]Lfidœj RÙUÙLj
æo‹ LÙQ‹m ER‹m YiQm CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
œZk˚RL∞Pm ◊˚Rkß⁄dœm AZœQof£˚V ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW
YÙnlT∞dœm YiQm TPm Y˚WV‹m, YiQm æhP‹m,
˘TÙ⁄sLs LÙ°Rm TVuT”jß ≈” ˘NnV‹m YÙnl◊
YZeLlTh”s[’.
LÙX AhPY˚Q
AXœ 2 ˛ ≈” SpX ≈” (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)
AXœ 2 ˛ ≈” SpX ≈” (L¶Rm)
®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs
1. TÙ˚] ≈” 4
2. ◊ßV ≈h˚Pj˙R• 3
3. ˙R… LiP ≈” (L¶Rm) 4
4. ≈” SpX ≈” 2
5. æl˘Th• ≈” (L¶Rm) 4
6. ˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm 3
7. ˙LÙ≠dœi”Ls GjR˚]? 2
22 SÙhLs
AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs
˘UÙjRm 23 SÙhLs
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
78 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˘UÙØj ß\uLs
1. L˚R ˛ RÙUÙL YÙ£jRp
˛ YÙ£lT˚Rd ˙Lh”l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.
˛ LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Rm L⁄j˚Rd ·flRp.
2. TÙPp ˛ TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”Rp.
˛ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] TÙPp Y¨Ls ˙NojRp.
˛ ˘NÙtL∞u ˘TÙ⁄[±Rp/Gßof˘NÙp
Li”©•jRp.
˛ RÙUÙL ◊ßV YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœRp
Lt\p A˚P˚Y A˚PV....
1. Ck®LrÆp ◊˚Rk’s[ CWL£Vj˚Rd Li”©•dœm BoYj˙RÙ” ApX’ ˙RP˙XÙ”
RÙUÙL YÙ£dLj ÁiP ˙Yi”m.
2. RÙUÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ LÙiPÙoL[Ù ApX’ Li”©•jRÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±V ER‹m
Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙP ˙Yi”m.
3. RÙUÙL YÙ£j’d Li”©•dL CVXÆp˚X˘V≤p B£¨V˙WÙ/œZk˚R˙VÙ TÙPlTœß˚V
YÙ£dL ˙Yi”m.
4. ¡i”m ÿu]o G›l©V Æ]ÙdL˚[ G›l© Æ˚P ·fl°\ÙoL[Ù Gufl ˙NÙßdL
˙Yi”m.
5. TÙPlTœß˚V ÷‘°d LÙQ ER‹m ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœß´u L⁄j˚R/
®Lr˚Yl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”s[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
6. YÙ£l◊l˙TÙh• ˙TÙufl Tp˙Yfl EjßL˚[l TVuT”jßd œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l˚T
EflßlT”jR/˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m.
7. ˘TÙ⁄s, Gßof˘NÙp, ˘NÙt˘\ÙPo ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TÙPlTœß´≠⁄k’ Li”©•dL
YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.
8. TÙPlTœß´u Es[PdLm ˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’⁄YÙdLm SPk’s[RÙ Gu\±V ER‹m
Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”l Tßp·\/G›R YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.
9. œ±l©hP TÙPlTœß´u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l
˘Ttfls[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R Ußl¿” ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m.
10. AR]•lT˚P´p Lt\≠p ©u Re°V ®˚X´p Es[ œZk˚RLfidLÙ]
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™h” S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jß A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim GßoTÙodœm
Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
79AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
1. ≈”/·” Utflm ≈h”j˙RÙhPm RÙPoTÙ] YÙ£l◊l TœßL˚[j RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd
˙Lh” AYt±¤s[ L⁄j’/®Lr˚Yj Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs.
2. YÙ£jR/˙LhP TÙP˚Xl ˙TÙp ˙Yfl TÙPpLs E⁄YÙd°d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
3. TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.
4. G∞V TÙPp Y¨L˚[f ˙Noj’l TÙP˚X ÿ›˚UlT”jßd ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
5. œ±l©hP Y˚L´p A˚UkR YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd°d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
6. œ±l©hP ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR YÙd°VeL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/
G›’°\ÙoLs.
7. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V YÙ£j’ œ±l©hP NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs.
8. G∞V T•YeL˚[ ®Wl◊°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
1. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’/˙S¨p TÙoj’m TX Y˚LVÙ] ≈”L˚[/©WÙ¶L∞u TXY˚LVÙ]
YÙØPeL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
2. CWi” ˘Yq˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ≈”L˚[ Jl©h” AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ Jtfl˚U
˙Ytfl˚UL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
3. ≈”/·” B°VYt±u ˙R˚YL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
4. ≈h•¤s[ YNßL˚[l Th•V≠h” ˙U¤m ˙R˚YlT”m YNßL˚[d Li”©•j’
G›’°\ÙoLs.
5. ≈” LhPj ˙R˚YlT”m ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
6. ≈h”j ˙RÙhPjßu ˙R˚Y, A˚Udœm ÿ˚\, TVuLs B°VYt˚\l Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ•
G›’°\ÙoLs.
7. "Æ˚R ÿ˚[jRp' ˘RÙPoTÙ] G∞V ˘NVpßhPeL∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs; RÙeLs
EtfldLY≤j’ A±kR˚Y Utflm Li”©•jR A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[d œ±lTÙL
G›’°\ÙoLs.
L¶Rm
1. , , B°V Y•YeL˚[ C]m Li” Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
2. Tp˙Yfl Y•ÆVp Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” ˘Nn°\ÙoLs
3. CWi•XdL GiL∞u GiQ”dœL˚[ ÿ›˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
4. 1, 5, 10 B°V ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[ C]mLÙi°\ÙoLs; AYt±u Ußl˚Td LQd°h”d
·fl°\ÙoLs.
5. ÏTÙ´u Ußl˚T Gi¶¤m G›jߤm G›’°\ÙoLs.
AXœAXœAXœAXœAXœ
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
80 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
6. œ±l©hP Ußl◊s[ ÏTÙ˚Vl Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ©¨j˘R›’°\ÙoLs.
7. L¶R YÙd°VeL˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.
8. CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp TXu/LØjRp TXu YÙ´XÙLd LÙQ ˙Yi•V S˚Pÿ˚\l
©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙi°\ÙoLs. (¡ß YWÙR˚Y)
9. 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚WŸs[ GiQ±‹ ˘RÙPoTÙ] Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P LÙi°\ÙoLs.
10. U¶fNhPm (ATÙdLv) TVuT”jß CWi•XdL GiLs RÙPoTÙ] ·hPp NVpTÙ”L˚[f
˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
L˚XdLpÆ
1. ◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs.
2. ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.
3. ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[/Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” Lh”°\ÙoLs.
Yœl◊ II
81AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
2 ≈
” SpX ≈
”
R™
r
$RÙU
ÙL Y
Ù£
j’
m/©
\o Y
Ù£
lT
˚Rd
˙Lh
”m
®Lr
˚Y
l ◊
¨k’
˘LÙs
[X
Ùm.
$◊¨k’
˘
LÙi
P ®
Lr
˚Y
j Rm
˘
NÙkR
S˚
P´
p ·
\X
Ùm.
$˘
Uh
P˚
Uj
’l
T
Ù”
m˙
TÙ’
T
ÙP
p
C≤
˚U
VÙ°
\’
.
$œ
±l©
hP
Y
Ùd°
Vjß
u A
˚U
l˚
Tl
◊¨k’
˘
LÙs
YRu
Y
Ù´
XÙLj RÙU
ÙL
YÙd
°V
eLs
E⁄
YÙd
L C
V¤
m.
$˘
NÙt
L∞
u N¨V
Ù] ˘
TÙ⁄
˚[
E
Qok’
˘LÙi
PÙp
A
l˘
TÙ⁄
s
Æ[
eœ
m
Yi
Qm
YÙd
°V
eLs
E⁄
YÙd
LX
Ùm.
$Y
Ù£
l◊
lT
ϧ
˚V
l ˘
TÙ⁄
fiQ
ok’
YÙ£
jRÙp
œ
±l©
hP
˘
NÙt
L∞
u ˘
TÙ⁄
-
fis
[/G
ßo ˘
TÙ⁄
fis
[ ˘
NÙtL˚
[d
Li
”©
•dLX
Ùm.
$T•
Ye
L∞
¤s
[ Æ
]ÙdL˚
[l ◊¨k’
˘LÙi
”
ARtLÙ]
Rm
L⁄
j˚
R
G›
’Y
Ru
Y
Ù´
XÙLd
ϱ
l©
hP
T•
Yj˚
Rl È
ojß
˘Nn
VX
Ùm.
$RÙU
ÙL Y
Ù£jRp
.
$Y
Ù£lT˚
Rd ˙
Lh
Pp
.
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙPp
.
$Rm
˘NÙk
R S
˚P
´p
·fl
Rp
.
$TÙP
˚X
YÙ£
jRp
.
$RÙU
ÙL ˘
Uh
P˚
Uj’
l T
Ù”Rp
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
jRU
Ù] T
ÙPp
Y¨Ls
˙NojRp
.
$·
flm
/YÙ£
dœ
m
YÙd°
Vj
ßu
A˚
Ul˚
Tl T
t±
d L
Xk’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
.
$RÙU
ÙL Y
Ùd°
Ve
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
.
$˘
NÙt
L∞
u ˘
TÙ⁄
[±
Rp
.
$˘TÙ⁄
s Æ
[e
œm
Yi
Qm
YÙd
°V
eLs
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
.
$Y
Ù£l◊lTœ
ß˚
V Y
Ù£jRp
.
$œ
±l©
hP
˘
NÙp
≠u
G
ßo˘
NÙp
˚X
d
Li
”©
•jRp
.
$T•
Ye
L∞
¤s
[ Æ
]Ùd
L˚
[j RÙU
ÙL/
©\o Y
Ù£dLd
Lh
”l ◊
¨k’
LÙs
fiRp
.
$A
RtLÙ]
Ru
L⁄
j˚
Rl T
ß‹
˘Nn
Rp
.
$≈
”,
·”
U
tfl
m ˘
RÙP
oTÙ]
Y
Ù£l◊l
Tœ
ß˚
Vj RÙU
ÙL Y
Ù£j’
/YÙ£
lT˚
Rd
˙Lh
” A
ߤ
s[
L⁄
j’
/®Lr
˚Y
j Rm
˘NÙk
R S
˚P
´p
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$Y
Ù£
jR/˙
Lh
P TÙP
˚X
l ˙
TÙp
˙
Yfl
TÙP
p
E⁄
YÙd°
d
·fl
°\ÙoLs
/
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$TÙP
¤dœ
˘U
hP
˚U
j’
l T
Ù”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$œ
±l
©h
P
Y˚
L´
p
A˚
UkR
YÙd°
Ve
L˚
[j
RÙU
ÙL E
⁄Y
Ùd°
d
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
/ G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$œ
±l©
hP
˘
NÙtL˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jß
l
˘T
Ù⁄
˚[
˚U
kR
YÙd°
Ve
L˚
[d
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
/G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$Y
Ù£l◊l Tœ
ß˚
V Y
Ù£j’
œ
±l©
hP
˘NÙtLfi
dLÙ]
G
ßof ˘
NÙtL˚
[d
Li
”©
•d°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$G
∞V
TÙP
p Y
¨L˚
[f
Noj’
l T
ÙP˚
X
ÿ›
˚U
lT
”j
ßd
·fl
°\ÙoLs
/
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$G
∞V
T•
Ye
L˚
[ ®
Wl◊°
\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
82 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
„r®˚
X´
Vp
$TP
eL˚
[l T
Ùoj’
m
S¨p
TÙo
j’
m T
X
Y˚
LV
Ù]
≈
”L˚
[Ÿ
m ©
WÙ¶
L∞
u
YÙØ
Pe
L˚
[Ÿ
m T
h•
V≠
PÆ
V¤
m.
$C
Wi
” U
ÙflTh
P ≈
”L∞
u T
Pe
L˚
[l
TÙoj
’m
˙
S¨
p
Li
”m
AY
t±
t°
˚P
˙V
Ÿs
[
Jtfl
˚U
˙Y
tfl
˚U
L˚
[l T
h•
V≠
PÆ
V¤
m.
$Rm
A
‡T
Ye
L∞
u
A•
lT
˚P
´p
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù•
Ÿm
Y
Ù£
l◊
l T
ϧ
˚V
YÙ£
j’
m ≈
h•
≠⁄
dœ
m Y
Nß
L˚
[Ÿ
m
˙U
¤m
˙
R˚
Yl
T”
m
YNß
L˚
[Ÿ
m
Th
•V
≠P
ÆV
¤m
.
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù•l T
Pe
L˚
[l T
Ùoj’
≈”
Lh
Pj ˙
R˚
Yl
T”
m ˘
TÙ⁄
sL˚
[l
Th
•V
≠P
ÆV
¤m
.
$Y
Ù£
l◊
lT
ϧ
˚V
Y
Ù£
j’
m
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù•
Ÿm
≈
h”
j ˙
RÙh
Pjß
u
˙R˚
Y A
˚U
dœ
m ÿ
˚\, A
Ru
TV
uLs
B°
VY
t˚
\ Æ
[dLÆ
V¤
m.
$G
›l
Tl
T”
m
G∞
V
A±
ÆV
p
Æ]
ÙdLfi
dœ
Æ
˚P
LÙQ
G
∞V
˘NV
pß
hP
eL∞
p D
”TP
ÆV
¤m
.
$—tfl
l◊\ ®
Lr
‹L˚
[ E
tfl
˙SÙd
Lp
$Y
ÙØP
j˚
Rf —t±
Ÿs
[ ˘
TÙ⁄
sL˚
[l
Th
•V
≠”
Rp
$T
X
Y˚
LV
Ù]
≈
”L˚
[l
TÙoj
’
AY
t±
u
˙Y
tfl
˚U
d
·fl
L˚
[l
Th
•V
≠”
Rp
.
$Ru
A‡
TY
jß
u Y
Ù´X
ÙL/Y
Ù£jR±
k’
Th
•V
≠”
Rp
.
$Æ
˚R ÿ
˚[
j’
f ˘
N•
Vٜ
m Tp
˙Y
fl
®˚
XL˚
[d L
Ùh”
m ˘
NV
pTÙ”
.
$T
Pe
L˚
[l
T
Ùoj
’/˙
S¨
p T
Ùoj
’l
TX
Y˚
LV
Ù] ≈
”L˚
[, ©
WÙ¶
L∞
u T
X
Y˚
LV
Ù] Y
ÙØP
eL˚
[l Th
•V
≠”
°-
\Ùo
Ls
.
$C
Wi
” ˘
Yq
˙Y
fl Y
˚LV
Ù] ≈
”L˚
[
Jl©
h”
AY
t±
t°
˚P
˙V
Ÿs
[ J
tfl
˚U
˙Y
tfl
˚U
L˚
[l T
h•
V≠
”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$≈
”/·
” B
°V
Yt±
u ˙
R˚
YL˚
[l
Th
•V
≠”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$≈
” L
hP
j ˙
R˚
YlT”
m ˘
TÙ⁄
sL˚
[l
Th
•V
≠”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$≈
h•
¤s
[ Y
Nß
L˚
[l
T
h•
V≠
h”
˙U
¤m
˙
R˚
Yl
T”
m
YNß
L˚
[d
Li
”©
•j’
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$≈
h”
j ˙
RÙh
Pjß
u ˙
R˚
Y, A
˚U
dœ
m
ÿ˚
\,
TV
uLs
B
°V
Yt˚
\l Tt±
d
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù• G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$Æ
˚R ÿ
˚[
jRp
˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
G
∞V
˘NV
pß
hP
eL∞
p
D”
T”
°\ÙoLs
.
RÙe
Ls
E
tfl
dLY
≤j
’
A±
kR˚
Y
Utfl
m
Li
”©
•j
R
A±
ÆV
p
Ei
˚U
L˚
[d œ
±lTÙL
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
83AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L¶
Rm
$1 ÿ
Rp
99 Y
˚WŸ
s[
Gi
L˚
[l T
p˙Y
fl
ÿ˚
\L∞
p
Æ[
dœ
YRu
Y
Ù´
XÙL
Gi
Q±
‹ ˘
T\Æ
V¤
m.
$C
Wi
” K
¨X
dL G
iL∞
u ·
hP
p,
LØ
jR˚
X U
]dLQ
dLÙL
f
Nn
VÆ
V¤
m.
$C
PU
ßl©
u T•
C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL˚
[
Ju
flL[
ÙL,
Tj
’L[
ÙLl
©¨j˘
R›
RÆ
V¤
m.
$C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL˚
[ J
l©
h”
l ˘
T¨V
Gi
, £
±V
G
i G
’ G
u±
V ÿ
R≠
p
Tjß
u C
Pjß
¤s
[ G
iL˚
[ J
l©
P
˙Y
i”
m.
A˚
Y NU
˘U
≤p
J
u±
u
CP
jß
¤s
[
Gi
L˚
[
Jl
©h
”l
TÙoj
’l
˘
T¨
V
Gi
. £
±V
G
i
G’
˘Y
]d L
i”
©•
dLÆ
V¤
m
$C
⁄ C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL˚
[ A
Rtœ
d
œ˚
\Y
Ù] C
Wi
” C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL∞
u
·h
”j˘
RÙ˚
LV
ÙL G
›RÆ
V¤
m.
$œ
±l©
P A
”d°
¤s
[ ˘
TÙ⁄
sL∞
u
C⁄
l©
Pj˚
R G
iL˚
[l TV
uT”
jß
d
L¶
R Y
Ùd°
VU
ÙLd ·
\Æ
V¤
m.
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL˚
[ Tp
˙Y
fl G
i¶
d˚
L´
X-
˚U
kR ˘
Rٜ
l◊L[
Ùdœ
Rp
.
$A
Yt˚
\ J
l©
”Rp
, Y
¨˚
NlT”
j’
Rp
CP
Uß
l˚
T/U
¶fNh
Pm
TV
uT”
jß
Gi
L∞
u C
PU
ßl˚
T Æ
[dœ
Rp
.
$G
iL˚
[ J
l©
h”
A
Yt±
t°
˚P
˙V
-
Ÿs
[
Jtfl
˚U
, ˙
Ytfl
˚U
L˚
[d
Li
”©
•jRp
.
$˘
TÙ’
ÿ•
Ætœ
Y⁄
Rp
.
$A
”d°
˚
YdLlTh
”s
[ ˘
TÙ⁄
sL˚
[
Etfl
dLY
≤j’
J
q˘
YÙ⁄
˘
TÙ⁄
∞u
C⁄
l©
Pj˚
Rd L
i”
©•
jRp
.
$S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©
Wf£
˚]
L˚
[ A
X£
BWÙn
Rp
.
˛ Tp
˙Y
fl
TÙ⁄
sL˚
[l T
Vu
T”
j’
Rp
˛ Th
•V
≠”
Rp
˛ A
X£
BWÙn
Rp
$T
p˙
Yfl
Y
•Æ
Vp
Y
•Y
eLs
E
s[
TP
eL˚
[ E
tfl
dLY
≤jRp
.
$J
tfl
˚U
Y
tfl
˚U
L˚
[d L
i”
©•
jRp
.
$,
, B
°V
Y
•Y
eL˚
[ C
]m
Li
” Æ
[dœ
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$T
p˙
Yfl
Y
•Æ
Vp
Y
•Y
eL˚
[l
TV
uT”
jß
≈”
˘Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL∞
u G
iQ
”dœ
L˚
[
ÿ›
˚U
lT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$.
1, 5, 10
B°
V Ï
TÙn
˙SÙh
”L˚
[ C
]m
LÙi
°\ÙoLs
; A
Yt±
u
Uß
l˚
Td
LQ
d°
h”
d ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$Ï
TÙ´
u U
ßl˚
T G
i¶
¤m
G›
jß
¤m
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$œ
±l©
hP
U
ßl◊s
[ Ï
TÙ˚
V Tp
˙Y
fl
ÿ˚
\L∞
p ©
¨j˘
R›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL∞
u C
⁄l©
Pj˚
Rd œ
±l©
”m
L¶
R Y
Ùd°
Ve
L˚
[ G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
84 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
$C
Wi
” K
¨X
dL G
iLfi
d°
˚P
-V
Ÿs
[
Æj
ßV
ÙNm
G
qY
[‹
G
ufl
LQ
d°
PÆ
V¤
m.
$C
Wi
•X
dL
Gi
˚Q
Ÿm
K
¨X
dL
Gi
˚Q
Ÿm
·h
PÆ
V¤
m.
$C
Wi
”
CWi
•X
dL
Gi
L˚
[d
·h
PÆ
V¤
m.
$G
∞V
"·
hP
p
Gi
Q”
dœ
Ls
'
E⁄
YÙd
LÆ
V¤
m.
$Y
•Æ
Vp
Y•
Ye
L˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jß
≈”
Y˚
WV
ÆV
¤m
.
$C
Wi
•X
dL G
iLs
Y⁄
m S
˚P
ÿ˚
\l
©Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
j æ
o‹
LÙQ
ÆV
¤m
.
$C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL∞
u ·
hP
p TX
u/
LØ
jRp
TX
u Y
Ù´X
ÙLdLÙQ
˙Y
i•
V
S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©
Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
j æo‹
LÙi
°\Ùo
Ls
. (¡
ß Y
WÙR
˚Y
)
$1
ÿRp
99
Y˚
WŸ
s[
G
iQ
±‹
˘RÙP
oT
Ù]
Æ
]ÙdLfi
dœ
Æ
˚P
LÙi
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$U
¶fNh
Pm
(A
TÙdLv
) T
Vu
T”
jß
CWi
•X
dL G
iLs
˘RÙP
oTÙ]
·h
Pp
˘NV
pTÙ”
L˚
[f ˘
Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
85AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L˚
XdLpÆ
$Æ
Wp
L˚
[ S
∞]
UÙL
l T
Vu
T”
j’
YRu
YÙ´
XÙLl
◊
s∞
L˚
[
C˚
Qj
’
E⁄
Ye
Ls
Y˚
WV
ÆV
¤m
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL∞
u Y
iQ
eLfi
dœ
H
tTl
˘T
Ù⁄
jRU
Ù]
Y
iQ
eL˚
[j
˙Rok˘
R”
dLÆ
V¤
m.
$Y
iQ
l
˘T
u£
˚X
S∞
]U
ÙLl
TV
uT”
j’
YRu
Í
Xm
TP
m A
ZLÙL
A˚
UŸ
m.
$G
k˘
RkR Y
•Y
eLs
≈
h•
u G
k˘
RkRl
Tœ
ßL∞
p
Es
[]
G
u\±
k’
˘T
Ù⁄
jRU
Ù]
Y
•Y
eL˚
[j
˙Rok˘
R”
dLÆ
V¤
m.
$A
Yt˚
\ ÿ
˚\V
ÙL A
”d°
]Ùp
≈
”
E⁄
Yٜ
m.
$◊s
∞L˚
[ C
˚Q
j’
d ˙LÙ”
Y
˚Wk’
E⁄
YlTP
m Y
˚WRp
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
jRU
Ù]
Y
iQ
eLs
˙
Rok
˘R-”
jRp
.
$Y
iQ
m æ
h”
Rp
.
$˘
TÙm
˚U
≈
” Lh
Pj
˙
R˚
Yl
T”
m
˘TÙ⁄
sL˚
[/Y
•Y
eL˚
[j ˙Rok˘
R”
j-
Rp
.
$A
Yt˚
\ ÿ
˚\V
ÙL A
”d°
≈”
Lh
”Rp
.
$◊
s∞
L˚
[
C˚
Qj
’l
T
Pm
Y˚
W°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
jRU
Ù] Y
iQ
m æ
h”
°\Ùo
Ls
$˘
TÙ⁄
sL˚
[/Y
•Y
eL˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jß
≈”
Lh
”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
86 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ : 1, 4, 5, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y• : L˚R
„r®˚X´Vp : 2, 3
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
£Xkß, œ[Æ, œ⁄Æ, ˙R… B°V˚Y Kh˚Pl TÙ˚]´p Y˚X, ·” Lh”Rp ˛
È˚] Y⁄Rp Gu ≈” C’ Gufl ·± CPj˚Rd LÙ≠ NnŸeLs Gufl ™Wh”Rp
˛ A˚Y ˙LhLÙUp ˙TÙL˙Y Kh˚Pl TÙ˚]˚V Gh• E˚RjRp ˛ TÙ˚] E⁄i”
K”Rp.
®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y•. L˚R
„r®˚X´Vp : 1, 2, 4
L˚XdLpÆ : 2
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
TÙ˚] ≈” E⁄i”.... E⁄i” K”Rp ˛ UWjßp ˙UÙß E˚PRp ˛ £Xkß, œ[Æ,
œ⁄Æ, ˙R… B°V˚Y œ•˚N≈”, UÙ•≈”, Kh”≈”... ˙TÙu\ TX Y˚LVÙ]
≈”L˚[l TÙojRp ˛ AYWYodœ Æ⁄lTUÙ] ≈h˚P ˙SÙd°l T\k’ ˙TÙRp.
®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
L¶Rm : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
L˚XdLpÆ : 1, 2, 3
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
˙R… UÙ•≈h˚P SÙd°l TÙRp A˙R TÙp ≈” LhP ®˚]jRp Ah˚PL˚[l
TVuT”jß ≈” Lh”Rp.
UÙ• ≈h•u Í˚X´p ®tœm ˘TÙm˚U Yi•˚Vl TÙojRp˛˙R… ®_UÙ] ≈”
LhP ®˚]jRp ˛ œ⁄ÆŸm œ[ÆŸm ARtœ ERY ®˚]jRp ˛ TQm ˘LÙ”jRp ˛
˙Yfl TX⁄m ˙R…dœl TQm ˘LÙ”jRp ˛ TQm ˘LÙ”jRYoLfidœ CW∫’
˘LÙ”jRp
L˚RdL[m
Yœl◊ II
87AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ : 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y•Ym : TÙPp
„r®˚X´Vp : 4, 5
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
˙R… RÙu ˘Nu\ œ•˚N ≈h˚Pl Tt±l TÙ”Rp ˛ Ut\YoLfim AYWYo Re°V
≈”L˚[l Tt±l TÙ”Rp.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
L¶Rm : 4, 6, 2, 3 (32 ˛ 41)
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
œWeLiQ‡dœm ≈” LhP B˚N YkR’. æl˘Th•L˚[f ˙Noj’ ≈” LhPj
˘RÙPe°V’.
LÙLjßtœm œ⁄Ædœm TZm ßu] B˚N TZm YÙe°f NÙl©hP] NÙl©hP©u
Æ˚[VÙPj ˘RÙPe°].
®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ : 1, 4, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y•Ym : L˚R
„r®˚X´Vp : 6, 7
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
UÙ• ≈h•p Re°V ˙R… Aq≈h•¤s[ U¶˘UÙØŸm AÿR‡m A˚UjR
UÙ•≈h”j ˙RÙhPm Tt±d ·flRp.
®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
L¶Rm : 1, 8, 9 (42 ˛ 43)
L˚R˙VÙhPm :
AÿR‡dœm U¶˘UÙØdœm ˙TÙh• YkR’ ˛ VÙ¨Pm C⁄lT’ AßLm, GqY[‹
AßLm GuT˙R ˙TÙh• ˛ ˙TÙh•Ls SPkR].
ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹
""I˚V˙VÙ... U\k˙R ˙TÙnÆh˙Pu. ˘N•dœj RiΩo Ftflm ˙SWUÙ°ÆhP˙R!''
Gufl ˘NÙp≠ AÿRu K•]Ùu. AÿR˚]j ˘RÙPok’ U¶˘UÙØŸm K•]Ùs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
88 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛1
TÙ˚]≈”
÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NÙpXh˚PLs/ TP Ah˚PLs
≈”, ˙R…, £Xkß, œ⁄Æ, È˚], ·”, U˚Z, ˘Y´p, LÙtfl, œ∞o.
TPm (A) ˘NÙpXh˚P.
˘NVpÿ˚\
• RVÙ¨jR ˘NÙp/TP Ah˚Pj ˘RÙœl˚Tl ◊jRLjßtœs J∞j’ ˚Yj’d˘LÙsfieLs.
• EeLfidœd LÙhPl Tj’l TPeLs LÙi”Yk’s˙[u. A˚Y Gu]˘Yufl ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?''
Gufl ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLs F°j’d ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• ""SÙu TPeL˚[d LÙh”m˙TÙ’ VÙ⁄m EWdLf ˘NÙpXd·PÙ’. A˚]Y⁄m AYWYo
˙SÙh”l◊jRLj˚RŸm G›’˙LÙ˚XŸm G”j’d˘LÙsfieLs. SÙu TPeL˚[d LÙh”m
˙TÙ’ AYt±u TVoL˚[ G›R Yi”m. A˚]j˚RŸm VÙo N¨VÙL G›’°»oLs Gufl
TÙol˙TÙUÙ?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh”. ◊jRLjߤs[ J⁄ TP Ah˚P˚V ™u]p ˙TÙp LÙh•
U˚\ŸeLs. œZk˚RLs, ""TÙodL ÿ•VÆp˚X'' Gufl ˘NÙu] ©u,''
• ""SÙu U’YÙL J⁄ RP˚YRÙu TP Ah˚P˚Vd LÙi©l˙Tu; øeLs TÙojR’ Gu]˘Yufl
G›ßd˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m'' Gufl ·±,
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ TPUÙLd LÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m;
• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo UÙt±f NLUßl¿” SPjR YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
˘RÙPo Æ]ÙdLs
• Cßp G˚R˘V˚Rl TÙojß⁄d∏»oLs?
• ≈h•tœm ·h•tœm Gu˘]u] ˙YflTÙ”Ls Es[]?
• ≈h•p VÙoVÙo C⁄lTÙoLs?
• ·h•p YÙrT˚Y G˚Y?
• U˚Z, ˘Y´p, LÙtfl, œ∞o B°VYt˚\ A‡TÆjß⁄d°»oL[Ù?
• CYt±tœm ≈h•tœm/·h•tœm HRÙY’ ˘RÙPo◊iPÙ?
TÙPYÙ£l◊
TÙPl◊jRLjߤs[ TdLm 30˛32 TdLeL˚[d œZk˚RLs TÙodL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ˘RÙPok’
∏rY⁄m Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
• ÿu]o SÙm G›ßVYtfls G˚Y˘V˚Y Es[]?
• £Xkß Hu TVk’ ÆØd°\’?
• œ[Æ Hu TVk’ K”°\’?
• ˙R…Ÿm œ⁄ÆŸm Hu TVk’ K”°u\]?
• C˚Y˘VpXÙm Geœl ˙TÙn J∞k’s[]?
• Hu TÙ˚]dœs J∞k’s[]?
Yœl◊ II
89AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
• È˚] Hu ˙LÙTlT”°\’?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
YÙ£dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
œZk˚RLs ·flm TßpL˚[d L⁄mTX˚L´p /NÙoh•p G›’eLs.
AYt˚\l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
YÙ£l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfim YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
TÙ˚] ≈”
• £Xkß, œ[Æ, ˙R…,œ⁄Æ B°V SÙuœm Geœ ˙TÙ´]?
• Gu] ˘NnR]?
• È˚] Hu ˙LÙTlT”°\’?
• È˚] Gu] ˘NnR’?
CqÆ]ÙdLfidLÙ] Æ˚P˚V ""VÙo ÿR≠p Li”©•d∏»oLs Gufl TÙol˙TÙUÙ?'' Gufl ˙Lh”
œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• œZk˚R Tßp ·\Æp˚X˘V≤p ApX’ RY\ÙLd ·±]Ùp, ''SÙu YÙ£d°˙\u.
LY≤j’ ˙LfieLs Gufl ·±. YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs.
• Suœ YÙ£dœm œZk˚R Yœl©≠⁄kRÙp AkRd œZk˚Rdœ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
Gu] SPkR’?
""Gu] SPkR’ Gufl GjR˚] T⁄dœd ·\ ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl Lh” Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm ®Lr˚Yd
·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd ∏rdLÙ‘m ÿ˚\L∞p SPjRXÙm.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙL øeLs ˙Lh” œZk˚RLs Tßp ·\ YÙnlT∞dLXÙm.
• œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[Ùd° Æ]Ù˛Æ˚Pl ˙TÙh•VÙL SPjRXÙm.
(˙U¤m Æ]ÙdL˚[ Adœ›dLs RVÙ¨j’ Æ]Y YÙnlT∞dLXÙm)
• CqÆ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P˘V›R YÙnlT∞j’ ˛ NLUßl¿” SPjRXÙm.
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”
TÙPl Tœß˚V YÙ£j’ Æ˚P LÙQ ER‹m AßL Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdL‹m, AR]•lT˚P´p
Æ]Ù˛Æ˚Pl ˙TÙh•Ÿm SPjRXÙm.
YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•
""Sm Yœl©p ™L Su\ÙL YÙ£lT’ VÙo Gufl Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m. GlT•d Li”©•dLXÙm?''
Gufl ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLs ·flm L⁄j’L˚[d ∏rdLÙ‘m Y˚L´p Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs.
• ßdLÙUÙp ßQ\ÙUp YÙ£jRp
• EQof£lÈoYUÙL YÙ£jRp
• ®fljRt œ±Lfid˙LtT ®fljß YÙ£jRp
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
90 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
• ˘R∞YÙL EfN¨j’ YÙ£jRp.
••
Cdœ±l◊L∞uT• J⁄ œZk˚R YÙ£lT˚Rl ©\ œZk˚RLs Ußl©P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ÿRtLhPUÙL
ÿuY⁄m œZk˚RLfid°˚P˙V YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh• SPjRXÙm. ˘RÙPok’ øeLs ˙Rok˘R”dœm
œZk˚RLfim YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•´p Te˙LtœUÙfl TÙoj’d ˘LÙsfieLs.
LY≤ŸeLs
• TPj˚Rl TÙoj’d œZk˚RLs TßX∞dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R L.T/NÙoh•p G›’eLs.
• AYt˚\ YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
""C’ ˙TÙp ˘Y´p, U˚Z, LÙtfl B°Yt±≠⁄k’ TÙ’LÙlTÙL C⁄dL
Gu˘]u] ©WÙ¶Ls Gu˘]u] ÿu˙]tTÙh”Pu YÙØPeL˚[
A˚Uj’s[]?'' GuT˚R ÆNÙ¨j’ / TÙoj’ YWj Ái”eLs. A˚R,
""SÙu Li”©•jR˚Y''
Gufl „r®˚X´Vp T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p (Portfolio) EhT”jR
YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnŸm ÿu, TÙPlTœßdœ ¡i”m A˚Zj’f ˘Np¤eLs.
• E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ÿR≠p Y˚X Lh•V’ VÙo?
• ""Gu] ˙Yi”m?'' Gufl £Xkß ˙LhP˘TÙ›’ œ[Æ TÙ•V˘Ru]?'' Gufl ˙Lh”d
œZk˚RLs,
""≈” TÙ˚] ≈”
U˚Z S˚]VÙ ≈”
SÙ‡m ·” LhP
SÙ• Ceœ Yk˙Ru''
GuT˚R YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ˘RÙPok’ œ⁄Æ, ˙R… B°V˚Y ˘NÙu] TßpL˚[
ÿ›˚UlT”jßd ·\/G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
CflßVÙL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
"T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p' (˘UÙØ) EhT”j’eLs.
ÿR¤m L˚P£Ÿm
• Cߤs[ YÙd°VeL˚[ J⁄ œZk˚R YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs
• ""C’˙TÙp GjR˚] YÙd°VeL˚[ EeL[Ùp G›R ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh”d œZk˚RLs
·\/G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• ™L AßLUÙ] YÙd°VeLs G›ßV œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙhP U\k’ÆPÙæoLs.
• ≈h”l TÙPUÙL ˙U¤m YÙd°VeLs G›R YÙnlT∞j’ AYt˚\ AYWYo
""T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl©p'' EhT”jR YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
Yœl◊ II
91AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
Li”©•ŸeLs
• CRtLÙ] Æ˚P˚Vd œZk˚RL˙[ Li”©•dLj Ái”eLs. TÙoj’/ÆNÙ¨j’ Ei˚U˚Vd
Li”©•dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• A˚R, „r®˚X´Vp T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ""Gu Li”©•l◊'' Gufl R˚Xl©h” G›R
YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
Y[⁄m ˘NÙp
• Cf NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. "≈h”l TÙPUÙLf NnVh”m.
• G›jßp ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ C˚R ÆP G∞˚UVÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d ˘LÙ”j’ G›R
YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• ""™L AßLUÙL GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs Y˚W G›R ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh” "G›jßp'
ÿu˙]±V œZk˚RLfim Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf NYÙXÙLf ˘NnVj Ái”eLs.
œZk˚RLs G›ßV˚R Yœl©p YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
AYoLs YÙ£jR YÙd°VeL˚[l Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœl ©u ˙U¤m GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs G›R
ÿ•Ÿ˙UÙ AjR˚] YÙd°VeL˚[Ÿm G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
VÙo VÙo Y£lTÙoLs?
• Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚P ≈h”f ˘NVpTÙPÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• œZk˚RLs Èojß ˘NnR ClTh•Vp AYWYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p CPm ˘T\h”m.
• œZk˚RLfidœ Gl˘TÙ›˘RpXÙm ◊ßV Ei˚U ˘R¨°\˙RÙ Al˘TÙ›˘RpXÙm
ClT•Yj˚R ®Wl◊UÙfl Ái”eLs.
E⁄YÙœm L˚Rl◊jRLm
• £Xkß Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p Y˚X Lh•V’?
• œ⁄Æ Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?
• œ[Æ Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?
• ˙R… Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?
• È˚] Hu TÙ˚] ≈h•tœ YkR’?
• ˙R… Gu] ˘NnR’?
• È˚] Gu] ˘NnR’?
• TÙ˚] Gu] B]’?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”, œZk˚RLs ·flm TßpL˚[f NÙoh•p G›’eLs.
C’ œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l◊j ß\˚]
Y[odL ER‹m ’˚QdL⁄ÆVÙœm
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
92 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
˘RÙPo Ußl¿”
C’Y˚W SPkR Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YÙ´XÙLd ∏rdLÙ‘m Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ SÙu GkR
A[Ætœl ˘Ttfls˙[u GuT˚Rd œZk˚RL˙[ —V Ußl¿” ˘NnV ER‹m T•Ym Ju˚\
Y•Y˚Uj’d ˘LÙ”eLs.
Su\ÙL KW[‹
Gu]Ùp RY±u± YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm
EQof£lÈoYUÙL YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm
N¨VÙ] EfN¨l˙TÙ” YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm
SÙu RY±u± G›’˙Yu
B£¨Vo —VUßl¿”
SÙu ˙S¨hP ©Wf£˚]Ls SÙu ˚LVÙiP EjßLs
• •• •• •• •• •
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊
˘UÙØ : 1. TÙPp (œ⁄Æ, ˙R…)
2. ÿR¤m L˚P£Ÿm
„r®˚X´Vp : 1. SÙu Li” ©•jR˚Y (YÙØPeLs)
Yœl◊ II
93AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 2
◊ßV ≈h˚Pj˙R•
®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs.
• E⁄i” E⁄i” K•V TÙ˚]≈h•tœ Gu] B]’?
Gufl ˙LfieLs, œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AlT•˙V NÙoh•p G›’eLs. A˚Rj˘RÙPok’.,
• CkR Y¨ VÙo ·±V’?
• WÙÿ ˘NÙu] Y¨˚V YÙ£ŸeLs Gufl ·± YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.
TP YÙ£l◊
œZk˚RLs CkR ®LrÆtLÙ] TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dLh”m.
• TPjßp Gu˘]u] E´¨]eLs Es[]?
• TÙ˚] ≈h•tœ Gu] B]’?
• œ⁄Æ Geœ AUok’s[’?
• UÙu Gu] ˘Nnß⁄dœm? ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.
• œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤j’ ®Lrf£L˚[d ·\h”m.
• œZk˚RLs ·flm A•lT˚P´p ®Lrf£L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’eLs.
TÙ˚]≈” E⁄iP’
E⁄i” E⁄i” ˘Nu\’
UWjßp ˙UÙßV’
TÙ˚] ≈” E˚PkR’
œ⁄Æ T\kR’
UWjßp AUokR’
˙R…Ÿm œ[ÆŸm
£Xkߟm ∏˙Z Æ›kR]
LÙVm ThP]
YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jßf NÙoh•p G›RlTh”s[ ®Lrf£˚Vd œZk˚RLs YÙ£dL
YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
ARu©\œ ""øeLs ·±V ®Lrf£Ls N¨RÙ]Ù? Gufl TÙol˙TÙm'' G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœß˚V
YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.
TÙPj˚R YÙ£jRp
œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m. YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL˚[ YÙ£dL
˚YŸeLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
94 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
YÙ£l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ...
øeLs TX YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[lTVuT”jß YÙ£dL ˚YjæoLs. B]Ùp
J⁄ £X ©uRe°V œZk˚RLs YÙ£lT˙R´p˚X. Gu] ˘NnY’?
TÙPlTœß´p J⁄ Tœß˚V Uh”m G”eLs. AlTœß˚V øeLs
YÙ£dœm ˘TÙ›’ œ±l©hP ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
˘NÙtLs Li”©•dLj ˘R¨kR‹Pu £±V YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•dLf
˘NÙpX Yi”m. AqYÙfl T•lT•VÙL ©uRe°V œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l◊j
ß\˚] ˙UmT”jRXÙm.
TXRWlThP ≈”Ls
œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ≈”L∞u TPeL˚[l TÙodLh”m. ARu©u J⁄ £X Æ]ÙdL˚[d
˙LfieLs.
AØdL AØdL G›Rh”m.
øeLs YÙ£dLf ˘NÙp¤m Tœß´p CPm˘Tflm ÿd°V ˘NÙtL˚[
L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYt˚\ Ju˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d
LÙh”eLs. Gu˘]u] ˘NÙtLs G›ßŸs˙[u Gufl J⁄ ÿ˚\
YÙ£j’dLÙh”eLs. GjR˚] ˘NÙtLs G›ßŸs˙[u G] CWiPÙY’
ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs. R˚Y G≤p YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jß
˙U¤m YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs.
""C≤ øeLs YÙ£dL ˙Yi”m. B]Ùp J⁄ ®TkR˚]. SÙu Jq˘YÙ⁄
˘NÙpXÙL AØl˙Tu. øeLs AØjR ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ YÙ£dL
˙Yi”m Gufl NÙp≠ Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙpXÙL AØj’d LÙi” YÙ⁄eLs.
œZk˚RLs YÙ£lT˚RdLi” BfN¨VU˚P≈oLs.
• EeLfidœl ©•jR ≈” G’? Hu? œZk˚RLs E˚WVÙPh”m.
• ""TPjßp 5 ≈”Ls RWlTh”s[]. Aßp J⁄ ≈” Uh”m œ›Æp ˙NWÆp˚X. GkR ≈”
Hu?'' Gufl ˙LfieLs œZk˚RLs £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Li”©•j’d ·\h”m.
œZk˚R 1 : CWiPÙY’ ≈” (°Qfl Es[’)
œZk˚R 2 : UW≈” (H˚]V ≈”Ls R˚W´p Es[])
œZk˚R 3 : ÿRp ≈” (A”dœ UÙ• ≈”)
œZk˚R 4 : Íu\ÙY’ ≈” (◊˚LdœZÙn Ei”)
œZk˚RLs £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p GkR ≈h˚P ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m ·\h”m. B]Ùp AYoLs
·flm LÙWQm N¨VÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
95AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
ARu ©u Tp˙Yfl ≈”L∞u TPeLs Jh•V NÙoh˚Pj ˘RÙeL Æ”eLs. œZk˚RLs AYt˚\l
TÙoj’ £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jRh”m.
Y˚LlT”j’Y’ GqYÙfl?
• YNßL∞u A•lT˚P´p
• ˘T¨V’/£±V’ A•lT˚P´p
• ®\eL∞u A•lT˚P´p...
˙YflTÙ” Gu˘]u]?
œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ›Ætœ UÙ•≈” Guflm A”jR œ›Ætœd œ•˚N
≈” Guflm ˘TV¨”eLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ReLs œ›Æu ˘TV¨u A•lT˚P´p £\l◊L˚[d
·\h”m.
œ•˚N ≈” UÙ•≈”
• K˚X ˙YnkR’ • LÙu°√h ≈”
• ≈h•‡s œ∞of£VÙL C⁄dœm • TÙ’LÙl◊ AßLm
• Lh”YRtœf ˘NX‹œ˚\‹ • YNß AßLm
•
YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’eLs
""TPTP'' G]d œ⁄Æ £\L•jR’. Gu‡m UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙufl RWlTh”s[ H˚]VYt˚\d
œZk˚RLs YÙd°Vjßp RÙUÙLl TVuT”jRh”m.
""NXNX'' Gufl ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”jßd ·\h”m.
""NXNX ˘Y]j RiΩo K•V’
LiQÙ• T[T[ ˘Y] ™u≤V’
°¨_Ù LXLX ˘Y]f £¨jRÙs
UWjß≠⁄k’ °˚[ NPNP ˘Y] J•kR’.
Gßof˘NÙtLs
RWlTh”s[ ˘NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof˘NÙtL˚[l TÙPlTœß´≠⁄k’ œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’
G›R˙Yi”m. øeLs £X ˘NÙtL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs AYt±tLÙ] Gßof
˘NÙtL˚[d ·\h”m. Gßof˘NÙp ·flm œZk˚R´u ˘TV˚W AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p
G›’eLs. Cflß´p AYoL˚[l TÙWÙhP U\YÙæoLs. ™L‹m G∞˚UVÙL Gßof˘NÙp Li”©•dœm
˘NÙtL˚[ ˙LfieLs.
(G.LÙ)
˙U˙X ˛ ∏˙Z
œh˚P ˛ ˘Sh˚P
˘T¨V’ ˛ £±V’
£¨l◊ ˛ A›˚L
G∞˚U ˛ L•]m
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
96 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
ARu ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Gßof˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
£¨jR’ x A›R’
G›kR’ x Æ›kR’
˙U” x Ts[m
UÙh•d ˘LÙi˙PÙm x Rl©j˙RÙm
©¨kRÙoLs x ˙NokRÙoLs
U°rf£V˚PkR’ x Y⁄jRU˚PkR’
˘RÙPok’ ˘NÙpXÿ•ŸUÙ?
J⁄ ˘NÙp˚Xl TVuT”jßj ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\u °˚PlTRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”
RWlTh”s[’. Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P J⁄ Æ˚[VÙhPÙL SPjRXÙm. œZk˚RL˚[ C⁄ œ›dL[ÙdœeLs.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm J⁄ ˘TVo SpœeLs (G.LÙ) RÙU˚W, ˙WÙ_Ù
øeLs J⁄ NÙp˚Xj Rok˘R”eLs (G.LÙ) "TÙ˚]' œZk˚RLs "TÙ˚]' Gu\ NÙp≠tLÙ] RÙP˚W
˘NÙpX ˙Yi”m.
øeLs ˙Lhœm œ› Uh”˙U Tßp ˘NÙpX˙Yi”m.
AkRdœ› N¨VÙ] ˘RÙP˚Wf ˘NÙu]Ùp AkR ˘NÙp≠tLÙ] ˙Yfl ˘RÙP˚W A”jR œ›
˘NÙpX˙Yi”m.
AqYÙfl UÙ± UÙ±j ˘RÙP˚Wd Li”©•j’d ·\˙Yi”m.
GkRd œ› ˘NÙpXÆp˚X˙VÙ A”jR œ›Ætœ 5 ◊s∞Ls.
˘NÙp RÙU˚W (œ›) ˙WÙ_Ù (œ›)
TÙ˚] UiTÙ˚] E˚PkR TÙ˚]
˘T¨V TÙ˚] £±V TÙ˚]
Kh˚PlTÙ˚] x
(5 ◊s∞Ls)
CqYÙfl ©\ ˘NÙtLs TVuT”jߟm ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdLf ˘NnŸeLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’
TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘RÙPok’ ˘NÙpX ÿ•ŸUÙ? ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m.
Gu] ˙Yi”m?
TÙ˚] ˙Yi”m
Gu] TÙ˚]?
Ui TÙ˚]
Gu] Ui?
L∞ Ui
Gu] L∞?
LRL∞
Gu] L˚R?
A±‹d L˚R
Gu] A±‹?
B\±‹
Gu] Bfl?
TÙXÙfl
Gu] TÙp?
........................
..........................
Yœl◊ II
97AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 3
˙R… LiP ≈”
÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”
≈” SpX ≈”
SÙu Y£dœm ≈”
Nu]p Es[ ≈”
YÙNp Es[ ≈”
˘Y´p A•jRÙp LÙdœm
U˚Z ˘TnRÙp R”dœm
≈” SpX ≈”
SÙu Y£dœm ≈”!
• Cl TÙP˚Xl TÙ”eLs. ˘RÙPok’,
• ""EeLs ≈” GqYÙ˘\pXÙm EeLfidœ ER‹°\’?
• øeLs Gl˙TÙRÙY’ ≈”Lh• Æ˚[VÙ•V’ EiPÙ.....?'' ˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”
LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
• ˙R…, L]‹ LiP ≈” GjR˚LV’?
• AkR ≈h•p A˚Uk’s[ A˚\Ls G˚Y˘VpXÙm...?... Gufl ˙Lh”dLXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
GiQÙUp G›RXÙm
, , I ˙TÙu\ E⁄YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ˙R… ≈” E⁄YÙd° C⁄d°\’. Gufl ˘NÙp≠
Aßp Es[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ±l©hP Y•Yÿm GjR˚] ≈Rm Yk’s[’ Gufl Li”©•j’ G›R
YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
ÿd˙LÙQeL˚[l TVuT”jß...
• J⁄ N’W Y•ÆXÙ] LÙ°Rj˚R G”j’d GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm ˘LÙ”eLs.
• A˚R NU A[ÆXÙ] 8 ÿd˙LÙQeL[ÙL ˘YhP ER‹eLs.
• Amÿd˙LÙQeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
SÙu Y˚WkR ≈”
• Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” Y˚WŸm ˙SÙdœPu Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.
• , , B°VYt±u Ik’ Ah˚PLs ≈Rm œZk˚RLfidœ YZeœeLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
98 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
• AqYh˚PL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈”Ls Y•Y˚UdLh”m.
• ˘RÙPok’m C’˙TÙu\ Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jßd œZk˚RLs TÙPË≠p ≈” Y˚WVh”m.
• RÙm Y˚WkR ≈h•u TPeLfidœ YiQm æhPh”m.
• Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß Y˚WVlThP £X UÙߨL˚[d œZk˚Rdœ A±ÿLm NnŸeLs...
• PÙu˛ °WÙm TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞dLXÙm ApXYÙ...!
Æ˚[VÙh” Yi•dœ YiQm æhPXÙm
• Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo UÙt± NLUßl¿” ˘NnVh”m.
, , B°V Y•YeLfidœl TÙPl◊jRLjßp LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ TÙufl YiQm æhPh”m.
Y•YeLs Y˚Wk’ YiQm æh• U°Zh”m...!
Y•ÆVp Y•YeL˚[ ˙YflT”jßV±Rp, L⁄ÆL˚[l
TVuT”j’m ß\u, —jRUÙL‹m AZLÙL‹m TPm Y˚WŸm
ß\u ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnV˙Yi”m.
≈h˚P ÿ›˚UVÙdLXÙm.
A[‹˙LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß ˙LÙ”Y˚WYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
• ≈h•u TPj˚R ÿ›˚UVÙdœeLs
• TPjßp RWlTh”s[ £Yl◊ ®\l◊s∞L˚[ A[‹ LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß C˚Qj’ ≈h•u
Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙLj˚RŸm Y˚WdL‹m
• ·”Rp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpL ˙Yi”m.
• ÿ›˚UVÙ] ≈” Y˚WV ER‹eLs. Y˚Wk’ ÿ•jR©u AYWY⁄dœ Æ⁄lTUÙ] ÿ˚\´p
YiQm æhP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ÿ›˚UlT”jß YiQm æh•V œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙh”eLs.
A[‹ LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß LÙ”Ls SWÙL Y˚WYRtLÙS ß\˚] Ußl¿” NnV Yi”m.
J∞kß⁄lT’ VÙo...?
12 ÿRp 34 Y˚WŸs[ CWh˚P GiL˚[ C]m Li” G›RYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘NnRYRtœ ÿu "Jt˚\ CWh˚PVÙ' Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ SpX’ ApXYÙ....!
CWi”˙To ≈Rÿs[ œ›YÙdœeLs... œ±l©hP Gi¶d˚LŸs[ ÿj’L˚[ UÙt± G”dLh”m.
Yœl◊ II
99AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
• CWi” ≈Rm Es[ ÿj’dL[ÙLl ©¨j’ ˚YdLh”m.
• Jufl ≈Rm YkRÙp Jt˚\ Gi Guflm ¡Rm YWÆp˚X˘V≤p CWh˚P Gi Guflm
Li”©•dLh”m.
• Æ˚[h•u Cflß´p Jt˚\ Gi Utflm CWh˚P GiL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jRh”m (50 Y˚W)
˘RÙPok’ TÙPË≠p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiL∞p 12 ÿRp 34 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙLd
Li”©•j’ C˚QdLh”m. J∞kß⁄lT˚R A˚PVÙ[m LÙQh”m.
G]’ LÙ°R ≈”
TÙPË≠p ˘LÙ”j’s[’ ˙TÙufl NUN’W Y•ÆXÙ] TX YiQd LÙ°ReL˚[lTVuT”jß ≈”
RVÙ¨dLl T´t£ ˘LÙ”eLs.
Y•ÆVp Y•YeLs TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdœm Cf˘NVpTÙh•p L˚X ˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆ´u
ß\uLs J⁄e°˚QdLlTh”s[].
G4 RÙ∞u TÙßV[‹ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.
L¶Rl◊jRLm TdLm 28 Ƥs[ TPj˚Rl ˙TÙufl UPd° ≈” E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
YÙNp, _u]p Y˚Wk’ ®\m SpL˙Yi”m.
TÙPl◊jRLjßp œ±l©hP CPjßp A˚R JhP ˙Yi”m.
◊jRLj˚R J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo ˚LUÙ±l T¨˙NÙßdL ˙Yi”m
AYWYo E⁄YÙd°V ≈h˚Pl TÙPl ◊jRLjßp Jh•˚YdLh”m, LR‹ Nu]p TÙu\˚Y Y˚WYRtœ
ERY U\dL ˙YiPÙm. HWÙ[UÙ] ≈”Ls E⁄YÙd°d LÙh£dœ ˚YdL‹m ERYXÙm ApXYÙ?
≈” LhPXÙm
Tj’ ÏTÙn Utflm J⁄ ÏTÙn B°VYt±u ˘RÙ˚L LÙ‘m ˙SÙdLjßu A•lT˚P´p
YZeLlTh”s[ Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
Ußl©”Y’ GqYÙfl?
Y•Yjßu N¨VÙ] ˙RÙt\m
ÿ›˚U
AZœ
Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnV
˙Yi”m.
˘UÙjR ÏTÙn Li”©•dL £WUm HtThP œZk˚RLs EiPÙ? Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙnLfim
SÙQVeLfim ˘LÙ”j’ AYoLfidœ GqYÙfl ERYXÙm?
Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls
• NÙoh TVuT”jß Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls, RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm 10 Tj’ ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls °˚PdL
˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
100 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
+ 56
˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p J⁄ ÏTÙ´u œ›dL˚[Ÿm RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs. Jufl ÿRp 10 Y˚WŸs[
Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘RÙœl◊m Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚PdœUÙfl TÙoj’d ˘LÙsY’ SpX’.
B£¨˚V : ˘NÙp¤eL ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?
œZk˚RLs : ºfNo ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?
B£¨˚V : 56
œZk˚RLs œ±l©hP ˙SÙh”L˚[ Gi¶t˙LtT G”j’ ˚YdLh”m.
˘RÙPok’ TÙPË≠p Es[ ˘NVpTÙh•tœ YØ SPj’Y’ £\kR’.
• TÙPË≠p Es[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
• ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTßp ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.
• Tj’ÏTÙn = 10 +10 +10 + 10 + 10 +10 + 10 = 70 Ï
5 J⁄ ÏTÙn = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5
7 0 +
5
7 5
Gu\ ÿ˚\´p CXœYÙLf ˘NnYRtœ ERYXÙm ApXYÙ?
CW∫’ ˘LÙ”dLXÙm
CW∫ßtœ 56 ÿRp 61 Y˚W RÙPof£VÙL Gi YZeLh”m. ≈”LhP TQm LÙ”jRYoLfidœ CW∫’
A∞lTRtœ YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs. ÏTÙ´u Ußl˚T Gi¶¤m G›jߤm G›Rh”m.
Ut\ Su˘LÙ˚PLs
ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”dLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lhœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˘TÙ⁄h” Cf˘NVpTÙ”
YZeLlTh”s[’.
+
+
Yœl◊ II
101AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
+
+
+
• ˙TÙu\ TX YØL∞¤m Y¨˚NlT”jR ER‹eLs.
• ÿu˙T RVÙo ˘NnR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”dL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ?
˙SÙh”L[ÙdLXÙm.
GiL˚[l ©¨j’ G›’YRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’. Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn
˙SÙh”dL˚[l TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh•˚]f ˘NnV ER‹eLs.
˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\L∞p C˚Rl ©¨j’ G›R CV¤m ApXYÙ?
ÿu]˙W SÙm RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˚YjR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß 15, 35, 45, 20, 30, 40
B°V GiL˚[Ÿm ©¨j’ G›R ER‹eLs.
YiQm æhPXÙm
œZk˚RLs Æ⁄lTUÙ] ÿ˚\´p YiQm æhPh”m. £\lTÙL YiQm æh•V œZk˚RL˚[l
TÙWÙh”eLs.
Y•ÆVp Y•YeLfidœ YiQm æh• AZœ T”j’YRtLÙ] Cf ˘NVpTÙ” L˚XdLt\¤dLÙ]
YÙnl◊ Es[˚YVÙœm.
• R≤jR≤VÙL YiQm æh”°u\]o
• œ›Æp ˘Y∞´”°u\]o
• œ›Æp ™L AZLÙL YiQm æh•V’ VÙo?
L˚XdLpÆ ˛ )RW®oQVdœ±l◊Ls E⁄YÙd° Ußl¿” ˘Nn’ ©uÚhPm (Feedback) SpœRp
˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
102 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 4
≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R ®Lr˚Yf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj˘RÙPok’,
• ˙R… RÙu Nu\ œ•˚N ≈h˚PlTt± Gu˘]u] TÙ•´⁄dœm Gufl LfieLs. œZk˚RLs
·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. AR]•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs.
• œZk˚RLs TÙP˚X K¨⁄ ÿ˚\ ˘U¸]UÙL YÙ£dLh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ SÙu ˘NÙp¤m
Y¨˚V ÿR≠p YÙ£lT’ VÙo? Gufl ˙Lh”,
˛ SÙuLÙY’ Y¨
˛ B\ÙY’ Y¨
Gufl ˘NÙp¤eLs. œZk˚RLs AqY¨L˚[ YÙ£j’d LÙi©dLh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ ""SÙu
˘NÙp¤m ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•j’ A’ GjR˚]VÙY’ Y¨´p Ei” Gufl ˘NÙpX ÿ•ŸUÙ? Gufl
NYÙp Æh” œZk˚RLs TÙP˚X YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ((G.LÙ) A˚\Ls, ˙LÙXm, LßWYu)
œZk˚RLs TÙP˚Xj RÙUÙL J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£jR©u.
• TÙP˚X C˚NŸPu TÙ”eLs
• œZk˚RLs R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m TÙPh”m.
• ¡i”m ¡i”m Y⁄m ˘NÙtLs G˚Y?
• SÙu ·flm TÙPp Y¨L˚[d Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
• SÙu ·flm L⁄j’s[ Y¨L˚[d Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”
LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
• ©•jR Y¨˚VŸm ARu LÙWQj˚RŸm ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
TÙP≠u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.
• VÙo Re°´⁄dœm ≈” EeLfidœ ™L‹m ©•jR’?
˛ TPjßu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLs ·\h”m.
˛ LÙWQj˚R Æ[dL ˙Yi”m.
• ˘LÙ— Ru ≈h˚Pl Tt±f ˘NÙu]Ùp GlT•f ˘NÙp≠´⁄dœm?
CqÆ]Ù œZk˚RL∞u £kR˚]˚Vj Ái”YRtœ Uh”˙U. ˘LÙ— Geœ Reœ°\’?
˘LÙ—Ætœ ≈” EiPÙ ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.
G]’ ≈”
Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. RLYp ßWh”R≠u BWmTd LhPUÙœm.
œZk˚RLs RU’ ≈h˚Pl Tt±j RLYp ßWhPh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ R]’ SiT≤u ≈h˚Pl
Tt±j RLYp ßWh• CWi˚PŸm Jl©h”l TÙodLh”m.
Yœl◊ II
103AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
˙R˚Y Gu]?
œZk˚RLs UÙ•≈” LhPj˙R˚YVÙ] TÙ⁄hL˚[ YhP™Ph”m. Al˘TÙ⁄∞u R˚Y˚VlTt±d
LXk’˚WVÙPh”m. ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.
K˚X ≈” UÙ•≈”
œZk˚RLs K˚X≈”, UÙ•≈” LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l Th•V≠Ph”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
104 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 5
æl˘Th• ≈”
˘NVpY¨˚N
®Lr‹ IkßtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
Æ˚[VÙh” ≈”
œZk˚RLs æl˘Th•L∞u A”dœL˚[ Gi¶ ˙SÙdLh”m. Ikßu UPeœL[ÙLd ·h• Æ˚P
Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.
5 +5 + 5+ 5+ 5 = 25
5 + 5 =10 10 + 5 = 15 15 + 5 = 20 20 + 5 =25
5 +5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 25
10 + 10 + 5 = 25
Gu\YÙfl TX YØL∞¤m Æ˚P Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.
5 5
5 5 10
5 5 5 15
5 5 5 5 20
5 5 5 5 5 25
5 5 5 5 5 5 30
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 35
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 40
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50
˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p 5 u A”dœL˚[ G›ß Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y¨˚N´¤m Es[ Ik’L∞u ˘RÙ˚L LÙQf
˘NnVXÙUpXYÙ....!
Yœl◊ II
105AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
GjR˚] æl˘Th•Ls...?
œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y¨˚N´¤m Es[ æl˘Th•L˚[Ÿm ·hPh”m.
10 + 10 + 10 +10 +10 = 50
50 + 5 = 55
10 u UPeœL˚[ A±V ER‹m AhPY˚Q˚Vd L⁄mTX˚L´p Y˚WŸeLs, œZk˚RLs
UPeœL˚[d ·h• G›Rh”m.
10 10
10 10 20
10 10 10 30
10 10 10 10 40
10 10 10 10 10 50
10 10 10 10 10 10 60
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 70
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 80
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100
˘UÙjRm GjR˚]...?
˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚P LÙiTRtœ ER‹eLs. UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙu\ HWÙ[m L¶Rl
©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙQ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
˙LÙ≠ Æ˚[VÙh”
J⁄ NÙoh•p/R˚W´p ∏rdLiPYÙfl GiL˚[ G›’eLs. œZk˚RLs Ntfl ÁWjß≠⁄k’ CWi”
˙LÙ≠L˚[ GiLs ¡’ ≈Nh”m. ˙LÙ≠Ls Æ›kR GiL∞u ·h”j ˘RÙ˚L˚Vd LQd°Ph”m.
11 12 13 14
24 23 22 21
31 32 33 34
41 42 43 44
GiQ”d˚Ll Tt±V A±‹, GiQ”d˚L
ÿ›˚UlT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\u Ußl©PlTP
˙Yi”m
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
106 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
TZm YÙeLXÙm
ÿu˙T RVÙo ˘Nn’˚YjR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jßl TÙPË≠p Es[
˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ER‹eLs.
¡Rm GjR˚]?
Ko CWi•XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ CWi•XdL Gi˚Qd LØdœm J⁄ÿ˚\ Ceœ
YZeLlTh”s[’. ˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚P LÙQ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
T J
5 9
5 5
0 4
50 + 9 ˛
50 + 5
0 + 4
LØjRp L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs A˚PYRtœj R˚PVÙL ®tœm ˘NVpL˚[ U]ßp ˘LÙi”
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YØSPjR Yi”m. ·hPp LQdœL˚[f £\lTÙLf NnVd·•V œZk˚RLs ·P
LØjR≠p ©uRe° C⁄lT’ LØjR≠u A•lT˚P Ei˚UL˚[lTt±l TÙ’UÙ] A±Æu˚U˙V!
˘T¨V ·hPjßp C⁄k’ £±V ·hPeL˚[ G”j’ UÙtflYRtLÙ] HWÙ[m T´t£Ls YZeœY’
SpX’.
£Wh˚PLs GjR˚]?
CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp ß\˚] EflßlT”jR Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
T J
2 3 23 = 20 + 3 +
1 4 14 = 10 + 4
3 7 30 + 7 = 37
Ui◊h”
CWi” GiL˚[ Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’ ·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•dœm ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ”
YZeLlTh”s[’.
21 = 20 + 1 = 10 + 10 +1
16 = 10 + 6 =
Gu\ ÿ˚\´p GiL˚[l©¨j’ Jufl Tj’ TÙu\Yt±u Ußl©t˙LtT GiL˚[ Jl◊˚U Nn’
·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. Cq˘YiL˚[l TVuT”jßj ˘RÙ˚L LÙQ‹m
YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
T J
2 1 + 20 + 1
1 6 10 + 6
3 7 30 + 7 = 37
©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u,
˘NVp°\u GuT˚Y Ußl©PlTP
˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
107AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
¡ß GjR˚]?
CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjRp ß\˚] EflߢNnV Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
T J
3 7 30 + 7 ˛
7 0 + 7
3 0 30 + 0 = 30
CWi•XdL Gi‘Pu K¨XdL Gi˚Qd ·h”m˙TÙ’m LØdœm˙TÙ’m CXdLeL˚[ N¨VÙ]
ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs GuT˚R EflߢNnV ˙Yi”m.
≈”LhPÙUp
œZk˚RLs TPjßp Es[ LtL˚[ Gi¶ G›Rh”m.
T J
2 3 20 + 3
3 6 30 + 6
5 9 50 + 9 59
˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚PLÙQ ER‹eLs.
1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W
GiY¨˚N˚VŸm GiLfidœ C˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo©˚]Ÿm A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”
YZeLlTh”s[’. ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˙R T• ˘NnV ER‹eLs.
6 16 26 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 96
7 17 27 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 97
9 19 29 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 89
10 20 30 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 100
˙TÙu\ GiL˚[ ®Wl◊YRtœm ER‹eLs.
GjR˚] ÿ˚\
C’ GiL∞u CPUßl◊ (Tj’Ls, JuflLs) ˙YflT”jßV±V‹m Bœm.
GiL∞u £\l◊Ls LiP±YRtœUÙ] ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˘NVpTÙ˙P Bœm.
• 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W G›’m ˘TÙ›’ 7 Gu\ Gi Y⁄m GjR˚] GiLs Es[]?
• œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙL G›R˙Yi”m.
• œ›Æp ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.
• J⁄e°˚QdL ˙Yi”m.
• Yœl©p ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.
• B£¨Vo NÙoh•p J⁄e°˚QdL ˙Yi”m.
• AYt±p Tjßu CXdLjßp 7 Y⁄m GiLs G˚Y?
• R≤jR≤VÙL G›R ˙Yi”m.
• Juflm Tj’m CXdLeL∞p 7 Y⁄m GiLs G˚Y?
• Li”©•j’ G›R˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
108 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
U¶fNhPm
GiL∞u CPUßl˚Tl Tt±j ˘R∞YÙL A\ık’ ˘LÙsYRtœ U¶fNhPeLs ERÆVÙL C⁄dœm
Gu\ Li˙QÙhPjßp Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ce˙L ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. U¶fNhPm Utflm ÿj’L˚[l
TVuT”jßf £X GiL˚[ E⁄YÙd°d LÙi©j’m E⁄YÙdLf Nn’m TÙ’UÙ] T´t£Ls A∞jR
©u◊ ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
L¶Rl ˘Th•CkRf NVpTÙh•tLÙLj RVÙWÙdœm Gi Ah˚PL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RL∞u
L¶Rl ˘Th•´p ˙Nol¿oL[pXYÙ?
U¶fNhPm E⁄YÙdœY’ GlT•?
YœlT˚\´p LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs
1. YÙ˚ZjRi˚P ˘Yh•˘V”eLs. J˙W ø[jߤs[ 2
Dodœf£L˚[ Aßp œjß ˚YŸeLs.
2. ˘RoUÙd ˙LÙ≠p Dodœf£L˚[ AUojß ˚Yj’m U¶fNhPm
E⁄YÙdLXÙm.
3. LÙ°R Pm[˚W LÆrj’˚Yj’ ARu ¡’ Dodœf£˚V SÙh•Ÿm
U¶fNhPm E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ?
L¶Rl◊jRLjßp TdLm 40 Cp Es[ GiL˚[ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”j’Rp.
• Gi G’ G] G›’°u\]o
• A”jR Gi˚Q U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”j’°u\]o.
• L¶Rl ◊jLjßp Y˚WVlTh”s[ U¶fNhPjßp ÿj’Ls Y˚W°u\]o. GiL˚[
G›’°u\]o.
ÿj’ Y˚WVXÙm
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiLfidœ HtT ÿj’L˚[ Y˚WVh”m.
˘RÙ˚L LÙQXÙm
Tj’ Jufl ˙TÙu\Yt±u ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTRtœ U¶fNhPj˚Rl TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ ˙YflThP
YiQjßp Es[ ÿj’dL˚[l TVuT”j’Y’ SpX’.
U¶fNhPm TVuT”jß CWi” GiL∞u ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
• 3 U¶fNhPeL˚[ ˙U˚N ˙Up ˚YŸeLs.
• ÿRp U¶fNhPjßp 12 Gu\ Gi˚Q J›eœT”jRd ·fleLs.
• J⁄ œZk˚R J›eœ T”jRh”m.
• ÿRp CWi” U¶fNhPeL∞u ˘RÙ˚L˚V Íu\ÙY’ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”jRd
·fleLs,.
• ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ œZk˚R J›eœT”jRh”m.
• GiL˚[ UÙt±Ÿm C’˙TÙp ˘NnVh”m (¡ß YWÙR˚Y)
• A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ L¶jl◊jRLm TdLm 41 Cp Es[ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœT”jß
GiL˚[Ÿm AYt±u ˘RÙ˚L˚Vd Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
Yœl◊ II
109AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 6
˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm
®Lr‹ BfldLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·flRp Yi”m. A˚Rj RÙPok’ œZk˚RLfiPu
E˚WVÙ”eLs. E˚WVÙP¤dœl ©\œ TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dLh”m. TPjßu
A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.
TPm 1
• TPjßp Es[YoLs VÙo VÙo?
• AYoLs Gu] ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?
• AYoLs ®tT’ Ge˙L?
TPm 2
• AÿRu Gu] ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùu?
TPm 3
• TPjßp øeLs Gu˘]u] TÙod°u»oLs? œZk˚RLs TPj˚R Etfl˙SÙd°d ·\h”m.
TPYÙ£l©tœl ©u...
• TPj˚Rl TÙojæoL[pXYÙ? TÙPlTœß´p G˚RlTt±V ®Lrf£Ls C⁄dœm? F°j’d ·\
ÿ•ŸUÙ Gufl ˙LfieLs. TPj˚Rd œZk˚RLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ ·Pl TÙojR ©u ®Lrf£L˚[d
·\h”m.
œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. NÙoh•p G›RlTh”s[˚Rd œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m.
øeLs ·±V’ N¨RÙ]Ù G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.
YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l
TVuT”jß A˚]j’d
œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm YÙ£dL
˚YŸeLs
Gu ≈h”j˙RÙhPm
œZk˚RLfiPu AYoLs ≈h•¤s[ ˙RÙhPj˚Rl Tt± E˚WVÙ”eLs.
Gu˘]u] E˚WVÙPXÙm?
˙RÙhPjßp Gu˘]u] T´o ˘Nn’s«oLs?
Èk˙RÙhPUÙ/LÙnL±j˙RÙhPUÙ?
ø Gu˘]u] ˙Y˚XLs ˘NnYÙn?
E]dœl©•jR È/LÙnL±/TZm G’?
Æ˚R ˙NL¨l◊
• œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m LÙnL±L∞u Æ˚RLs ˘LÙi” YWf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
110 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
• RÙeLs ˘LÙi”YkR Æ˚RL˚[ J⁄ ©[Ùv•d ˚T´p Ch” ARu ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.
Ts∞´p J⁄ LÙnL±j˙RÙhPm
œZk˚RLs ˘LÙi” YkR LÙnL± Æ˚RL˚[f ˘N•fNh•´p Sh” ˚YdLh”m.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘N•fNh•´¤m Æ˚R´u ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.
• ß]ÿm RiΩo Ft±l TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m.
• ÿR≠p ÿ˚[jR’ G’ GjR˚] SÙs, GuT˚Rl Tß˙Yh•p œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.
˘NÙp¤eLs
TÙPj˚R YÙ£jR©u œZk˚RLfiPu TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ]ÙdL∞u A•lT˚P´p
LXk’˚WVÙ”Ls.
Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs
œZk˚RLs YÙ£l©p LY]m ˘N¤jRYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’.
• ˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm A˚UdL AÿRu ˘NnR ˘NVpL˚[j R≤jR≤VÙL YÙ£j’d
Li”©•dLh”m. œ±l˙Th•p Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m.
• SiToLfiPu ˚L UÙ± T¨˙NÙßdLh”m.
• œ›Æp ˘Nufl RÙeLs G›ßV˚Rl T¨˙NÙßdLh”m
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ˘Y∞´Ph”m.
• A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdœeLs
NÙoh•p £X ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’eLs. œZk˚RLs Af˘NÙtLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdLh”m.
G.LÙ.
˙RÙhPm
≈h”j ˙RÙhPm Èk˙RÙhPm
˘RÙeœm˙RÙhPm LÙnL±j˙RÙhPm
œZk˚RLs YhPUÙL EhLÙW Yi”m. GiLh˚PL˚[ E⁄h• Æ˚[VÙP Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m
R]dœd °˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[d œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ —tflm ÿ•Y˚PŸm˙TÙ’
˘Yt±˘Tt\Yo VÙo Gufl œZk˚RL˙[ ·\h”m.
°˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[f N¨VÙLd œ±d°u\]WÙ GuT˚Rd LY≤dL ˙Yi”m.
Æ˚[VÙh•u Æßÿ˚\L˚[ ÿu]˙W ·\˙Yi”m. CqÆ˚[VÙh•tœl ©u
L¶Rl◊jRLjߤs[ TdLm 11, 12 C¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙL˙Y ˘NnVh”m.
WÙ¶Ÿm œZk˚RLfim
CqÆ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[PVÙ”Y’ GqYÙfl GuT’ TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[’. CqÆ˚[VÙh•u
˙SÙdLm CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p GiLs E⁄YÙdœY’m J⁄ Gi¶u CPUßl˚T YflT”jß
A±Y’m Bœm.
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh•u YÙ´XÙL Eflß NnVh”m. CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p
GiLs E⁄YÙdœm˘TÙ›’ ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi L⁄j˚R EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
111AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 7
˙LÙ≠dœi”Ls GjR˚]?
®Lr‹ HØtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs.
˙LÙ≠Ls GjR˚]?
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m. ˙YflThP ÿ˚\´p Æ˚PLÙQ ER‹eLs.
2 3 + 20 + 3
1 6 10 + 6
3 9 30 + 9 = 39
48 Gu\ Gi˚Ql TXÿ˚\L∞p ©¨j’ G›Rh”m.
G˚Y ˙NokRÙp?
38 If —t±¤m ˘LÙ”j’s[ Gi ˙_Ù•L˚[d ·hPh”m. Æ˚P 38 Y⁄m ˙_Ù•L∞≠⁄k’ 38 I
C˚QdLh”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˙_Ù•VÙLd ·h•]Ùp ˙TÙ’UpXYÙ?
·”Rp VÙ⁄dœ?
CWi” GiL˚[d ·h•l, ©u Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’, ·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•lTRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m
3 Tj’dLs + 4 JuflLs
30 + 4 34
3 Tj’dLs + 12 JuflLs
3 Tj’dLs + 1 Tj’ + 2 JuflLs
4 Tj’dLs + 2 JuflLs
40 + 2 = 42
Gi A”dœL˚[ ÿ›˚UVÙdLXÙm.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ A”d°¤m GiLfidœ C˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•dLh”m.
• œZk˚RLs —VUÙLd Li”©•dLh”m.
• Li”©•jR Ejß˚V Æ[dLh”m.
• ™L‹m ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.
48
10 +38 40 + 8
20 + 28 30 + 18
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
112 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
U¶fNhPjßp GiLs
• U¶fNhPjßu ÿj’Lfid˙LtT GiL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
• ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiLfidœ HtT U¶fNhPjßp ÿj’L˚[ Y˚WVh”m.
AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh”
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
˙TÙu\ Ah˚PL˚[d œZk˚RLs ERÆŸPu RVÙ¨j’d˘LÙsfieLs.
CYt˚\l TVuT”jßl Tp˙Yfl Æ˚[VÙh”Ls ÍXm GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdLXÙm.
˘NÙp¤eL ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?
B£¨˚V J⁄ œ±l©hP Gi˚Qf ˘NÙpX œZk˚RLs Gi Ah˚P˚Vl TVuT”jß Gi˚Q
E⁄YÙdLh”m.
40 + 3 = 43
50 + 8 = 58
60 + 7 = 67
Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh” ˛ 2
˙TÙu\ Ah˚PL˚[ Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm J⁄ ˘RÙœl◊ ≈Rm °˚PdœUÙfl œZk˚RLs ERÆŸPu
RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs. ˘NÙp¤eL, ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ TX EjßL˚[Ÿm
TVuT”jß GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdœm Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙP ER‹eLs.
1 Tj’ 2 Tj’dLs 3 Tj’dLs 4 Tj’dLs 5 Tj’dLs
6 Tj’dLs 7 Tj’dLs 8 Tj’dLs 9 Tj’dLs
1 Jufl 2 JuflLs 3 JuflLs 4 JuflLs 5 JuflLs
6 JuflLs 7 JuflLs 8 JuflLs 9 JuflLs
6 Tj’dLs 3 JuflLs63 = -
Yœl◊ II
113AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
CPUßl◊l ˘Th•
CWi” CXdL GiL˚[lTt±V A±˚Y EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL ˙UtLiP ÿ˚\´p CPUßl◊l
˘Th•˚Vl TVuT”jßj ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZeLXÙm ApXYÙ?
Tj’ Jufl
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
114 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”
AXœ Ußl¿”
2. ≈” SpX ≈”
1. TÙP˚X ÿ›˚Ul T”j’eLs. .
≈” SpX ≈”
SÙu Y£dœm ≈”
˘Y´≠≠⁄k’ LÙdœm
SÙu E\eœm ≈”
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
................................................................
2. TÙ¤Æu ˚L´p 7 Tj’ ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Lfim 8 J⁄ ÏTÙn SÙQVeLfim C⁄kR]. AYu
˚L´≠⁄k’ ˘UÙjR ÏTÙn GqY[‹? Gi¶¤m G›jߤm G›’eLs.
Gi¶p G›jßp
ÏTÙn
3. N¨VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄m ˘NÙtL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄j’eLs.
LßWYu ˛ T•dL
®X‹ ˛ „¨Vu
T´X ˛ NkßWu
4. , , , TÙu\ Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß J⁄ ≈h•u TPm Y˚Wk’ YiQm æh”eLs.
Cflß´p ø TVuT”jßV GjR˚]? GjR˚]? GjR˚]? GuT˚R Gi¶
G›’eLs?
5. œ•˚N ≈h•tœm A”dœUÙ• ≈h•tœÿs[ ˙YflTÙ”L˚[ G›’eLs.
œ•˚N ≈” A”dœUÙ•≈”
• •• •• •
6. 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚WŸs[ GiL∞p Ju\Ùm CXdLjßp 7 Y⁄m GiL˚[ G›’eLs. GjR˚]
GiLs Es[]?
7. ≈h” LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TVoL˚[ G›’eLs.
œ•˚N ≈” ˛ , ,
UÙ• ≈” ˛ , , ,
8. YÙd°Vjßp G›’eLs
"T[T['
Yœl◊ II
115AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙PuAXœ 3
£fl YVß≠⁄k˙R œZk˚RLfidœj R≤STo —jRm, —tfll◊\ —jRm
˙TÙu\Yt±u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚R A±YfljR ˙Yi•Ÿs[’. ARtœ
ER‹m ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
R≤STo —jRm, —tfll◊\ —jRm, —jR™u˚UVÙp HtT”m ˙SÙnLs,
˙SÙnLs TWl◊m E´¨]eLs ˙TÙu\˚Y Tt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙœm
YiQm TÙPlTœßŸm ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[].
100 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[l TVuT”jß Y⁄m
·hPp, LØjRp °¨˚VLs ˘NnV‹m,
A˚YVPe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l ©WfNı˚]dœj æo‹
LÙQ‹m, Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹Ls TVuT”jß
A[dL‹m, L¶R Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th”d
L¶Rd L⁄j’L˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m
ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL...
˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˛ L˚R, œ±l◊
˘UÙØjRı\uLs : J⁄˚U, Tu˚U, LÙXeLs, YÙd°Vjßp
A˚UjRp, Gßof˘NÙp
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
116 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
LÙX AhPY˚Q
AXœ 3 ˛ Eu˚]ÆPUÙh˙Pu (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)
AXœ 3 ˛ A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (L¶Rm)
®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs
1. Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu 3
2. A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (L¶Rm) 2
3. I˙VÙ! Gu] SPdœm? 3
4. Nj’Q‹ (L¶Rm) 1
5. LQd˘L”l◊ (L¶Rm) 1
6. F˚WÆh˙P ’Wj’˙Yu! 3
7. YNkRm YkR’ 3
8. L˚Pdœ (L¶Rm) 2
9. T´t£jRÙs (L¶Rm) 1
19 SÙhLs
AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs
˘UÙjRm 20 SÙhLs
Yœl◊ II
117AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
1. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd ˙Lh” Aßp CPm˘Ttfls[ L⁄j˚RŸm
®Lr˚YŸm ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ARu A•lT˚P´p S˚P˘Tflm LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Teœ
˘LÙi” Rm L⁄j˚Rj ˘R∞YÙL G”j’˚Wd°u\]o.
2. LÙX ˙YflTÙh˚P EQoj’m YiQm ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙd° G›’°\ÙoLs.
3. ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ T•Yj˚R ®Wl◊°\ÙoLs. AR]•lT˚P´p S˚P˘Tflm LXk’˚WVÙP≠p
Te˙Ltfl R]’ L⁄j’L˚[d ·fl°u\]o.
4. J⁄˚U Tu˚U ˙YflTÙh˚P EQoj’m ˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±k’ YÙd°VeL˚[
ÿ›˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
5. JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±°\ÙoLs. A’ ˙TÙX ˙Yfl ˘NÙtL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
6. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’ L˚R˚Vd LiP±k’ Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs.
7. Bm/Cp˚X Gu\ Tßp Y⁄YRt˙Lt\ Æ]ÙdL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
9. œ±l©hP YÙd°V A˚Ul©uT• YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
10. ""Em'' TVuT”jß CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[ C˚Qj’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
11. ""A' Uh”m ˙NokRÙp E⁄YÙœm Gßof˘NÙtL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
12. ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] J≠j ’˚Qdœ±¬”Ls ˙Noj’l ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙd° G›’°\ÙoLs.
L¶Rm
1. ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l Tj’Ls Utflm JuflL∞u œ›dL[ÙL J›eL˚Ud°u\]o.
2. 100 dœ ∏˙ZŸs[ GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N/C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›’°u\]o.
3. CWi•XdL GiL˚[ Gi Æ[dL ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
4. Ko Gi¶≠⁄k’ Ut˘\Ù⁄ Gi˚Qd LØdœm ÿ˚\L˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
5. ·hPp, LØjRp NVpTÙ”Ls APe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.
6. GiL˚[l TVuT”jßl Tp˙Yfl Gi A”dœL˚[ E⁄YÙdœ°u\]o.
7. ÁWj˚RŸm, ø[j˚RŸm Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹L˚[d ˘LÙi” A[d°u\]o.
8. C⁄ CPeLfidœ C˚P˙V Es[ ÁWeL∞p AßL ÁWj˚RŸm œ˚\kR ÁWj˚R
Jl◊˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
9. Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹˙LÙ≠u A•lT˚P´p ø[j˚R F°j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
1. —jRUÙL C⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m GuT˚Rl Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
2. B˙WÙd°Vjßtœ FflÆ˚[Ædœm E´¨]eL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
3. A˚Y GqYÙ˘\pXÙm æeœ ˘Nn°u\] Gufl ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
118 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
4. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’m LXk’˚WVÙ•Ÿm —jRUÙ] ≈” GlT• C⁄dL ˙Yi”m G]
˘TÙ’ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄°u\ÙoLs.
5. ˘TÙ’ —LÙRÙWm ˙TQ ˙Yi•Vßu ˙R˚Y˚V G”j’˚Wd°\ÙoLs.
6. —tfll◊\j˚Rj Án˚UVÙL ˚Yjß⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m GuT˚R
Th•V≠”°u\ÙoLs.
7. —tfll◊\j Án˚U ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NVpL∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.
L˚XdLpÆ
1. ◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs.
2. TPjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.
L˚XdLpÆ
Yœl◊ II
119AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
3 Eu
˚]
Æ
PUÙh
˙P
u
R™
r
$Y
Ù£l◊l Tœ
ß˚
Vl ◊¨k’
˘
LÙi
PÙp
Uh
”˙U
A
R]
•lT˚
P´
p S˚
P˘
Tfl
m
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP
≠p
T
eœ
˘
LÙi
” Rm
L⁄
j’
L˚
[d ·
\ C
V¤
m.
$LÙX
˙
Yfl
TÙh
˚P
E
Qoj
Rd ·
•V
Tp
˙Y
fl ˘
NÙt
Ls
Es
[]
.
$RLY
pL∞
u
A•
lT
˚P
´p
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP≠
p T
eœ
˘T\ C
V¤
m.
$J
⁄˚
U T
u˚
U ˙
Yfl
TÙh
˚P
EQ
oj’
m
˘NÙt
Ls
Es
[]
.
$J
jR K
˚NŸ
˚P
V ˘
NÙtLs
H
WÙ[
m
Es
[]
.
$TP
m T
Ùoj’
d L
˚R ·
\ C
V¤
m.
$J
⁄ ˘
NÙp
˚X
G
ßoU
˚\V
ÙLd ·
flm
˙TÙ’
˘TÙ⁄
s U
ÙflT”
Y’
Ei
”.
$B
m/C
p˚
X G
u\ T
ßp
Y
Wd·
•V
Æ]
ÙdLfi
m E
i”
.
$˘U
ÙØ Æ
˚[
VÙh
”L∞
p T
eœ
Tfl
YRu
ÍX
m ◊
ßV
NÙt
L˚
[ E
⁄Y
ÙdL C
V¤
m.
$C
Wi
” ˘
NÙtL˚
[ C
˚Q
j’
G
›R
ÿ•
Ÿm
.
$Y
Ù£
l◊l Tœ
ß˚
V Y
Ù£
j’
m ˙
Lh
”m
׬
k’
˘
LÙi
”
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP
≠p
L⁄
j’
L˚
[d ·
flRp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
:˘NÙp
¤e
Ls
, Li
”©
•Ÿ
eLs
.
$ק
V ˘
NÙt
L˚
[ G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
›’
eLs
$T•
Yj˚
R ®
Wl◊Rp
, ˘
Tt\ ◊s
∞L∞
u
A•
lT
˚P
´p
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”
Rp
,
æoU
Ù]m
˙U
t˘
LÙs
fiRp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: SÙu
ß
]ÿ
m ˘
Nn
Y’
(
)
A˚
PV
Ù[™
”e
Ls
.
$˘
NÙtL˚
[d Li
P±
k’
Y
Ùd°
Vj˚
R
ÿ›
˚U
lT”
jß
G›
’Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: S
Ù‡m
SÙe
Lfi
m.
$J
≠ J
tfl
˚U
˚V
d L
iP
±Rp
, ·
flRp
.
$TP
eL˚
[ E
tfl
SÙd
œRp
, L˚
R ·
flRp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: L˚
R ˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
$G
ßof˘
NÙp
Li
P±
k’
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: Æ
]Ùd
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
.
$Y
Ù£
l◊
l T
ϧ
˚V
j RÙU
ÙL Y
Ù£
j’
/
YÙ£
lT
˚Rd
˙Lh
”
Aß
p
CP
m
˘Ttfl
s[
L⁄
j˚
RŸ
m ®
Lr
˚Y
Ÿm
◊¨k’
˘LÙi
” A
R]
•lT˚
P´
p S˚
P˘
Tfl
m
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙPp
L∞
p Te
œ ˘
LÙi
” Rm
L⁄
j˚
Rj ˘
R∞
YÙL
G”
j’
˚Wd°
u\]
o.
$LÙX
Y
flTÙh
˚P
EQ
oj’
m
NÙt
L˚
[l
TV
uT”
jß
Y
Ùd°
Ve
Ls
·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
/
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
LÙ”
dLlTh
P T
•Y
j˚
R ®
Wl◊°
\Ùo
Ls
.
ARu
A
•l
T˚
P´
p
S˚
P˘
Tfl
m
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP≠
p L
Xk’
˘LÙs
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$J
⁄˚
U, T
u˚
U
Yfl
TÙh
˚P
EQ
oj’
m
˘NÙt
L˚
[l TV
uT”
jß
Y
Ùd°
Ve
L˚
[
ÿ›
˚U
l T
”j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
NÙtL∞
u
J≠
J
tfl
˚U
˚V
d
Li
P±
°\ÙoLs
. ˙
Yfl
˘
NÙtL˚
[d
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
120 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
$Æ
]Ùd
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: Æ
]Ùd
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
.
$L⁄
j’
˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
T
p˙
Yfl
˘
NÙtLs
G›
’Rp
, Y
Ùd°
Ve
L˚
[ U
Ùt±
V˚
Uj’
G›
’Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
(1) G
jR˚
] ˘
NÙt
Ls
, (2) U
Ùt±
G›
’e
Ls
.
$˘
NÙt
L˚
[ C
˚Q
j’
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: C
˚Q
j’
G›
’e
Ls
$˘
NÙt
Ls
ÿu
"A
' ˙Noj’
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: S
Ùu L
i”
©•
jR’
,
$J
≠j’
˚Q
dœ
±¬
”Ls
T
Vu
T”
jß
l
ק
V
˘NÙtL˚
[d
Li
”©
•j
’
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: ˘
NÙt
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
œe
Ls
.
$TP
eL˚
[l T
Ùoj’
L˚
R˚
Vd L
iP
±k’
Rm
˘NÙk
R S
˚P
´p
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$G
ßo
˘T
Ù⁄
s
R⁄
m
˘NÙtL˚
[d
Li
”©
•j
’d
·fl
°\ÙoLs
/G›
’°
-
\Ùo
Ls
$B
m/C
p˚
X G
u\ Tß
p Y
⁄Y
Rt˙Lt\
Æ]
ÙdL˚
[j R
Ù]ÙL
E⁄
YÙd
ϡ
\Ùo
Ls
,
$˘
UÙØ
Æ
˚[
VÙh
•p
Te
˘L”
j’
ק
V
˘NÙt
L˚
[ E
⁄Y
Ùdœ
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$"E
m'
TV
uT
”jß
C
Wi
” ˘
NÙtL˚
[
C˚
Qj’
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$"A
' U
h”
m Û˙NojRÙp
E
⁄Y
Ùœm
G
ßof
˘NÙt
L˚
[l T
h•
V≠
”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
jRU
Ù] J
≠j’
˚Q
d œ
±¬
”Ls
˙Noj
’l
◊
ßV
˘
NÙtLs
E
⁄Y
Ùd°
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$£
X ˘
NÙtLfi
dœ
ÿ
u "A
' ˙
NojRÙp
Gß
oU
˚\V
Ù] ˘
TÙ⁄
˚[
j R
⁄m
.
$J
≠j’
˚Q
dœ
±¬
”L˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jß
l
ק
V ˘
NÙt
L˚
[ E
⁄Y
ÙdL ÿ
•Ÿ
m
Yœl◊ II
121AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
„r®˚
X´
Vp
$R≤
ST
o
—j
Rm
˙
T‘
Y’
B˙WÙd
°V
jß
tœ
Sp
X’
.
$Sm
B˙WÙd
°V
jß
tœ
æe
œ Æ
˚[
ÆdLd
·•
V E
´¨]
eLs
Es
[]
..
$æe
œ ˘
Nn
Ÿm
E
´¨]
eLs
˘
Yq
˙Y
flÿ
˚\L∞
p ˙
SÙ˚
Vl T
Wl◊°
u\]
.
$SÙm
SU
’ ≈
h˚
Pf —jRU
ÙL ˚
Yj’
d
˘LÙs
[ ˙
Yi
”m
.
$˘
TÙ’
—
LÙRÙWm
˙
TQ
˙
Yi
•V
’
AY
£V
UÙ]
Ju
\ٜ
m.
$—tfl
l◊\j˚
Rj Á
n˚
UV
ÙL ˚
Yjß
⁄l-
T’
Sm
A˚
]Y
W’
LP
˚U
Bœ
m.
$R≤
ST
o—
jRm
˙
T‘
Rp
T
t±
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
, Y
¨˚
NlT”
jß
d ·
flRp
.
G›
’Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: —jRU
ÙL C
⁄dL G
u˘
]u
]
˘Nn
YÙn
?
$≈
h•
p
Es
[
E´
¨]
eL˚
[
Etfl
˙SÙdœ
Rp
; æ
eœ
Æ
˚[
Ædœ
m
E´
¨]
eL˚
[ A
±Rp
; Th
•V
≠”
Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
; ˙
Yfl
VÙo
VÙo
?
$E
´¨]
eLs
˙SÙn
TWl◊m
ÿ˚
\Ls
Tt±
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”
Rp
˙
SÙn
T
Wl
◊m
ÿ
˚\
Tt±
Ÿm
L⁄
j˚
Rd ·
flRp
; G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
; C
YoLs
˙T£
]Ùp
$T
Pe
L˚
[ E
tfl
˙SÙdœ
Rp
. LÙh
£L˚
[
Jl◊˚
UlT”
jß
d L
Xk’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
.
$Sp
X ≈
” G
’ G
u\ ÿ
•˚
Yd L
iP
˚P
Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
’ S
pX
≈”
?
$Ts
∞, U
⁄j’
YU
˚]
˙T⁄
k’
®
˚X
Vm
...
˙T
Ùu
\
CP
eLfi
dœ
d
L[
lT
VQ
m
˘Np
¤Rp
. A
—jRU
˚P
V LÙWQ
eL˚
[
Etfl
˙SÙdœ
Rp
; ·
flRp
; G
›’
Rp
,
ÆØ
l◊Q
o‹
SP
Y•
d˚
L
Ut˘
LÙs
fiRp
.
$æ˚
U ˘
Nn
Ÿm
E
´¨]
eLs
œ
•˙
Vfl
m
CP
eL˚
[l
T
h•
V≠
”Rp
. A
Yt˚
\
ÆWh
”m
YØ
ÿ˚
\L˚
[d ·
flRp
. G›
’Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
u]
˘Nn
≈oLs
?
$—
jRU
ÙL C
⁄dL G
u˘
]u
] ˘
Nn
V-
˙Y
i”
m G
uT˚
Rl T
h•
V≠
”°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
Sm
B
˙WÙd°
Vjß
tœ
j æe
œ ˘
Nn
Ÿm
E´
¨]
eL˚
[l T
h•
V≠
”°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
A˚
Y G
qY
Ù˘\p
XÙm
æe
œ
Nn
°u
\]
Gu
fl ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
/G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$T
Pe
L˚
[l
T
Ùoj
’d LX
k’
˚WV
Ù•
—jRU
Ù] ≈
” G
lT•
C
⁄dL ˙Y
i”
mG
]l ˘
TÙ’
ÿ•
‹dœ
Y⁄
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
TÙ’
—LÙRÙWm
˙
TQ
˙
Yi
•V
ßu
AY
£V
j˚
R G
”j’
˚Wd°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
—tfl
l◊\j˚
Rj Á
n˚
UV
ÙL ˚
Yjß
⁄dL
Gu
˘]
u]
˘
Nn
V ˙Y
i”
m G
uT˚
Rl
Th
•V
≠”
°\ÙoLs
. A
’ ˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
˘NV
pL∞
p D
”T”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
122 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L¶
Rm
$99 E
Pu
1 I
d ·
h•
]Ùp
100 B
œm
$10
Tj’
dLs
˙NokR˙R 100
$C
Wi
” C
XdL G
iL˚
[ A
Yt±
u
Uß
l©
t˙LtT Y
¨˚
NlT”
jRX
Ùm.
$C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL˚
[ T
p˙
Yfl
G
i
Æ[
dLÿ
˚\L∞
p Æ
[dLX
Ùm (50 Y
˚W)
$C
Wi
•X
dLm
+ K
¨X
dLm
CWi
•X
dLm
+
CWi
•X
dLm
(¡
ß
YWÙR
’m
·
h”
j˘
RÙ˚
L 99˛I
™
LÙR
’m
Es
[ G
iLs
)
$C
Wi
” C
Wi
•X
dL G
iLfi
d°
˚P
˙V
TX
˙Y
flTÙ”
Ls
Es
[]
.
$·
hP
p/L
ØjRp
˘
NV
pLs
A
Pe
°V
S˚
Pÿ
˚\
©Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
G
∞V
ÿ˚
\´
p æ
o‹
LÙQ
ÿ•
Ÿm
.
$Tp
˙Y
fl G
i A
”dœ
L˚
[ E
⁄Y
ÙdL
ÿ•
Ÿm
.
$J
⁄ ˘
TÙ⁄
∞u
ø[
j˚
R Lm
◊,
NW”
,
˙T
Ùu
\ ˘
TÙ⁄
hL˚
[l
T
Vu
T”
jß
A[
dLX
Ùm.
$C
Wi
”
CP
eLfi
dœ
C
˚P
´X
Ù]
ÁWj˚
R J
l◊˚
UlT”
jß
j Á
Wm
·
•V
Utfl
œ˚
\kR C
Pj˚
Rd L
iP
±V
CV
¤m.
$10
U
tfl
m,
1˛C
u œ
›dL˚
[ Ÿ
m J
ufl
˙Noj’
Gi
˚Q
d L
i”
©•
j’
d ·
flRp
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL˚
[d œ
›dL[
Ùdœ
Rp
$◊
∞V
e˘
LÙh
˚P
Ls
/Dod
œf
£L
s
˙T
Ùu
\˚
Y
TV
uT
”j
ßf
˘Nn
Ÿm
˘NV
pTÙ”
Ls
.
$Æ
˚[
VÙh
•u
C
flß
´p
J
›e
LÙL
ÿ˚
\lT”
jRp
.
$Æ
˚[
VÙh
”Ls
.
$S˚
Pÿ
˚\l ©
Wf£
˚]
Ls
˛ E
⁄Y
Ùdœ
Rp
˛ æo‹
LÙ‘
Rp
$Æ
˚[
VÙh
”Ls
/L
˚RLs
G
uTY
t±
u
TÙL
UÙL
Y⁄
m G
iQ
”dœ
Ls
.
$Tp
˙Y
fl ˘
TÙ⁄
hL∞
u ø
[m
A[
jRp
$˘TÙ⁄
hL∞
u ø
[j˚
R J
l◊˚
UlT”
jRp
.
$˘
R¨kR C
Pe
Lfi
dœ
C˚
P˙V
VÙ]
ÁWm
Jl◊˚
UlT”
jRp
.
$J
⁄
TÙ⁄
∞u
ø[
j˚
R F
°j’
d ·
flRp
;
A[
k’
N¨TÙo
jRp
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL˚
[l
T
j’
Ls
U
tfl
m
Ju
flL∞
u
œ›
dL[
ÙL
J›
eL˚
Ud°
u\]
o. G
iL˚
[d Li
”
©•
d°
u\]
o.
$10
0 d
œ ∏
˙Z
Ÿs
[ G
iL˚
[ H
flY
¨˚
N/
C\e
œ Y
¨˚
N´
p G
›’
°u
\]
o.
$K
o G
i¶
≠⁄
k’
U
t˘
\Ù⁄
G
i˚
Qd
LØ
dœ
m ÿ
˚\L˚
[ Æ
[dœ
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$·
hP
p, L
ØjRp
NV
pTÙ”
Ls
AP
e°
V
S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©
Wf£
˚]
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙi
°u
\]
o.
$G
iL˚
[l TV
uT”
jß
Tp
˙Y
fl G
i
A”
dœ
L˚
[ E
⁄Y
Ùdœ
°u
\]
o.
$A
e∏
L¨
dLl
TP
ÙR
A[
‹˙
LÙ≠
u
A•
lT
˚P
´p
ø[
j˚
R
F°
j’
d
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$ø[
j˚
R A
e∏L¨dLlTP
ÙR A
[‹
L˚
[d
˘LÙi
” A
[d°
u\]
o.
$C
⁄
CP
eLfi
dœ
C
˚P
˙V
E
s[
ÁWe
L∞
p A
ßL Á
Wj˚
RŸ
m œ
˚\kR
ÁWj˚
RŸ
m J
l◊˚
UlT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
123AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1
CkR F¨p Gp˙XÙ˚WŸm L•dœm Gu]Ùp, AY˚] Uh”m L•dL ÿ•VÆp˚X˙V!''
˙LÙTjßp ˘LÙ— LjßV’. ""GeL[Ù¤m RÙu!'' DŸm, G≠Ÿm ˘LÙ—Æu ˙LÙTjßp
Teœ ˘LÙiP]. VÙo AYu? AYu RÙu B]kRu. Hu AY˚]d L•dL
ÿ•VÆp˚X?.........
R™r ˛ Eu˚] ÆP UÙh˙Pu (52-˛57)
®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2
B]kRu —jRjßp Uh”UpX; T•l©¤m ˘Lh•dLÙWu. Kn‹ ˙SWeL∞p L˚R
◊jRLeLs YÙ£lTÙu. Auflm AqYÙ˙\ ËXLjß≠⁄k’ ˘LÙi” YkR L˚Rl
◊jRLj˚R YÙ£dLj ˘RÙPe°]Ùu.
L¶Rm˛ A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (44˛49) (UWLR SÙh•u AWNu)
®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3
B]kRu L˚Rl ◊jRLm YÙ£j’d ˘LÙi•⁄lT˚Rd LiP ˘LÙ—‹dœd ˙LÙTm
R˚Xd˙L±V’. ""Cufl Eu˚] Gu] ˘Nn°˙\u TÙo!'' U]ßtœs NYÙp ÆhP’.
Ru SiToL˚[j ßWh•V’. AYoLs A˚]Y⁄m B]kR≤u ≈h˚P ˙SÙd°
T˚P˘V”jR]o.
R™r ˛ I˙VÙ! Gu] SPdœm?
®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4
UflSÙs Ts∞´p YÙ£l◊ ˙SWm. B]kRu Ru ˚T´≠⁄kR ""A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp...''
L˚Rl ◊jRLj˚R G”jRÙu. A[‹dœ ¡±f NÙl©hP LÙWQjRÙp UWLR SÙh” AWNo
˙SÙn Yk’ C\k’ ˙TÙ] L˚R˚V YÙ£j’ ÿ•dL‹m UßV EQ‹dLÙ] U¶
A•dL‹m N¨VÙL C⁄kR’. ""Cufl UßV EQ‹ Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm''? VÙ£jRYÙ˙\
G›kRÙu B]kRu.
L¶Rm˛ Nj’Q‹ (50)
L˚RdL[m
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
124 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5
UßV EQ‹dœl ©u SiToLs A˚]Y⁄m YœlT˚\´p ·•]o ÿu]˙W
æoUÙ≤jRT• B£¨V⁄Pu Nok’ Ts∞dœ A⁄°p Es[ ≈”LfidœNÛ —tfll◊\f
—jRm ˘RÙPoTÙ] LQd˘L”dLf ˘Nu\]o.
L¶Rm˛ LQd˘L”l◊ (51)
®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6
Ts∞´≠⁄k’ ≈” ß⁄m©V B]kRu LÙnfNXÙp Ts∞dœ YWÙR R]’ SiTu
˘NpY˚Rl TÙodLf ˘Nu\Ùu. SiT≤u SXm ÆNÙ¨j’ Æh” ≈h•tœ YkRÙu.
CW‹ NÙl©h”Æh”l T”jRÙu. UflSÙs....
R™r ˛ F˚W Æh˙P ’Wj’˙Yu! (64˛67)
®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7
U⁄j’YU˚]´≠⁄k’ ≈” ß⁄m©V B]kR˚]d LÙQ SiToLs Ykß⁄kR]o.
AmUÙ AYoLs A˚]Y⁄dœm Røo YZe°]Ùo. SiToLs LÙnfNp YkR LÙWQm
˙LhLj˘RÙPe°]o.
R™r ˛ YNkRm YkR’ (68˛72)
®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8
SiToLs RÙm ˙Ut˘LÙiP æoUÙ]jßuT• —tfll◊\j˚Rf —jRm ˘NnV
BVjRUÙ´]o. ARtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ YÙeœYRtLÙLd L˚Pdœf
˘Nu\]o.
L¶Rm˛ L˚Pdœ.... (52˛54)
®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9
SiToL∞u ≈h˚Pl ˙TÙX —tfll◊\ÿm —jRUÙ]’. AR]Ùp B]kR‡m
SiToLfim B˙WÙd°VUÙL YÙrkR]o. ˘LÙ—‹m SiToLfim AkR F⁄dœj
ß⁄m© YW˙Y´p˚X.
L¶Rm˛ T´t£jRÙs (55˛58)
Yœl◊ II
125AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
®Lr‹ ˛1
Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu...
CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls.
˘UÙØ ˛ 1, 2, 3, 4
„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 1
TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸm ÿu...
œZk˚RL˙[! EeLfidœ Gu˘]u] Æ”L˚RLs R¨Ÿm? ·”Rp Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P NÙpY’
VÙo Gufl TÙol˙TÙm G] Æ]Æ J⁄ £X Æ”L˚R ˙LfieLs.
F⁄d˘LpXÙm PÙdPo
F£ ˙TÙ”m PÙdPo
˙SÙ˚Vl TWl◊m PÙdPo
˛ VÙo AkR PÙdPo?
˘LÙ—˚Yl Tt±V J⁄ L˚R ·\h”UÙ G]d ·± ®Lr‹ 1 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R —˚YTPd·fleLs.
• ˘LÙ—, D, G≠... B°VYt±tœ B]kRu ¡’ Hu ˙LÙTm?
• B]kR˚] Hu L•dL ÿ•VÆp˚X?
TXÆR LsÆLs Lh” LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. VÙo ·±V’
N¨ G]l TÙol˙TÙm G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
• YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLs L˚RlTœß˚Vl ◊¨k’s[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄h”
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. AR]•lT˚P´p ˙U¤m £X ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
U≤R‡dœ ˙SÙn TWl◊m E´¨]eL∞P™⁄k’ RtLÙj’d ˘LÙsfim ÆØlTQo‹ C⁄dœUÙfl
LXk’˚WVÙPp A˚UVh”m.
Li”©•ŸeLs
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ Æ”L˚RLfidœd œZk˚RLs LXk’˚WVÙ• Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
˙U¤m G≠, TÙm◊, Íh˚PlÈf£, ˙Tu ˙TÙu\ U≤R‡dœj æ˚U ˘NnŸm E´W]eLs Æ˚PVÙL
Y⁄m Æ”L˚RLs E⁄YÙd° YWd ·fleLs. Æ”L˚R UXWÙL YœlTıp Y∞´P ÿVt£ NnŸeLs.
—jRUÙL C⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnYÙn?
—jRUÙL C⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.
œZk˚RLs ·±VYt˚\l T—mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYtfls N¨VÙ]Yt˚\j ˙Rok˘R”j’ ""R≤
STo —jRm' Gu\ R˚Xl©p NÙoh•p G›ß Yœl©p UÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m. G›Rh”m.
ß]ÿm L˚Pl©•d°\ÙoL[Ù G]d LY≤dL ˙Yi”m.
G›’eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙ” C\kRLÙXj˚RŸm GßoLÙXj˚RŸm A±V ˚YlTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. UÙߨ˚Vl
˙TÙX UÙt± G›Rd ·fleLs. ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙPÙL C\kRLÙX ˘NÙp Ju˚\ øeLs ·fleLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
126 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
œZk˚RLs GßoLÙXj˚Rd œ±dœm ˘NÙp˚Xd ·\h”m. C˚R˙V œZk˚RL˚[ C⁄ œ›dL[Ùd°
Æ˚[VÙPf NnVXÙm. ®˚\V UÙߨL˚[l T—mTX˚L´p AhPY˚QlT”j’eLs. œZk˚RL˚[j
R≤VÙL‹m œ›dL[ÙL‹m YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs. œ±l˙Th•p œ±dLh”m.
SÙu ß]ÿm ˘NnY’
œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLl T•Yj˚R ®Wl© ◊s∞L˚[ A∞dLh”m. T•Y UÙߨ˚V NÙoh•˙XÙ/
L⁄mTX˚L´˙XÙ G›ß Æ[dL Yi”m. œZk˚RLs RÙu Tt\ UÙjR ◊s∞L∞u A•lT˚P´p
R]’ R≤ STo —jRj˚R EQok’ ˘LÙs[ YÙnlTÙL C’ A˚UŸm.
GjR˚] ˘NÙtLs
C\e°]Ùu, ˘RÙhPÙu, ˚YjRÙu ˙TÙu\ C\kR LÙXj˚Rd œ±dœm ˘NÙtL˚[l ˙TÙufl
TÙPlTœß´p ¡Rm Es[ C\kRLÙXf NÙtL˚[d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y LiP±Vh”m. œZk˚RLs
·flm˘TÙ›’ B£¨Vo L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’Rp AY£Vm. A˚]j’f ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm LiP±kR
©u ARu GßoLÙXj˚R EQoj’m ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RL∞Pm ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
SÙ‡m SÙeLfim
J⁄˚U, Tu˚U Æ[dL ER‹m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. œZk˚RLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ• Æ˚P LiP±V
ER‹eLs. RÙUÙL˙Y G›Rh”m. œZk˚RL˚[ C⁄ œ›dL[Ùd° J⁄˚U Tu˚U Æ˚[VÙh˚P
Æ˚[VÙPXÙm. AßL ◊s∞Ls ˘Tt\ œ› ˘Yt± ˘Tt\’.
LiP±ŸeLs
Ag—, Tg—, œg—
˘LÙgNm, RgNm, TgNm
˙UtLiP ˘NÙtL∞u J≠ Jtfl˚U˚Vd œZk˚RLs LiP±k’ ·\h”m. ÿRp G›j’L˚[
UÙt±]Ùp J≠ UÙ\ÙUp C⁄dœm ˙Yfl ˘NÙtL˚[ ·\h”m.
UÙߨLs
LPp, UPp
L˚P, Y˚P, T˚P
RhPm, ThPm, YhPm, LhPm.
¡sTÙo˚Y Æ]ÙdLs
• B]kR≤u A˚\ GlT• C⁄kR’?
• ˘LÙ— B]kR˚]d L•lT’ Cp˚X Hu?
• B]kRu GqYÙfl C⁄lTÙu?
• Áe° G›kR B]kRu ˘NnR ˘NVpLs Gu˘]u]?
˙TÙu\ ¡sTÙo˚Y Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”l Tßp G›Rf ˘NnŸeLs.
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ (Port Folio)
• Æ”L˚R UXo
• C\kRLÙXm ˛ GßoLÙXm ˘NÙtL∞u AhPY˚Q
• SÙu ß]ÿm ˘NnY’ ˛ Èojß ˘NnR T•YeL∞u ˘RÙœl◊
• J⁄˚U, Tu˚U AhPY˚Q.
Yœl◊ II
127AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
®Lr‹ ˛ 2
A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (L¶Rm)
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l Tj’dLs Utflm JuflL∞u œ›dL[ÙL J›eL˚Ud°u\]o.
®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L⁄j’ UÙ\ÙUp —˚YTPd ·fleLs. L˚Rd ·t˚\d
·±d L¶Rl TÙPl ◊jRLjßu Íu\Ùm AX˚L A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.
GjR˚] UÙmTZeLs?
S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙiTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm
• UÙmTZl ©Wf£˚]˚Vd œZk˚RLs YÙ£d°u\]o.
• ˘RÙPok’ B£¨Vo ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh°u\Ùo.
• ©Wf£˚]˚V YÙ£jR ˘TÙ›’ Gu] ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiºoLs?
• œZk˚RLs ·\h”m LXk’˚WVÙPp YÙ´XÙL J⁄e°˚Ql◊
Tj’dLs Utflm JuflL[ÙL UÙt±d ·h”Y˙RÙ LØlT˙RÙ G∞RÙ]’ Gu\ L⁄j˚R G”j’˚Wdœm
˘NVpTÙPÙœm. WÙ_ÙÆtœ YkR CWi” ·˚P UÙmTZeLs. Ju±p 60 Ut˘\Ùu±p 30. 10 ≈Rÿs[
œf£dLh”Ls TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs. ©u Re°V œZk˚RLs G∞ßp ◊¨k’
˘LÙs[ YÙnlTÙL A˚UŸm. œZk˚RLs ◊ßV ÿ˚\´p Æ˚P Li”©•jß⁄kRÙp L⁄mTX˚L´p
˘Nn’LÙhPd ·fleLs. œ±l˙Th•p œ±j’ ˚YdLh”m.
©Wf£˚]˚V ˘Y∞´”Y’ GqYÙfl GuT˚R Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]´u
Ru˚Ud˙LtT B£¨Vo æoUÙ≤dL˙Yi”m. ©Wf£˚]˚V NÙoh•p G›ß˙VÙ,
Æ[d°d ·±˙VÙ œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL YÙ£j˙RÙ LiP±VXÙm. Gu\Ù¤m SU’
CXh£Vm œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ LÙi” æo‹ LÙQ˙Yi”m GuT˙R.
CRtœ ERYm ÆRjßp ©Wf£˚]˚V ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m. ©WfN˚]˚V
˘Y∞´hP©u ·flYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls LÙ”dL Yi”m. RWlTh”s[ ÆTWeLs
Gu]˘YuT˚R œZk˚RLs ·\‹m G›R‹m YÙnl◊Ls ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.
˙R˚Y˘V≤p TœlTÙn‹ Æ]ÙdLs LhL Yi”m. œZk˚RL∞u £kR˚]dœj
RPeLp HtTPÙRYÙfl Æ]ÙdLs LhT’ SpX’. RÙPok’, æo‹ LÙiT’ GqYÙfl
GuT˚Rd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLd Li”©•j’ ·\ ˙Yi”m. C˚R YœlT˚\´p
LXk’˚WVÙP ˙Yi”m.
Gu˘]u] ˘NnRÙp Æ˚P°˚Pdœm GuT˚Rj æoUÙ≤jR ©u]˙W ˘NV≠p
D”TP ˙Yi”m. ˘RÙPok’ °¨˚VL∞u ˙YflThP YØÿ˚\Ls LXk’˚WVÙP
˙Yi”m. LÙXl ˙TÙd°p J⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœ ˘UÙjRUÙLj æo‹LÙ‘m ß\u
œZk˚RLfidœd °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
128 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p L⁄ÆLs
◊∞Ve˘LÙh˚PLs
œf£dLh”Ls
UgNÙ• ÿj’Ls
Gi Ah˚PLs
˙LÙ≠d œi”Ls
C≤l◊ TXLÙWm
Cf˘NVpTÙh•tLÙL 9 LÙ°RjRh”Ls, Jq˘YÙ⁄ Rh•¤m Tj’≈Rÿs[ ◊∞Vÿj’dLs/
˘Sp≠dLÙnLs ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. ˘Sp≠dLÙnL˚[ Xh”L[ÙLd L⁄Rf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
œZk˚RL∞p J⁄Y˚] WÙ_ÙYÙLj ˙Rok˘R”eLs.
S•l©u YÙ´XÙL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs.
• LÙ˚X 4 Rh•p Es[ GpXÙ Xh”L˚[Ÿm 5 Y’ Rh•p C⁄kR 6 Xh”L˚[Ÿm NÙl©hPÙo
G≤p LÙ˚X´p WÙ_Ù NÙl©hP’ GjR˚] Xh”Ls?
• LÙ˚X´p Íu\ÙY’ Rh•≠⁄k’ Íufl Xh”Lfim ÿRp CWi” Rh•≠⁄k’ A˚]j’
Xh”L˚[Ÿm NÙl©hPÙp ˘UÙjRm GjR˚] Xh”Ls?
•˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLfidLÙ] Æ˚P˚Vd œZk˚RLs S•j’l TÙoj’d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ®˚XLs
©Wf£˚]˚V ˘Y∞´”Rp
R≤jR≤VÙLl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ·flRp
◊¨kR LÙ¨VeL˚[ ˘Y∞´”Rp
˙R˚YVÙ] ÆTWeLs ˙NL¨jRp
æo‹ LÙ‘m YØLs æoUÙ≤jRp
©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘Rp. œ±jRp
˘TÙ’ÿ•‹ E⁄YÙdœRp (Æ˚P)
R]’ ÿ•‹m YØŸm Æ[dœRp
—V Ußl¿” NLUßl¿” ˘Nn°u\]o.
Yœl◊ II
129AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
YÙ˚ZlTZm
˙LNY‡m WÙÿ‹m LÙi” YkR TZeLs TPUÙLd LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. A˚R AlT•˙V Gi¶l
TÙoj’ G›’UÙfl œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs Gi¶ G›Rh”m.
• AßLl TZeLs ˘LÙi” YkR’ VÙo ? GjR˚] AßLm? Lh”L˚[l TVuT”jß Æ˚P
LÙQ ER‹eLs. Dodœf£dLh”L˚[l TVuT”j’eLs.
·h• G›’˙YÙm
Gi UÙ˚X˚Vl Èojß ˘Nn’ ·hP˚X EflßlT”j’m ˘TÙ⁄h”d ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[f
˘NVpTÙPÙœm. ·h”Yßp ©uRe°V œZk˚RLs ◊∞Vÿj’L˚[l TVuT”jßd ·hPh”m. GkRd
œ› ÿR≠p Gi UÙ˚X RVÙo ˘Nn°\’. ˙TÙh•VÙL SPjRXÙUpXYÙ....
˙U¤m £X Gi UÙ˚XLs œ›dLfidœ ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m. œ›Æ]o RÙUÙL˙Y LiP±Vh”m.
™L‹m ˙YLUÙL, N¨VÙLf ˘NnR œ›Æ]˚Wl TÙWÙh”eLs.
C˚Ql˙TÙm
TÙPlTœß´p Es[ Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P ÿu A‡TYeL∞u A•lT˚P´p ARÙY’. Tj’dLs
Utflm JuflL[Ùd°d ·h•Ÿm LØj’m Æ˚P LÙQh”m. £fl £fl Æ]ÙdL∞u YØ˙V
YØSPjßPXÙUpXYÙ? N¨VÙ] Æ˚P˚Vl ˘Tu£XÙp ˙LÙ•h” C˚QdLd ·fleLs.
16 + 12 32 + 44 79 - 20 39 ˛ 11 98 ˛ 22 35 + 24
28 59 76
B£¨V⁄dœ
GpXÙd œZk˚RL[Ù¤m ©Wf£˚]˚V Æ[dL ÿ•kRRÙ?
GlT•d Li”©•lT’ GuT˚R A˚]YWÙ¤m ·\ ÿ•kRRÙ?
©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnVd œZk˚RLfidœ GqYÙfl
ERÆ…oLs?
æo‹ LÙiTßp œZk˚RLfidœ HtThP £WUm Gu]?
°WÙUm HtThP œZk˚RLfidœ GqYÙfl ERÆ ˘NnæoLs?
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
130 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
®Lr‹ ˛ 3
I˙VÙ! Gu] SPdœm?
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (˘UÙØ)
• TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d L˚R˚Vd LiP±k’ Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°u\]o
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls („r®˚X´Vp)
• Sm B˙WÙd°Vjßtœ æeœ ˘NnŸm E´¨]eL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
• E´¨]eLs GqYÙ˘\pXÙm æeœ ˘Nn°u\] Gufl ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs
• TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d LXk’˚WVÙ• —jRUÙ] ≈” GlT• C⁄dL ˙Yi”m Gu\ ˘TÙ’
ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 3 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd·fleLs. AR]•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu
E˚WVÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs TPdL˚R˚V EtfldLY≤j’d L˚R ·\ ÿVXh”m. AYoL[’
Etfl˙SÙdœRp ß\u Y[W ER‹m £fl £fl Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
TPdL˚Rl Tœß˚Vd œZk˚RLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiPÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±k’ ˘LÙs[ CkRd
LXk’˚WVÙPp ˙LsÆLs Cf˘NVpTÙh•p ˙LhLlTh”s[’. ˙LsÆL˚[ Jq˘YÙu\Ùnd
˙LfieLs. ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ÿR≠p YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ˙LsÆL˚[Ÿm TßpL˚[Ÿm
AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. YÙ£dLf ˘NnŸeLs. Cflß´p œ±l˙Th•p G›Rh”m.
L˚R ˘NÙp¤eLs:
L˚RdL[jßu ˘RÙPof£VÙL Y⁄m ClTPdL˚R´˚]d œZk˚RLs œ›Æp ·\h”m.
LXk’˚WVÙPp L˚R˚V ÿ›˚UVÙdL œ›dLfidœ ER‹UpXYÙ? Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ReLs
E⁄YÙd°V L˚R˚Vd ·\h”m. £\lTÙLd L˚R ˘NÙu] œ›˚Yd œZk˚RL˙[ Li”©•dLh”m.
˙Yfl VÙo ? VÙo?
≈h•p Es[ A˚]j’ EVı¨]eL∞u ˘TVoL˚[Ÿm ·\f ˘NÙp¤eLs. œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R
L⁄mTX˚L´p Th•V≠”eLs. AYoLs RY\ ÆhP˚R OÙTLlT”jß ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW £fl £fl
˙LsÆLs ˙LfieLs. E´¨]eL∞u Th•V≠≠⁄k’ AhPY˚Q˚Vj RÙUÙL ®WlTh”m.
æ˚U ˘NnVÙR E´¨]eLs æ˚U ˘NnŸm E´¨]eLs
G’ SpX ≈”?
Íufl TPeL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RLs Etfl˙SÙdLh”m. E]dœl ©•jR ≈” G’? ˙LsÆ ˙Lh”d
LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. —jR˙U B˙WÙd°VUÙ]’ Gu\ L⁄j˚R Y≠Ÿflj’m ÆRUÙL E˚WVÙPp
A˚UVh”m.
Yœl◊ II
131AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
TÙPlTœß´p LÙ”dLlTh”s[ LsÆ˚Vd Lh”m LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. SpX ≈h˚Pd œZk˚RLs
LiP±k’ ·\h”m. Ut\ ≈”Ls SpX ≈PÙL UÙ\f ˘NnV ˙Yi•V A±‹˚WL˚[d œZk˚RLs
·\h”m.
Gu ≈h•p
≈h•p LÙQlT”m æeœ ˘Nn°u\ E´¨]eL˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ•d L⁄mTX˚L/NÙoh•p
Th•V≠”eLs ARu Y¨˚NlT• YÙ£j’ Gu ≈h•p Ei”/ Cp˚X Gu\ ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙh˚P
A˚PVÙ[m CPh”m.
CYoLs ˙T£]Ùp
G≠, ˘LÙ—, D ÿR≠V] ReL˚[l Tt±Ÿm ReL[’ ˙SÙn TWl◊m ˘NV˚Xl Tt±Ÿm ˙T£]Ùp
GlT• C⁄dœm? LXk’˚WVÙPp.
• ˘LÙ— Ge˘LpXÙm ÿh˚P´”m?
• ˘LÙ—Æu EQ‹ Gu]?
• ˘LÙ— Geœ Y£d°\’?
• ˘LÙ—Æ]Ùp TW‹m ˙SÙnLs Gu˘]u]?
• D Ge˙L Y£d°\’?
•••
Gu ˘TVo ˘LÙ—. CWjRm G]’ Æ⁄lTUÙ] EQ‹. SÙu ø¨p
ÿh˚P´”˙Yu. U˙X¨VÙ, ˘Peœ, VÙ˚]dLÙp, £dœu œ≤VÙ
B°V ˙SÙnL˚[l TWl◊˙Yu.
Gu ˘TVo D A—jRUÙ] CPeL∞p Y£l˙Tu. ß\k’ ˚YjR
TiPeL˚[j ßu˙Tu. LÙXWÙ, ˙TÙu\ ˙SÙnL˚[l TWl◊˙Yu
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
132 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
®Lr‹ ˛ 4
Nj’Q‹
®Lr‹ 4 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs...
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (L¶Rm)
·hPp, LØjRp, ˘NVpTÙ”Ls APe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.
C’ CWi” CXdL GiL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd LÙi” ·hPp, LØjRp NVpTÙ”L˚[ S˚Pÿ˚\l
©Wf£˚]˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo◊T”jß Æ[dœm ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl◊d œZk˚RL∞u Gi¶d˚L G›ßV NÙoh Yœl©p ˘RÙeLÆP ˙Yi”m.
£fl £fl Æ[dLeLs A∞j’d œZk˚RLs —VUÙL S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙQ ER‹eLs.
EeLs Ts∞´p ÿh˚P, TZm ˘LÙ”dœm ß]eL∞p Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs.
L¶Rl ◊jRdRߤs[ Th•V˚X YÙ£d°u\]o. ÿRp Th•V˚Xl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn°u\]o.
Th•V≠⁄k’ Gu˘]u] LÙ¨VeLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm? œZk˚RLs LiP±kR LÙ¨VeL˚[d
·\h”m.
Th•Vp TœlTÙn‹
J⁄ Th•V˚X GqYÙfl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnY’?
Th•V≠p GjR˚] LhPeLs Es[]?
Jq˘YÙ⁄ LhPjߤm Gu˘]u] ÆYWeLs RWlTh”s[]?
Jq˘YÙ⁄ LhPjßp RWlTh”s[Yt˚\d ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?
Th•V≠≠⁄k’ SUdœd °˚PjR ÆTWeLs Gu˘]u]?
œZk˚RLs Th•V˚Xl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnVh”m
Th•V˚Xj R≤jR≤VÙL ®WlTh”m
œ›Æp ˘Y∞´Ph”m
œ›Æp Ußl¿” ˘NnVh”m
˙Uu˚U T”jRh”m
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m Yœl©p ˘Y∞´Ph”m.
B£¨Vo Th•V˚X J⁄e°˚QdLh”m.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5
LQd˘L”l◊
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (L¶Rm)
• ·hPp, LØjRp, ˘NVpTÙ”Ls APe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.
• ®Lr‹ 5 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs.
• AhPY˚Q˚Vf NÙoh•p G›ß YœlT˚\´p ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs.
• AhPY˚Q´p Æ˚PLÙQ ˙Yi•V ·hPp, LØjRp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs
RÙUÙL˙Y Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.
• AhPY˚Q˚Vl TÙoj’ GkRd œ› AßLUÙ] SToL˚[f NkßjR’ G]d ·\h”m.
Yœl◊ II
133AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
®Lr‹ ˛ 6
F˚WÆh”j ’Wj’˙Yu
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (˘UÙØ)
• Bm/Cp˚X Gu\ Tßp Y⁄YRtœ Ht\ Æ]ÙdL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
• œ±l©hP YÙd°V A˚Ul©uT• YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°u\ÙoLs
• ""Em'' TVuT”jß CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[ C˚Qj’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (EVS)• ˘TÙ’ —LÙRÙWm ˙TQ˙Yi•Vßu AY£Vj˚R G”j’˚Wd°\ÙoLs.
L⁄jRXœ 6˛dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. TÙPlTœß´p
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ TPeL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd°l TPjßp C⁄lT’ VÙo VÙo G]d ·\h”m.
E˚WS˚PlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs œ›YÙL‹m R≤VÙL‹m YÙ£dLh”m.
˘NÙp¤eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙiPÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄h”d
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
Gßof˘NÙp G›’eLs
• TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m ˙YflTX ˘NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof ˘NÙp˚Xd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLd
Li”©•dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• œ›dL∞˚P˙V Gßof˘NÙp ˙TÙh• SPj’eLs.
• ˘NÙp Ah˚PLs, C˚Ql◊ Ah˚PLs TVuT”jßd Lt\p NVpTÙh˚P Eflßl T”j’eLs.
Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdœeLs.
• SÙu ˙Lhœm ˙LsÆLfidœ Bm ApX’ Cp˚X GuflRÙu Tßp ·\˙Yi”m G]d
œZk˚RL∞Pm ·±d ∏rdLÙiT’ ˙TÙX Æk˚RVÙ] Utflm S˚Lf—˚YVÙ] Æ]ÙdL˚[d
˙Lh” Æ˚[VÙ”eLs.
ERÙWQm
• G≠dœ HlTm Y⁄m (Bm, Cp˚X)
• VÙ˚]dœh• B˚P A¶Ÿm (Bm/Cp˚X)
• œß˚W ÿh˚P C”m (Bm, Cp˚X)
C’ ˙TÙufl TÙPl◊jRLjßp Y⁄m ˙LsÆLfidœm Æ˚P Li”©•j’d œZk˚RLs ·\h”m.
GjR˚] ˘NÙtLs?
œZk˚RL˚[d œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨ŸeLs. ˙SÙn ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[ G›Rf ˘NÙp¤eLs. GkRd
œ› ˙SÙn ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[ AßLm G›ß]ÙoL˙[Ù AYoL˚[l TÙWÙhP ˙Yi”m.
Gu] ˘NnŸm?
œZk˚RL˚[ UßV EQÆtœl ©u Ts∞˚Vf —t±d LÙi©ŸeLs. AYoLs Ts∞˚Vf —t±TÙojR
˙TÙ’ AYoLs LiP LÙh£L˚[d œZk˚RLs ·\d L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs, œZk˚RL∞u
Etfl˙SÙdœRp ß\˚] Ußl©”eLs.
C˚Qj’ G›’eLs
"Em' ˙Noj’ G›’˙YÙm G]d·±f ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPeœeLs. C’˙TÙufl ˙Yfl £X ˘NÙtLs
˘LÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs ˙U¤m £X ˘NÙtLs Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
134 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
®Lr‹ ˛ 7
YNkRm YkR’
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (˘UÙØ)
˘UÙØÆ˚[VÙh•p Te˘L”j’l ◊ßV ˘NÙtL˚[ E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (EVS)
• —tfll◊\j˚Rj Án˚UVÙL ˚Yjß⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m GuT˚Rl
Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs. A’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NVpL∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 7 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±l TÙPlTœß˚Vj ˘RÙPeœeLs.
• TÙPlTœß˚V Suœ YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs.
• ˘TÙ⁄s ◊¨ŸUÙfl ˘R∞YÙL Æ[d°d ·fleLs.
• œZk˚RL˚[d œ›YÙL‹m, R≤VÙL‹m YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
˘NVpTÙh”l Tœß´p Y⁄m ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RL∞Pm LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. ˙SÙn
YkRRtLÙ] LÙWQm, ˙SÙn YkR ˙TÙ’ A˚PkR ’uTm, œQUÙL ˙Ut˘LÙiP ˘NVpLs
B°VYt˚\l Tt±V ReL[’ A‡TYj˚Rf ˘NÙpXd œZk˚RLfidœ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
Gu] ˘Nn≈oLs?
• œZk˚RL˚[d œ›dL[ÙdœeLs.
• œ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙ•d ˙LsÆLfidœ Æ˚P LÙQh”m.
• £\lTÙLj æo‹ ·±V œ›Æ]˚Wl TÙWÙh”eLs.
• TßpL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’ ˘Y∞´”eLs.
˘UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh”
G›R ÿ•ŸUÙ? SÙu Li”©•jR’, NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœeLs TÙu\ UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh” NVpTÙ”Ls
ÍXUÙLd œZk˚RLs A±kR ◊ßV ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm, YÙd°VeL˚[Ÿm R≤VÙL˙YÙ/œ›dL∞˙XÙ
E⁄YÙd° ˘Y∞´Ph”m.
®Lr‹ ˛ 8
L˚Pdœ
®Lr‹ 8 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L⁄j’ UÙ\ÙUp —˚YTPd ·fleLs. LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœl
©u TÙPlTœßdœ ÷˚ZŸeLs.
L˚P´p
C’ CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjRp NVpTÙPÙœm. 10˛dL∞u œ›dL[Ùd°d LØdœm G∞V ÿ˚\˚V
A±ÿLlT”j’eLs. C’˙TÙX ®˚\V ˘NVpTÙ”Ls œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd°f ˘NnV
YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. U]dLQdLÙLd ·\‹m T´t£ A∞ŸeLs.
˙UtLiP ˘NVpTÙh˚Pl ˙TÙX˙Y LhPeL˚[ ®Wl◊˙YÙm Gu\ ·hPp ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm
GiUÙ˚X E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm Gu\ LØjRp ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
Yœl◊ II
135AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
Æ[dœUÙfl EiPÙdLXÙm
• Æ[dœUÙfl EiPÙdœYtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Dod°p œf£L˚[ ÿRp SÙ˙[ œZk˚RL∞Pm
˘LÙi” YWf ˘NÙp¤eLs. AYoLs ˘LÙi” Y⁄m Dod°p œf£L˚[j ReL[’ œ›Ætœ
˘LÙ”dLh”m.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm ReLs œ› Efll©]oLs ˘LÙi” YkR Dod°p œf£L˚[ ReL[’
˙SÙh•p Tj’dL∞u Lh”L[ÙL‹m, JuflL[ÙL‹m AhPY˚Q´h”d œ±j’ YdLh”m.
• ReLs œ›Æ]o ˘LÙi”YkR Dod°pL∞u ˘UÙjR Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•dLh”m.
• 100 Dod°pLs ˙NokRÙp/Æ[dœUÙo Lh”. GkRd œ›Æ]o AßL Æ[dœUÙfl Lh”
EiPÙd°V’ Gufl Li”©•j’l TÙWÙh”eLs.
• C˙R ˙TÙufl TÙPl◊jRLjßp Y⁄m ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm ˘NnV ˚YŸeLs.
100 TXÆRm
• œZk˚RLs œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨j’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm 100 ≈Rÿs[ 1 œf£dLh” ˘LÙ”dL
˙Yi”m.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ReLfidœd °PjR Lh”L˚[ 2 TœßL[ÙLl ©¨j’ Gi¶ ˙SÙh•p
G›Rh”m.
• C˙R ˙TÙp 5, 6 ÿ˚\L∞p ˘Nn’ TÙodLh”m AYt˚\ ˙SÙh•p G›R ˚YŸeLs.
• œZk˚RLfidœ Suœ ◊¨ŸUÙfl Æ[dLm ˘LÙ”j’ CkRf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf˘NnV ˚YŸeLs.
• C≤ 100 I GqYÙ˘\pXÙm Gi Æ[dL ÿ˚\´p G›RXÙm Gu\ NVpTÙh˚P G∞˚UVÙL
˘NnYÙoLs ApXYÙ?
·h”˙YÙm
• ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ÿd˙LÙQjßp Es[ Í˚XL∞p H˙R‡m C⁄ Í˚XL∞p Es[
GiL˚[d ·h• Æ˚P LÙQ ˙Yi”m.
• CqYÙfl A”jR”jR Í˚XL∞p Es[ C⁄ GiL˚[d·h• Æ˚P Li”©•dL YŸeLs.
• C’ ·hP˚X EflßlT”jRd ˘LÙ”dLlThP ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
®Lr‹ ˛ 9
T´t£jRÙs
®Lr‹ 9 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±l T´t£jRÙ∞¤s[ L¶RlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs,œZk˚RLs
T´t£jRÙ˚[j RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m, Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p Ußl¿” ˘NnŸeLs.
Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh”
• 1 ÿRp 5 Y˚WŸs[ GiLs G›ßV Gi Ah˚PL˚[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm ˘LÙ”dL
˙Yi”m.
• Aß≠⁄k’ A”jR”j’s[ CWi” Gi Ah˚PL˚[l TVuT”jß CWi” CXdL GiLs
EiPÙdLh”m.
• °˚PjR CWi” CXdL GiL∞p ˘T¨V Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V Gi˚Qd LØdL ˚YŸeLs:
Æ˚P 9 Y⁄m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
136 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
• C˙R TÙp Yfl A”jR”j’s[ GiL˚[l TVuT”jßd LØj’l TÙodLh”m Al˙TÙ’m
Æ˚P 9˛RÙu Y⁄m Gu\ R≤jRu˚U˚V EQWf ˘NnŸeLs.
• C˙R˙TÙp 6, 7, 8, 9 ˙TÙu\ Gi Ah˚PL˚[l TVuT”jßd ·”Rp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘Nn’
TÙodLh”m.
Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh”
• 1, 2,3 Gu\ Gi Ah˚PLs GpXÙd œ›Æ]⁄dœm ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.
• AYt˚\l TVuT”jß CWi” CXdL GiLs E⁄YÙdLh”m.
• œZk˚RLs E⁄YÙd°V CWi” CXdL GiL∞p ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi Li”©•j’d
LhPeL∞p G›R ˚YŸeLs.
• GpXÙ CWi•XdL GiL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙL G›Rh”m.
• œ›Æp ˘Y∞´Ph”m; NL Ußl¿” ˘NnVh”m.
• H˙R‡m GiLs Æ”Th”s[]YÙ? Æ”TPÙUp GqYÙfl G›’Y’?
• ÿR≠p 10 Cp BWm©lT’, ARu ©u 20 Cp BWm©lT’, Cflß´p 30 Cp BWm©lT’
Gu±q˚YÙfl G›R ˙Yi”m.
• ÿu·h• RVÙWÙd°V GiQh˚PLs TVuT”jß œ›Æp GiLs E⁄YÙdœ°u\]o.
• œZk˚RLs —V Ußl¿” ˘NnVh”m.
• ™Lf£±V Gi˚QŸm ™Ll ˘T¨V Gi˚QŸm G›’°u\]o.
• œ›Ætœd °˚PjR GpXÙ CWi” CXdL GiL˚[Ÿm £±V Gi¶≠⁄k’ ˘T¨V Gi
Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚NlT”jßd LhPeL∞p G›R ˚YŸeLs.
˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙm
œZk˚RL∞u ·hPp, LØjRp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ EflßlT”j’m ˘TÙ⁄h” GiT•L˚[
ÈojßVÙdœ˙YÙm, —jRm ˘NnRp, TZdL˚P, B°V ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs RÙ˙U ˘NnŸm
Y˚L´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. A˚YL˚[l T´t£j RÙ[ÙLd L⁄ß Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ERÆ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
AX°¤s[ ÿd°Vd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl©”YRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˙Yfl
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm B£¨Vo Li”©•j’d LÙ”dL Yi”m. T´t£j RÙsL˚[ NVpTÙ”L[ÙLd
˘LÙ”j’ Ußl¿” ˘NnVXÙm.
GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdœRp, Jl¿” NnŸm ß\u GuTYt˚\ Ußl¿” NnV˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
137AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
AXœ Ußl¿”
3. Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
1. 5, 6 Gu\ GiL˚[l TVuT”jß Y⁄m CWi•XdL GiLs
˘T¨V Gi¶tœm £±V Gi¶tœm C˚P˙VŸs[ ÆjßVÙNm
2. J⁄ SpX ≈h•tLÙ] Ti◊L˚[ G›’eLs
••••
3. "Em' ˙Noj’ G›’eLs
• ø, SÙu .................
• YÙp, R˚X .................
4. 7, 8, 0 Gu\ GiL˚[l TVuT”jß SÙuœ CWi•XdL GiL˚[ G›’eLs.
AYt˚\ Hfl Y¨˚N´p G›’eLs
......................., ......................., ......................., .......................,
5. GiUÙ˚X˚Vl Èojß ˘NnŸeLs
15 22 11+ +
+
6. —tfll◊\f—jRj˚Rl Tt±V CWi” A±Æl◊l TX˚L RVÙo ˘NnŸeLs.
7. ÆjßVÙNm Li”©•ŸeLs.
89 ˛ 67 ˛
34 .........
34
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
138 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu
8. Ju\Ùm CXdLjßp 9 Y⁄m GiLs
................, ................, ................, ................, ................, ................, ................, 79, ................, 99
9. —tfll◊\m —jRUÙL C⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnYÙn?
•••••
10. UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙufl G›’eLs
C\e°˙]u ˛ C\eœ˙Yu
................................... ˛ B”˙Yu
TÙ•˙]u ˛ ...................................
Áe°˙]u ˛ ...................................
Yœl◊ II
139AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
U≤R YÙrÆu A•lT˚P BRÙWm ˙Y[Ùi˚U Bœm.
Aq˙Y[Ùi˚U˚V YÙrd˚Ll TiTÙPÙLd LÙQ˙Yi•V SÙdœP˙]
ClTÙPm Ce˙L RWlTh”s[’. Y[Ùi˚U NnV Yi•V AY£Vm
AYt±u YØÿ˚\Ls Ce˙L LXk’˚WVÙP¤dLÙL YZeLlTh”s[].
Sm˚Uf—t±¤m Es[ RÙYWeLs AYt±u
R≤jRu˚ULs, UWm, ˘N•, ˘LÙ• ˙TÙu\Yt±u
Y˚LLs, EQYÙLl TVuT”m TÙLeLs ˙TÙu\˚Y
Tt±V A±‹ E⁄YÙdLm S˚P˘Tflm SÙd°p ClTÙPm
Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
100 ÿRp 999 Y˚W´XÙ] GiL˚[ A±V‹m, AYt±u CPUßl◊,
˙Noj’ G›’Rp, ©¨j’ G›’Rp, ˙TÙu\˚YŸm, CWi•XdL
GiL∞u Gi Æ[dLm, GiL∞u UPeœLs, ·hPp LØjRp
˘NVpTÙ”Ls, ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u ˙TÙu\Yt˚\
Eflß ˘NnŸm ˙SÙdœPu L¶R AXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
˙Up·±VYt˙\Ù” ˘UÙØd·flLs ˘UÙØ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs,
L¶Rf —tflf „Zp, ˘NVpß\uLs, Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˙TÙu\Yt˚\ U]ßp ˘LÙi” ClTÙPjß˚] YØSPjßf
˘NpX˙Yi•V’ AY£VUÙ] Ju\pXYÙ?
E´o YÙZAXœ 4
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
140 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
LÙX AhPY˚Q
AXœ 4 ˛ E´o YÙZ (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)
AXœ 4 ˛ ÈdL˚[j˙R• (L¶Rm)
®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs
1. YØ Gu]? 3
2. RÙYWeLs £¨jR] 3
3. ÈdL˚[j ˙R• (L¶Rm) 2
4. ˘N•´p At◊Rm Li˙Pu 2
5. L˚Pdœf ˘Np˙YÙm (L¶Rm) 2
6. ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘Nn˙YÙm (L¶Rm) 2
7. ˘U›œ ˙TÙu\ YÙ˚Z 3
8. œh• VÙ˚]´u YÙ˚Zj˙RÙhPm (L¶Rm) 3
9. LÙh•˙X ß⁄UQm (L¶Rm) 2
22 SÙhLs
AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs
˘UÙjRm 23 SÙhLs
Yœl◊ II
141AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
1. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’ ®Lr˚Yl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” Yœl©p S˚P˘Tflm
LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˙Lt°\ÙoLs.
2. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d L˚R˚Vd ·fl°\ÙoLs.
3. G∞V L⁄j’d˙LÙ˚YVÙ] YÙd°VeL˚[ YÙ£j’d L⁄j’dL˚[l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”
LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˙Lt°\ÙoLs.
4. TÙP˚X ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.
5. ˘UÙØf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˙Lt°\ÙoLs.
6. E˚WVÙPp Y•Æp A˚UkR YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V YÙ£j’, L⁄j’L˚[l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”
LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˙Lt°\ÙoLs.
7. ˘TÙ⁄s ÿ›˚UVÙœm YiQm L˚R˚V ®˚\‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
1. ReLs Tœß´p Æ˚[Ÿm ˙Y[Ùi T´oL˚[Ÿm ˙Y˚XL˚[Ÿm Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
2. —t±¤ÿs[ RÙYWeL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° AYt˚\f N•, LÙ•, UWm G] Y˚LlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
3. £X RÙYWeL∞u £\l◊L˚[ Etfl˙SÙd°/ÆNÙ¨j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
4. RÙYWeL∞u TVuL˚[l Th•V≠h” AYt±u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd ·fl°\ÙoLs/
G›’°\ÙoLs.
L¶Rm
1. 999 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ G›’°u\]o; ·fl°u\]o.
2. GiL˚[ Jufl, Tj’, Ëfl G]l ©¨j’m ˙Noj’m J›eœT”j’°\ÙoLs.
3. Íu±XdL GiL˚[ Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’ ˘T¨V’, £±V’ Li”©•j’ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
4. CWi” CXdL GiL˚[l Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[d°d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
5. ÆtL‹m YÙeL‹mÆ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”j’°\ÙoLs
6. ·hPp, LØjRp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l TVuT”jß S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹
LÙi°\ÙoLs.
7. SÙsLÙh•´p Es[ Tp˙Yfl GiQ”dœL∞u ˘RÙPo˚Td Li” ©•j’ Æ[d°d
·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
142 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
4 E´
o Y
ÙZ
R™
r
$˘
LÙ”
dLl
Th
P
®Lr
˚Y
Y
Ù£
j’
L⁄
j’
L˚
[l ◊
¨k’
˘LÙs
[ C
V¤
m.
$TP
eL˚
[l T
Ùoj’
d L
˚R˚
Vd ·
\ C
V¤
m
$G
∞V
L⁄
j’
d˙LÙ˚
YV
Ù] Y
Ùd°
Ve
L˚
[
YÙ£
j’
d L⁄
j’
L˚
[l
◊
¨k’
˘
LÙs
[
CV
¤m
.
$TÙP
˚X
C˚
N˙V
Ù” œ
›Y
ÙL‹
m, R
≤V
ÙL‹
m
TÙP
XÙm
.
$E
˚WV
ÙP˚
X Y
Ù£j’
d L
⁄j’
L˚
[l ◊
¨k’
˘LÙs
[ C
V¤
m
$L˚
R ˙
Lh
T’
m,
YÙ£
lT’
m C
≤˚
UV
Ù]
A‡
TY
Uٜ
m.
$Y
Ù£l◊ T
ϧ
˚V
j R
ÙUÙL
YÙ£
j’
®Lr
˚Y
l
׬
k’
˘
LÙi
”
Yœ
l©
p
S˚
P˘
Tfl
m
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙPp
L∞
p T
e˙Lt°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$TP
eL˚
[l T
Ùoj’
d L
˚R˚
Vd ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$G
∞V
L⁄
j’
d˙LÙo
˚Y
VÙ]
YÙd
°V
e-L˚
[
YÙ£
j’
d L⁄
j’
L˚
[l
◊
¨k’
˘
LÙi
”
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP≠
p T
e˙Lt°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$TÙP
˚X
˘U
hP
˚U
j’
l T
Ù”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
UÙØ
f ˘
NV
pTÙ”
L∞
p T
e˙Lt°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$E
˚WV
ÙP
p Y
•Æ
p A
˚U
kR Y
Ù£
l◊
l
Tœ
ß˚
V Y
Ù£
j’
d L⁄
j’
L˚
[l ◊
¨k’
˘LÙi
” L
Xk’
˚WV
ÙP≠
p T
e˙Lt°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
TÙ⁄
s ÿ
›˚
UV
Ùœm
Y
iQ
m L˚
R˚
V
®˚
\‹
˘Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$◊¨k’
LÙi
P L
⁄j’
L˚
[l T
eœ
Y
jRp
$˙
Y[
Ùi
˚U
˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
˙
Y˚
XL˚
[
Y¨˚
NlT”
j’
Rp
.
$G
i‘
⁄dL˚
[ G
›j’
Y•
Æp
G›
’Rp
$TÙP
p Y
¨L˚
[ Y
¨˚
NlT”
j’
Rp
$J
≠ ˙
Yfl
TÙ”
Lfi
dœ
HtT E
fN¨jRp
$G
ßo ˘
NÙt
L˚
[ G
›’
Rp
$T
Pe
L˚
[l
T
Ùoj
’d
L˚
R˚
V
ÿ›
˚U
VÙd
œRp
.
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP≠
p T
e˙Lt\p
$Y
Ù£jR L
⁄j’
L˚
[l T
eœ
˚Y
jRp
$Y
Ùd°
Ve
L∞
p T
Vu
T”
j’
Rp
$C
⁄˘
TÙ⁄
s A
±Rp
$A
‡TY
m T
eœ
˚Y
jRp
, ß
⁄jß
G›
’Rp
$TÙP
˚X
j R
≤V
ÙL‹
m, œ
›Y
ÙL‹
m T
Ù”Rp
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP≠
p T
e˙Lt\p
, J
˙W ˘
TÙ⁄
s
R⁄
m ˘
NÙt
L˚
[d L
i”
©•
jRp
$G
ßo˘
NÙp
·fl
Rp
/G›
’Rp
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP≠
p T
e˙Lt\p
$RÙY
We
L∞
u R
≤jRu
˚U
L˚
[d ·
flRp
$ß
⁄jß
G›
’Rp
$˘
NÙt
L˚
[d L
i”
©•
jRp
$L˚
RlTœ
ß˚
V Y
Ù£jRp
$L˚
R˚
V ÿ
›˚
UV
Ùdœ
Rp
Yœl◊ II
143AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
4˛ E´
o Y
ÙZ
„r®˚
X´
Vp
$J
q˘
YÙ⁄
Y
hP
ÙWjß
¤m
˙
Yfl
Th
P
(TX
Y˚
LV
Ù]
) ˙
Y[
Ùi
T
´oLs
Æ˚
[°
u\]
.
$Sm
˚U
f —t±
¤m
˘
N•
, ˘
LÙ•
, U
Wm
G
]
˙Y
flTh
P
RÙY
We
Ls
Es
[]
.
$J
q˘
YÙ⁄
RÙY
Wjß
tœ
m œ
±l©
hP
£
X
R≤
jRu
˚U
Ls
Es
[]
.
$RÙY
We
L˚
[l Tp
˙Y
fl ˙R˚
YLfi
dœ
l
TV
uT”
j’
°˙\Ùm
.
$RÙY
We
L∞
p
˙Y
flT
hP
T
ÙLe
Ls
EQ
YÙL
l T
Vu
T”
°u
\]
.
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙPp
$A
YWY
o Y
hP
ÙWjß
p E
s[
T´
oL˚
[
Y¨˚
NlT”
j’
Rp
$˙
Y[
Ùi
˚U
˘
RÙP
oTÙ]
˙
Y˚
XL˚
[
Y¨˚
NlT”
j’
Rp
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙPp
$RÙY
We
L∞
u
R≤
jRu
˚U
L˚
[
Etfl
˙SÙd
° Y
˚LlT”
j’
Rp
$RÙY
We
L˚
[ J
l©
h”
A
hP
Y˚
Q˚
V
®Wl◊Rp
$œ
±l
©h
P
£X
RÙY
We
L∞
u
R≤
jRu
˚U
L˚
[d
Li
P±
k’
˘Y
∞´
Pp
(˘
RÙh
PÙp
YÙ•
, „
¨V
LÙk
ß,
RÙU
˚W)
$RÙY
We
L∞
u
TV
uL˚
[d
·fl
Rp
EQ
YÙLl
T
Vu
T”
m
Tœ
ß˚
V
Th
•V
≠”
Rp
.
$Re
Ls
T
ϧ
´p
Æ
˚[
Ÿm
˙
Y[
Ùi
T´
oL˚
[Ÿ
m,
˙Y
˚X
L˚
[Ÿ
m
Th
•V
≠”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$—t±
¤ÿ
s[
RÙY
We
L˚
[ E
tfl
˙SÙd
°
AY
t˚
\f
˘N•
, ˘
LÙ•
, U
Wm
, G
]
Y˚
LlT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$£X
RÙY
We
L∞
u £
\l◊L˚
[ E
tfl
˙SÙd
°
ÆNÙ¨
j’
A
±k’
·
fl°
\ÙoLs
/
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$RÙY
We
L∞
u TV
uL˚
[l Th
•V
≠h
”
AY
t±
u
ÿd°
Vj
’Y
j˚
Rd
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
/ G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
144 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
4 E´
o Y
ÙZ
L¶
Rm
$10
0 ÿ
Rp
999 Y
˚W Í
u±
XdL G
iLs
Es
[]
.
$Í
u±
XdL G
iLfi
s J
ufl
, Tj’
, Ë
fl
Gu
\ C
XdLe
Ls
Ei
”.
$Í
u±
XdL G
iL˚
[ J
ufl
, Tj’
, Ë
fl
G]
C
P U
ßl◊dœ
H
tT ©
¨j’
/˙Noj’
G›
RX
Ùm.
$G
iL∞
u C
PU
ßl©
tœ
HtT A
Yt±
u
Uß
l◊ ˙
Yfl
T”
m.
$C
Wi
” C
XdL G
iL˚
[l
T
p˙
Yfl
ÿ˚
\L∞
p Æ
[d°
d ·
\ C
V¤
m.
$TX
ÆR G
i A
”dœ
L˚
[ E
⁄Y
ÙdLX
Ùm
(Jt˚
\ G
i, C
Wh
˚P
Gi
)
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL˚
[
ÆtL‹
m
YÙe
L‹
m
TQ
jß
u U
ßl˚
T A
±kß
⁄dL
Yi
”m
.
$S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
j æ
o‹
LÙi
TRtLÙL
d ·
hP
p, LØ
jRp
˙TÙu
\
˘NV
pTÙ”
L˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jRX
Ùm.
$C
Wi
”
Gi
L∞
u
˘RÙ˚
L˚
Vd
LÙi
TRtœ
˙
Yfl
Th
P Y
Ø ÿ
˚\Ls
Es
[]
.
$SÙs
LÙh
•´
p
Tp
˙Y
fl
ÆRU
Ù]
Gi
Q”
dœ
Ls
Es
[]
. A
Yt±
t°
˚P
-
˙V
VÙ]
˘RÙP
o˚
T Æ
[dL ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$G
jR˚
] È
dLs
$Y
¨˚
NlT”
j’
˙Y
Ùm
$SÙe
Ls
GjR˚
] ˙
To?
$U
Ù˚X
˙LÙo
dLX
Ùm
$È
d˙LÙX
m A
˚U
l˙TÙm
$SÙÿ
m U
Ù˚X
Lh
”˙Y
Ùm
$G
i ˘
LÙ•
$U
ÙmTZ
eLs
GjR˚
]?
$G
i ˙
RÙW
Qm
$A
flY
˚P
, G
i È
dLs
$Si
ToLfi
m È
dLfi
m
$G
iLs
E⁄
YÙd
œ˙Y
Ùm.
$L˚
Pdœ
f ˘
Np
˙Y
Ùm
$£
iP
u G
≠´
u N
ÙhP
m
$Æ
˚[
VÙh
”
ÏT
Ùn
˙
SÙh
”L˚
[l
TV
uT”
jß
ÆtL‹
m Y
ÙeL‹
m ˘
Nn
Rp
$Lh
Pe
L˚
[ ®
Wl◊e
Ls
$˙Y
[Ùi
˚U
˘Nn
˙Y
Ùm
$LÙh
•˙X
ß⁄
UQ
m
$˙Y
LU
ÙL Æ
˚P
LÙi
˙TÙm
$œ
h•
VÙ˚
]´
u Y
Ù˚Z
j˙RÙh
Pm
$SÙs
LÙh
•´
p ˙
Rß
Ls
, G
iQ
”dœ
Li
” ©
•l˙TÙm
.
$999 Y
˚WŸ
s[
G
iL˚
[ G
›R‹
m
·\‹
m ˘
Nn
°u
\]
o
$G
iL˚
[ J
ufl
, Tj’
, Ëfl
G]
l ©
¨j’
m,
˙Noj’
m J
›e
œT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$Í
u±
XdL G
iL˚
[ J
l◊˚
U ˘
Nn
’
˘T
¨V
’,
£±
V’
Li
”©
•j
’
Æ[
dœ
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$C
Wi
” C
XdL G
iL˚
[l
T
p˙
Yfl
ÿ˚
\L∞
p Æ
[d°
d ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$Æ
˚[
VÙh
”
ÏT
Ùn
˙
SÙh
”L˚
[l
TV
uT
”j
ß
ÆtL‹
m
YÙe
L‹
m
˘Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$·
hP
p,
LØ
jRp
˙
TÙu
\
˘NV
pT
Ù”
L˚
[l
T
Vu
T”
jß
S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
j æ
o‹
LÙi
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$SÙs
LÙh
•´
p
Es
[
Tp
˙Y
fl
Gi
Q”
dœ
L∞
p ˘
RÙP
o˚
Td Li
”
©•
j’
Æ
[d°
d
·fl
°\ÙoLs
/
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
145AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1
YØ Gu]? (˘UÙØ)
˘Ys˚[d˙LÙØ´u œ”mTm T⁄°V’ œ”mTm T⁄Ll˘T⁄L GpXÙYt±tœm
EQ‹ °˚PlTßp˚X ˛ ˘Ys˚[d˙LÙØ Y⁄jRlThP’ ˛ EQ‹ °˚PdL Gu]
YØ? A’ B˙XÙ£jR’.
TÙPlTœß :
YØ Gu]? (74 ˛79)
®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2
RÙYWeLs £¨jR]
˘Ys˚[d˙LÙØŸm œg—Lfim ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘NnR] ˛ A˚]Y⁄m BoYj˙RÙ”
˙Y˚XLs ˘NnR] ˛ SÙhLs LØkR] ˛ ˙RÙhPjßp TXÆRUÙ] ˘N•Ls ˘NØj’
Y[okR] ˛ LÙtfl ≈£V’ ˛ ˘N•Ls A˚NkR] ˛ ˙RÙhPjßp LXLX˘Yu\ NjRm
G›kR’.
L¶Rl Tœß :
RÙYWeLs £¨jR] (80˛85)
®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3
ÈdL˚[j˙R•
˘Ys˚[d LÙØ´u RÙhPjßu YØVÙLf £u‡, ™u‡ ÿVpLs YkR]. A˚Y
˙RÙhPj˚Rl TÙoj’ ÆVkR] ˛ A˚YŸm ÆYNÙVm ˘NnVj æoUÙ≤jR] ˛
Æ˚RLs NL¨j’ Æ˚RjR]. YÙN˚] ≈—m ÈdLs UXokR]. ÈdL˚[ UÙ˚X Lh•
ÆtL ®˚]jR] ˛ Èk˙RÙhPj˚Rd LÙQl TX SiToLfim YkR]o.
TÙPlTœß :
ÈdL˚[j˙R• (59 ˛ 67
L˚RdL[m
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
146 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4
˘N•´p At◊Rm Li˙Pu
ÿVpL∞u Èk˙RÙhPj˚RdLÙQd ˙LÙØdœg—Lfim YkR] ˛ A˚Y ÈdL∞u
AZ˚LdLi” CW£jR]. J⁄ RÙhPÙpYÙ• N• Ju˚\ ™ßjR’. LÙØdœg£tœ
BfN¨Vm RÙeL ÿ•VÆp˚X ˛ Af˘N•´u At◊Rm Li” ÆVkR’.
TÙPlTœß :
˘N•´p At◊Rm Li˙Pu (86˛89)
®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5
L˚Pdœf ˘Np˙YÙm
Èk˙RÙhPjßtœ A⁄°˙X˙V £u‡‹m ™u‡‹m LÙnL±j˙RÙhPm Ju˚\
A˚UjR]! HWÙ[m LÙnL±Ls Æ˚[kR]. LÙnL±L˚[d L˚Pdœd ˘LÙi”
˘Nu\].
TÙPlTœß :
L˚Pdœf ˘Np˙YÙm (68 ˛ 72)
®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6
˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘Nn˙YÙm
£u‡ Utflm ™u‡ ÿVpL∞u RÙhPjßp Æ˚[fNp T⁄°V’. A˚Y UWf∫≤
ÆYNÙVm NnVj æoUÙ≤jR]! Y¨˚N Y¨˚NVÙL UWf∫≤d Lm◊L˚[ SP‹ NnR]
UWf∫≤ Su\ÙL Y[okR’. UWf∫≤d °ZeœL˚[TÛ T±j˘R”jR].
L¶RlTœß :
˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘Nn˙YÙm (73˛75)
®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7
˘U›œ˙TÙu\ YÙ˚Z
£u‡ ÿV¤m ™u‡ ÿV¤m Æ˚[VÙPj æoUÙ≤jR]. Æ˚[VÙ•, Æ˚[VÙ• SWm
C⁄hPÙ]’ ·Pj ˘R¨VÆp˚X ˛ ˙YLUÙL SPkR]. A˚Y J⁄ °WÙUj˚R
A˚PkR] ˛ J⁄ ≈h•≠⁄k’ C⁄ œZk˚RLs ˙T—m NlRm ˙LhP’. £u‡‹m
™u‡‹m AYoLs ˙T—Y˚Rd LY≤jR].
TÙPlTœß :
˘U›œ˙TÙu\ YÙ˚Z (90˛95)
Yœl◊ II
147AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8
œh•VÙ˚]´u YÙ˚Zj˙RÙhPm
YÙ˚Z˚Vl Tt±d œZk˚RLs ˙T£V˚Rd ˙LhP £u‡‹m ™u‡‹m BfN¨Vm
A˚PkR]. YÙ˚Z ÆYNÙVj˚RlTt± A±k’ ˘LÙs[ B˚NlThP]. A˚Y
œh•VÙ˚]´u YÙ˚Zj ˙RÙhPj˚Rd LÙQf ˘Nu\].
L¶RlTœß
œh•VÙ˚]´u YÙ˚Zj˙RÙhPm (76 ˛77)
®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9
LÙh•˙X ß⁄UQm
ÿVpL∞u ÆYNÙVm Tt±d LÙh•p Geœm ˘Nnß TWÆV’. °e°¶ UÙ≤u
LpVÙQm. LpVÙQjßtœ YkR ÆXeœLs Æ⁄kßtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] LÙnL±L˚[d
˘LÙi”YkR].
L¶RlTœß :
LÙh•˙X ß⁄UQm (78˛80)
ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹
LÙh•˙X £\kR ÆYNÙ´VÙL ÿVp UÙ±V’. ˘Ys˚[d˙LÙØŸm œg—Lfim
ÿV˚Xl TÙWÙh•].
TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸmÿu LY≤dL ˙Yi•V˚Y
• TÙPËp, B£¨Vo T‡Yp TÙu\Yt˚\ K¨⁄ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙsY’
SpX’.
• Lt\p A˚P‹Ls, E⁄YÙœm L⁄j’Ls ˘UÙØjß\uLs,
˘UÙØd·fleLs, ˘NVpß\uLs ˙TÙu\Yt±t˙LtT NÛ N¨VÙ]
ßhP™Pp SPj’Y’ AY£VUÙœm.
• Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs, ÿu]˙W RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi•V NÙoh”Ls
˙TÙu\Yt˚\j RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsY’ SpX’.
• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLs Gßo˘LÙsfim ©Wf£˚]Ls, AYoLfidLÙ]
ERÆf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\Ÿm U]ßp ˘LÙs[ U\k’
ÆPÙæoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
148 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
®Lr‹ ˛1
YØ Gu]?
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls ˛ ˘UÙØ
YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’ ®Lr˚Yl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” Yœl©p S˚P˘Tflm
LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.
˘UÙØd·flLs (ß\uLs)
YÙd°Vjßp A˚UjRp, J≠˙YflTÙ” A±Rp, Gßof˘NÙp A±Rp, Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls ˛ „r®˚X´Vp
ReLs Tœß´p Æ˚[Ÿm ˙Y[ÙiT´oL˚[Ÿm ˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm Th•Vp C”°\ÙoLs.
˘NVp ß\u
˙Y[Ùi T´oL˚[Ÿm, ˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm AX£ BWÙnk’ AhPY˚Q ˘NnRp.
÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”
UQpRPm, Y[⁄m TPm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ TVuT”jßl TÙPË≠p "YØ Gu]' Gu\ TÙPjßp Es[
TPeLfidœ Ht\YÙfl Y•Y˚Uj’d˘LÙsfieLs.
• EeLs ≈”L∞p HRÙY’ Y[ol◊l ©WÙ¶L˚[ Y[olT’ EiPÙ...?
• AYt±tœ Gu] ˘TVo ˚Yj’s«oLs....?
• ≈h•p Y[odœm T\˚YLs G˚Y...?
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
TX T\˚YL∞u ˘TVoL˚[d ·flm ˙Y˚[´p ˙LÙØ´u ˘TV⁄m YW YÙnl◊ EiPpXYÙ...?
Cufl SÙu J⁄ ˙LÙØ´u L˚R ˘NÙpXl ˙TÙ°˙\u Gufl ˘NÙp≠d ∏rdLÙ‘m L˚R˚V
ƨ‹T”jßd ·fleLs.
Ko F¨p LÙØ Jufl Y£jRp ARtœf £X œg—Ls... LÙØdœf £X LÙ’˚U U¶Ls °˚PjRp
˛ YÙ⁄eLs œg—L˙[... SÙm ˙LÙ’˚U˚Vd œjß UÙYÙdLXÙm. RÙnd ˙LÙØ A˚ZjRp SÙeLs
Æ˚[VÙPl TÙ°˙\Ùm. œg—Ls UfljRp.. YÙ⁄eLs œg—L˙[ SUdœ NlTÙjß RVÙo NnVXÙm
˛ RÙnd˙LÙØ A˚ZjRp AmUÙ SÙeLs Æ˚[VÙPl TÙ°˙\Ùm œg—Ls UfljRp... NlTÙjß´u
UQm YWp.. œg—Ls K•Y⁄Rp... AmUÙ T£d°\˙R... E˚ZdLÙRY⁄dœ EQ‹ GlT•d°˚Pdœm..?
RÙnd˙LÙØ ÆWh”Rp... œg—Ls HUÙk’ ˙TÙRp....
RÙnd˙LÙØ ˘NnR’ N¨RÙ]Ù...?
œZk˚RLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
C’˙TÙu\ J⁄ ˙LÙØ´u L˚R TÙPË≠p Es[’ YÙ⁄eLs TÙodLXÙm Gufl ˘NÙp≠
TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm ApXYÙ?
C’˙TÙufl ˙Yfl L˚R˙VÙ, TÙP˙XÙ °˚Pl©u ÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙPÙLl TVuT”jßd ˘LÙs[XÙm.
L˚RdL[m
®Lr‹ ˛ Ju±u L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R
ƨj’d·±l TÙPj˚Rj ’YeL‹m.
Yœl◊ II
149AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
TP YÙ£l◊.
Big picture, UQpRPm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j RVÙo ˘NnRYoLs A˚Rl TVuT”jߟm, AqYÙfl RVÙo
˘NnŸm „Zp CpXÙR YœlT˚\L∞p TÙP Ë≠p Es[ TPeL˚[l TVuT”jߟm TP YÙ£l˚T
SPjRXÙm.
• TPYÙ£l◊, TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸm BoYj˚Rj Ái”YRÙL A˚UV ˙Yi”m.
• TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m L⁄j’Ls Æ˚PVÙL Y⁄m Æ]ÙdL˚[j RVÙo ˘NnY’ £\lTÙL
C⁄dœm.
• A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• TPjßp GjR˚]d ˙LÙØdœg—Ls Es[]?
• ÿu]Ùp K”m ˙LÙØdœg£u YÙ´p C⁄lT’ Gu]?
• A˚Rl TÙPXË≠p C⁄k’ Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
• CkRd œ”mTjßu R˚XÆ VÙo?
• ˙LÙØLfim œg—Lfim Hu ·hPUÙLd ·• ®t°u\]?
• A˚Y LXk’˚WVÙ”Y’ G˚RlTt± Gufl TÙPË≠p C⁄k’ Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ..?
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs..
Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˙LsÆdœm Æ˚P LÙiTRtœl TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.
YÙ£l◊d LhPeLs
• TP YÙ£l©≠⁄k’ FLYÙ£l©tœm FL YÙ£l©≠⁄k’ YÙ£l©tœm œZk˚RL˚[ YØSPjR
˙Yi•V’ AY£VUpXYÙ?
• œZk˚RL˚[f —VUÙL YÙ£dL‹m, ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dLf ˘NnV‹m RœkR EjßL˚[l
TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• øeLs £X ˘NÙtL˚[d ·\d œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’ YhP™Ph”m. ˘Ys˚[d˙LÙØ,
œg—Ls, Ui◊›, ∏f ∏f ∏f, LÙd LÙd, LÙd TÙu\ NÙtL˚[ CRtLÙLl TVuT”jRXÙm.
• R≤STo YÙ£l◊, œ› YÙ£l◊, øeLs J⁄ ˘NÙp˚X YÙ£dLd œZk˚RLs ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m
˘NÙp˚X YÙ£jRp ˙TÙu\ EjßL˚[Ÿm TVuT”j’Y’ SpX’.
• ˘RÙPok’ øeLs UÙߨ YÙ£l◊ SPj’Y’ SpX’.
• øeLs YÙ£dœm ˘TÙ›’ œZk˚RLs ˙Lh” YÙ£dœm YÙnl˚TŸm E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.
• ˙Utœ±l©hP YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[j ˘RÙPok’ TÙPlTœß´u Cflß´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[
Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”Y’ SpX’.
• YÙ£l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœj R≤dLY]m ˘N¤jR ˙Yi”m.
• £\lTÙL YÙ£dœm œZk˚RL˚[l TVuT”jßf NL YÙ£l◊ (Peer group reading) SPj’Y’m
YÙ£l˚T ˙UuT”jR ER‹UpXYÙ...!
◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YÙ´XÙL.
˘NÙp¤eLs
• Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Gh”m ˙SÙdœP˙] CqÆ]ÙdLs Ceœ ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙÆtœl ©u‡m AYWYo Rm L⁄j˚Rd ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• N¨VÙ] Tßp YWÙR R⁄Qjßp A’ RÙPoTÙ] ’˚Q Æ]ÙdLs Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙP˚X
YØSPjRXÙm.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
150 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
• A˚]Y⁄m LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• ˙R˚YVÙ] CPeL∞p R˚X´h” øeLs £fl Æ[dLeLs ˘LÙ”lT’ £\kRRpXYÙ!
G›’eLs
• AYWYo YhPÙWjßp Æ˚[Ÿm T´oL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’m ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf ˘NVpTÙ”
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm, ˘LÙpXm, TÙXdLÙ”, YVSÙ” ˙TÙufl Jq˘YÙ⁄
YhPÙWjߤm Æ˚[Ÿm T´oLfidœ UÙt\m EiPpXYÙ!
• Ts∞´u YhPÙWjßp Æ˚[Ÿm ˙Y[ÙiT´oL∞u J⁄ Th•V˚X øeLs ÿu·h•˙V
RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsY’ Cf ˘NVpTÙh•˚] YØ SPjR ER‹m...
• R≤STo G›’Rp. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m RÙm G›ßV˚Rd ·\ A˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p/NÙoh•p
J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›R ˙Yi”m. Cflß´p œZk˚RLs G›ß G”dL ˙Yi”m. CkR
LhPeL˚[d L˚Pl ©•lT’ A±‹ E⁄YÙdLjßtœ ER‹m.
• TZeLÙXjßp Æ˚[kR T´oLs, RtLÙXjßp YkR UÙt\m TÙu\Yt˚\Ÿm ÿßVYo J⁄Yo
ÿu≤˚X´p ˙Th• LÙQ˙YÙ LXk’˚WVÙP˙YÙ YÙnl◊ E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ!
Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp
˙Y[Ùi ˙Y˚XL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’m ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’!
Ho E›Rp, øolTÙnf—Rp, SÙtflS”Rp, L˚[G”jRp, EWm C”Rp, AflY˚P ˘NnRp. Gu\
Y¨˚N´˙X Y¨˚NlT”jR ER‹eLs.
• C’, ˘Sp Utflm RÙ≤VeL∞u ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘RÙPoTÙ] J⁄ Y¨˚NVÙœm.
• L⁄m◊, HXm, SpX™[œ, Ru˚], R´˚X, LÙl©, TÙu\ Y[Ùi˚UL∞p £X UÙt\eLs
Es[].
• AkRkR YhPÙWeLfidœ HtT B£¨˚V £X Y[Ùi˚UL˚[l Tt± Y¨˚NlT”jR AßLf
˘NVpTÙ” ˘LÙ”dLXÙm ApXYÙ?
Gi ˘TVoLs
Ju\Ùm Yœl©p JuflÿRp Tj’Y˚W Gi‘⁄dL˚[ G›jßp G›RlTZ° C⁄dLXÙm. CWiPÙm
Yœl©p ËflY˚W G›R YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. ClTÙPjßp C⁄T’ Y˚W G›jRÙp G›R
YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. CRtLÙL C⁄T’ Y˚W G›ßV ˘NÙpXh˚PL˚[Ÿm Gi Ah˚PL˚[Ÿm
TVuT”jRXÙm.
Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs
• £fl YÙd°VeL˚[f —VUÙL YÙ£jRp
• YÙ£jR YÙd°VeL∞u L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[p
• ◊¨k’ LÙiP L⁄j’Lfidœ HtT YÙd°VeL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp TÙu\ ß\uLs T\˙Y
Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
Yœl◊ II
151AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
˘LÙdLWd˙LÙ ˙LÙØ
˘LÙi˚Pf ˙NYp ˙LÙØ
LÙ˚X ˙SWm ·‹m
Li ÆØdLf ˘NÙp¤m
œl˚T ˙Uh˚Pd °[flm
˘LÙjß C˚W˚Vj ßu‡m
œg˚Nl ©•dL Y⁄m
L›˚Ld ˘LÙjß ÆWh”m
Gu\ Y¨˚N´p ÿ›˚UVÙdL ER‹eLs.
• N¨VÙ] Y¨˚N˚Vd Li”©•dLf £fl£fl Æ]ÙdLs ˘RÙ”dLXÙm.
• R≤SToT˚Pl◊ ˛ œ›Æp Teœ˚YjRp
˘NÙp≠l TZœeLs
X, [, Z, W, S ˙TÙu\Yt±u RY\Ù] EfN¨l©u LÙWQUÙL Y⁄m G›j’l ©˚ZL˚[d œ˚\dL‹m,
N¨VÙ] EfN¨l◊l T´t£dLÙL‹m Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
TÙPË≠p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ ˙TÙu\ ˘NÙp Ah˚PL˚[l TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙPÛ˚Pf
˘NnV‹m, N¨VÙ] TÙ⁄s A±kRÙp Uh”˙U N¨VÙL EfN¨dL CV¤m. G]˙Y Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙp≠u
˘TÙ⁄˚[Ÿm œZk˚RLfidœ Æ[dL ˙Yi”m.
TVuT”j’eLs
˘UÙØjß\u Y[odœm ˙SÙdœP˙] CkRf ˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
Íh˚P Íh˚PVÙnj RÙ≤VeLs,
œ˚X œ˚XVÙn YÙ˚ZdLÙn
œ˚X œ˚XVÙn ßWÙh˚Nl TZm
œ˚X œ˚XVÙn C[øo
œ˚X œ˚XVÙn ˘SÙeœ
˘LÙj’d ˘LÙjRÙn AY˚WdLÙn
˘LÙj’d ˘LÙjRÙn ◊∞VeLÙn
˘LÙj’d ˘LÙjRÙn ¿uv.
˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d Li”©•j’ YZeLXÙm ApXYÙ!
Gßof ˘NÙtLs
˘UÙØjß\u Y[odœm ˙SÙdœPu Cf ˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
A›R’ x £¨jR’
LY˚XlThP’ x U°rf£ A˚PkR’
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
152 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
• ˘Ys˚[d ˙LÙØdœ
Tj’dœg—Ls.
• Tj’dœg—Lfim Tj’-
ÿh˚PLs ChP].
• ÿh˚PL∞≠⁄k’ Ëfl
œg—Ls ˘Y∞YkR]
˙ L Ù Ø d L ” m T j ß p
˘UÙjRm 111 ˙To
• T£VÙp œg—Ls A›R]
• ˙ L Ù Ø d œ ” m T m
˙ Y [ Ù i ˚ U
˘NnVjæoUÙ≤jR’
CuTm x ’uTm
˘T¨V’ x £±V’
˙U” x Ts[m
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®LrƤm Y⁄m Gßof˘NÙtL˚[j ˘RÙœj’
Gßof˘NÙp ALWÙß Y•Y˚UdL ER‹eLs.
Evolving text E⁄YÙdLm ˛ ˙LsÆLs
? ˘Ys˚[d˙LÙØdœ GjR˚] œg—Ls?
? Tj’d œg—Lfim GjR˚] ÿh˚PLs ChP]?
? ÿh˚PL∞p C⁄k’ GjR˚] œg—Ls ˘Y∞YkR]?
? ˙LÙØdœ”mTjßp ˘UÙjRm GjR˚] ˙To?
? œg—Ls Hu A›R]?
? Cflß´p ˙LÙØd œ”mTm Gu] ˘NnVj æoUÙ≤jR’...?
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLfidœ Æ˚PVÙL Y⁄m Tœß˚V G›Rf
˘Nn’ Evolving text E⁄YÙdœeLs.
Portfolio (T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl©tœ)
• YhPÙWjßp Æ˚[Ÿm T´oL∞u AhPY˚Q.
• ˙Y[Ùi ˙Y˚XL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß G›ßV’.
• TÙP˚X Y¨˚NlT”jßV’
• Evolving text
Teacher Feedback
• YœlT˚\f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SPjßV˙TÙ’ Gßo˘LÙiP ©Wf£˚]Ls.
••••
• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLs Gßo˘LÙiP ©Wf£˚]Ls
••••
• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ SÙu ˘NnR EP]• ERÆLs.
••••
Yœl◊ II
153AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
• ˙U¤m ˘R∞‹ ˘T\ ˙Yi•V (SRG, CRC) ©Wf£˚]Ls.
•••••
L˚R˙SWm ˛ Lt\p A˚P‹
TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d L˚R˚Vd ·fl°\ÙoLs
˘NVpY¨˚N
E˚Zl©u ˙Uu˚U˚V EQoj’m ˘TÙ⁄h” CdL˚R Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’!
L˚Rf—⁄dLm
YNkRLÙXm YkR’ ˛ Gflm◊Ls KnÆu± C˚W ˙R”Rp ˛ ˘Yh”d°∞Ls B•Ÿm TÙ•Ÿm ˙SWm
˙TÙdœRp. Gflm◊Ls A±‹˚W ·\p, ˘Yh”d°∞Ls ˙L≠ ˘NnRp... Gflm◊Ls ˘RÙPok’ C˚W
˙NL¨jRp˛U˚ZdLÙXm YkR’. Gflm◊Ls ˙NL¨jR EQ˚Y Ei‘Rp. ˘Yh”d°∞Ls HUÙk’
˙TÙRp, T£VÙp ’•jRp.
• TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dL YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m
• £fl, £fl Æ[dLeLs ·flY’ SpX’.
• Tœßd L˚R˚Vd·± ¡ßd L˚R˚V ÿ›˚UVÙdL‹m ˘NÙpXXÙm.
• L˚R˙VÙhPm ·flm R⁄Qjßp £fl £fl Æ]ÙdLs ˘LÙ”j’d L˚R˚V ÿ›˚UVÙdL
ERYXÙm.
• Cflß´p øeLs œWp Ht\j RÙr‹P‡m ÿLTÙY˙RÙ”m L˚R˚Vd ·\XÙm.
• ˘RÙPok’ Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm AYWYo ˘NÙkR S˚P´p L˚R˚Vd ·\ YÙnlT∞dL
˙Yi”m.
• £\lTÙLd L˚R ·±V œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙhPXÙm ApXYÙ?
• C’ TÙu\ TPdL˚RL˚[f NL¨j’j RÙPo NVpTÙPÙLl TVuT”j’Y’ œZk˚RL∞u
L˚R ˘NÙp¤m BoYj˚RŸm ß\˚]Ÿm Y[odL ER‹m.
TPdL˚RL∞u
˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdLf
˘NÙpXXÙm ApXYÙ?
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
154 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
®Lr‹ ˛2
RÙYWeLs £¨jR] (R™r)
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (˘UÙØ)
G∞V L⁄j’d LÙo˚YVÙ] YÙd°VeL˚[ YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[l ◊¨k’ LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙP≠p,
Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls („r®˚X´Vp)
£X RÙYWeL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° AYt˚\ UWm ˘N•, ˘LÙ• G] Y˚LlT”j’°u\]o.
˘NVpY¨˚N
®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jßp C⁄k’ Æ[d°d·±l TÙPlTœß˚Vj ’YeLXÙm
ApXYÙ!
• ˙LÙØd œ”mTm ÆYNÙVm ˘NnVj æoUÙ≤jR’ ApXYÙ...!
A˚Y Gu˘]u] ÆYNÙVm ˘Nnß⁄dœm...?
G]d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs!
• Ei˚U´p ˙LÙØ Gu˘]u] ÆYNÙVm ˘NnR’ ˘R¨ŸUÙ Gufl ˘NÙp≠TÙPlTœßdœs
÷˚ZVXÙm....
TP YÙ£l◊
• TPjßp Es[ RÙYWeLs G˚Y?
• GjR˚] LÙnL±f ˘N•Ls TPjßp Es[]?
• ˙LÙØŸm œg—Lfim Gu] ˘Nn°u\]?
• UWm Y[ok’ ®tTRtœd LÙWQm Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm...?
• UWjßp Tt±l TP⁄m ˘LÙ•´u ˘TV˚Wl TÙPlTœß´p C⁄k’ Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”l TP YÙ£l◊ SPjR ER‹eLs, TPYÙ£l©≠⁄k’ YÙ£l©tœf ˘NpXd
·•V EjßL˚[d L˚Pl©•lT’ SpX’.
YÙ£l˙TÙm
SÙu NÙp¤m NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ Gufl Lh”l TÙPlTœß´p Es[ £X NÙtL˚[d
·fleLs. œg—Ls, œ”œ”, TPTP, œg—, ˙LÙØdœg—, ™[œd ˘LÙ•, UWeLs, ˘N•Ls, ˘LÙ•Ls,
I˙VÙ, TÙYm, NXNX, BaÙ˛ ˙TÙu\ ˘NÙtL˚[ CRtLÙLj ˙Rok˘R”dLXÙm.
˘RÙPok’ œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vf —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m. TXÆRUÙ] YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l
TVuT”jß ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dL YÙnl˚T E⁄YÙdœeLs.
˙N... ˙N... YÙ£l◊, Æh” Æh” YÙ£l◊ ˙TÙu\ EjßL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRXÙm. Cflß´p B£¨V¨u
UÙߨ YÙ£l◊d LhPÙVm C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YØ˙V ˛ ˘NÙp¤eLs
• ÿRu˚Ud Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Gh”m ˙SÙdœPu LXk’˚WVÙ”YRtLÙL˙Y Cd˙LsÆLs
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
• ˙TÙ’UÙ] ˙SWm G”j’d LXk’˚WVÙP ˙Yi”m.
• Ts∞ Y[ÙLm, Ts∞´u —tfll◊\jßp Es[ UWm ˘N• ˘LÙ•L˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙ‘m
˘NVpTÙh•˚]Ÿm C˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊T”jßf ˘NnVXÙm.
Yœl◊ II
155AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
Y˚LlT”j’eLs
UWjßp Æ˚[T˚Y, ˘N•´p Æ˚[T˚Y, ˘LÙ•´p Æ˚[T˚Y Gu\ A•lT˚P´p Y˚Ll
T”j’YRtLÙL˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh” Es[’.
• œZk˚RLs AYWY⁄dœj ˘R¨kR TZeL∞u LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoL˚[f ˘NÙpXh”m/
G›Rh”m.
• L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.
• LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoLfidœ ˙S˙W UWm, ˘N•, ˘LÙ•, Gufl G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
™[LÙn ˛ ˘N•
UÙeLÙn ˛ UWm
SpX™[œ ˛ ˘LÙ•
RdLÙ∞ ˛ ˘N•
LjR¨ ˛ ˘N•
YÙ˚Z ˛ UWm/˘N•
˘Yi˚P ˛ ˘N•
ÈN¶ ˛ ˘LÙ•
C’ TÙu\ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›ßV LÙnL±Ls Utflm TZeL∞u TVoL˚[Ÿm Noj’l Th•V˚X
ÿ›˚UVÙdLh”m.
Cflß´p HRÙY’ Ik’ RÙYWeL∞u TVoL˚[l TÙPËp LÙ”dLlTh”s[ LhPeL∞p G›ß]Ùp
˙TÙ’m.
˙TÙ’UÙ]’ ˛ TVuT”j’eLs
˘UÙØd·flLs Utflm ˘UÙØjß\˚] Y[odœm ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. C’˙TÙu\ A”dœj˘RÙPo Utflm CWh˚Pd°[ÆL˚[ YÙd°Vjßp A˚Uj’d
·\ ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Y•Y˚Uj’d ˘LÙ”dLXÙm ApXYÙ?
˙LÙØdœg—Ls œ”œ” G] K•]
T\˚YLs "TP TP' G]l T\kR]
RiΩo "NXNX' G] K•V’
LUXÙ "LXLX' G]f £¨jRÙs
LiQÙ• "T[T[' G] ™u≤V’
Yi• "LPLP' G] K•V’.
C⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s
˘UÙØjß\u Y[odœm ˙SÙd°p Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
˘LÙ• ˛ UWjßp TP⁄’ ˘LÙ•
LmTjßp T\dœ’ ˘LÙ•
Ëp ˛ ’¶˚Vj ˚RdL ER‹Y’ Ëp
TÙPm T•dL ER‹Y’ Ëp
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
156 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
A˚\ ˛ ≈h•p C⁄lT’ A˚\
Lu]jßp A˚\Y’ A˚\
˘NÙp¤eLs
œZk˚RL∞u Y∞¬h”j ß\˚] Y[odœm SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m AYWY⁄dœ Æ⁄lTUÙ] ÿ˚\´p ˘RÙP˚W ÿ›˚UlT”jRh”m.
J⁄Yo ·±V˚Rl ©uTt±d ·\ÙUp TÙoj’d ˘LÙsY’ SpX’.
Jl©”eLs
UWm ˘N•, ˘LÙ• ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Etfl ˙SÙd° AYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LiP±k’ £\l◊L˚[
Y¨˚NlT”j’m ˙SÙd°p Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.
C’ ˙TÙufl ˙Yfl ˘N•L˚[Ÿm UWeL˚[ŸmÛ TVuT”jß AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”dLXÙm
ApXYÙ!
RdLÙ∞f˘N• ˛ UÙUWm
™[LÙnf ˘N• ˛ T˚]UWm
ÈN¶d˘LÙ• ˛ BXUWm
˘Yi˚Pf ˘N• ˛ ˘Ru˚]UWm
˙TÙ’UÙ]Y˚W ˙S¨p LÙ‘m ˘N•L˚[ Jl◊˚U ˘NnY’ £\kR’
LjR¨f˘N• TXÙUWm
£±V’ ˘T¨V’
LÙn £±V’ LÙn ˘T¨V’
œh˚PVÙ]’ EVWUÙ]’
˘NÙp¤eLs
œZk˚RL∞u A‡TYj˚Rl T°ok’˘LÙsfim ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
AYWYo A‡TYj˚Rf ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
ß⁄jß G›’eLs
œZk˚RL∞Pm LÙ‘m G›j’l ©˚Z˚Vf N¨ NnŸm SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
Cf NVpTÙh•˚] UÙߨVÙL G”j’d LÙi” AqYl˙TÙ’ C’ TÙu\ NVpTÙ”Ls YZeœY’
SpX’.
L˚R˙SWm
• œWp Ht\ RÙr‹P‡m ÿLTÙYj ˙RÙ”m.
L˚R˚Vd ·fleLs
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p L˚R˚Vd ·\h”m.
• Ts∞ ËXLjßp Es[ TPdL˚RLs, £flYo L˚RLs, ˙TÙu\Yt±≠⁄k’ G∞˚UVÙ]
L˚RL˚[j ˙Rok˘R”j’d œZk˚RLfidœ YÙ£dLd ˘LÙ”eLs.
• ˙SWm °˚Pdœm˙TÙ˘RpXÙm L˚R ˘NÙpYRtœ U\dLUÙhºoLs ApXYÙ?
• L˚R ˙Lhœm BoYm E˚PV œZk˚RL∞u ˘UÙØjß\u Y[⁄m GuTßp IV™p˚X.
• L˚R ˘NÙpYRtœ ÿuY⁄m œZk˚RL˚[ FdLlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
157AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
• Su\ÙLd L˚R ˘NÙp¤m œZk˚RLs ˙Yfl Yœl◊L∞p C⁄kRÙp AYoL˚[Ÿm
TVuT”jRXÙm.
• œflkRL”Ls ÍXm L˚RL˚[d œZk˚RLfidœd LÙi©j’d L˚R¡’ BoYj˚Rj
ÁiPXÙm.
L˚R´p BoYj˚Rj Ái”YRtLÙL SÙu ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙ”Ls.
œflkRL”L˚[l TVuT”jß˙]u
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
158 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p
LڮLs
• œf£dLh”Ls
• ˘TÙ⁄hLs
• Gi Ah˚PLs
®Lr‹ ˛ 3
ÈdL˚[j ˙R•
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
100 ÿRp 999 Y˚WŸs[ Íu±XdL GiL˚[ G›R‹m, ·\‹m ˘Nn°u\]o.
®Lr‹ 3 CtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtT L⁄j’ UÙ\ÙUp ·\ ˙Yi”m.
L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±V ©u]od L¶Rl TÙPl◊jRLjßu SÙuLÙm AX˚L A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.
100 u œ›dL[Ùd° Gi‘Y’ G∞˚U Gu\ L⁄j’ °˚Pdœm ÆRjßp Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’.
TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TPeL˚[ Etfl LY≤dLh”m.
AR]•lT˚P´p AYoLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs
• TPjßp Gu˘]u] TÙod°u»oLs?
• G˚Rl TÙoj’d˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?
• Gu] ˙T£d˘LÙs°\ÙoLs?
• J⁄ ·˚P´p GjR˚] ÈdLs ˙Yi”m?
•Tjßu UPeœL˚[d ·\ ˚YjR ©u]o TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd ˘LÙ”dLXÙm.
TPjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ ˙TÙp ·˚PLs TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnVXÙm.
SÙeLs GjR˚] ˙To ˘NÙp≈oL[Ù?
400 200 500300 100
100 ÿRp 500 Y˚WŸs[ GiLs G›RlTh”s[ Ah˚PL˚[ ˙U˚N ¡’ ˚YdL‹m. J⁄ œ›
˙LsÆ˙LhPp. SÙeLs 100 ≈Rm 4 œ›dLs Gi GjR˚]? A”jR œ› Gi Ah˚PL˚[l
TVuT”jßf N¨VÙ] Gi˚Q A”d° ˚Yj’d ·hPh”m. (100, 100, 100, 100 = 400). Cq˘YÙ⁄ C⁄
œ›Æ]⁄m UÙ± UÙ± Æ˚[VÙ”Rp. øeLs œZk˚RLs ·flm GiL˚[f NÙoh•p G›R Yi”m.
C’ GiQ”dœLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. 100
ÿRp 900 Y˚WŸs[ GiQ”dœLs A±ÿLm
˘NnVlT”°\’. YÙ£d°u\]o; G›’°u\]o.
• R≤jR≤VÙL GiQ”d˚L ÿ›˚UVÙdœ°u\]o.
• ˘Y∞´”°u\]o
• B£¨Vo NÙoh•p G›’°\Ùo.
100 ÿRp 900 Y˚WŸs[
GiL˚[ YÙ£dœm TÙ›’ J⁄
Ëfl 100 CWi ËflLs 200, Íufl
ËflLs 300................... JuT’ ËflLs
900 Gufl YÙ£j’ ˘Y∞´Pd
œZk˚RLfidœj ˘R¨kß⁄dL
˙Yi”m. JuT’ ËflLs
˘RÙs[Ù´Wm Gufl YÙ£lT’
A’ B´Wjßu A⁄°¤s[
Gi GuTRÙXÙœm.ËflL∞u UPeL˚[ G›R‹m YÙ£dL‹m
˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’j R∞‹, Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp
GuT˚Y Ußl¿” ˘NnVlThP ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
159AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
UÙ˚X ˙LÙdLXÙm
Tjßu A”dœL˚[d œZk˚RLs A±kß⁄d°\ÙoLs. UÙ˚X´u TPj˚Rf NÙoh•p Y˚Wk’ Yj’d
˘LÙi” C⁄ œ›Æ]¨˚P˙V ˙TÙh• SPjRXÙm. GkRd œ›Æ]o Æ˚WÆp UÙ˚X˚Vl Èojß
˘NnRÙoLs? UÙ˚X Lh”YRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ÈdL˚[ ÿRXÙY’ Li”©•jR œ›Æ]˚Wl
TÙWÙh”Rp.
CkRf ˘NVpTÙh•p A˚]j’d œZk˚RL∞u TeL∞l˚T Eflß ˘NnV Gu]
Ejß˚V ˙Ut˘LÙs≈oLs?
ÈdLs C˚PlTRtœf £WUm G≤p Tߤdœ GkRl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l
TVuT”j’≈oLs?
˱‡˚PV‹m Tj߇˚PV‹m œ›dL˚[f ˙Noj’ Íu±XdL GiLs
E⁄YÙdœm ˘NVpTÙh•p Gu˘]u] UÙt\eLs ˘NnVXÙm?
Èd˙LÙXm A˚Ul˙TÙm
TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ LhPjßtœs YWd·•V GiL˚[ ®WlT ˙Yi”m.
100 + 10 = 110
100 + 20 = 120
CqYÙfl 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 Y˚W´XÙ] GiL˚[ G›ß ARu £\l◊jRu˚UL˚[d ·\ ˚YjRp.
˱‡˚PV‹m, Tj߇˚PV‹m Gi Ah˚PLs TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ˚YdLXÙm.
SÙÿm UÙ˚X Lh”˙YÙm,
œZk˚RL˚[l Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ÈdLs ˘LÙi” YWf ˘NÙp¤Rp. œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨jRp. AYWYo
œ›Æ¤s[ ÈdL˚[ ®\eL∞u A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jR YjRp. Tjßu œ›dL[ÙL BdœRp.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æ]⁄m UÙ˚X Lh”Rp. Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙ˚X Lh”YRtœm TVuT”jßV ÈdL∞u
Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•j’ G›R ˚YjRp.
ÈdLs °˚PdLÆp˚X˘V≤p ™hPÙn RÙsLs, YiQdLÙ°ReLs B°VYt˚\l TVuT”jß È
UÙ˚X LhPXÙm ApXYÙ? Tjßu UPeœLs, Tjßu ·hPpLs ˙TÙu\Ytfls ß\u˘T\j ˘RÙPo
˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZeœY’ SpX’.
Gi˘LÙ•
Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®Wl◊˙YÙm
10, 20, 30, ....., ......
40, 50, ......, ........
C’ ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙ”jR ©u]o TÙPl◊jRLjߤs[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs
RÙUÙLf ˘NnV EtNÙLlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
UÙmTZeLs GjR˚]?
100 1 = 101
100 2 = 102
LÙ°Rjßp UÙmTZeL∞u Y•YeL˚[ ˘Yh• G”j’ Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ˚YdLXÙm.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
160 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
Gi ˙RÙWQm
˙RÙWQeL∞p Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®WlT ˚YjRp.
Gi Ah˚PLs TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P ˘NnV
˚YdLXÙm. ËflPu Jufl ˙Nodœm˙TÙ’ 101, ËflPu
CWi” ˙Nodœm ˙TÙ’ 102. CqYÙfl GiLs 101, 102, 103,
104, 105, ..... GuTR˚]d œZk˚RLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsfiUÙfl
Tp˙Yfl ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”dLXÙm.
C˚Rl˙TÙufl Gi ˙RÙWQm
E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙUÙ?
Ah˚P, Ëp ˙TÙu\˚Y TVuT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ?
L˚X, ˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆ YÙnl◊Ls J⁄e°˚QkR ÿ˚\´p SpL
˙Yi”m.
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©u TÙLUÙL Ußl©”R¤m ˙Yi”m.
Yœl©¤s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim
GpXÙ LhPeL˚[Ÿm N¨VÙL G›ß
ÿ›˚UVÙdL ÿ•kRRÙ? 110 GuT˚R
GjR˚] ˙To N¨VÙL G›ß]ÙoLs?
LiP±kR Ejß˚Vd ·±]ÙoL[Ù? 101
Cp 1 GuT˚R Ju±u CXdLjߤm
110 Cp 1 GuT˚R Tjßu CXdLjߤm
G›ß]ÙoL[Ù?
SiToLfim ÈdLfim
œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” To ≈Rÿs[ œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. CWi” œ›Æ]⁄dœm J⁄ Ah˚Pl˘Th•
≈Rm ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. AqYh˚Pl ˘Th•´p ËflLs, Tj’Ls, JuflLs Gufl G›ßV
GiQh˚PLs C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. øeLs œ±l©hP J⁄ Gi˚Qf ˘NÙpX CWi” œ›Æ≠⁄k’m
J⁄Yo ≈Rm K• Yk’ AkR Gi˚Q A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtLÙ] GiQh˚PL˚[ G”j’ Gi˚Qd
·\ Yi”m (G.”) 112 Gu\ Gi˚Q øeLs ·flm TÙ’ œZk˚RLs 1 Ëfl, 1 Tj’, 2 JuflLs Gu\
GiQh˚PLs G”j’ 112 Gufl ·\ ˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl Æ˚[VÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPok’ Æ˚[VÙ•V
©u]o TÙPlTœß´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RÙUÙL ˘NnV YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.
TPeLs, œf£dLh”Ls, Æ˚RLs, ÿj’dLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”jß HWÙ[UÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
˘LÙ”l¿oLs ApXYÙ?
GiLs E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm
TPjßp LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ TÙu\ , , Y•YeL∞p GiQh˚PLs RVÙ¨j’ Yj’
Íufl Ah˚Pl˘Th•dœs Ch” YdL Yi”m. YhPjßp 100 Lfim N’Wjßp 10 u UPeœLfim
ÿd˙LÙQjßp K¨XdL GiL˚[Ÿm G›R ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RLfidœm Íufl CXdL
GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls LÙ”dL Yi”m. œZk˚RLs ·flm GiL˚[f NÙoh•p
G›R ˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
161AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
10030 4 134
100 70 7 177
AqYÙfl NÙoh•p G›ßV GiL∞p T¨V Gi, £±V Gi Li”©•lTRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls LÙ”dL
˙Yi”m.
˘Lh•VÙ] Ah˚P/NÙoh G”eLs
£±V YhPjßp ˘Yh•˘V”eLs ˛ 20
N’Wjßp ˘Yh•˘V”jR˚Y ˛ 45
ÿd˙LÙQjßp ˘Yh•˘V”jR˚Y ˛ 45
AYt±p GiLs G›’eLs
YhPm ˛ 100
N’Wm ˛ 10, 20, 30, ..., 90 Y˚W
ÿd˙LÙQm ˛ 1, 2, 3, .... 9 Y˚W
Ah˚PLs E⁄YÙdLd œZk˚RL˚[l TVuT”j’eLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
162 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
®Lr‹ ˛ 4
˘N•´p At◊Rm Li˙Pu
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• TÙP˚X ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.
• ˘UÙØf˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 4 tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·\p.
GkRu ˙RÙhPl È˙Y
Eu˚] Jufl ˙Lh˙Tu
GkRu ˙RÙhPl È˙Y!
Tf˚Nf ˘N•´p CjR˚] SÙs
T’e° øŸm Ge°⁄kRÙn?
LÙt±p J∞´p SÙ≤⁄k˙Ru
Ui¶p ø¨p SÙ≤⁄k˙Ru
GpXÙm Ju\Ùnf ˙NokR’˙U
ÈYÙn SÙ‡m UXok˙R˙]!
AmUÙ AlTÙ ˙TÙp SÙ‡m
AZLÙnl ©\k’ C⁄d°u˙\u
Tf˚Nf ˘N•´p ©\k’m ˛ ø
Tf˚Nl ÈYÙn H≤p˚X?
Tf˚Nl ÈYÙn SÙ≤⁄kRÙp
VÙodœm TÙodL ÿ•VÙ˙R!
YiQm YÙNm C⁄lTR]Ùp
Yi”dœ YØŸm ˘R¨°\˙R!
• Gu\ TÙP˚X CWÙLj˙RÙ” K¨⁄ÿ˚\ TÙ•dLÙh”eLs.
• C’˙TÙu\ RÙYWeL˚[l Tt±V TÙPp TÙPlTœßdœs Ei” TÙ• U°r˙YÙUÙ Gufl
˘NÙp≠l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm.
Yœl◊ II
163AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
• TÙP˚Xl TÙ”m˙TÙ’ L˚Pl©•dL Yi•V LhPeL˚[d L˚Pl©•j’ ®Lr˚Y YØSPjßf
˘Np≈oLs ApXYÙ!
• R≤VÙLlTÙ”Rp, œ›YÙLl TÙ”Rp, ˙Nok’ TÙ”Rp ˙TÙu\˚Y S˚P˘Tfl°\˘Rufl
EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
˘NÙp¤eLs
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
• A˚]Y⁄dœm AYWYo L⁄j˚Rd ·\ YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.
• ˘N•L˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° AYt±u R≤j Ru˚UL˚[d LiP±V‹m BoYj˚R HtT”j’m
ÆRm ’˚Q Æ]ÙdL˚[Ÿm EhT”jßd˘LÙs[XÙm.
• ˙R˚YVÙ] ˙SWeL∞p £fl Æ[dLeLs ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m!
˘NÙp¤eLs
ÈdL∞u R≤jRu˚UL˚[ A±k’˘LÙsYRtLÙL˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
„¨VLÙkß´u R≤jRu˚ULs
„¨Vu˙TÙX LÙh£V∞dœm
Gl˙TÙ’m „¨V˚] ˙SÙd°j ß⁄m©´⁄dœm.
„¨VLÙkßdœ Uh”UpX UgNs YiQlÈdLs TXYt±tœm „¨V˚]
˙SÙd°j ß⁄m◊m œQm Ei”.
RÙU˚WlÈÆu R≤jRu˚U
RÙU˚W C˚X´p RiΩo JhPÙ’
RÙU˚W LÙ˚X´p UX⁄m; UÙ˚X´p
CRrLs Jufl ˙N⁄m œQm ˘LÙiP’.
RÙU˚W TX YiQeL∞p Ei”.
Ap≠lÈdLs ˘Yi˚UVÙ]˚Y. A˚Y
RÙU˚W˙TÙufl LÙh£V∞jß•‡m UÙ˚X´p
UXWk’ LÙ˚X´p ·m◊m
Ru˚U E˚PV˚Y.
LY≤ŸeLs
RÙYWeL∞u C˚XL∞u R≤jRu˚UL˚[ Etfl˙SÙdœYRtLÙLf ˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
Ts∞ Y[ÙLjßp Es[ ˘N•L∞u C˚XL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° AYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d ·\‹m
G›R‹m YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• ÷≤ ·o˚UVÙ]˚Y
• KWm TtLs ˙TÙu\˚Y
• ÷≤ ÿh˚P Y•YUÙ]˚Y
•••
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
164 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
• ˘Tu£p ET˙VÙ°j’ C˚X Af— RVÙo ˘NnRp
• ©Wx, YiQm TVuT”jß C˚X Af— RVÙo ˘NnRp
• C˚XL˚[l TVuT”jß C˚X BpTm RVÙo ˘NnRp (B£¨V¨u ERÆŸPu)
Li”©•ŸeLs
J˙W ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄m ˘NÙtL˚[l TÙPlTœß´p C⁄k’ Li”©•dœm ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ”
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
TÙPlTœß˚V ¡i”m YÙ£dLj ÁiP‹m CjR˚L˚V ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ER‹UpXYÙ?
BoYj˙RÙ” ˛ SÙhPm ˘LÙi”
EhLÙok˙Ru ˛ AUok˙Ru
Y[UÙn ˛ ˘NØlTÙn
UflT•Ÿm ˛ ¡i”m.
C’ ˙TÙufl ˘TÙ⁄s Li”©•dœm ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A•dL• S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ?
Gßof˘NÙp ·fleLs
˘UÙØjß\˚] ˙UmT”j’m ˙SÙdLj’Pu Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
˘UpX ˛ Æ˚WYÙL
˙Nok’ ˛ ©¨k’
A⁄°p ˛ ÁWjßp
—⁄e°V ˛ ƨkR
TPj˘RÙœl◊ RVÙo ˘NnVXÙm
ÈdLs, C˚XLs, LÙnLs, TZeLs ˙TÙu\˚Y ˘RÙPoTÙ]’m ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘RÙPoTÙ]’UÙ]
Tjߨ˚L, œZk˚R UXoL∞p Y⁄m TPeL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ BpTm RVÙo ˘NnV ER‹eLs.
˘NnßLs ˙NL¨dLXÙm
˘RÙhPÙp YÙ•, RÙU˚W, „¨VLÙkß, ˙TÙufl R≤jRu˚ULs Es[ ˙Yfl TX RÙYWeLfim
EiPpXYÙ?
A˚Y RÙPoTÙLl Tjߨ˚LL∞p Y⁄m NnßL˚[j ßWh• Yœl◊ A[ÆXÙ] RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdL
ER‹eLs.
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©tœ
C˚X Af—Ls
˙NL¨l◊Ls
G›j’f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
Yœl◊ II
165AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
50 52 54
71 73 75
®Lr‹ ˛ 5
L˚Pdœf ˘Np˙YÙm
œZk˚RLs A˚PV ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• CWi” CXdL GiL˚[l Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[d°d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
• Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß ÆtL‹m, YÙeL‹m ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 5 CtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p/TÙPl Tœß´¤s[
TPeL∞u A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs
• £u‡ ™u‡Æu ˙RÙhPjßp Gu˘]u] LÙnL±Ls Æ˚[kß⁄dœm?
• EeLs ≈h•p ˙RÙhPm EiPÙ?
• øeLs LÙnL±Ls T´o ˘Nnß⁄d°»oL[Ù?
• Gu˘]u] LÙnL±Ls EeLs F¨p Æ˚[Ÿm?
• Æ˚[kR LÙnL±L˚[ Gu] ˘Nn≈oLs?
• LÙnL±d L˚Pdœf ˘Nu±⁄d°»oL[Ù?
• Gu˘]u] LÙnL±L˚[l TÙojß⁄d°»oLs?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs. ©u]o £u‡‹m, ™u‡‹m
LÙnL±Ls Æt\˙TÙ’ °˚PjR ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TÙodLXÙUÙ G]d˙Lh” "L˚Pdœf ˘Np˙YÙm'
Gufl TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
AR]•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.
• ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TÙojß⁄d°\ÙoL[Ù?
• Gu˘]u] ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls ˘R¨Ÿm?
• ˘TÙ⁄hLs YÙeL L˚Pdœf ˘Nu±⁄d°»oL[Ù?
• ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß´⁄d°»oL[Ù?
• œZk˚RLs TÙojR ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙQ ˚YjRp.
• ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[d LÙi©jRp.
Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß YœlT˚\´p L˚P, ÆVÙTÙ¨, LÙnL±Ls ÆtLf
˘Nu\YoLs (£ufl, ™u‡) ˙TÙu\ A˚Ul˚T E⁄YÙd° Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ˚YŸeLs.
A˚]j’ œZk˚RLfidœm YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.
C’˙TÙu\ HWÙ[UÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[d œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”l¿oLs ApXYÙ?
£iPu G≠´u NÙhPm
˙Utœ±l©hP’ TÙu\ NVpTÙ”L˚[d LÙ”jR ©u]o TÙPlTœß´¤s[ NVpTÙh˚Pj RÙUÙL
˘NnYRtLÙ] YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RLs ·flm EjßL˚[ Ußl¿”
˘NnV˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
166 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
AflY˚P
150 ÿRp 160 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ G›’YRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. C’˙TÙu\
HWÙ[UÙ] ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙ”l¿oLs ApXYÙ?
150 ÿRp 5 Cu UPeœL˚[ G›’YRtœ A”jR NVpTÙh˚Pl TVuT”jR Yi”m. C’ TÙu\
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Y•Y˚Uj’ Jt˚\ Gi, CWh˚P Gi, Ikßu UPeœ B°VYt˚\ 200 Y˚W
G›ßl TZL YÙnl◊ E⁄YÙdœ≈oLs ApXYÙ?
Ju±t˘LÙufls[ ˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•jRp, Ejß˚Vd
·flRp GuTYt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
GiÈdLs
ÿu]Ùp, S”Æp, ©u]Ùp Y⁄m GiL˚[d
Li”©•j’ G›’YRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. L⁄mTX˚L/NÙoh•p C’˙TÙu\
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZe°d œZk˚RL∞u
GiQ±˚Y Y[odL CV¤UpXYÙ?
˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m Íufl GiL˚[d LiP±YRtLÙ]
ß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
Íu]Ùp G’? ©u]Ùp G’? S”Æp
G’? LiP±YRtLÙ] NVpTÙ”L˚[
Æ˚[VÙhPÙL‹m SPjRXÙm. ˘Yt±
˘Tt\Y˚Wd Li”©•lTRtLÙ]
RkßWm Gu]?
LhPeL˚[ ®Wl◊˙YÙm
·hPp AhPY˚Q´u —⁄dLm ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. CqYhPY˚Q˚V œZk˚RL˙[
ÿ›˚UVÙdL YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. CqYhPY˚Q˚Vl TVuT”jß 10 Y˚W´XÙ] ·hPp
YÙnlTÙ”L˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙQ CV¤m. TÙPË≠p LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ TÙufl HWÙ[UÙ] RÙPo
˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”lT’ SpX’.
1 ÿRp 10 Y˚W´XÙ] GiL˚[d ·h• J⁄ ·hPp YÙnlTÙ”
RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœm YÙnl◊ RWlTh”s[’. C˚Rl TVuT”jßd
·hPp Li”©•dœm Æ˚[VÙh˚P SPjRXÙm. C⁄Yo ˙Nok’
Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh”. G”j’dLÙhPÙL J⁄Yo 6, 4 Gufl ·flm
˘TÙ›’ A”jRYo 10 Gufl ·\˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl 5 ˙LsÆLs
ÿ•Y˚PŸm ˘TÙ›’ GpXÙm ·±VY⁄dœ 5 ◊s∞Ls. AkR
·hPp Ei˚UL˚[ AqYl˙TÙ’ œ±l˙Th•p G›R˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
167AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
®Lr‹ ˛ 6
˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘Nn˙YÙm
®Lr‹ 6 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”
œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs.
• £u‡, ™u‡ Gu] ÆYNÙVm ˘NnRÙoLs?
• UWf∫≤d °ZeœL˚[ GqYÙfl ÆYNÙVm ˘NnR]o?
• UWf∫≤f ˘N• TÙojß⁄d°»oL[Ù?
•••
S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚] RÙPoTÙ] LQdœLfidœj æo‹ LÙiTRtœ HWÙ[UÙ] RÙPo NVpTÙ”Ls
˘LÙ”dL Yi”m. TÙPl◊jRLjßp Es[’ TÙufl CWi” CXdL GiL˚[d ·h”m TÙ’ Ju\Ùm
CXdLjßp Ufl ·hP¤dœ EhThP˚Y, TjRÙY’ CXdLjßp Ufl ·hP¤dœ EhThP˚Y
˙TÙu\˚YLfidœ HWÙ[m ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”l¿oLs ApXYÙ?
C’˙TÙufl LØjR≠¤m HWÙ[UÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.
34 30 + 4
28 20 + 8
.............. 50 + 12
50 + 10 + 2 = 62
34 -˛ 30 + 4 ˛
7 7
20 + 10 + 4 ˛
7
20 + 14 ˛
7
20 + 7
27
£pX˚\ UÙt± NnŸm LQdœL∞p, UgNÙ• ÿj’dLs, Æ˚RLs, œf£Ls, U¶fNhPm, CPUßl◊l
˘Th• ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”jß AßLUÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”lT’ SpX’.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
168 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
®Lr‹ ˛ 7
˘U›œ˙TÙu\ YÙ˚Z
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (R™r)
• E˚WVÙPp Y•Æp A˚UkR YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V YÙ£j’d L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙs°\ÙoLs
• ˘UÙØÆ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls („r®˚X´Vp)
RÙYWeL∞u TVuL˚[l Th•V≠h” AYt±u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd ·fl°\ÙoLs.
˘U›œ ˙TÙu\ YÙ˚Z Gu\ ®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs.
T˚]UW˙U T˚]UW˙U
Hu ©\kRÙn T˚]UW˙U!
SÙu ©\kR LÙWQj˚R
SÙhPÙ˙W ˘NÙp¤°˙\u
(Gu\TÙP˚X •l BLl TVuT”j’Rp)
C’˙TÙu\ SUdœ Su˚U R⁄m GjR˚] UWeLs Es[]?
LXk’˚WVÙ”Rp
Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm AYWYo L⁄j’L˚[d ·\ YÙnlT∞jRp
C’˙TÙufl SUdœl TVuR⁄m YÙ˚Z˚Vl Tt±V TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm ApXYÙ?
TP YÙ£l◊
• TPjßp Es[’ VÙWÙL C⁄dœm? AYoL[’ TVoL˚[l TÙPlTœß´p C⁄k’ Li”©•dL
ÿ•ŸUÙ?
• AYoLs Gu] ˘Nn’˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?
• ˘U›œYojß˚Vl Tt± TÙPjßp Y⁄m Tœß˚Vd Li”©•ŸeLs.
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ÍXm TP YÙ£l˚Tj Ái•l TP YÙ£l©≠⁄k’ TÙP YÙ£l©tœf
˘NpXXÙm ApXYÙ!
YÙ£l˙TÙUÙ?
• YÙ£l◊d LhPeL˚[l TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• Tp˙Yfl EjßL˚[l TVuT”jß ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dLj ÁiP ˙Yi”m.
• ˘U›œYojß, YÙ˚ZUWm, E⁄° E⁄°, ˙TÙ’m ˙TÙ’m, ˙TÙu\ £X YÙoj˚RL˚[d
Li”©•j’ YhP™P YÙnlT∞dLXÙm.
¡i”m YÙ£lTRtLÙ] £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LhLXÙm.
˘U›œYojßdœm YÙ˚Zdœm Es[ Jtfl˚ULs G˚Y...?
˘NÙp¤eLs
ÿRu˚Ud Lt\p A˚P˚Y Gh”YRtœj ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’YRtœ Ht\Ùt˙TÙX
Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs
• ˙TÙ’UÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm ˘LÙ”eLs.
Yœl◊ II
169AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
• ˙R˚YVÙ] CPeL∞p £fl Æ[dLeLs ˘LÙ”dLXÙm.
• A˚]Y⁄m LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m
RÙYWeL∞u Y⁄jRm
UÙߨ˚Vl TÙufl G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m. G›ßV˚R YœlT˚\´p
Teœ ˚YdLh”m. LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœm UÙt\jßtœm ©u ¡i”m AYWYo G›ßV˚R ˙UmT”jß
G›Rh”m.
Th•V≠”eLs
EQYÙLl TVuT”m RÙYWlTœßL˚[ A±k’˘LÙsfim ˙SÙdLj’Pu Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
• EQYÙLl TVuT”m RÙYWeL˚[d œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m G›ßV˚Rd ·\d·\ øeLs J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›R˙Yi”m.
• J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›ßV˚Rl TVuT”jßl TÙPË≠p Es[ AhPY˚Q˚V ÿ›˚Ul T”jR
ER‹eLs.
• AYWYo ÿ›˚UlT”jßV ©u Yœl©p ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
œZk˚RL∞u ˘UÙØjß\˚] Y[odœm ˙SÙd°p Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
• AYWYo A‡TYj˚Rf ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• EeLfidœ HRÙY’ A‡TYm C⁄kRÙp A˚Rf ˘NÙp≠j ˘RÙPeLXÙm ApXYÙ?
• A˚]Y⁄m Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
ß⁄jß G›’eLs
’˚Q G›j’Ls J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”Ls ˙TÙu\Yt±˚]d ˚LVÙfim˙TÙ’ HtT”m ©˚ZL˚[d
œ˚\lTRtLÙL˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
• C’˙TÙu\ AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Y•Y˚Uj’d ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m!
G›’eLs
œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m. L⁄mTX˚L/NÙoh•p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.
˙U˙X X ∏˙Z
Es˙[ X ˘Y∞˙V
ÿu]Ùp X ©u]Ùp
TdLjßp X ÁWjßp
˙Uh•p X Ts[jßp
Li”©•ŸeLs
J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[l TVuT”j’Yßp ß\u˘Tflm ˙SÙdœP˙] CfN˘VpTÙ” Ceœ
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
Y Z ˛ YÙ˚Z
U W e L ˛ ÿ⁄e˚L
T ] ˛ T˚]
L W ˛ ∏˚W
R ˚ ] ˛ ˘Ru˚]
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
170 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
C˙R G›j’dL˚[l TVuT”jß ˙Yfl J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs
E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ?
Y Z ˛ ÆØ, YØ
T ] ˛ È˚], TÙ˚]
L W ˛ ∏¨, L¨
TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnRp
œZk˚RLs —VUÙLl TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnVh”m.
AYWYo ®˚\‹ ˘NnR˚R YÙ£j’/TÙ•d LÙhPh”m.
J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›ßd œ›lTÙPp E⁄YÙdL‹m ˘NnVXÙm ApXYÙ?
®Lr‹ ˛ 8
œh• VÙ˚]´u YÙ˚Zj˙RÙhPm
œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Ti•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• SÙsLÙh•´p Es[ Tp˙Yfl GiQ”dœL∞u ˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•j’ Æ[d°d
·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs
®Lr‹ 8 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YPd ·\p. AR]•lT˚P´p Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d
œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙPp SPjR ˙Yi”m.
SÙsLÙh•´p Be°X UÙRj˚R A±ÿLlT”jR Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.
°Z˚ULs, ˙Rß, GiLfidœ C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊, GiQ”dœLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\
A±ÿLlT”jR‹m. CjR⁄Qjßp R™r SÙhLÙh•˚VŸm, UÙReL˚[Ÿm ®˚]‹ ·\ U\k’
ÆPÙæoLs.
SÙsLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jßf ˘NnV ˙Yi•V AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls.
• R]’ ©\kR SÙ˚[d Li”©•jRp
• ß⁄ÆZÙdL˚[d Li” ©•jRp
• Æ”ÿ˚\ SÙhL˚[d Li” ©•jRp
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRÿm ˘RÙPeœm ÿ•Ÿm °Z˚UL˚[d Li”©•jRp
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRjߤs[ SÙhL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•jRp.
• R˚XYoL∞u ©\kR SÙ˚[d Li”©•jRp.
GiQ”dœLs Li”©•l˙TÙm
SÙhLÙh•´p ˙RßLs Y¨˚NVÙL G›ß GiQ”dœLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
2015 •NmTo UÙR SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’
• OÙ´tfld °Z˚U´u ˙RßL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m.
• ßeLh °Z˚U´u ˙RßL˚[ G›Rh”m.
˙RßLfid°˚P˙VŸs[ £\l◊ Gu]?
£\l◊L˚[d LiP±°u\]o; G›’°u\]o; ·fl°u\]o.
Yœl◊ II
171AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
˘RÙPok’ L¶Rl◊jRLjߤs[ ©\ Æ]ÙdLfidœm Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
• ˘Y∞´”Rp
OÙ´tfld°Z˚U´u ˙RßLs 7 ≈Rm ·• Y⁄°u\]
ßeLh °Z˚U´u ˙RßLfim 7 ≈Rm ·• Y⁄°u\]
©\ SÙhL∞¤m ˙RßLfim 7 ≈Rm ·• Y⁄°u\]
GuT˚R SÙhLÙh•´≠⁄k’ ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’ SÙhL˚[Ÿm ˙Rß˚VŸm
LiP±YRtLÙ] ß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RLs J⁄ SÙhLÙh• E⁄YÙdLh”m. A˚Rl
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœlTÙd° Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
172 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
˘SpÆYNÙVm
L˚[ G”jRp
EWm C”Rp
øolTÙnf—Rp
EZ‹ ˙Y˚X
LÙYp LÙjRp
Lßo AfljRp
AXœ Ußl¿”
1. œ›Æp ˙NWÙR˚Rd Li”©•j’ YhP™”.
1. Up≠jR˚Z, ◊ß]Ù, ∏˚W, LjR¨dLÙn
2. ˘Yi˚P, LjR¨, ™[LÙn, LÙWh
3. ÈN¶, ◊P˚X, ˘Ys[¨, UÙeLÙn
2. ˘NÙt „¨V˚]l TVuT”jßl TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnL
˙LÙØ Jufl YV≠˙X
EZ‹ ˙Y˚X ˘NnR’!
YV≠p ø˚Wl TÙnf£˙V
Æ˚RŸm Su\Ùn Æ˚RjR’!
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
3. GjR˚] ÆjßVÙNm ˘NÙpXÿ•Ÿm?
RdLÙ∞f˘N• UÙUWm
• •• •• •• •• •
Yœl◊ II
173AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
150 140
160
130 120
110
160
.....................
.....................................
................................................
...........................................................
110
100 40 3 172
100 50 8 115
100 20 4 143
100 70 2 158
100 10 5 124
55
55 + 5 +
+ +
4. Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®Wl◊L
5. ˘TÙ⁄j’L
6. Æ˚P LÙi˙TÙm
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
174 AXœ 4 : E´o YÙZ
56
30 + 27
21 + 35
25 + 22
23 + 33
45 + 11
34 + 24
7. N¨VÙ] ˙_Ù•˚V C˚QdL‹m
8. ©˚Z˚Vj ß⁄jß G›’eLs
• ˘Yp˚Xd˙LÙ∞ YV∞p EfiR’
• ßifl ßifl T£VWXm
• YV¤dœf ˘Nifl TojR’
• ™Xœd ˘L• RÆlT˚R UWm TojR’
• Al˘TÙ’ Ltfl B•jRÙ’.
9. N¨VÙ] ˘RÙP˚W G”j’ G›’eLs
• ˘LÙ•´p AY˚WdLÙn ............................... LÙnjR’
• ˘Ru˚] UWjßp ˙ReLÙn ...................... LÙnjR’
• ≈h•p ˘Sp˚X .............................. A”d° ˚Yjß⁄kR]o
(Íh˚P,Íh˚PVÙn, ˘LÙj’d ˘LÙjRÙn, œ˚Xœ˚XVÙn)
10. ˘LÙ”dLlThP ˘NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof˘NÙp˚Xd Li” ©•j’ G›’eLs
LÙ˚X ˙SWm B]’
˙LÙØ ˘UpX G›kR’
A’ Èf˘N•˚Vd LiP’
˘UpX A⁄°p ˘Nu\’
È˚Yl TÙoj’ £¨jR’
™L‹m CuTm A˚PkR’
’uTm xÁWjßp xÆ˚WYÙL xUÙ˚X xA›R’ x
Yœl◊ II
175AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
HflY¨˚N. C\eœY¨˚N, CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjRp, ø[m
A[jRp, F°jRp ˙TÙu\ L¶Rd L⁄j’dLs A±k’˘LÙsfim
ÆRjßp L¶Rl TÙP AXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
CqYX°p...
TPdL˚R, L˚RlTÙPp, TÙPp, L˚RlTœß, TPm Y˚Wk’ YiQm
æh”Rp ˙TÙu\˚Y A˚Uk’s[].
Y[ol◊l ©WÙ¶Ls. Tp˙Yfl Y˚L E´¨]eLs
AYt±u £\l©Vp◊Ls E´¨]eLs ¡’ T¨‹ B°V]
Tt±V L⁄j’Ls E⁄YÙœm ÆRUÙLl TÙPlTœßLfim
˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[].
Cufl EXL A[Æp GpXÙ ÆXeœLfim T\˚YLfim Gi¶d˚L´p
œ˚\k’ LÙi˙P Y⁄°u\]. EQÆtLÙL‹m, ©\ R˚YLfidLÙL‹m
E´¨]eL˚[ ˙Yh˚PVÙ”Rp SÙfidœSÙs AßL¨j’d ˘LÙi˙P
Y⁄°u\’. A˚Y AØYRÙp È™´u CVt˚L „Z˙X AØk’Æ”m
BTj’ Es[’ GuT˚R SÙm EQW ˙Yi”m. È™jRÙ´u CVt˚L
Y[eL˚[d LÙdL Yi”UÙ´u Y] ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm, T\˚YL˚[Ÿm
AØVÙUp TÙ’LÙlT’ AY£Vm. C˚R ÿu≤fljßd œZk˚Rl T⁄Ym
ÿR˙X E´¨]eL∞u ¡’ Au◊m AdL˚\Ÿm ˘N¤j’m Ti˚Td
œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[odœm ˘TÙ⁄h” CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!AXœ 5
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
176 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
LÙX AhPY˚Q
®Lr‹Ls ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs
1. LÙ” GeL[’ ≈” (L¶Rm) 2
2. YÙ]m Gu ˚URÙ]m 2
3. YØ Jufl ˘NÙp¤eLs 2
4. N˚UVX˚\ E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm (L¶Rm) 3
5. Y≤RÙÆu ≈” 2
6. ÁWjßp (L¶Rm) 2
7. Ge˙L Gu ˘NpXdœh•? 3
16 SÙhLs
AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs
˘UÙjRm 17 SÙhLs
Yœl◊ II
177AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
1. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d L˚R˚Vd LiP±k’ Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs. R˚Xl˚T
G›’°\ÙoLs.
2. T\˚YL˚[l Tt±j RUdœj ˘R¨kR L⁄j’L˚[f ˘NÙkR S˚P´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
3. LXk’˚WVÙP≠p LXk’˘LÙi” ReL[’ L⁄j’L˚[ G”j’˚Wd°\ÙoLs.
4. ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß œ±l©hP YÙd°V A˚Ul©uT• YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL
E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
5. L⁄j’Lfidœ HtTd L˚R˚V Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.
6. L˚RlTÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m, œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs. S•j’m
˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
7. „Z¤dœ HtflYÙfl E˚WVÙP˚Xl ÈojߢNn°\ÙoLs.
8. R]dœl ©•jR ˘NpXl©WÙ¶˚Vl Tt±d ·fl°\ÙoLs; G›’°\ÙoLs.
9. J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.
10. ˘UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th” C˚Qf ˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±k’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
11. TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’ CPm˘Ttfls[ ©WÙ¶L∞u ˘TVoL˚[d LiP±k’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
1. E´¨]eL˚[ AYt±u CPm˘TV⁄m Ru˚Udœ HtT Y˚LlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
2. E´¨]eL∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[ AhPY˚QlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.
3. LÙh•p, ≈h•p Y£dLd·•V E´¨]eL˚[ Y˚LlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.
L¶Rm
1. GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
2. ˘T¨V CWi•XdL Gi˚Qf £±V CWi•XdL GiQÙp LØd°\ÙoLs.
3. ·h•]Ùp ˘RÙ˚L 50 YWd·•V GiL˚[d Li”©•j’d ·h”°\ÙoLs.
4. GiL˚[ C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
5. Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ø[j˚R A[d°\ÙoLs, G›’°\ÙoLs.
6. GiL˚[l Tj’dL[ÙL‹m, JuflL[ÙL‹m ©¨j’j ˘RÙ˚L LÙi°u\]o.
7. CWi” CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·h”j˘RÙ˚L˚V F°j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
8. N¨VÙ] Æ˚P˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”d°\ÙoLs. Æ˚PdLÙ] LÙWQj˚Rd LXk’˚WVÙ•d
Li”©•d°\ÙoLs.
L˚XdLpÆ
1. ◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs, ˘TÙ⁄jRÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
178 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
5 ·
• Y
Ù›
’ C
e˙L
R™
r
$TP
m T
Ùoj’
d L
˚R˚
Vd ·
\ C
V¤
m.
$L⁄
j’
L˚
[ SU
’ Æ
⁄l
Tjß
t˙
LtT
˘NÙk
R S
˚P
´p
G›
R C
V¤
m.
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP≠
p T
eœ
Tfl
YRu
ÍX
m
L⁄
j’
L˚
[ ˘
Y∞
´P
ÿ•
Ÿm
.
$Tp
˙Y
fl ˘
NÙtL˚
[ C
˚Q
j’
l ק
V
ק
V Y
Ùd°
Ve
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
L ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$L⁄
j’
Lfi
d˙
LtT
LÛ
L˚
R˚
V
Y¨˚
NlT”
jR ÿ
•Ÿ
m
$T
ÙP
pL˚
[T
Û T
p˙
Yfl
WÙLj
ßp
˘U
hP
˚U
j’
l T
ÙP C
V¤
m.
$L⁄
j’
L˚
[
E˚
WV
ÙP
p
Y•
Æp
˘Y
∞´
P ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$A
‡TY
eL∞
u Y
Ù´X
ÙLd L
⁄j’
L˚
[d
·\ C
V¤
m.
$J
≠j’
˚Q
d œ
±¬
”L˚
[d ˘
LÙi
”
˘TÙ⁄
[˚
UkR ˘
NÙt
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
LX
Ùm.
$˘
UÙØ
Æ
˚[
VÙh
”L∞
p D”
T”
YRu
ÍX
m ˘
NÙt
L˚
[ E
⁄Y
ÙdLX
Ùm.
$TÙP
lTœ
ß˚
V Y
Ù£j’
l ◊¨k’
˘
LÙi
-
PÙp
A
’ ˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
Æ
]ÙdLfi
dœ
Æ˚
P ·
\ C
V¤
m.
$T
Pm
T
Ùoj
’d
L˚
R˚
Vd
·fl
Rp
˘TÙ⁄
jRU
Ù] R
˚X
l˚
T G
›’
Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: L
˚R ˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
$L⁄
j’
L˚
[ A
YWY
o ˘
NÙk
R S˚
P´
p
G›
’Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
›’
eLs
.
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
;L⁄
j’
L˚
[d ·
flRp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: ˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
$Y
Ùd°
Ve
L˚
[ G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pT
Ù”
:
G›
’e
Ls
, G
jR˚
]
YÙd
°V
eLs
?
$L˚
R˚
V Y
¨˚
NlT”
jß
G›
’Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
›’
eLs
.
$TÙP
¤dœ
˘U
hP
˚U
jRp
, S•
jRp
˘NV
pTÙ”
:
YØ
˘V
Ùu
fl ˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
(L˚
RlTÙP
p T
ϧ
)
TÙ”
eLs
(Y
≤RÙÆ
u ≈
”)
$E
˚WV
ÙPp
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
›’
eLs
$T
Pe
L˚
[l
T
Ùoj
’d
L˚
R˚
Vd
Li
P±
k’
Rm
˘
NÙkR
S˚
P´
p
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
. R˚
Xl˚
T G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$T\˚
YL˚
[l Tt±
RÛ RU
dœ
j ˘
R¨kR
L⁄
j’
L˚
[f
˘NÙkR
S˚
P´
p
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP
≠p
LX
k’
˘
LÙi
”
Re
L[
’ L
⁄j’
L˚
[ G
”j’
˚Wd°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
NÙtL˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jß
LÛ œ
±l©
hP
YÙd
°V
A
˚U
l©
uT•
Y
Ùd°
Ve
L˚
[j
RÙU
ÙL˙Y
E⁄
YÙd
ϡ
\Ùo
Ls
.
$L⁄
j’
Lfi
dœ
H
tT
L˚
R˚
V
Y¨˚
NlT”
jß
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
L˚
RlTÙP
˚X
j R
≤V
ÙL‹
m, œ
›Y
ÙL‹
m
˘U
hP
˚U
j’
l TÙ”
°\ÙoLs
/ S•
j’
m
˘Y
∞´
”°
\Ùo
Ls
$„
Z¤
dœ
Htfl
YÙfl
E˚
WV
ÙP˚
Xl È
ojß
˘Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$R]
dœ
l ©
•jR ˘
Np
Xl
©WÙ¶
˚V
l
Tt±
d ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
/G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$J
≠j’
˚Q
d œ
±¬
”L˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jß
Yœl◊ II
179AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
$Y
[ol◊l ©
WÙ¶
L˚
[ A
˚Z
lTRtœ
˙Y
flTh
P ÿ
˚\Ls
Es
[]
.$
˘Np
Xl
©WÙ¶
T
t±
V
Rm
L⁄
j˚
R
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
u ˘
Np
Xl ©
WÙ¶
$˘
NÙt
L˚
[d L
iP
±k’
G›
Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: L
i”
©•
Ÿe
Ls
.
$TÙP
≠p
Y⁄
m C
˚Q
f˘
NÙt
L˚
[ G
”j’
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: L
i”
©•
Ÿe
Ls
.
$T
ÙP
lT
ϧ
´p
Y
⁄m
E
´¨
]e
L∞
u
˘TV
oL˚
[ G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
›’
eLs
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù• G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
lT•
f ˘
NÙp
≠V
⁄lTÙu
?
˘TÙ⁄
[˚
UkR
NÙt
L˚
[ G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
UÙØ
Æ
˚[
VÙh
”L∞
p
D”
Th
”
C˚
Qf
˘NÙtL˚
[d
Li
P±
k’
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$TÙP
lTœ
ß˚
V Y
Ù£j’
C
Pm
˘Ttfl
s[
©WÙ¶
L∞
u ˘
TV
oL˚
[d Li
P±
k’
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$≈
h•
p
Y[
odœ
m
E´
¨]
eL˚
[
A˚
Zdœ
m
ÿ˚
\Ls
T
t±
d
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”°
\Ùo
Ls
/G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
180 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
„r
®˚
X´
Vp
$E
´¨
]e
L˚
[
A˚
YL∞
u
CP
l˘
TV
of£
˘
Nn
Ÿm
ÿ
˚\d˙
LtT
Y˚
LlT”
jR C
V¤
m.
$E
´¨
]e
Lfi
dœ
TÛ
Tp
˙Y
flT
hP
£\l©
Vp
◊Ls
Es
[]
.
$E
´¨]
eL˚
[ Y
˚LlT”
jß
G›
’Rp
.
$E
´¨]
eL∞
u £
\l
◊L˚
[d ·
flRp
:
Ah
PY
˚Q
´p
G›
’Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
: V
Ùo? V
Ùo?
$Y
˚LlT”
j’
Rp
, G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: È
ojß
˘Nn
Ÿe
Ls
.
$E
´¨]
eL˚
[ A
Yt±
u C
Pm
˘TV
⁄m
Ru
˚U
d˙LtT Y
˚LlT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$E
´¨
]e
L∞
u
£\l
©V
p◊
L˚
[
Ah
PY
˚Q
lT”
jß
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$LÙh
•p
, ≈
h•
p
Y£
dLd·
•V
E´
¨]
eL˚
[
Y˚
Ll
T”
jß
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L˚
XdLp
Æ
$Æ
Wp
L˚
[ S∞
]U
ÙLl TV
uT”
j’
Ru
YÙ´
XÙLl
◊
s∞
L˚
[
C˚
Qj
’
E⁄
Ye
Ls
Y
˚WV
XÙm
. Y
iQ
eL˚
[RÛ
˙Rok˘
R”
dLX
Ùm.
$◊s
∞L˚
[ C
˚Q
j’
d ˙LÙ”
Y
˚Wk’
E⁄
YlTP
m Y
˚WRp
, ®\m
˘LÙ”
jRp
.
$◊
s∞
L˚
[
C˚
Qj
’l
T
Pm
Y˚
W°
\ÙoLs
; ˘
TÙ⁄
jRU
Ù]
Y
iQ
m
æh
”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
181AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L¶
Rm
$G
iL˚
[ H
flY
¨˚
NV
ıp G
›RX
Ùm.
$˘
T¨V
G
i¶
≠⁄
k’
£
±V
G
i˚
Qd
LØ
dLX
Ùm.
$J
⁄ œ
±l©
hP
RÙ˚
L L
ÙQd œ
±l©
hP
CWi
”
Gi
L˚
[d
·h
•]
Ùp
Aj˘
RÙ˚
L °
˚P
dœ
m.
$G
iL˚
[ C
\e
œ Y
¨˚
N´
p G
›RX
Ùm.
$ø[
m
A[
dL
ÿ˚
\V
Ù]
’m
,
ÿ˚
\V
t\’
UÙ]
T
X A
[‹
˙LÙp
Ls
Es
[]
.
$G
iL˚
[ C
PU
ßl©
u A
•lT˚
P´
p
©¨jRÙp
˘RÙ˚
L L
ÙiT’
G∞
’.
$C
Wi
” G
iL∞
u ·
h”
j˘
RÙ˚
L˚
V
U]
dLQ
dLÙL
Æ˚
P L
ÙQ ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$L¶
Rf
NV
pTÙh
•u
YÙ´
XÙL
f N
¨V
Ù]
Æ˚
P˚
Vd L
iP
±V
ÿ•
Ÿm
.
$H
flY
¨˚
N´
p G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: L
Qd˘
L”
l◊
$˘
T¨V
G
i¶
≠⁄
k’
£
±V
G
i˚
Qd
LØ
jRp
.˘
NV
pTÙ”
: L
Ùh•
p L
ÙYX
oLs
¡
ß E
s[
Yo G
jR˚
] ˙
To?
$·
h”
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: J
u\Ùn
f ˘
Np
TY
oLs
N
˚U
VX
˚\ L
hP
XÙm
$C
\e
œ Y
¨˚
N´
p G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: J
u\Ùn
f ˘
Np
TY
oLs
.$
ø[
j˚
R T
X Y
ØL∞
p A
[jRp
.˘
NV
pTÙ”
:
ø[
m A
[l˙TÙm
E
VWm
LÙi
˙TÙm
ø[
m L
iP
±V
XÙm
ø[
m R
Ùi”
Rp
˙TÙh
•$
Gi
L∞
u ·
h”
j ˘
RÙ˚
L L
Ù‘Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: Æ
\œ
d L
h˚
PLs
˘U
ÙjRm
GjR˚
]?
$F
°j’
˘RÙ˚
L ·
flRp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: ˘
Yœ
˘RÙ˚
XÆ
p F
°j’
·\X
ÙUÙ?
J˙W Æ
˚P
$N¨
VÙ]
Æ
˚P
˚V
j ˙
RWk˘
R”
jRp
.LÙW
Qm
·fl
Rp
.˘
NV
pTÙ”
! G
’ N
¨? L
i”
©•
l˙TÙm
.
$G
iL˚
[ H
fl Y
¨˚
N´
p G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
T¨
V C
Wi
•X
dL G
i˚
Qf £
±V
CWi
•X
dL G
iQ
Ùp L
Ød°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$·
h•
]Ùp
˘
RÙ˚
L
50
YWd·
•V
Gi
L˚
[d L
i”
©•
j’
d ·
h”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$G
iL˚
[
C\e
œ
Y¨
˚N´
p
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$T
p˙
Yfl
ÿ
˚\L∞
p
ø[
j˚
R
A[
d°
\Ùo
Ls
; G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$G
iL˚
[l
T
j’
dL[
ÙL‹
m,
Ju
flL[
ÙL‹
m
©¨
j’
j
˘RÙ˚
L
LÙi
°u
\]
o.
$C
Wi
” C
Wi
•X
dL G
iL∞
u ·
h”
j
˘RÙ˚
L˚
V F
°j’
d ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$N¨V
Ù] Æ
˚P
˚V
j ˙
Rok˘
R”
d°
\Ùo
Ls
.
RY
\Ù]
Æ
˚P
dLÙ]
LÙWQ
j˚
Rd
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù•d L
i”
©•
d°
\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
182 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1
J⁄ AZLÙ] LÙ”. AkRd LÙh•p T\˚YLfim ÆXeœLfim U°rf£VÙL YÙrk’
YkR]. J⁄ SÙs NodLvLÙWoLfim, ˙Yh˚PdLÙWoLfim LÙh˚P ˙SÙd° Yk’
˘LÙi•⁄kR]o. C˚Rd LiP ÆXeœLs TVk’ S”e°]. £eLWÙ_ÙÆPm
Æ`Vj˚Rd ·\ K•]. £eLWÙ_Ù AYoLfidœ NUÙRÙ]m ·±]Ùo. GßWÙ∞L˚[
ÆWh”Y’ GlT• G] B˙XÙ£jR]o. Cflß´p A˚Y J⁄ æoUÙ]m G”jR]
L¶RlTœß : LÙ” GeL[’ ≈” (L¶Rm)
TdLm 87˛90
®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2
B]Ùp LÙh•≠⁄kR UÙPl◊\Ù Uh”m TVk’ S”e°V’. ™L‹m TVkR œQÿ˚PV
UÙPl◊\Ù LÙh˚P Æh”f £±’ LÙXm SÙh•p Y£dLj æoUÙ≤jR’. A’ T\k’
T\k’ SÙh•tœs YkR’. I˙VÙ! TÙYm. SÙh•tœsfim UÙPl◊\Ù‹dœ J⁄ BTj’
˙SokR’. Gu] SokR’ R¨ŸUÙ? C˙RÙ! UÙPl◊\Ù˙Y EeL∞Pm SPkR L˚R˚Vd
·flm. ˙LfieLs.
TÙPlTœß : YÙ]m Gu ˚URÙ]m.
®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3
LÙ≠p A•ThP UÙPl◊\Ù SÙi• SÙi•f Nu\’. ""I˙VÙ'' Y≠d°\˙R Gu Y≠
æW SÙu Gu] ˘Nn˙Yu, U]ßtœs UÙPl◊\Ù A›R’. YØ˙V Y⁄TYoL∞Pm
R]’ ˙YR˚]˚Vd ·±V’. AYoLs Gu] Tßp ·±V’. AYoLs Gu] Tßp
·±´⁄lTÙoLs? UÙPl◊\Ù Gu] ˘NnR’?
TÙPlTœß : YØ Jufl ˘NÙp¤eLs.
L˚RdL[m
®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4
UÙPl◊\Ù˚Yf —Uk’ ˘LÙi” Bh”dœh• Y≤RÙÆu ≈h˚P ˙SÙd°f ˘Nu\’.
Al˙TÙ’ LÙh•≠⁄kR °∞ AqYØ˙V T\k’ YkR’. Bh”dœh•´u ˙Up
UÙPl◊\Ù NpY˚Rd LiP °∞ T\k’ Yk’ T£V’. °∞˚Vd LiP UÙPl◊\Ù‹dœ
A[Yt\ U°rf£ HtThP’. LÙh•u ÆTWeL˚[d °∞´P™⁄k’ Lh”j R¨k’
˘LÙiP’. °∞ Gu] ˘NÙp≠´⁄dœm?
L¶RlTœß (TdLm 91˛96)
N˚UVX˚\ E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm
Yœl◊ II
183AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7RÙu YÙrkR LÙh•tœf NpX UÙPl◊\Ù B˚NlThP’. Y≤RÙÆPm Ru B˚N˚Vd
·± A‡Uß ˙LhP’. LÙVm Suœ œQUÙ]©u ˙TÙLXÙm Gufl Y≤RÙ
L⁄˚Q˙VÙ” ·±]Ùs. UflSÙs LÙ˚X´p A˚]j’ ÆXeœLfidœm EQY∞j’d
˘LÙi•⁄kRÙs. R]’ ˘NpX Bh”dœh•dœ EQ‹ ˘LÙ”dLj ˙R•]Ùs.
Bh”dœh•˚V Geœ˙U LÙQÆp˚X. Y≤RÙ‹dœ AZ˚L A›˚LVÙL YkR’.
Y≤RÙ Y⁄jRlT”Y˚Rd LiP UÙPl◊\Ù‹m Y⁄kßV’. Bh”dœh•˚Vd
Li”©•dLTÛ ◊\Ù ERÆ ˘NnR’. UÙPl◊\Ù GqYÙfl ERÆ´⁄dœm?
TÙPlTœß : Ge˙L Gu ˘NpXdœh•?
ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹SÙhLs SLokR]. Y≤RÙÆu ≈h•p ÆXeœLfim T\˚YLfim U°rf£VÙL
C⁄kR]. UÙPl◊\ÙÆu LÙVm ÈWQUÙLd œQUÙ°V’. LÙh•tœl ˙TÙL Æ⁄m©V
UÙPl◊\Ù˚Y Y≤RÙ‹m Ut\ ÆXeœLfim U°rf£˙VÙ” YZıV‡l© ˚YjR]o.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5Bh”dœh• UÙPl◊\Ù˚Yf —UkRT• J⁄ YØVÙL Y≤RÙÆu ≈h˚P A˚PkR’.
Y≤RÙÆu ≈” TÙolTRtœ ™L‹m AZLÙL C⁄kR’. Y≤RÙ T\˚YL˚[Ÿm
ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm S£lTYs. ™L‹m AuTÙ] œQÿ˚PVYs. AYs UÙPl◊\ÙÆu
LÙVjßtœ U⁄kßhPÙs. C⁄Y⁄dœm Y´\ÙW EQ‹ ˘LÙ”jRÙs. UÙPl◊\ÙÆu
U]m U°rkR’. C˙RÙ Y≤RÙÆu ˘T⁄˚U˚Vl TÙ”m UÙPl◊\ÙÆu TÙPp....
TÙPlTœß : Y≤RÙÆu ≈”
®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6SÙhLs ˘Nu\] UÙPl◊\ÙÆu LÙp Ntfl œQUÙ]’. Y≤RÙÆu ≈h•p UÙPl◊\Ù
Nk˙RÙ`UÙLl ˘TÙ›˚Rd LØjR’. J⁄ SÙs LÙh˚Pd LÙYpLÙdœm L›œ
YhPU•jRT• C⁄kR’. Al˙TÙ’ L›œ Y≤RÙÆu ≈h•≠⁄dœm UÙPl◊\Ù˚Yl
TÙojR’. EP˙] T\k’ ∏˙Z C\e°V’. L›œm ◊\Ù‹m J⁄Y˚W J⁄Yo SXu
ÆNÙ¨j’d LÙiP]o. LÙh•p SPkR NmTYeL˚[d L›œ UÙPl◊\ÙÆPm ·±V’.
L›œ Gu˘]u] ˘NÙp≠´⁄dœm?
L¶Rl Tœß (TdLm 97 ˛ 100) : ÁWjßp
YœlT˚\dœf ˘Np¤mÿu...
œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚Rj Ái”m ÆRjßp TÙPjß˚] YØSPjRl
TÙPËp, B£¨Vo T‡Yp B°VYt˚\ K¨⁄ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d ˘LÙsY’
SpX’.
L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙Lt\YÙfl L⁄j’f £˚RVÙUp ·\
˙Yi”m.
˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[ ÿu]˙W RVÙ¨j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.
NÙoh•p G›R˙Yi•V TœßL˚[ ÿu ·h•˙V G›ß YdL Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
184 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
®Lr‹ ˛1
LÙ” GeL[’ ≈” (L¶Rm)
Ck®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
• ˘T¨V CWi•XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V CWi•XdL GiL˚[d LØd°u\ÙoLs.
• ·h•]Ùp ˘RÙ˚L 50 YWd·•V GiL˚[d Li”©•j’d ·h”°\ÙoLs
• GiL˚[ C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 1 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm.
÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”
• L¶Rl◊jRLm TdLm 87 Cp Es[ TPj˚R Etfl ˙SÙdLd ·fleLs.
• T\˚YLfim ÆXeœLfim ·hPm ˙Nokß⁄lT’ Hu?
• £eLWÙ_Ù A˚YL∞Pm Gu] ·±´⁄lTÙo?
• œZk˚RLs F°j’d ·\h”m.
• ReL[’ FLm N¨RÙ]Ù Gu\±V L¶Rl Tœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m.
• ReL˚[l TÙ’LÙdL £eLWÙ_Ù Li”©•jR YØ Gu]?
œZk˚RL∞u ©WßT≠l◊.
LQd˘L”l◊
C’ GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N´¤m C\eœ Y¨˚N´¤m G›’YRtLÙ]f ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
L¶Rl◊jRLjßp TdLm 87 Cp Es[ Th•V˚X EtfldLY≤dLh”m. Th•V≠≠⁄k’ Gu˘]u]
ÆTWeL˚[d LiP±VXÙm? R≤jR≤VÙLd Li”©•dLh”m.
• ÆTWeLs LiP±V £WUm HtT”m œZk˚RL∞Pm £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LhLXÙm.
• ·• ®tœm ÆXeœL∞p VÙ˘WpXÙm LÙYpLÙWoLs B°´⁄lTo?
• LÙYpLÙWÙoLs BLj RVÙWÙ] E´¨]eL∞u Gi¶d˚L J˙W ˙TÙp Es[RÙ?
• ™L‹m œ”Rp G’?
• ™L‹m œ˚\‹ G’?
• LiP±kRYt˚\d œ›Æp ˘Y∞”°u\]o.
A˚Rj RÙPok’ HflY¨˚N´p E´¨]eL∞u TVoL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m. NLUßl¿” NnR
©u ˘Y∞´Ph”m.
LÙh•p LÙYpLÙWoLs
CWi•XdL GiL∞≠⁄k’ K¨XdL GiL˚[d LØlTRtLÙ] NVpTÙPÙœm (Ufl J›eœ T”jR¤dœ
EhThP˚Y)
• LÙYpLÙWoLs BLj RVÙWÙ]’ ÆXeœLs Uh”UÙ?
• T\˚YLfim LÙYpLÙWoLs BYßu ˙Uu˚U Gu]?
LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
LÙYp LÙdLj RVÙWÙ]YoL∞u Th•V≠p C⁄k’ RœßVÙ] SToL˚[ £eLWÙ_Ù ˙Rok˘R”jRÙo.
AkRl Th•V˚Xl TÙ⁄eLs G]d ·± A”jR NÙoh˚P UÙh”eLs. ÿRp NÙoh•p LÙYp LÙdL
Yœl◊ II
185AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
RVÙWÙ] £eLeLs 30. Aß≠⁄k’ ""LÙYp LÙdL ˙RoYÙ] £eLeLs 18. CqYÙfl GpXÙ
E´¨]eL˚[Ÿm Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’ TÙodLd ·fleLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ C]jߤm LÙYp LÙdLj
RVÙWÙ]˚YL∞p C⁄k’ ˙RoYÙ]˚YL˚[d LØjRÙp ¡ß Es[˚Y °˚Pdœm ApXYÙ?
Ko CWi•XdL Gi˚Q ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ CWi•XdL GiQÙp LØdL ˙Yi”m. CRtœ GiL˚[
Tj’dL[ÙL‹m JuflL[ÙL‹m UÙt± G›ßd LØjRÙp ˘NVpTÙ” G∞˚UVÙLf ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm
ApXYÙ?
GiL˚[ Jl¿” Nn’ Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp, Th•VpTœlTÙn‹ NnYRtLÙ] ß\u,
Th•V˚X ÿ›˚UVÙdœRp ˙TÙu\˚Y Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
J⁄e°˚Ql◊
30 ˛ 20 + 10 ˛ 30 ≠⁄k’ 10 I LØjRÙp 20
18 10 + 8 30 ≠⁄k’ 8 I LØjRÙp 12
10 + 2 = 12
T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©tœ....
C˚Rl TÙu\ S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]L˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd° Æ˚PLÙQh”m. T˚Pl©u RÙœlTÙL
C˚R Ußl©P ˙Yi”m.
Ju\ÙLf ˘NpTYoLs
C⁄ GiL˚[d ·h•]Ùp Æ˚P 50 YW Yi”m. Cf˘NVpTÙh•˚]l ◊¨V YdL C⁄ GiL˚[d
·h•]Ùp 10 YW Yi”m G]d ·±, G∞V NVpTÙh˚P ÿR≠p YœlT˚\´p SPj’eLs. ©u]o
Æ˚P 50 YWd·•V TÙPl◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs.
N˚UVp NnYRtLÙLj Ro‹ NnVlThP E´¨]eL∞u Gi¶d˚L APe°V Th•V˚X NÙoh•p
G›ß Yœl©p UÙh”eLs. GiL∞u Ußl©t˙LtTl T¨V Gi £±V Gi LiP±k’ œZk˚RLs
C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›Rh”m.
S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚].
ÿRp SÙs N˚UVp ˙Y˚X ˘NnRYoL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚VŸm CWiPÙm SÙs Æ\œ ˘TÙfldLf
˘Nu\YoL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚VŸm œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLd œ±l˙Th•p Nn’ Li”©•dLh”m.
• ©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnYRtœ ER‹m Gu˘]u] Æ]ÙdLs ˙LhLXÙm?
• Æ\œ ˘TÙfldLf ˘Nu\ UÙuLs GjR˚]?
• ˘UÙjR UÙuLs GjR˚]?
• N˚UVp ˙Y˚X ˘NnR UÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•jR’ GqYÙfl?
• ˘RÙPok’ N˚UVp ˙Y˚X ˘NnR S¨L∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•d°u\]o. L¶Rl
◊jRLjßp G›’°u\]o.
LØjRp ˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’j˘R∞‹, Æ˚P Li”©•jRRu Ejß˚Vd ·flRp,
©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u ˙TÙu\˚Y Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
186 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
®Lr‹ ˛ 2
YÙ]m Gu ˚URÙ]m
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (˘UÙØ)
1. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d L˚R˚Vd LiP±k’ Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs. R˚Xl˚T
G›’°\ÙoLs.
2. T\˚YL˚[l Tt±j RUdœj ˘R¨kR L⁄j’L˚[f ˘NÙkR S˚P´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
3. LXk’˚WVÙP≠p LXk’ ˘LÙi” ReL[’ L⁄j’L˚[ G”j’˚Wd°\ÙoLs.
4.. ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßd œ±l©hP YÙd°V A˚Ul©uT• YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL
E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
5. L⁄j’Lfidœ HtTd L˚R˚V Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (L˚XdLpÆ)
◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs, ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.
• ˘NpXl ©WÙ¶Ls VÙ˙W‡m Y[olT’iPÙ?
• UÙPl◊\Ù˚Yl TÙojR’ EiPÙ ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh” LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
ARu ©u ®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. ©\œ ""YÙ]m Gu URÙ]m''. TÙPlTœß´u
E˚WS˚PlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙh•d œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm YÙ£dL YŸeLs. ©uY⁄m TPdL˚R˚Vd
œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y œ›dL∞p YÙ£dLh”m.
L˚R ˘NÙp¤eLs
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m L˚R˚VŸm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] R˚Xl˚TŸm ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. £\kR œ›˚Y,
œZk˚RLfim ˙Nok’ ˙Ro‹ ˘NnVh”m TÙWÙh”dL˚[d ·fleLs.
Gu˚]l Tt±...
T\˚YLs ReL˚[l Tt±d ·±]Ùp Gu]˘YpXÙm ·±´⁄dœm? LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. ARu©u
◊\Ù ·±VRu UÙߨ˚Vl ◊jRLjßp YÙ£dLh”m. U´p, °∞ Gu] ·±´⁄dœm G] Yœl©p
˘TÙ’YÙLd LXk’˚WVÙ• J⁄ £X L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs EQWh”m. ARu A•lT˚P´p
R≤jR≤VÙL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnVh”m. ˙U¤m ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙPÙL VÙ˚], œWeœ, È˚]
˙TÙu\˚Y Gu] ·±´⁄dœm Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙL G›Rh”m.
˘NÙp¤eLs
TÙPl◊jRLjßp Es[ ˙LsÆL˚[ Yœl©p ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs. Yœl©p ©u
Re°V œZk˚RLs ÿR≠p Tßp ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. LXk’˚WVÙP≠p A˚]Y˚WŸm Teœ T\f
˘NnŸeLs.
G›’eLs
˘NÙtLs APe°V NÙoh˚P Yœl©p UÙh”eLs. UÙu ˙YLUÙL K”m YÙd°V UÙߨ˚Vd
L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. UÙߨ˚Vl TÙufl NÙoh•p Es[ NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙd°VeL˚[
E⁄YÙdLd ·fleLs.
Yœl◊ II
187AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
Y˚WŸeLs
TÙPl◊jRLjßp Es[ ◊s∞ Y˚WTPj˚Rl Tu£XÙp ÿR≠p Y˚WVh”m. TP Gp˚XL˚[ Y˚WkR
©u TPeLfidœ HtTl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ®\m ˘LÙ”dLh”m. °˚WVÙu ˘Tu£XÙp ®\m ˘LÙ”lT’
£\lTÙ]RÙL C⁄dœm.
G›’eLs
C’ L˚R˚V Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’m NVpTÙPÙœm. Cf˘NVpTÙh•tœ ÿuTÙLl TPdL˚R YÙ£l˚T
¡i”m J⁄ ÿ˚\ EflßlT”j’Y’ SpX’. TPdL˚R˚V Suœ ◊¨kR œZk˚RVÙp Uh”˙U L˚R´u
L⁄j’ EQok’ Y¨˚NlT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. ˘LÙ”j’s[ L˚R YÙd°VeL˚[ YÙ£j’d LÙh•V ©u
œZk˚RL˚[j R≤jR≤VÙL Y¨˚NlT”j’UÙfl ·fleLs.
®Lr‹ ˛ 3
YØ Jufl ˘NÙp¤eLs
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (˘UÙØ)
• L˚RlTÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m, œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs/S•j’m
˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
• „Z¤dœ Ht\YÙfl E˚WVÙP˚Xl Èojß ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
• R]dœl©•jR ˘NpXl©WÙ¶˚Vl Tt±d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls („r®˚X´Vp)
• E´¨]eL˚[ AYt±u CPm˘TV⁄m Ru˚Ud˙LtT Y˚LlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
• E´¨]eL∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[ AhPY˚QlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 3 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. UÙPl◊\Ù TÙ”m L˚RlTÙP˚X CWÙLj˙RÙ”
TÙ•dLÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs EeL˚[j ˘RÙPok’ TÙPh”m. L˚RlTÙPp NÙoh˚P Yœl©p
UÙh”eLs.
œZk˚RLs EWdL YÙ£dLh”m. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim TÙP˚X YÙ£d°u\]WÙ GuT˚R ÿR≠p
Eflß ˘NnŸeLs. ARu ©u]o œ›dL[Ùd°l TÙP¤dœl Tp˙Yfl ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙPd ·fleLs.
£\kR ˘Uh˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnŸeLs.
˙U¤m ClTÙP˚X SÙPL Y•Æp SPjR‹m ˘NnVXÙm. ÿVufl TÙ⁄eLs. A˚R ≈•˙VÙ G”j’
TÙXo N˚T´p Gp.£.• l˙WÙ_dPo ÍXm ß˚W´”eLs. S•jR œZk˚RL˚[l ˘T⁄˚UV˚PVf
˘NnŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
TÙPlTœß´p LÙ”dLlThP LsÆL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm LfieLs. œ›dL∞p Es[ œZk˚RLs
LXk’˚WVÙ•l Tߤ˚WdLh”m. ©uRe°V ®˚X´p Es[ œZk˚RL˚[ ÿR≠p ·\f NnŸeLs.
CRu ÍXm AYoLs Ru]m©d˚L ˘TflYÙoLs ApXYÙ?
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
188 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
G›’eLs
""◊\Ù T—˚Yl TÙojR’
AR≤Pm GlT• YØ ˙Lh•⁄dœm?
T— Gu] Tßp ·±´⁄dœm?''
Yœl©p Es[ œZk˚RL˚[j R]dœl ©•jR R]’ SiT‡Pu ˙_Ù• ˙NWd ·fleLs. Gp˙XÙ⁄m
˙_Ù• ˙NokR ©u]o ˙_Ù•L∞p J⁄Yo ◊\ÙYÙL‹m Ut˘\Ù⁄Yo T—YÙL‹m TÙÆdLd ·fleLs.
◊\ÙÆu ˙LsÆdœl T— Tßp ·flm E˚WVÙPp ˘NVpTÙh˚P A˚]j’ ˙_Ù•Lfim S•dLh”m.
GiQt\ ÿ˚\VÙ] E˚WVÙPp YÙd°VeLs °˚PdœUpXYÙ? C≤ E˚WVÙP˚Xl Èojß NnY’
G∞˚UVÙL C⁄dœUpXYÙ? œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y ˙SÙh”◊jRLjßp E˚WVÙPp G›Rh”m. ©\œ
◊jRLjßp Èojß ˘NnVh”m.
VÙo VÙo?
Y≤RÙ˚Yl TÙodL VÙo VÙo Ykß⁄lTÙoLs? L˚R´u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL˚[ F°j’
E´¨]eL∞u TVoL˚[d ·\f NnŸeLs. A˚R Y¨˚NVÙLd L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYoLs
·\ÙUp ÆPlThP E´¨]eLs H˙R‡m C⁄kRÙp øeLs ˙Noj’ G›R‹m.
Cl˘TÙ›’ Y≤RÙ˚Yl TÙodL YkRYoL∞u Th•Vp L⁄mTX˚L´p RVÙo. A˚Rl TÙoj’
CPl˘TVof£´u A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jßd LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚Vd LXk’˚WVÙ•l
Èojß ˘NnVXÙm ApXYÙ?
Èojß ˘NnŸeLs
B£¨Vo RÙu LÙi” YkR VÙ˚], B˚U ÿR˚X´u TPeL˚[ Yœl©p JhP YŸeLs. GpXÙd
œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm Etfl ˙SÙdLd ·fleLs. AYoLs ®˚]dœm £\l◊L˚[d ˙LfieLs.
LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. AYoLs ·\j RY±V £\l◊L˚[d œ±l◊Ls ·flYRu A•lT˚P´p ˘Y∞d
˘LÙQ⁄eLs. AhPY˚Q˚Vl Èojß ˘NnVd œ›dLfidœ YØ LÙh”eLs.
Gu ˘NpXl ©WÙ¶
Gu ˘NpXl ©WÙ¶ G’ ˘R¨ŸUÙ?
U´p
A’ GlT• C⁄dœm ˘R¨ŸUÙ?
TPm LÙi©jRp
Hu ©•dœm ˘R¨ŸUÙ?
AZLÙL C⁄dœm,
SU’ CkßVÙÆu ˙R£Vl T\˚Y U´p. A’ ˙RÙ˚L ƨj’ B”Y’ Li˘LÙs[Ùd LÙh£... Gufl
B£¨Vo R]dœl ©•jR H˙R‡m J⁄ ˘NpXl©WÙ¶ Tt±d ·± ARtLÙ] LÙWQj˚RŸm Æ[dL
˙Yi”m. œZk˚RLs ·\ ®˚]dLd ·•V/G∞V ©WÙ¶´u ˘TV˚W øeLs ERÙWQUÙLd ·\ÙUp
C⁄lT’ SpX’. ˙U¤m øeLs ·±V ˘NpXl©WÙ¶ Tt±V L˚R˙VÙ —˚YVÙ] RLYpL˙[Ù,
®Lrf£˙VÙ C⁄kRÙu ·\ ˙Yi•V’ AY£Vm.
Yœl◊ II
189AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
®Lr‹ ˛ 4
N˚UVX˚\ E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (L¶Rm)
• Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ø[j˚R A[d°\ÙoLs, G›’°\ÙoLs.
• GiL˚[l Tj’dL[ÙL‹m, JuflL[ÙL‹m ©¨j’j ˘RÙ˚L LÙi°u\]o.
®Lr‹ 4 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±d L¶RlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. UÙߨVÙ] N˚UVX˚\d
·Pj˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p Y˚WŸeLs. N˚UVX˚\ LhP JhPLf£Æe°, ÿVp, °∞ C˚Y LÙi”
YkR Lm◊L˚[l TÙoj’l ˘T¨V Lm©tœ 1 A˚R ÆPf £±V Lm©tœ 2, 3 G] Gi ˘LÙ”dLf
˘NÙp¤eLs. F°lTRtLÙL Íufl £±V’m T¨V’UÙ] Uh˚PL˚[˙VÙ,œf£dLm◊L˚[˙VÙ G”j’
Yk’ LÙi©dLXÙm.
ø[m Li”©•dLXÙm
Ae∏L¨lTPÙR A[‹L˚[d ˘LÙi” F°j’ ø[j˚R A[dœm ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. Cßp ˚L, LÙp,
Lm◊ B°V] ET˙VÙ°j’d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f NnV Yi”m. RYfl S⁄m
CPeL˚[f —h•d LÙh• YØSPjßPp Yi”m. C≤f NÙi, A•, ÿZm TÙu\ Ti˚PV A[‹Ls
Tt±V A±‹ œZk˚RLfidœ A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.
ø[m RÙi”m ˙TÙh•
Ts∞ URÙ]jßtœd œZk˚RL˚[ A˚Zj’f Nufl Ae˙L˙V Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’Rp SpX’.
ø[m RÙi”m CPjßp œZk˚RLs Æßÿ˚\L∞uT• K• Yk’ ø[m RÙiPh”m. ø[j˚R A[dL
H˙R‡m J⁄ œf£˚V A[‹˙LÙXÙLl TVuT”j’eLs. œZk˚RLs Ru‡˚PV’m 3 SiToLfi˚PV
A[‹L˚[d œ±l˙Th•p œ±j’ ˚YdLd ·fleLs.
Æ\œd Lh”Ls
C’ CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP˚X A•lT˚PVÙL LÙiP NVpTÙPÙœm. CWi•XdL GiL˚[d
·hP ÿR≠p AYt˚\ 10 dL[ÙL‹m JufldL[ÙL‹m ©¨j’ ©u]od ·h•]Ùp G∞RÙL C⁄dœm.
CRu A•lT˚P´p TÙPl◊jRLjßp ·\lTh”s[ NVpTÙ”L˚[ SPj’Rp Yi”m. CWi•XdL
Gi ·hP˚X EflßlT”jRd ·”Rp ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5
Y≤RÙÆu ≈”
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.
• ˘UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th” C˚Qf˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±k’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 5 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·± TÙPp Tœß˚Vj ˘RÙPeœeLs. TÙPp G›ß YkR NÙoh˚P
Yœl©p UÙh•l TÙP˚X WÙLj˙RÙ” TÙ•dLÙh”eLs. œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm ˘RÙPok’ TÙPd ·fleLs.
TÙP˚X A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim ˘TÙ⁄fiQok’ YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs. L•]UÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d
L⁄mTX˚L´p G›ß ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dLd ·fleLs. ©u]o œ›Æ]o ˘UhP˚UdLh”m.
ReL[’ ◊ßV ◊ßV ˘Uh”L∞p TÙP˚Xl TÙ•d LÙhP YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
190 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
˘NÙp¤eLs.
TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. TÙP≠p GjR˚] ©WÙ¶Ls
Y⁄°u\] G]d ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ˙U¤m YÙ£dLh”m. YÙ£l˚T EflßlT”jR C’
ER‹UpXYÙ? ©uRe°V œZk˚RL˚[d L⁄jßp ˘LÙsfiRp SpX’.
GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs?
˘LÙ”dœm ø˚Wd œ•dœm
ÿLj˚Rl TÙoj˙R £¨dœm
Gu\YÙfl dœm Gufl ÿ•Vd·•V/YWd·•V YÙd°VeL˚[ G›’m NVpTÙPÙœm. ÿR≠p ""dœm''
G] ÿ•Ÿm ˘NÙtL˚[d œZk˚RLs ·\ øeLs L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. ©u]ol ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]
YÙd°VeL˚[ Af˘NÙtL∞p C⁄k’ E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ?
UÙߨLs
1. G]dœm E]dœm
Gp˙XÙodœm RiΩo ˙Yi”m
2. Ch•≠dœm Nh•≤dœm Ni˚P Yk’fNÙm
Tp¤l ˙TÙ] RÙjRÙ‹dœm TÙh” Yk’fNÙm
Li”©•ŸeLs
""dœm'' G] ÿ•Ÿm C˚Qf NÙtL˚[l TÙP≠p C⁄k’d Li”©•dL ·fleLs. NÙoh˚Pl TÙoj’d
œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m. ˙Yfl C˚Qf ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm Li”©•dLh”m. ˙U¤m C’ ˙TÙu\ ˘UÙØ
Æ˚[VÙh”Ls øeLs ˘LÙ”dLXÙm. G›j’, YÙ£l◊l T´t£˚V CRu ÍXm Eflß ˘NnV CV¤m.
®Lr‹ ˛ 6
ÁWjßp
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• CWi” CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPj ˘RÙ˚L˚V F°j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs,
• N¨VÙ] Æ˚P˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”d°\ÙoLs.
• RY\Ù] Æ˚PdLÙ] LÙWQj˚Rd LXk’˚WVÙ•d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 6 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·± L¶Rl Tœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. C’ CWi” CWi•XdL
GiL˚[ U]dLQdLÙLf ˘NnŸm ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. GiL∞u Ußl˚T EQok’ F°j’d ·\f
˘NnŸeLs. G∞˚UVÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\d LQdœL˚[ U]dLQdLÙLd ˙Lh”d œZk˚RL˚[ Æ˚P
·\f NnŸeLs. C˚Rd œ›f NVpTÙPÙL‹m Nn’ N¨VÙL Æ˚P ·±V œ›dLfidœl ◊s∞Ls
YZe°l ˙TÙh• U]lTÙu˚U˚V HtT”jßd L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p BoYj˚R HtT”jRXÙm.
G’ N¨? Li”©•l˙TÙm
15 Gu\ Gi‘Pu 6 Gu\ Gi˚Qd ·h•V Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\Ls TÙPl◊jRLjßp LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
œZk˚RLfidœ GkR ÿ˚\ G∞˚UVÙ]˙RÙ A˚Rl ©uTt\h”m.
Yœl◊ II
191AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
®Lr‹ ˛ 7
Ge˙L Gu ˘NpXdœh•?
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (˘UÙØ)
• TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’ CPm Ttfls[ ©WÙ¶L∞u TVoL˚[d LiP±k’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
• ≈h•p Y[odœm E´¨]eL˚[ A˚Zdœm ÿ˚\Ls Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ”°\ÙoLs/
G›’°\ÙoLs.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls („r®˚X´Vp)
• LÙh•p ≈h•p Y£dLd·•V E´¨]eL˚[ Y˚LlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 7 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. ˘RÙPok’ TÙPlTœßVÙL Y⁄m L˚RlTœß˚V
E´˙WÙhPÿPu ·fleLs. J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙh•V ©u YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞uT• œZk˚RL˚[
YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs. L•]UÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d L⁄mTX˚L´p G›ß´h” YÙ£dLd ·fleLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
Cßp Y⁄°u\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. LXk’˚WVÙP≠p
A˚]Y˚WŸm Teœ ˘T\f ˘NnŸeLs. TÙPlTœß˙VÙ” LXk’˚WVÙP˚Xj ˘RÙPo◊lT”j’eLs.
G›’eLs
TÙPlTœß´p Gu˘]u] ©WÙ¶Ls Yk’s[]? œZk˚RLs œ›dL[ÙLl TÙPlTœß˚V Suœ
YÙ£j’ ©WÙ¶L˚[d Li”©•j’d œ±l˙Th•p G›Rh”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m RÙm G›ßV˚Rd
·\ øeLs YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs. Ut\ œ›Æ]o Æ”ThP˚Rf ˙Noj’d ˘LÙs[h”m.
Y˚LlT”j’eLs
TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m ©WÙ¶Ls G˚Y G]d œZk˚RLs LiP±k’ Th•Vp ChPÙoLs ApXYÙ?
ARu A•lT˚P´p AYt˚\d LÙh•p YÙrT˚Y, ≈h•p Y[olT˚Y Gufl œZk˚RL˙[
Y˚LlT”jRh”m. CR≠⁄k’ LÙh•p YÙrT˚Y AßLUÙ? ≈h•p Y[olT˚Y AßLUÙ? G]d
Li”©•j’d ·\h”m.
GlT•f ˘NÙp≠´⁄lTÙu?
C’ œZk˚RL∞u YÙØPf „ZpL∞u A•lT˚P´p SPjR ˙Yi•V ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. SÙm SU’
≈h•p Y[odœm E´¨]eLfidœ EQ‹ A∞l˙TÙUpXYÙ? A˚R GqYÙfl A˚Zj’ EQ‹
A∞l˙TÙm? Gu˘]u] ·± A˚Zl˙TÙm? LsÆLs Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs. AYoLs
·flm YÙd°VeL˚[d L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. ©u]o AYt±p ˙R˚YVÙ] YÙd°VeL˚[
Uh”m ˙Noj’d œ±lTÙLl ◊jRLjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ LhPeL˚[l ÈojߢNnVd ·fleLs.
SÙu E⁄YÙd°V ˘NÙtLs
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ G›j’dLfidœ UÙߨ˚Vl TÙufl TÙ⁄jRUÙ] J≠j’˚Qdœ±¬”Ls Ch”
◊ßV ˘NÙtL˚[ E⁄YÙdLd œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙd° LhPeL∞p
G›Rh”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
192 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
AXœ Ußl¿”
5. ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!
1. N¨VÙ]Yt˚\d ˙LÙh•h” C˚QŸeLs
VÙ˚] ˛ Su±
UÙu ˛ ˙Tf—
U´p ˛ ÿh˚P
œ´p ˛ KhPm
SÙn ˛ SP]m
œß˚W ˛ ˘LÙm◊
°∞ ˛ TÙh”
˙LÙØ ˛ RkRm
2. ∏rdLÙ‘m ˘NÙtL˚[ YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”jß G›’eLs
(B˚U, UÙPl◊\Ù, Gflm◊, BTj’, ÿVp)
(E.m) SÙu Bt±p B˚U˚Vl TÙoj˙Ru)
3. ∏rdLÙiTYt˚\j RÙYWm EiT˚Y, UÙ™Nm EiT˚Y G] Y˚LlT”j’eLs.
(£eLm, A¶p, S¨, Gflm◊, TÙm◊, ◊≠, T⁄k’, œWeœ, £flj˚R, S¨, VÙ˚], JhPLm, ÿR˚X)
4. LÙh•p YÙrT˚Y ˘NÙt„¨V˚]l Èojß ˘Nn
5. Y≤RÙ R]’ ≈h•p 26 ÆXeœ˚[Ÿm 36 T\˚YL˚[Ÿm TÙNUÙL Y[oj’ YkRÙu G≤p
˘UÙjRm GjR˚] E´¨]eL˚[ Y≤RÙ Y[od°\Ùs?
6. BXUWjßp AUokß⁄kR UÙPl◊\Ù. AmUWjßp AUokß⁄kR T\˚YL˚[ Gi¶l
TÙojR’
°∞ ˛ 17
LÙLm ˛ 25
˘LÙdœ ˛ 44
U´p ˛ 8
◊\Ù ˛ 65
L›œ ˛ 12
CYt˚\ HflY¨˚N, C\eœY¨˚NL∞p G›’eLs.
◊≠LÙh•p YÙrT˚Y
Yœl◊ II
193AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
A±ÆVp T¨˙NÙR˚]L∞p BoYm HtT”j’m Y˚L´¤m, Au\ÙPm
S˚P˘Tflm £X ®Lr‹L∞p A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[l TœjR±Ÿm
ÆRjߤm CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’. U˚Z ˘TnŸm ÿ˚\, øo
®˚XLs, øo YÙr E´¨]eLs. RiΩo UÙN˚PRp, Y\h£, RiΩo
Rh”lTÙ” ˙TÙu\˚Y CqYX°p EhT”jRlTh”s[].
L˚R, TÙPp, Æ[dLdœ±l◊ TÙu\ UÙØ Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs
CqYX°p RWlTh”s[].
RiΩ¨u ˘LÙs[[‹, Au\ÙPj ˙R˚Y, £dL]UÙLj
RiΩ˚Wl TVuT”j’Rp, RiΩo Rh”lTÙ”
B°VYt±u YØ˙V LÙs[[˚Y F°jRp, A[jRp,
S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙQp (Ufl J›eœ
T”j’R¤dœ EhThP CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp,
LØjRp, B°V˚Y EhT”m )L¶Rj ß\uL˚[
ÿu≤fljßd L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Y•Y˚UdLlTh-
”s[].
UkßWU˚ZAXœ 6
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
194 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
LÙX AhPY˚Q
®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs
1. £fl ’∞ ˘T⁄˘Ys[m (L¶Rm) 2
2. UkßW U˚Z 3
3. œl©jRiΩ¨u Æ˚X 3
4. ÿ°˙X ÿ°˙X L⁄ÿ°˙X 2
5. ˙Y≤tLÙXm (L¶Rm) 2
6. YÙr‹dœ Y[m 3
7. œ[m Sm YÙrÆtœ Y[m 3
AXœUßl¿” 1 SÙs
˘UÙjRm 20 SÙhLs
Yœl◊ II
195AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
1. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V YÙ£j’ Aßp APe°Ÿs[ A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[f —V
Li˙QÙhPjßp Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
2. J⁄ ˘TV¨p Es[ ˘NÙtL˚[l ©¨j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
3. L⁄jßtœm RÙ[jßtœm HtTl TÙPp Y¨L˚[ ®˚\‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
4. J⁄ L˚R´u ÿtTœß˚V YÙ£j’l ©tTœß˚V ÿ›˚U ˘NnLı\ÙoLs.
5. TÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.
6. TÙP≠p L⁄j˚Rf ˘NÙkRS˚P´p ˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
7. SÙ ©\r, SÙ˘S°r T´t£L∞p HtT”°\ÙoLs.
8. J˙W ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄m NUÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
9. ÆØl◊Qo‹ HtT”j’m ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs RVÙo ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
10. ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
11. ˘RÙPoL˚[l TVuT”jß ®Lr‹L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.
12. Y[⁄m YÙd°Vm G›’°\ÙoLs.
13. Íufl ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙd°VeLs G›’°\ÙoLs.
14. ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
1. A±ÆVp ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˙NÙR˚]L˚[ YÙ£j’m Etfl ˙SÙd°Ÿm LiP˚PkR L⁄j’L˚[
˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
2. G∞V ˙NÙR˚]Ls ˘Nn’ LiP˚PkR L⁄j’L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
3. U˚Z ˘TnY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
4. RiΩ¨u E˚\ÆPeL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
5. U˚ZdLÙXjßtœm ˘Y´pLÙXjßtœm Es[ £\l◊L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
6. øo ®˚XLs UÙN˚PYRÙp HtT”m ©WfNı˚]L˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
7. øo ®˚XL∞p Y£dœm E´¨]eL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
8. RiΩ¨p Írœm Utflm ™Rdœm ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d LiP˚Pk’ AhPY˚Q ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
L¶Rm
1. TÙjßWeL∞u ˘LÙs[[‹L˚[ F°j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
2. F°j’d ·±V A[˚YŸm Ei˚UVÙ] ˘LÙs[˚YŸm ’p≠VUÙLl T¨˙NÙßd°\ÙoLs.
3. RiΩ¨u Au\ÙPlTVuTÙ” ˘RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi°\ÙoLs.
(Ufl J›eœT”j’Rp EhT”m ·hPp, LØjRp. CWi•XdL GiLs)
4. RiΩo Æ˚Xdœ YÙeœY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi°\ÙoLs
(CWi•XdLm) (·hPp, LØjRp).
5. SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jßd L¶R Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p HtT”°\ÙoLs.
6. SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jß Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRjßu SÙhL˚[ Gi¶ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
7. S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœf —VUÙLj æo‹ LÙ‘°\ÙoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
196 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
6 Ukß
WU˚
Z
R™
r
$A
±Æ
Vp
Ei
˚U
L˚
[ ˘
Y∞
lT”
j’
m
HWÙ[
m Y
Ù£l◊lTœ
ßLs
Es
[]
.
$˘
TV
¨p
C
Wi
” ˘
NÙtLs
A
Pe
°V
HWÙ[
m ˘
TV
oLs
Es
[]
.
$L⁄
jß
tœ
m RÙ[
jß
tœ
m H
tTl TÙP
p
Y¨L˚
[ ®
˚\‹
˘Nn
V C
V¤
m.
$Y
Ù£l◊lTœ
ß˚
Vl ◊
¨k’
˘LÙi
”
NÙk
R
S˚
P´
p L
˚R˚
V ÿ
›˚
UV
ÙdL C
V¤
m.
$TÙP
pL˚
[j R≤
VÙL‹
m œ
›Y
ÙL‹
m
˘U
hP
˚U
j’
l T
ÙP C
V¤
m.
$N¨
VÙ]
Æ
˚P
YWd·
•V
˘
TÙ⁄
s
˘TÙß
kR Æ
]Ùd
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
LX
Ùm.
$SÙ©
\r
, SÙ˘
S°
r T
´t£
L∞
p H
tT”
Y’
˘NÙt
L∞
u J
≠˙Y
flTh
˚P
A±
V E
R‹
m.
$J
˙W
TÙ⁄
˚[
j R
Wd·
•V
Y
fl
NÙt
Ls
Ei
”.
$Æ
Øl◊Q
o‹
HtT”
j’
YRtLÙ]
HWÙ[
m
ÿjß
˚W Y
Ùd°
Ve
Ls
Es
[]
.
$ÿ
jß
˚W Y
Ùd°
Ve
Ls
—⁄
dLU
ÙL‹
m
£\lTÙL
‹m
A˚
UV
˙Y
i”
m.
$Y
Ù£jRp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$J
u±
p C
Wi
”
$G
lT•
A’
GlT•
?
$L˚
R˚
V ÿ
›˚
U ˘
Nn
Rp
$R≤
VÙL
‹m
œ›
YÙL
‹m
TÙ”
Rp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$G
jR˚
] ˙
Ls
ÆLs
$˘
NÙp
≠l T
Zdœ
eLs
$˙Y
fl ˘
TV
o ˘
R¨Ÿ
UÙ...?
$˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
$Y
Ù£jRp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$Æ
Øl◊Q
o‹
$˙Y
flÿ
jß
˚W Y
Ùd°
Vm
$LY
˚X
˙Y
iP
Ùm
$Y
Ù£jRp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$A
ZLÙ]
LÙh
£
•Y
Ù£
l◊
l
Tœ
ß˚
V
YÙ£
j’
A
ßp
AP
e°
Ÿs
[ A
±Æ
Vp
E
i˚
UL˚
[f
—V
Li
˙Q
ÙhP
jß
p Æ
[dœ
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•J
⁄ ˘
TV
¨p
Es
[ ˘
NÙt
L˚
[l ©
¨j’
d
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•L⁄
jß
tœ
m RÙ[
jß
tœ
m H
tTl TÙP
p
Y¨L˚
[ ®
˚\‹
˘Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•J
⁄ L˚
R´
u ÿ
tT
ϧ
˚V
Y
Ù£
j’
l
©tTœ
ß˚
V ÿ
›˚
U˘
Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•T
ÙP
˚X
j
R≤
VÙL‹
m
œ›
YÙL‹
m
˘U
hP
˚U
j’
l T
Ù”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
•T
ÙP
≠u
L⁄
j˚
Rf
˘NÙkRS˚
P´
p
˘Y
∞´
”°
\Ùo
Ls
.
•SÙ
©\r
, SÙ
˘S°
r
T´
t£
L∞
p
HtT”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•J
˙W ˘
TÙ⁄
s R
⁄m
NU
UÙ]
˘NÙt
L˚
[d
Li
”©
•j’
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
•Æ
Øl
◊Q
o‹
H
tT
”j
’m
ÿ
jß
˚W
YÙd
°V
eLs
RV
Ùo ˘
Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•˘
TÙ⁄
s
˘T
Ùß
kR
YÙd°
Ve
Ls
E⁄
YÙd
ϡ
\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
197AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
•˘
RÙP
oL˚
[l TV
uT”
jß
®
Lr
‹L˚
[
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
•Y
[⁄
m Y
Ùd°
Vm
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
•Í
ufl
˘
NÙtL˚
[l
T
Vu
T”
jß
YÙd
°V
eLs
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
•˘
TÙ⁄
s
˘T
Ùß
kR
Æ]
ÙdLs
E⁄
YÙd
ϡ
\Ùo
Ls
.
$Lt\ ˘
NÙt
L˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jß
l ˘
TÙ⁄
s
˘T
Ùß
kR
YÙd°
Ve
L˚
[
E⁄
YÙdL
CV
¤m
.
$˘
RÙP
oL˚
[l TV
uT”
jß
®
Lr
‹L˚
[
G›
R C
V¤
m.
$J
q˘
YÙ⁄
Y
Ùd°
Vj
ߤ
m
ÿ•
Ÿm
˘NÙtL˚
[l
TV
uT
”j
ß
Y[
⁄m
YÙd
°V
eLs
RV
Ùo ˘
Nn
VX
Ùm.
$A
’˙TÙX
, C
’˙TÙX
$J
u±
≠⁄
k’
Ut˘
\Ùu
fl
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
198 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
„r®˚
X´
Vp
$A
±Æ
Vp
E
i˚
UL˚
[ E
Qoj
’m
G∞
V ˙
NÙR
˚]
Ls
TX
Es
[]
.
$˙NÙR
˚]
L˚
[ E
tfl
˙SÙd
œY
Ru
Í
Xm
A±
ÆV
p
Ei
˚U
L˚
[
A±
k’
˘LÙs
[X
Ùm.
$Ri
Ω¨u
E˚
\Æ
Pe
Ls
TX
Es
[]
.
$È
™´
p E
s[
øo,
BÆ
VÙ°
˙U
LU
ÙL
UÙfl
°\’
. ©
u œ
∞ok’
U˚
Z ˘
Tn
°\’
.
$U
˚Z
dLÙX
jß
tœ
m ˘
Y´
pLÙX
jß
tœ
m
ARt˙
L
E¨
V
£X
R≤
jRu
˚U
Ls
Es
[]
.
$øo ®
˚X
Ls
U
ÙN˚
PV
ÙU
p T
Ù’
LÙdL
˙Y
i•
V’
AY
£V
UÙ]
Ju
\ٜ
m.
$Ri
Ω¨¤
m —tfl
l◊\jß
¤m
Y
£dœ
m
HWÙ[
m E
´¨]
eLs
Es
[]
.
$£
X ˘
TÙ⁄
hLs
Ri
Ω¨
p Í
rL‹
m
Ut\˚
Y ™
RdL‹
m ˘
Nn
°u
\]
.
$Y
Ù£jRp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
$˘
Nn
’ T
Ù⁄e
Ls
$Y
Ù£jRp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
$Y
Ù£jRp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$˙Y
flTÙ”
$˙Y
fl ÿ
jß
˚W Y
Ùd°
Ve
Ls
$Y
Ù£jRp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$U
ÙN˚
PV
ÙUp
C⁄
dL
$©
WÙ¶
L˚
[d L
i”
©•
Ÿe
Ls
.
•A
±Æ
Vp
˘
RÙP
oTÙ]
˙
NÙR˚
]L˚
[
YÙ£
j’
m E
tfl
˙SÙd°
Ÿm
Li
P˚
PkR
L⁄
j’
L˚
[ ˘
Y∞
´”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•G
∞V
˙NÙR
˚]
Ls
˘
Nn
’ Li
P˚
PkR
L⁄
j’
L˚
[ Y
¨˚
NlT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•U
˚Z
˘
Tn
Y’
˘
RÙP
oTÙ]
A
±Æ
Vp
Ei
˚U
L˚
[ Æ
[dœ
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•Ri
Ω¨
u
E˚
\Æ
Pe
L˚
[
Y¨˚
NlT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•U
˚Z
dLÙX
jß
tœ
m ˘
Y´
pLÙX
jß
tœ
m
Es
[ £
\l◊L˚
[ Y
¨˚
NlT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•øo ®
˚X
Ls
U
ÙN˚
PY
RÙp
H
tT
”m
©Wf£
˚]
L˚
[d
·fl
°\ÙoLs
/
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
•øo ®
˚X
L∞
p Y
£dœ
m E
´¨]
eL˚
[
Y¨˚
NlT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•Ri
Ω¨
p
Ír
œm
U
tfl
m
™Rdœ
m
˘TÙ⁄
hL˚
[d L
iP
˚P
k’
Ah
PY
˚Q
˘Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
199AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L¶
Rm
$A
‡T
Yj
ßu
Y
Ù´
XÙLd
˘LÙs
[[
‹L˚
[j ’
p≠
VU
ÙL F
°j’
d
·\ C
V¤
m.
$F
°j’
d·
±V
A[
‹m
N¨V
Ù] A
[‹
m
J˙
W˙
TÙp
A
˚U
V
A‡
TY
m
AY
£V
UÙ]
Rٜ
m.
$SÙm
A
u\ÙP
j ˙
R˚
YL˚
[l
È
ojß
˘Nn
YRtLÙLj Ri
Ω˚
Wd œ
±l©
hP
A[
Æp
TV
uT”
j’
°˙\Ùm
.
$U
fl J
›e
œT”
j’
Rp
RÙP
oTÙ]
·h
Pp
,
LØ
jRp
˘
NV
pT
Ù”
L∞
p
D”
TP
Gi
L∞
u C
PU
ßl◊j
RÙP
oTÙ]
A±
‹
˘Tt±
⁄dL ˙
Yi
”m
.
$SÙs
LÙh
•´
p
Es
[
Gi
Lfi
dœ
C˚
P˙V
A
”dœ
ÿ
˚\´
XÙ]
˘
RÙP
o◊
Ei
”.
$J
q˘
YÙ⁄
U
ÙRjß
tœ
m J
⁄ œ
±l©
hP
SÙh
Ls
Y
⁄m
Y
˚L´
p
SÙs
LÙh
•
Y•
Y˚
UdLlTh
”s
[’
.
$S˚
Pÿ
˚\l ©
Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
f —
VU
ÙLj
æo‹
LÙQ
CV
¤m
.
$˘
Nn
’ T
ÙodLX
Ùm
$G
jR˚
]
N•
Lfi
dœ
j R
iΩ
o F
t\X
Ùm
$œ
•øo
$G
]’
≈h
•p
$Ri
Ω¨u
TV
u
$TÙh
•p
Ri
Ω¨u
Æ˚
X
$TÙh
•p
Ri
Ωo
$SÙs
LÙh
•
$SÙs
LÙh
•˚
Vl T
Ùoj’
d L
i”
©•
dLX
Ùm.
$˘
Y´
p L
ÙXm
$˘
Nn
’ T
ÙodLX
Ùm.
•TÙj
ßWe
L∞
u
LÙs
[[
‹L˚
[ F
°j’
d
·fl
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•F
°j’
d ·
±V
A[
˚Y
Ÿm
Ei
˚U
VÙ]
˘LÙs
[[
˚Y
Ÿm
’
p≠
VU
ÙLl
T¨˙NÙß
d°
\Ùo
Ls
.
•Ri
Ω¨
u
Au
\ÙP
l
TV
uT
Ù”
˘RÙP
oTÙ]
S˚
Pÿ
˚\l ©
Wf£
˚]
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙi
°\Ùo
Ls
(U
fl J
›e
œT”
j’
Rp
Eh
T”
m ·
hP
p,
LØ
jRp
C
Wi
•X
dL
Gi
Ls
)
•Ri
Ωo Æ
˚X
dœ
YÙe
œY
’
RÙP
oTÙ]
S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©
Wf£
˚]
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙi
°\ÙoLs
(C
Wi
•X
dLm
), ·
hP
p,
LØ
jRp
)
•SÙs
LÙh
•˚
Vl
T
Vu
T”
jß
d L¶
R
Æ˚
[V
Ùh”
L∞
p H
tT”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•SÙs
LÙh
•˚
Vl TV
uT”
jß
J
q˘
YÙ⁄
UÙRj
ßu
SÙh
L˚
[
Gi
¶
Y¨˚
NlT”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
•S˚
Pÿ
˚\l ©
Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
—V
UÙL
j
æo‹
LÙ‘
°\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
200 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1
A±YZ° T¨˙NÙR˚] ˘NnYßp BoYm Es[Ys. GkR˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]˚VŸm
A±ÆVp Li˙QÙhPjßp A‘œm Ru˚U ˘LÙiPYs. AYs £fl£fl
T¨˙NÙR˚]L˚[d œZk˚RLfidœf Nn’LÙh”YÙs. AR]Ùp Gl˙TÙ’m AY˚[f
—t±d œZk˚RL∞u ·hPm A˚X˙UÙ’m. YœlT˚\´p B£¨Vo ˘Nn’
LÙi©dœm ˙NÙR˚]L˚[j R]’ SÙhœ±l©p G›’Y˚R YZdLUÙLd
˘LÙi•⁄kRÙs. J⁄SÙs AYs G›ßV SÙhœ±l◊ RiΩ¨u ˘LÙs[[‹
˘RÙPoTÙ]’.
A±YZ° SÙhœ\ıl©p Gu] G›ß´⁄lTÙs?
L¶RlTœß : £fl’∞ ˘T⁄˘Ys[m (L¶Rm)
L¶Rm TdLm 101 ˛ 104
®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2
YZdLm˙TÙp T¨˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn’LÙh”YRtLÙL A±YZ° ©\ œZk˚RL˚[
A˚ZjRÙs. Cufl SÙu UkßWjRÙp U˚Z ˘TnVf ˘Nn˙Yu Gu\Ùs.
UkßWU˚ZVÙ...? œZk˚RLs BfN¨Vj˙RÙ” TÙojR]o. AYoLs BY˙XÙ” ·•]o.
TÙPl Tœß : UkßWU˚Z
®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3
A±YZ°´u Ts∞´≠⁄k’ —tflXÙ Nu\]o... UßV Y´p L”˚UVÙL C⁄kR’.
"RiΩo ˙Yi”m RiΩo ˙Yi”m....' A±YZ° AlTÙÆPm ˙LhPÙs. ˙T⁄k’
J⁄ L˚P´u ÿu]Ùp ®u\’. L˚P´p ˙RÙWQm ˘RÙeœY’˙TÙp œl©Ls
˘RÙe°]. A±YZ°Ÿm AY[’ AlTÙ‹m L˚P˚V ˙SÙd°f ˘Nu\]o.
L¶RlTœß : œl©j RiΩ¨u Æ˚X
L˚RdL[m
Yœl◊ II
201AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4
F¨p Y\h£... ˘RÙPe°V’. œ•lTRtœm A•lT˚Pj ˙R˚Y˚V ®˚\‹
˘NnYRtœm RiΩo °˚PdLÙUp A˚]Y⁄m Y⁄kß]o. J⁄SÙs YÙ≤p ˙ULm
ßWiP’. A±YZ° ˙ULj˚Rl TÙoj’l TÙPj ˘RÙPe°]Ùs.
A±YZ° Gu] TÙ•´⁄lTÙs?
TÙPlTœß : ÿ°˙X ÿ°˙X L⁄ÿ°˙X
®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5
U˚Z ˘TnVÙRRÙp RiΩoRÛ Rh”lTÙ” HtThP’. Au\ÙPj ˙R˚YL˚[l Èojß
˘NnYRtLÙL A˚]Y⁄m Y⁄kß]o. œPeL˚[j Ád°d˘LÙi”j R⁄j˘R⁄YÙn
A˚XkR]o.
RiΩoRÛ ˙R˚Y˚V GqYÙfl Èojß ˘Nnß⁄lTÙo?
L¶RlTœß : ˙Y≤tLÙXm
L¶Rm TdLm 109 ˛ 112
®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6
RiΩo Tt\Ùdœ˚\VÙp A˚]Y⁄m AYßlThP]o. œ[jßp KW[‹ RiΩo
C⁄kR’. B]Ùp œ[m ÿ›Y’m œl˚T ·[m œÆk’ °PkR’. œ[j’lTdLm
VÙ⁄˙U NpXÿ•VÙR A[Ætœj ’oSÙt\m ≈£V’. A±YZ° AdLÙs UkßWU˚Z
˘TnV YlTÙ˙[...! AY˚[l TÙodLXÙm...! œZk˚RLs A±YZ°˚Vj R• YkR]o.
AYoLs Gu] ˙T£´⁄lTo?
TÙPlTœß : YÙr‹dœ Y[m
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
202 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7
UkßWÿm Cp˚X RkßWÿm Cp˚X. œ[m A—jRm A˚Pk’ °˚Pd°\’. SÙm
˘T¨VYoL∞u ERÆ˙VÙ” —jRm ˘NnVXÙm. A±YZ° A±‹˚W ˘NÙu]Ùs.
A˚]Y⁄m NmUßjR]o. œ[m —jRUÙ]’. SÙhLs LPkR]. C•C•j’ ™u]p
™u≤V’. ˙ULm LfljR’.
˘RÙPok’ Gu] SPkß⁄dœm?
TÙPlTœß : œ[m Sm YÙrÆtœ Y[m
œ[m Sm YÙrÆtœ Y[m.
.
YœlT˚\dœf ˘Np¤m ÿu...
œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚Rj Ái”m ÆRjßp TÙPj˚R SPjR TÙPËp,
B£¨Vo T‡Yp B°VYt˚\ K¨⁄ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d ˘LÙsY’ SpX’.
TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m G∞V NÙR˚]L˚[ ÿu ·h•˙V Nn’ TÙoj’d
˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs : œl©, Rm[o, LÙnL±Ls £X, (™RlT˚Y,
ÍrœT˚Y Li”©•lTRtLÙ] ˙NÙR˚] ˘NnYRtœ)
L⁄j’Ls, Lt\p A˚P‹Ls, ˘UÙØd·flLs, ˘UÙØjß\uLs
˙TÙu\Yt˚\ EhT”jß Lt©jRp L˙Vh˚P Y•Y˚Uj’d LÙsY’
SpX’.
L˚R ®Lr˚Y YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’˘LÙi” Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®LrÆu˙TÙ’m
BoYj˚Rj Ái”m ÆRjßp ˘Y∞´”Y’ SpX’.
L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙Lt\YÙfl L⁄j’ £˚RVÙUp ·\
˙Yi”m.
˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[ ÿu]˙W RVÙ¨j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m.
NÙoh•p G›R ˙Yi•V TœßL˚[ ÿu·h•˙V G›ß ˚YdL
˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
203AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
®Lr‹ ˛1
£fl’∞ ˘T⁄˘Ys[m (L¶Rm)
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• TÙjßWeL∞u ˘LÙs[[˚Y F°j’d ·flRp.
• F°j’d·±V A[Æ˚]Ÿm, Ei˚UVÙ] A[Æ˚]Ÿm ’p≠VUÙLl T¨˙NÙßjRp.
• S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙQp.
®Lr‹ Ju±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’
˘Y∞´”eLs, A±YZ°´u YœlT˚\´p S˚P˘Tt\
˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˙TÙp SÙÿm ˘NnVXÙUÙ? Gufl ˙Lh” ÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙh•tœ
A˚Zj’f ˘Np¤eLs.
÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”
œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. CWi” YÙ∞L∞p RiΩo ®˚\j’ Yj’d LÙsfieLs.
YÙ∞´u Gßo TdLjßp œ±l©hP ÁWjßp CWi” Ll◊L˚[ ˚YŸeLs. Ll©tœm YÙ∞dœm
C˚P˙V œZk˚RLs Y¨˚NVÙL ®tLh”m. YÙ∞´u A⁄°p ®tœm œZk˚RLs Ru ˚LVÙp
RiΩ˚W As∞j R]dœ A⁄°p Es[ œZk˚RL∞u L´p Ft\h”m. AdœZk˚R RiΩ˚Wf
£kRÙUp R]dœ A⁄°p Es[ œZk˚R´u ˚L´tœ UÙt\h”m, AYu A˚Rd Ll©p Ft\h”m.
GkRd œ› Ll˚T ÿR≠p ®˚\d°\˙RÙ Adœ› ˘Yt± ˘Tt\RÙL A±ÆdLlT”m.
• Cßp J⁄ œ› ˘Yt± ˘Tt\RtLÙ] LÙWQeLs G˚Y?
LXk’˚WVÙPp
RiΩo £kRÙUp Æ˚WYÙLf ˘NVpThP œ›˙Y ˘Yt±V˚PkR’.
• C˙R ˘NVpTÙh˚P CWi” œZk˚RL˚[ Uh”m TVuT”jߟm ˘NnVXÙm.. ApXYÙ!
• Cflß´p, C’˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ” A±YZ°´u Yœl©¤m SPkR’. AYs SÙhœ±lTÙL
G›ß˚Yj’s[Ùs YÙ⁄eLs TÙodLXÙm Gufl ˘NÙp≠l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm
ApXYÙ!
˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm
Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹Ls TVuT”jß A[lTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
CWi” YÙ∞L∞p RiΩo G”j’d˘LÙsfieLs. CWi” YÙ∞Lfim TÙolTRtœ J˙W ˙TÙufl
C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. G’ AßLm RiΩo ©•dœm GuT˚Rd œZk˚RLs F°j’f ˘NÙpXh”m.
A˚]Y⁄m GjR˚] Ll/Rm[o Gufl F°j’ G›Rh”m. ˘RÙPok’ Td˘Lh•p Es[ RiΩ˚Wd
œ±l©hP LlTÙp/Rm[WÙp A[k’ TÙodLh”m. ’p≠VUÙL F°jRYoL˚[l TÙWÙhP U\dLÙæoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
204 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
J⁄e°˚Ql◊• J⁄ YÙ∞´p RiΩo ®˚\j’ A˚R A”jR YÙ∞´p Ft±l
TÙojRÙ¤m ˙TÙ’m.
• CWi” YÙ∞L∞¤m RiΩo ®˚\j’ J⁄ œY˚[VÙp CWi”
YÙ∞L∞¤ÿs[ RiΩ˚W A[dL‹m.
• J⁄ ˘T¨V AiPÙƤs[ RiΩ˚W J⁄ œY˚[VÙp A[k’
YÙ∞L∞p Ft\‹m.
GjR˚] ˘N•Ls S˚]dLXÙm?
• TÙPË≠p Es[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NVpY¨˚NlT•f ˘NnVh”m.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm °˚PjR YÙ∞L∞p GjR˚] œY˚[j RiΩo Es[˘R]d
Li”©•dLh”m.
• F°jR A[‹m Ei˚UVÙ] A[‹m J˙W˙TÙufl Es[RÙ? LÙWQm Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm?
• LXk’˚WVÙ”Rp
ÿ•‹ ˛ N¨VÙ] FLm SPj’YRtœf N¨VÙ] A‡TYm °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.
·”Rp ß\u˘T\
YœlT˚\dœl TXRWlThP RiΩo TÙh•pL˚d œZk˚RLs ˘LÙi” Y⁄YÙoLs ApXYÙ?
AYoL[’ RiΩo TÙh•pL∞u ˘LÙs[[‹L˚[ F°j’f ˘NÙpX‹m; A[k’ TÙodL‹m
YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. Yœl©p AßLm RiΩo ˘LÙsfim TÙh•p VÙ⁄˚PV’? œ˚\YÙLj RiΩo
©•dœm TÙh•p VÙ⁄˚PV’, VÙ⁄˚P TÙh•pLs NUUÙ] RiΩo ˘LÙsT˚Y ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d
Li”©•dLh”m. C’˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘RÙPok’m S˚P˘Tt\Ùp Uh”˙U £\lTÙ] FLm
SPj’m ß\u Y[⁄m GuTßp Nk˙RLm Cp˚X ApXYÙ!
YœlT˚\´p œ•lTRtœj RiΩo ˙NL¨j’ ˚Ydœm Ts∞Ls TÙPËp ˘NVpTÙh˚P AqYÙ˙\
SPjRXÙm.
YœlT˚\´p œ•lTRtœj RiΩo NL¨j’ YdLÙR Ts∞L∞p J⁄TÙjßWjßp RiΩo LÙi”
Yk’ F°j’f ˘NÙpX‹m A[k’ TÙodL‹m YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. TX Y•Yjߤm A[Ƥm
Es[ TÙjßWeL∞u ˘LÙs[[˚Y F°dL YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. ARtLÙL øeLs ÿu·h•˙V
ßhP™h”d ˘LÙsY’ SpX’.
œ•RiΩo
CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP˚X Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
• œZk˚RLs AYWYo Æ⁄m◊m ÿ˚\´p ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnVh”m.
F°lTRtLÙ] ß\˚]Ÿm A[jRp ˘NV˚XŸm B£¨Vo Ußl©P
˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
205AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
• Cflß´p Æ˚PLi”©•jR YØÿ˚\L˚[d ·\h”m.
AlTÙÆtœ 1 8 Rm[o + 10 + 8
A±YZ°dœ 1 2 Rm[o 10 + 2
3 0 20 + 10 30
AmUÙÆtœ 1 8 Rm[o 10 + 8
AiQ≤tœ 1 2 Rm[o 10 + 2
3 0 20 + 10 30
˘UÙjRm 60 Rm[o
AlTÙÆtœ 1 8 + 10 + 8
AmUÙÆtœ 1 8 10 + 8
20 + 16
20 + 10 + 6
30 + 6 = 36
A±YZ°dœ 1 2 + 10 + 2
AiQ‡dœ 1 2 10 + 2
20 + 4 24
˘UÙjRm 3 6 + 30 + 6
2 4 20 + 4
50 + 10 = 60
˙YflThP ÿ˚\´p LQdœL˚[ A‘L ER‹eLs.
18 +
12
30 +
12
42 +
18
60
10 + 8
10 + 2
20 + 10 = 30 + 30 + 0
12 10 + 2
40 + 2 42 + 40 + 2
18 10 + 8
50 + 10 = 60
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
206 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
SÙuœ CWi•XdL GiL˚[Ÿm Y¨˚NVÙL G›ßd ·h”Y’ CWiPÙm Yœl◊ œZk˚RL˚[l
˘TÙfljRY˚W Ntfld L•]UÙ] Ju\Ùœm, CWi” CWi” GiL[ÙLd ·hP ER‹eLs.
G]’ ≈h•p
Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄˚PV ≈h•¤m TVuT”j’m RiΩ¨u A[˚Yj ˙RÙWÙVUÙL G›ßd ·hPh”m.
• R]’ SiToL∞u ≈h•p TVuT”j’m RiΩ¨u A[˙YÙ” Jl©h”l TÙodLh”m.
• ·”Rp RiΩo TVuT”j’TYoL˚[Ÿm œ˚\YÙ] RiΩo TVuT”j’TYoL˚[Ÿm Li”
©•dLh”m.
• ™L‹m ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs
RiΩ¨u TVuTÙ”
S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˙SÙd°p Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
Ufl J›eœT”j’Rp Y⁄m LQdœL∞p U¶fNhPm CPUßl◊l Th• TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”jß
G∞V ÿ˚\´p ˘NnV ERYXÙm ApXYÙ!
LQdœ ˛ 1
≈h” ET˙VÙLm ˛ 4 6 +
LÙnL±j˙RÙhPjßtœ 3 6 40 + 6 +
30 + 6
70 + 12
70 + 10 + 2
80 + 2
82
L¶Rm 2
≈h”l TVuTÙh•tœ 3 3 30 + 3
5 8 50 + 8
80 + 11
80 + 10 + 1
91
˙TÙufl G∞V ÿ˚\´p ˘NnV ER‹eLs.
C’˙TÙufl HWÙ[m ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZe° CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP≠p ß\u Y[W
ER‹eLs.
RÙUÙLl ©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ NnRYo GjR˚] To?
N¨VÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”jRYoLs GjR˚]˙To?
N¨VÙ] Æ˚P Li”©•jRYoLs GjR˚] ˙To?
Yœl◊ II
207AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
®Lr‹ ˛ 2
UkßW U˚Z
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• YÙ£l◊lTœß˚V YÙ£j’ Aßp APe°Ÿs[ A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[f —V Li˙QÙhPjßp
Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
• J⁄ ˘TVof ˘NÙp≠p Es[ C⁄ ˘NÙtL˚[l ©¨j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
• L⁄jßtœm RÙ[jßtœm HtTl TÙPp Y¨L˚[ ®˚\‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
• A\ıÆVp ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˙NÙR˚]L˚[ YÙ£j’m Etfl˙SÙd°Ÿm LiP˚PkR L⁄j’L˚[
˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
• G∞V ˙NÙR˚]Ls ˘Nn’ LiP˚PkR L⁄j’L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
• U˚Z ˘TnY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd
L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’ ˘Y∞´”eLs
A±YZ°´u B£¨Vo Nn’LÙh•V’ TÙu\ J⁄ NÙR˚]˚V SÙu EeLfidœf Nn’ LÙhPh”UÙ
Gufl ˙Lh”j ˘RÙPdLf ˘NVpTÙh•tœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
• J⁄ LiQÙ• Rm[¨p RiΩo G”j’d˘LÙsfieLs.
• Rm[¨u Æ∞m©p J⁄ Lh•VÙ] Ah˚P˚V ˚YŸeLs.
• Es[e˚LVÙp Ah˚P˚V AUojßl ©•ŸeLs.
• Rm[˚Wj R˚X ∏ZÙLj ß⁄l◊eLs.
• AqYÙfl ß⁄l◊m ˙TÙ’ Ah˚P˚Vd LY]UÙL A›jßl ©•jß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
• Ah˚P˚V AUojßl©•jß⁄dœm ˚L˚V ˘U’YÙL UÙtfleLs.
• Cl˙TÙ’ Ah˚P Rm[˙WÙ” Jh•l©•jß⁄dœm
• R˚X∏ZÙ] Rm[¨p C⁄k’ RiΩo ≈rY’m Cp˚X.
• Rm[¨p Es[ C˚P˘Y∞ Ah˚P˚V ˙Up ˙SÙd° C›d°\’.
• ˘Y∞´p Es[ LÙtfl Ah˚P˚V ˙Up ˙SÙd°j Rsfi°\’.
TÙPlTœß´p ˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm UkßW U˚Z ˘NVpTÙ” ˙TÙX —˚YTPf ˘Nn’ LÙh”eLs.
TÙPËp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
C’˙TÙu\ J⁄ T¨˙NÙR˚] A±YZ° œZk˚RLfidœf ˘Nn’ LÙh•]Ùs. AYs ˘Nn’LÙh•V
T¨˙NÙR˚] TÙPlTœß´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. YÙ⁄eLs, YÙ£dLXÙm GuÛfl ˘NÙp≠l
TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
208 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m
• ¡i”m YÙ£dLj Ái”YRtLÙ] K¨⁄ Æ]ÙdLs ˘RÙ”dLXÙm.
• TÙPlTœß´p "A±YZ°' Gu\ ˘NÙp GjR˚] ÿ˚\ Y⁄°\’.?
• CYoLs ˘NÙu] Tß˚Xd Li”©•j’ YÙ£dLÿ•ŸUÙ?
˙U¨ ˘N¸™VÙ A°XÙ
• U˚Z Gu\ ˘NÙp GjR˚] ÿ˚\ Yk’s[’?
• RÙu YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’˘LÙiP˚R ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• YÙ£l◊d LhPeL˚[d L˚Pl©•j’ YÙ£dLf ˘NnŸeLs.
• Cflß´p UÙߨ YÙ£l◊ SPj’Y’ SpX’.
• ˘U¸] YÙ£l˚Tl ˙TÙX˙Y EWdL YÙ£l©tœm ˙TÙ’UÙ] YÙnl◊d ˘LÙ”lT’ SpX’.
˘NÙp¤eLs
• ˙LsÆL˚[ Jq˘YÙu\ÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
• ˙TÙ’UÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.
• E˚WVÙP≠p A˚]Y⁄m Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• L⁄j’dL˚[ Teœ˚YlT’ LXk’˚WVÙPp Su\ÙL S˚P˘Tflm ˙Y˚[´p Uh”˙U. C˚R
U]ßp ˘LÙi” ˘NVpTÙh˚P YØSPjR ˙Yi”m.
• TÙPlTœß´p Es[ UkßW U˚Z ˙NÙR˚]˚V øeLs YœlT˚\´p ˘Nn’ LÙh”eLs.
• ˘S°Ød œl©´u A•lTÙLjßp RiΩo Æ›YRtLÙ] ’˚[Ls A˚Uj’d˘LÙs[
˙Yi”m.
• Í•dœ Ntfld ∏ZÙL J⁄ ’˚[ Ch”d˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
• J⁄ TÙjßWjßp RiΩo G”j’ ˘S°Øœl©´p ®˚\jR ©u Í•VÙp ÍP ˙Yi”m.
• Í•dœd ∏˙Z Es[ ’˚[˚Vd Lh˚P ÆWXÙp A›jßl ©•dL ˙Yi”m.
• Lh˚P ÆW˚Xj R[oj’m˙TÙ’ RiΩo ˘LÙh”m. Lh˚P ÆW˚X A›j’m˙TÙ’ RiΩo
˘LÙhPÙ’.
• TÙPlTœß´p ˘NÙpXlTh”s[ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jßf ˙NÙR˚]˚Vf ˘Nn’LÙhP‹m.
E±g— œZ˚Xl TVuT”jß...
• £X E±g— œZÙ´u S”lTÙLjßp œi£VÙp ’˚[ ˘Nn’ ˚YŸeLs.
• £X E±g— œZÙnL∞p ’˚[´P ˙YiPÙm.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm J⁄ E±g— œZÙ˚Vd ˘LÙ”j’ AYWYo RiQˆo TÙh•≠p C⁄k’
RiΩ˚Wd œ•dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
• £XWÙp Uh”˙U RiΩ˚Wd œ•dL CV¤m.
• LÙWQm Gu]? LXk’˚WVÙP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
’˚[ YØVÙLd LÙtfl Eh◊œYRÙp
RiΩo œ•dL CV¤Yßp˚X.
Yœl◊ II
209AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs
œ[m œh˚P, Bfl, H¨, ˙TÙufl È™´p Es[ A˚]j’l˘TÙ⁄hL∞¤m Es[ RiΩo ˘Y´≠u
LÙWQUÙL BÆVÙ°\˘Ruflm, BÆ Á£, ◊˚L TÙu\˚Y Nok’ ULUÙL UÙfl°\˘Ruflm, ULm
œ∞of£V˚Pk’ U˚Z Tn°\’ GuflUÙ] L⁄j’ YWjRdL ÆRjßp E˚WVÙP˚X YØSPjßf NpX
˙Yi”m.
˘Nn’TÙ⁄eLs
• TÙPlTœß´p ˘NÙpXlTh”s[’ ˙TÙufl ˙NÙR˚]˚Vf ˘NnŸeLs
• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm RU’ L⁄j’dL˚[ ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs
• C˚P´˚P˙V £fl Æ]ÙdLs ˘RÙ”j’d L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW ÿVX˙Yi”m.
Rm[⁄dœ ˘Y∞˙V Es[ LÙtfl Rm[¨p Rh”m˙TÙ’
AdLÙt±¤s[ øWÙÆ œ∞ok’ Rm[¨u ˘Y∞lTdLjßp
øojßY˚XLs E⁄YÙ°u\]. Sm˚Uf —t±¤ÿs[ LÙt±p øWÙÆ
APe°Ÿs[’ Gu\ Ei˚U˚V Æ[dL Cf˙NÙR˚] ER‹m
®˚]jR‹Pu
• œZk˚RL∞u LXk’˚WVÙPp ß\˚] Y[odL‹m AYoL∞u LtT˚]j ß\˚]l T⁄dL‹m
C’˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ER‹UpXYÙ?
• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m Ru L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs
• A˚]Y⁄m LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”j’eLs.
Ju±p CWi”
£X ˘TVof ˘NÙtLs CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[ Es[Pd°V˚Y GuT˚R EQojR˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ”
YZeLlTh”s[’.
A±YZ° = A±‹ + AZ°
L˚XVW£ = L˚X + AW£
LiU¶ = Li + U¶
˘NÙtL˚[l ©¨j˘R›’m ˙SÙd°p YZeLlThP ˘NVpTÙ” C’. J⁄ ˘TV¨p Es[ CWi”
˘NÙtL˚[ G›ß]Ùp ˙TÙ’UÙ]’.
˘NpXlTÙi• œh•WÙ_Ù TÙpTÙi•
UÙ¨ÿj’ A±‹Uß ÿj’dLÙ˚[
ÿj’U¶ ÿj’f˘NpYm ÿj’UÙ¨
˘Yt±˙Yp SÙLWÙ_u ˘NpXÿj’ TÙi•f˘NpÆ
˙TÙu\ ˘TVoL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RLs ·flm ˘TVoL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’j ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdœeLs.
GlT• A’ GlT•?
TÙPp Y¨L˚[ ®˚\‹ NnYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’. U˚Z RÙPoTÙ] NÙt„¨Vu
E⁄YÙd°V ©u Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’Y’ œZk˚RLfidœ ERÆVÙL C⁄dœm.
œZk˚RLs ERÆŸPu ˘NÙt„¨V˚] ƨ‹T”jR ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
210 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
• —VUÙL G›Rh”m.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m RÙu G›ßV˚R YÙ£dLh”m.
• £X ˙LsÆLs ÍXm ˙UmT”jR ER‹eLs.
• ˙UmT”j’Rp Gu\ ˘TV¨p œZk˚RL∞u T˚Pl©p C˚Pf ˘N⁄Lp SPdLÙUp TÙoj’d
˘LÙsY’ SpX’.
• Cflß´p T˚Pl◊l ˙T˚Z´p ˙NolTRtLÙLf ˙NL¨j’d ˘LÙsfieLs.
L˚R ˙SWm
L˚R˚Vd œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m.
¡ßdL˚R˚V —˚YTPf ˘NÙpX YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
L˚R˚Vd œWp Ht\j RÙr‹Pu ÿLTÙYj˙RÙ” C≤˚UVÙLd ·fleLs.
®Lr‹ ˛ 3
œl©j RiΩ¨u Æ˚X ˛ L¶Rm
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• RiΩo Æ˚Xdœ YÙeœY’ RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙQp (Ufl J›eœ
T”j’R¤dœ EhThP ·hPp, LØjRp ˛ CWi•XdLm)
®Lr‹ Íu±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’ YÙ£j’f —˚YTPf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
A±YZ° L˚P´p C⁄k’ RiΩo TÙh•p Æ˚Xdœ YÙe°]Ùs. øeLs Gl˙TÙRÙY’ RiΩo
Æ˚Xdœ YÙe°V’ EiPÙ?
LXk’˚WVÙPp
J⁄ £X⁄dœ YÙnl◊
˘RÙPok’ A±YZ° 2 TÙh•p œ•RiΩo YÙe°]Ùs. ARu Æ˚X Gu] Gufl ˙Lh”l
TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
J⁄ TÙh•≠u Æ˚X ˛ 20 Ï
2 œl©´u Æ˚X ˛ 20 Ï+
20 Ï
40 Ï
AlTÙ ˘LÙ”jR ÏTÙn ˛ 100
RiΩo YÙe°V’ ˛ 40 Ï
¡ß 60 Ï
U˚Z
C•
˘Ys[m
˙ULmLÙtfl
™u]p Á\p
YÙ]Æpœ∞o
Yœl◊ II
211AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
œl©j RiΩo
Ufl J›eœT”jR¤dœ EhThP CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjR˚X EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”
YZeLlTh”s[’
76 ˛ - 60 + 16 ˛
17 10 + 7
50 + 9 = 59
Gu\ ÿ˚\´p A˚]j’f ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim ˘NnV ER‹eLs.
®Lr‹ ˛ 4
ÿ°˙X ÿ°˙X L⁄ÿ°˙X
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• TÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’lTÙ”°\ÙoLs.
• TÙP≠u L⁄j˚Rf ˘NÙkRS˚P´p ˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
• SÙ©\r SÙ ˘S°r T´t£L∞p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.
• J˙W ˘TÙ⁄s RWd·•V NUÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
• U˚Z ˘TnY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs
• RiΩ¨u E˚\ÆPeL˚[d ·fl°u\]o.
®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd
L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’ YÙ£j’f —˚YVÙL ˘Y∞´”eLs
Lu]e L⁄jR U˚Z
LÙÌu±l ˘TnŸ U˚Z
Cu]e L⁄dœR•
DNÙ] Í˚X´˙X!
™u‡R• YP°Zd˙L
ÿZeœR• LP˙XÙWm
©\l©hP ˙SW˘UpXÙm
˙TŸR• ˙TU˚ZŸm!
˙ULk ßWfiR•
™u≤⁄h”d LmÿR•
R˚X˙V S˚]ŸR•
RgNUjRd ·˚W´˙X!
˛ LÆOo. UÙ. YWRWÙ_u
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
212 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
• U˚Z ˘RÙPoTÙ] H˙R‡m J⁄ TÙP˚X CWÙLj˙RÙ” TÙ”eLs.
œZk˚RLs ˙Nok’ TÙPh”m.
• C’˙TÙu\ U˚Z ˘RÙPoTÙ] TÙP˚X A±YZ° TÙ•]Ùs. SÙÿm TÙ•lTÙol˙TÙUÙ
Gufl ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs A˚Zj’f ˘Np¤eLs
˘UhP˚UdLXÙm
• TÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙPh”m.
• UÙߨVÙLl TÙ•dLÙh”eLs.
• ˘UhP˚UlTRtœ £.Bo.£ Utflm Gv.Bo.¥ L∞u ERÆ˚VŸm SÙPXÙm ApXYÙ!
• Su\ÙLl TÙ”m œZk˚RL˚[l TÙWÙh”eLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
• ˙TÙ’UÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm ˘LÙ”lT’ SpX’.
• A˚]Y⁄m E˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.
• LXk’˚WVÙPp S˚P˘T\j ’˚Qd˙LsÆLfim ˙LhLXÙm ApXYÙ?
• U˚Z GqYÙfl E⁄YÙ°\’ Gu\ ˙LsÆdœd œZk˚RLs ReLs L⁄j’L˚[d ·\h”m.
• U˚Z˘TnYRu/E⁄YÙYRu ©u]¶´¤s[ A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[ Æ[dœeLs.
• ˙ULjßPm Gu˘]u] ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh¿oLs Gu\ Æ]ÙÆtœd œZk˚RLs LtT˚]ŸPu
Tßp ˘NÙpXh”m.
GjR˚] ˙LsÆLs
• TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’ HWÙ[m ˙LsÆLs E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• øo®˚XLs VÙ˚Y?
• U˚X´p C⁄k’ ≈›m˙TÙ’ RiΩ¨u ˘TVo Gu]?
• Ftfl øo GqYÙfl E⁄YÙ°\’?
• Ui¶p Æ›m U˚Zøo Geœ ˘Np°\’?
• Ts[m TÙoj’j ˙ReœYRu ˘TVo Gu]?
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs
• ˙LsÆLs E⁄YÙdLm ˘NnYRtLÙ] LXk’˚WVÙP˚X YZıSPjßf ˘NpX U\dLUÙhºoLs
ApXYÙ?
˘NÙp≠lTÙ⁄eLs
• SÙ©\r SÙ ˘S°r T´t£dLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL‹m N¨VÙ] EfN¨l◊P‡m ˘NÙpXh”m .
• £\lTÙLf ˘NÙpXYoL˚[l TÙWÙh”eLs.
Yœl◊ II
213AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
˙RÙ˚N ˙RÙ˚N
˙NÙ[j ˙RÙ˚N
—h˘P”jRl
Tj’j ˙RÙ˚N
VÙ⁄RfN
NhP
GeL RÙjRÙ
RfN NhP
YÙ˚ZlTZm
U˚Z´p Y›d°d
˘LÙZ ˘LÙ›jR’
SÙkRÙu ˘LÙlTiPÙ
SpXÿj’l ˙TWiPÙ
˘Ys∞l ©Wm˘T”j’
˘Y˚[VÙP YÙWiPÙ
• ˙TÙu\ ˘RÙPoL˚[Ÿm ˘NÙp≠l TZLh”m
˙Yfl˘TVo ˘R¨ŸUÙ?
• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m.
• L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.
• £fl £fl Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”l ©uRe°V œZk˚RLhœ ER‹eLs.
˙ULm ˛ ÿ°p
YÙ]m ˛ BLÙVm
„¨Vu ˛ LßWYu
®XÙ ˛ NkßWu
LPp ˛ BØ, NÿjßWm
˘NÙp¤eLs
• œ[eL˚[ Etfl ˙SÙdœm BY˚Xj ÁiP˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
• LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs, A˚]Y⁄dœm L⁄j’L˚[d ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5
˙Y≤tLÙXm (L¶Rm)
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jßd L¶R Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p HtT”Rp.
• SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jß Jq˘YÙ⁄UÙRjßu SÙhL˚[ Gi¶ Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp.
• S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœf —VUÙLj æo‹LÙi°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 5 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’ YÙ£j’f —˚YTP ˘Y∞´”eLs.
U˚Z SÙhLÙh•
• SÙhLÙh•˚V Etfl ˙SÙd° U˚Z˘TnR’m ˘Y´p A•jR’UÙ°V SÙhL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m
LÙiTRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL SÙhLÙh•˚V Etfl˙SÙdLh”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
214 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
• U˚Z ˘TnR, ˘TnVÙR SÙhL˚[ Gi¶ G›Rh”m.
• _¯u UÙRjßp Es[ ˘UÙjR SÙhL˚[ Gi¶ G›Rh”m.
• —VUÙL U˚ZdLÙXiPo E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs.
SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’d Li”©•dLXÙm
SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’ _]Y¨ ÿRp •NmTo Y˚WŸs[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRjߤÿs[ SÙhL˚[ Gi¶
Li”©•lTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
• œZk˚RL˚[f £fl œ›dL[ÙdL‹m
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm 2015˛16 SÙhLÙh•˚Vd ˘LÙ”dL‹m
• SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’ UÙReLs Utflm SÙhL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd œ±l˙Th•p G›Rh”m.
• Kq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ˘Y∞´Ph”m
• NÙoh•p G›ßV Th•V≠p UÙRm/SÙhL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚V B£¨V⁄m G›R ˙Yi”m.
• œZk˚RLs —VUßl¿” ˘Nn°u\]o. œ±j’˚Yd°u\]o.
Th•V≠≠⁄k’ RLYp ßWh”Rp, Th•V≠”Rp GuT˚Y Ußl©P
˙Yi”m.
2016 _]Y¨ UÙR SÙhLÙh•˚V ˘Y∞´”eLs. L¶Rl◊jRLjßp TdLm 110 Cp Es[˚Rl ˙TÙufl
®Z≠h”d LÙi©dL ˙Yi”m. ®Z≠hP GiL˚[ Í˚Xdœ Í˚XVÙdœ·h•l TÙodLh”m.
3 + 11 = ...................
4 + 10 = ..................
£\l◊L˚[ Li”©•d°u\]o.
C˚Rl ˙TÙufl 2016 ©lWY¨ UÙR SÙhLÙh•´p œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL ®\™h” GiL˚[d
·h•lTÙod°u\]o. £\l◊L˚[d LiP±°u\]o.
˘TÙ’ÿ•˚Y Nu\S˚PYRtLÙ] ß\˚] Ußl¿” NnV Yi”m. ®\™hP
SÙhLÙh•˚V T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©u TÙLUÙL Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
˘Y´pLÙXm
LØjRp ˘RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˙SÙd°p Cf ˘NVpTÙ”
YZeLlTh”s[’.
Y¨˚N´p ®tTYoL∞u Gi¶d˚L = 45
A±YZ°´u AmUÙ ®tT’ = 27
˙U¤m RiΩo °˚PdL ˙Yi•VYoLs 45 ˛
27
45 40 + 5 ˛ 30 + 15 ˛
27 20 + 7 20 + 7
10 + 8 = 18
˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p G∞˚UVÙLf ˘NnV ER‹eLs
Yœl◊ II
215AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
T J T J
4 5 ˛ 3 15
2 7 2 7
1 8
Gu\ ÿ˚\´¤m ˘NnV ERYXÙm ApXYÙ!
˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm
S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]L∞p ·”Rp ß\u ˘TflYRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.
3 5 ˛ 30 + 5 ˛ 20 + 15 ˛
1 9 10 + 9 10 + 9
10 + 6 = 16
1 3 + 10 + 3 +
4 7 40 + 7
50 + 10 60
7 2 ˛- 70 + 2 -˛ 60 + 12 -˛
5 4 50 + 4 50 + 4
10 + 8 = 18
4 3 ˛- 40 + 3 -˛ 30 + 13 -˛
1 8 10 + 8 10 + 8
20 + 5 -- 25
2 5 ˛ 20 + 5 ˛ 10 + 15 ˛
1 7 10 + 7 10 + 7
0 + 8 = 8
T J
©vLh YÙe°V’ 3 8 Ï 30 + 8 +
TZm YÙe°V’ 1 4 Ï 10 + 4
˘UÙjRm 5 2 40 + 12 = 52
L˚PdLÙW≤Pm ˘LÙ”jR’ = 6 0 Ï ˛ 60 + 0 ˛
BLf˘NX‹ = 5 2 Ï 50 + 2
¡Rm 8 Ï 50 + 10 ˛
50 + 2
0 + 8
8 ÏTÙn ¡Rm °˚Pdœm.
• Gi A”d˚L ®WlTXÙm, J∞kß⁄lT’ VÙo ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf
˘NnVh”m
• RÙu Æ˚PLiP±kR ÿ˚\˚Vd ·\h”m.
• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.
• £\lTÙLf ˘NnŸm œZk˚RLfidœ ˙U¤m ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YZeœeLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
216 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
®Lr‹ ˛ 6
YÙr‹dœ Y[m
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• ÆØl◊Qo‹ HtT”j’m ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs RVÙo ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
• ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
• ˘RÙPoL˚[l TVuT”jß ®Lr‹L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
• U˚ZdLÙXjßtœm ˘Y´pLÙXjßtœm Es[ £\l◊L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
• øo ®˚XLs UÙN˚PYRÙp HtT”m ©Wf£˚]L˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ B±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jßp
C⁄k’ YÙ£j’f —˚YTP ˘Y∞´”eLs.
YÙr‹dœ Y[m
• TÙPlTœß˚Vd œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m.
• ¡i”m YÙ£lTRtLÙ] EjßL˚[l TVuT”j’eLs.
• UÙߨVÙL YÙ£j’dLÙh”eLs.
• YÙ£l◊d LhPeL˚[d L˚Pl©•dL U\dLUÙhºoLs ApXYÙ!
˘NÙp¤eLs
• œ[m UÙ—T”Rp ˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’ E⁄YÙœm ÆRjßp E˚WVÙP˚X YØSPjßf ˘NpY’
SpX’.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙÆtœm ˙TÙ’UÙ] ˙SWm ˘LÙ”eLs.
• A˚]Y⁄m Te˙Lt°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”j’Y’ SpX’.
˙YflTÙ”
U˚ZdLÙXjßtœm ˘Y´pLÙXjßtœm Es[ ˙YflTÙh˚P Y¨˚NlT”j’YRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”
YZeLlTh”s[’.
ÆØl◊Qo‹
øo®˚XL˚[ UÙ—T”j’Rp ˘RÙPoTÙL YÙd°Vm A˚UdL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pl TVuT”jRXÙm
ApXYÙ!
• Bt±p YÙL]eL˚[d L›‹Rp
• øo ®˚XL∞p ˙LÙØd LØ‹L˚[ ≈—Rp
• øo ®˚XL∞u A⁄°p UX_Xm LØjRp
• øo ®˚XL∞u A⁄°p œl˚T ˘LÙh”Rp
• øo ®˚XL∞p NÙdL˚P LXjRp
˙TÙu\ œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p YÙd°VeL˚[ E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs.
Yœl◊ II
217AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs
• £X ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeL˚[d œZk˚RLfidœ A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m
ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeL˚[ G”j’ G›Rh”m.
• —VUÙL ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdLh”m
• Yœl©p ˘Y∞´Ph”m
• L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.
˘LÙhPÙ˙R! ˘LÙhPÙ˙R!
œl˚T˚V Bt±p ˘LÙhPÙ˙R!
L›YÙ˙R! L›YÙ˙R!
YÙL]eL˚[ Bt±p L›YÙ˙R!
≈NÙ˙R! ≈NÙ˙R!
˙LÙØd LØ‹L˚[ œ[jßp ≈NÙ˙R!
TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm
øo®˚XL˚[l TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm
˙TÙu\ ÿjß˚W YÙd°Vm RVÙo ˘NnV ER‹eLs
LY˚X ˙YiPÙm
UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙufl YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs
®Lr‹ ˛ 7
œ[m Sm YÙr‹dœ Y[m
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• ˘RÙPoL˚[l TVuT”jß ®Lr‹L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.
• Y[⁄m YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
• Íufl ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
• ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
• øo®˚XL∞p Y£dœm E´¨]eL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs
• RiΩ¨p Írœm, ™Rdœm ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d LiP˚Pk’ AhPY˚Q ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
218 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
®Lr‹ HØtLÙ] ˛ L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’
YÙ£j’f —˚YTP ˘Y∞´”eLs.
TÙPlTœßdœs
• TÙPlTœß˚Vd œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m.
• YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[Ÿm LhPeL˚[Ÿm L˚Pl©•dL U\dLUÙhºoLs ApXYÙ!
• UÙߨ YÙ£l◊f ˘NnY’ EfN¨l◊ £\lTÙL A˚UV ER‹m.
˘NÙp¤eLs
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
• ˙TÙ’UÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm ˘LÙ”eLs.
• A˚]Y⁄m LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• ’˚Q Æ]ÙdLs ˙LhL‹m £fl Æ[dLeLs ˘LÙ”dL‹m U\dL UÙhºoLs ApXYÙ!
AZLÙ] LÙh£
• UÙߨ ˙TÙufl YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs.
• —VUÙL G›Rh”m.
• YœlT˚\´p ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.
A’˙TÙX C’˙TÙX
• TÙPlTœß˚V ¡i”m YÙ£j’d Li”©•j’ G›R Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m.
• ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dL ER‹eLs
Am◊ ˙TÙX TÙnkR’ ˛ ¡u
£˚X ˙TÙX ®u\’ ˛ ˘LÙdœ
ÿj’l˙TÙX C⁄lT’ ˛ RiΩo
Th”l ˙TÙp C⁄lT’˛ ◊p˘Y∞
Ju±≠⁄k’ Ut˘\Ùufl
• J⁄ YÙd°Vjßp ÿ•Ÿm NÙp˚Xl TVuT”jß A”jR YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙL Y[⁄m
YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs.
œ[dL˚W´p J⁄ ˘LÙdœ
˘LÙd˚Ll TÙojR’ B˚U
B˚U´u A⁄°p ¡u
¡≤u SiTu Si”
Si•u LÙpLs Gh”.
Yœl◊ II
219AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
UÙN˚PVÙUp C⁄dL
• øo ®˚XLs UÙN˚PVÙUp C⁄dLd L˚Pl©•dL Yi•V L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs NÙp¤m
ÆRjßp E˚WVÙP˚X YØSPjßf ˘NpY’ SpX’.
œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m.
YœlT˚\´p LXk’˚WVÙPER‹eLs.
L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.
©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs
GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs
—VUÙL YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs
HWÙ[m ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ” YZeL U\dLUÙhºoLs ApXYÙ?
©WÙ¶L˚[d Li”©•ŸeLs
• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m.
• ©WÙ¶L˚[d Li”©•j’ YhP™Ph”m.
• £fl£fl œ±l◊Ls Sp°l ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.
• YhP™hP ˘TVoL˚[ G”j’ G›Rh”m.
Li”©•ŸeLs
LÙnL±Ls °ZeœLs, œZk˚RLfidœl TZdLUÙ] ˙Yfl£X ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jß
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnŸeLs
• J⁄ TÙjßWjßp RiΩo Yj’d˘LÙi” ÍrœUÙ, ™RdœUÙ Gufl Lh” Æ˚P ·\f NnV
˙Yi”m.
• ˘RÙPok’ œZk˚RL∞u ÿu≤˚X´p RiΩ¨p Ch” EtfldLY≤dL YÙnlT∞dL
˙Yi”m.
˘Nn’ TÙ⁄eLs
œi£L˚[ Jq˘YÙu\ÙL C⁄eLs.
• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œi£˚V C”m˙TÙ’m œZk˚RLs Jufl CWi” Gufl GiQh”m.
CflßVÙL GjR˚] œi£Ls G]d ·\h”m.
GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs?
• œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
• YœlT˚\´p ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›RXÙm
• AßLUÙ] YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙd°VYoL˚[l TÙWÙhPXÙm ApXYÙ!
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
220 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
AXœ Ußl¿”
AXœ 6 UkßWU˚Z
YÙ£l˙TÙm Li”©•l˙TÙm
U˚X´p U˚Z ˘TnR’
UWm ˘N•Ls S˚]kR]
RiΩo ßWiP’
U˚X´p C⁄k’ A⁄Æ TÙnkR’
˘Ys[m ˘T⁄°V’
Bfl ®˚\kR’
œ[m œh˚P °Qfl GpXÙm
®˚\kR]
Cflß´p
Btfl øo LP≠p LXkR’
LPp £¨jR’
YÙ£l◊lTœß´p Y⁄m øo ®˚XL∞u ˘TVoL˚[ YhP™” (5 ◊s∞Ls)
J⁄ ˘TV¨p Y⁄m CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’ (5 ◊s∞Ls)
• L˚Xf ˘NpÆ
• C˚NVÿRu
• LVp ÆØ
• Èe˙LÙ˚R
• ˘Yt± UÙ\u
RiΩof ˙N™l◊ ˘RÙPoTÙ] Íufl ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs RVÙo ˘NnL (3 ◊s∞Ls)
UÙߨ : ≈QÙdLÙ˙R ≈QÙdLÙ˙R
RiΩ˚W ≈QÙdLÙ˙R
Yœl◊ II
221AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙufl Y[⁄m YÙd°Vm RVÙo ˘NnL (5 ◊s∞Ls)
œ[dL˚W´p BXUWm
BXUWjßp œ⁄Æd·”
œ⁄Æd·h•p ÿh˚PLs
ÿh˚P´u ®\m ˘Ys˚[
˘Ys˚[ ®\jßp ˘LÙdœ
˘LÙd°u ˙U˙X £h”dœ⁄Æ
œ[j’ ø¨p Tf˚Nj RY˚[
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
........................................................................................
˘NÙt„¨V˚]l TVuT”jßl TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnL (5 ◊s∞Ls)
U˚Z
C•
œ[m
UWm¡u
˘LÙdœ È
C˚XYVp
™u]p
U˚Z U˚Z YkR’
Ui‘m DWm B]’
U˚Z U˚Z YkR’
œ[m œh˚P ®˚\kR’
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
.............................................................
œ›Æp ˙NWÙR˚R YhP™” (2 ◊s∞Ls)
Up≠˚L ÿp˚X ˙WÙ_Ù RÙU˚W
SÙn È˚] T— RY˚[
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
222 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z
RœkRA˚PVÙ[m C”L
• ˘Y´p LÙXeL∞p œ[eL∞p AßLUÙ] RiΩo C⁄dœm
• ˙ULjßp øWÙÆ APe° Es[’
• YÙ]jß≠⁄k’ VÙ˙WÙ RiΩ˚W FtflY˙R U˚Z
• U˚Z ˘TnVd œ∞okR LÙtfl AY£Vm
• UWm Y[ojRÙp U˚Z ˘T\XÙm
• A±YZ° J⁄ YÙ∞´≠⁄k’ ˘Ru˚]dœ 13 Ll RiΩ⁄m YÙ˚Zdœ 12 Ll RiΩ⁄m
UÙUWjßtœ 15 Ll RiΩ⁄m Ft±]Ùs. YÙ∞´p RiΩo æokR’. AlT•VÙ]Ùp AkR
YÙ∞´p GjR˚] Ll RiΩo C⁄kR’?
• 1 ≠hPo RiΩo TÙh•≠p GjR˚] Rm[o RiΩo ˘LÙsfim?
SÙu F°jR’ N¨VÙ] A[‹
• A±YZ° L˚P´p C⁄k’ 20 ÏTÙn Æ˚XŸs[ 3 RiΩo TÙh•pLs YÙe°]Ùs. AY[’
˚L´p 50 ÏTÙn ˙SÙh” J]Aflm 20 ÏTÙn ˙SÙh” Juflm C⁄kR’. AlT•VÙ]Ùp
L˚PdLÙWo A±YZ°dœ GjR˚] ÏTÙn ¡Rm R⁄YÙo?
Yœl◊ II
223AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
œZk˚RL∞u Y[of£dœm, B˙WÙd°Vjßtœm ™L‹m AY£VUÙ]’
EQ‹. T⁄mTÙXÙ] œZk˚RLs ’¨R EQ‹ Y˚LL˚[Ÿm SÙfldœj
æ≤L˚[Ÿ˙U Æ⁄m◊°u\]o. ARu æ˚UL˚[Ÿm ARu
Æ˚[‹L˚[Ÿm A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtœ ˙Yi• CqYXœ
Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
EQÆu ÿd°Vj’Ym, ⁄£, Ei‘m˙TÙ’
L˚P©•dœm —LÙRÙWl TZdL YZdLeLs, EQÆtLÙLj
RÆdœm UdLs, EQ‹ RVÙo ˘NnŸm ÿ˚\Ls
˙TÙu\Yt˚\l Tt± L⁄j’⁄YÙœm YiQm
TÙPlTœßŸm ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLl-
Th”s[].
˘TÙ⁄hL∞u G˚P˚V F°j’d ·\‹m, ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls,
SÙQVeLs TVuT”jß Y⁄m S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj
æo‹ LÙQ‹m, L¶Rjßp BoYm E⁄YÙdœm L¶R
Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th” L¶Rd L⁄j˚R Eflß ˘NnV‹m
ÆRjßp CqYXœ ’˚Q◊¨°u\’.
CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL....
TÙPpLs, Æ”L˚RLs, SÙhœ±l◊, ˘NÙp Æ˚[VÙh”Ls, L˚R
®Lr˚Y Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp, N˚UVp œ±l◊Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y
Es[].
T£j’l ◊£AXœ 7
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
224 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
LÙX AhPY˚Q
®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs
1. aÙn Gu] —˚Y! (L¶Rm) 3
2. ⁄£˚V Uh”m TÙodLÙ˙R 3
3. Æ˚X´pXÙf NÙlTÙ” 3
4. UßVZL≤u SÙhœ±l◊ 3
5. ¡]Ù UÙ™ YkR ˙TÙ’ 4
6. BaÙ! Gu] —˚Y 2
18 SÙhLs
AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs
˘UÙjRm 19 SÙhLs
Yœl◊ II
225AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
1. TÙP¤dœj R≤VÙL‹m. œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.
2. G∞V Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P G›’°\ÙoLs.
3. Lt\ ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßf ˘NÙtLfidœs J∞k’s[ ◊ßV ˘NÙtL˚[d
Li”©•d°\ÙoLs.
4. L˚R˚V YÙ£j’d L˚R´u EhL⁄j˚Rf ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs.
5. Lt\ ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß ˙LsÆŸm Tߤm YÙd°VeL∞p G›’°\ÙoLs.
6. L˚R´u EhL⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi” L˚R ®Lr‹L˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL G›’°\ÙoLs.
7. L˚R˚V YÙ£j’ Æ]ÙÆtœ RœkR Æ˚P˚V G›’°\ÙoLs.
8. Lt\ ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß ˘UÙØÆ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.
9. SÙhœ±l˚T YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” Æ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs,
G›’°\ÙoLs.
10. Lt\ ˘NÙtL∞p Es[ ©˚ZL˚[j ß⁄jßf N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
11. L˚R´u L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi” AYoLfidœl ©•jR ®Lr‹L˚[/ÿ•‹L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.
12. E˚WVÙP˚Xl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙ•d ˙LsÆLfidœl Tßp ·fl°\ÙoLs.
13. ˙Røo RVÙ¨dœm œ±l◊ G›’°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
1. L˚R´u EhL⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Teœ ˘LÙi” LÙnL±Ls EQÆp
˙Noj’d ˘LÙsYRu ˙R˚Y˚Vd ·fl°\ÙoLs.
2. EQ‹ Ei‘m ÿ˚\´p Es[ —LÙRÙWl TZdL YZdLeLs œ±j’d LXk’˚WVÙ•l
Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.
3. TXÆRUÙ] LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoL˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs, AYt±p Tf˚NVÙL‹m, ˙YL˚Yj’m
Ei‘m LÙnL±Ls Y˚LlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
4. ÿ˚\VÙ] EQ‹l TZdL YZdLeLs Tt± G›’°\ÙoLs.
5. NÙmTÙo ˚YdLl TVuT”m LÙnL±L˚[Ÿm, TVuTPÙR LÙnL±L˚[Ÿm ÆNÙ¨j’
·fl°\ÙoLs.
L¶Rm
1. ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u G˚P˚V F°j’f ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
2. GiL˚[ C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
3. ≈h•p Es[ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ Ád°lTÙoj’ G˚P˚V F°j’ Aq˘YiL˚[ HflY¨˚N´p
G›’°\ÙoLs.
4. ˘TÙ⁄hLs YÙeœY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi°\ÙoLs.
5. ÏTÙn SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß GiL˚[ Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
6. ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ Ád°lTÙoj’ G˚Pdœ HtT GiL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.
7. Gi A”dœL∞u ˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs, ◊ßV Gi A”dœLs
E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
8. Gi Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th” Gi LhPeL˚[ ®Wl◊°\ÙoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
226 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
7 T£j’
l ף
$T
ÙP
¤dœ
◊
ßV
˘
Uh
P˚
Uj’
l T
ÙP
ÿ•
Ÿm
.$
LÙn
L±
Ls
˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
Æ
”L˚
RLs
Es
[]
.
$£
X ˘
NÙt
L∞
u E
s˙[
˙Y
fl ˘
NÙt
Ls
Es
[]
.$
LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP
≠p
LX
k’
˘
LÙs
YRu
ÍX
m R
eL[
’ L
⁄j’
L˚
[d ·
\ ÿ
•Ÿ
m$
Lt\
˘NÙtL˚
[l
T
Vu
T”
jß
YÙd
°V
eLs
G›
R ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$L⁄
jß
t˙LtTd L˚
R˚
V Y
¨˚
NlT”
jß
G›
R ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP
p Í
Xm
Æ
]ÙdLfi
dœ
Æ˚
P G
›R ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$˘
UÙØ
Æ˚
[V
Ùh
”L∞
p D”
T”
YRu
ÍX
m ˘
UÙØ
Y
[of£
˚V
˙
Um
T”
jR
ÿ•
Ÿm
.$
Au
\ÙP
®
Lr
‹L˚
[j ˘
RÙP
o◊ T”
jß
SÙh
ϱ
l◊ G
›R ÿ
•Ÿ
m
$˘
NÙtL∞
¤s
[
©˚
ZL˚
[d
Li
”©
•j’
f N
¨V
Ù] ÿ
˚\L∞
p ß
⁄jß
G›
R ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$L˚
R˚
V Y
Ù£j’
©•
jR ®
Lr
f£˚
V G
›R
ÿ•
Ÿm
.$
N˚
UV
p ˘
Nn
Y˚
R E
tfl
dLY
≤jRÙp
N˚
UV
p œ
±l◊ G
›R ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$T
ÙP
˚X
j
R≤
VÙL‹
m,
œ›
YÙL‹
mTÙ”
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ T
Ù”e
Ls
$Æ
”L˚
Rdœ
Æ˚
P G
›’
Rp
$ק
V ˘
NÙt
L˚
[d L
i”
©•
j’
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ L
i”
©•
Ÿe
Ls
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ ˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
$Y
Ùd°
Ve
Ls
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛˙Ls
ÆŸ
m T
ߤ
m$
L⁄
jß
t˙LtTY
¨˚
NlT”
jß
G›
’Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ Y
¨˚
NlT”
j’
eLs
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
G›
’e
Ls
$G
›j’
˛˘
NV
pTÙ”
A’
Gu
]?
$SÙh
ϱ
l◊ G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
(1)
NÙp
¤e
Ls
(2) G
›’
eLs
.$
G›
j’
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ ß
⁄jß
G›
’e
Ls
$G
›j’
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ ÿ
•‹
Gu
]?
$G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛
˘NÙp
¤e
Ls
, N˚
UV
pœ
±l◊, G
u N
˚U
Vp
$T
ÙP
¤dœ
j R≤
VÙL‹
U.
œ›
YÙL‹
m˘
Uh
P˚
Uj’
l T
Ù”°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
G∞
V
Æ”
L˚
RLfi
dœ
Æ
˚P
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
$J
⁄
˘NÙp
≠u
E
s˙
[
Es
˙[
˘NÙt
L˚
[d L
i”
©•
j’
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
L˚
R´
u
Eh
L⁄
j˚
R
Eh
˘LÙi
”LX
k’
˚WV
ÙP
≠p
T
eœ
˘
LÙi
”L⁄
j˚
Rf ˘
NÙp
°\Ùo
Ls
.$
Lt\ ˘
NÙtL˚
[l
T
Vu
T”
jß
G
∞V
YÙd
°V
eL˚
[j R
ÙUÙL
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
L˚
R´
u
L⁄
j˚
R
®Lr
f£
´u
A•
lT
˚P
´p
Y
¨˚
Nl
T”
jß
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
L˚
R´
u L⁄
j˚
Rl
◊
¨k’
˘
LÙi
”LX
k’
˚WV
Ù•
˙
Ls
ÆLfi
dœ
l T
ßp
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
ϱ
l◊Lfi
dœ
HtT N
¨V
Ù] ˘
NÙt
L˚
[d
Li
”©
•j’
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
,$
®Lr
‹L˚
[j ˘
RÙP
o◊ T
”jß
SÙh
ϱ
l◊
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
˘NÙt
L∞
¤s
[ ©
˚Z
L˚
[d L
i”
©•
j’
N¨V
Ù] ÿ
˚\´
p G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.$
L˚
R´
u L⁄
j˚
Rl
◊
¨k’
˘
LÙi
”U
]˚
Rj
˘
RÙh
P
®Lr
f£
L˚
[G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.$
N˚
UV
p œ
±l◊ G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
227AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
„r®˚
X´
Vp
$TX
ÆRU
Ù] L
ÙnL±
Ls
Es
[]
.
$E
Q‹
E
i‘
m ÿ
˚\´
p —LÙRÙWl
TZ
dL Y
ZdLe
Ls
Es
[]
.
$LÙn
L±
L˚
[l
T
f˚
NV
ÙL‹
m
˙Y
L
˚Y
j’
m E
iQ
ÿ•
Ÿm
$ÿ
˚\V
Ù]
E
Q‹
l TZ
dL Y
ZdLe
Ls
Es
[]
.
$NÙm
TÙo
Y
dLl T
Vu
T”
m L
ÙnL±
Lfi
m,
TV
uTP
ÙR L
ÙnL±
Lfi
m E
s[
].
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ ˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
$Th
•V
≠”
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ G
u˘
]u
] ˘
Nn
V‘
m
$Y
˚LlT”
j’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ G
›’
eLs
$G
›’
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
˛ G
›’
eLs
$˘
NV
pTÙ”
˛ Æ
NÙ¨
Ÿe
Ls
$LÙn
L±
Ls
T
t±
LX
k’
˚WV
Ù•
f˘
NÙp
°\Ùo
Ls
$E
Q‹
E
i‘
m
ÿ˚
\´
p
Es
[—
LÙRÙWl
T
ZdLY
ZdLe
L˚
[l
Th
•V
≠”
°\Ùo
Ls
$LÙn
L±
Ls
N˚
UdLÙU
¤m
N˚
Uj’
mE
iQ
ÿ•
Ÿm
G]
A±
°\Ùo
Ls
.$
ÿ˚
\V
Ù] E
Q‹
l TZ
dLY
ZdLe
L˚
[A
±°
\Ùo
Ls
.$
NÙm
TÙo
˚Y
dLl
T
Vu
T”
m
LÙn
L±
L˚
[Ÿ
m TV
uTP
ÙR LÙn
L±
L˚
[Ÿ
mA
±°
\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
228 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L¶
Rm
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL∞
u G
˚P
˚V
F°
j’
f
NÙp
X
ÿ•
Ÿm
.
$G
iL˚
[
Hfl
Y¨
˚N´
¤m
, C
\e
œ
Y¨˚
N´
¤m
G›
R ÿ
•Ÿ
m.
$S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©
Wf£
˚]
Lfi
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙQ
ÿ•
Ÿm
$˘
LÙ”
dLp
, Y
Ùe
Lp
˘
NV
pL∞
p
SÙQ
Ve
L˚
[l T
Vu
T”
jRX
Ùm.
$L¶
Rm
RÙP
oTÙ]
Gi
Æ˚
[V
Ùh”
Ls
Es
[]
.
$˘TÙ⁄
hL∞
u G
˚P
˚V
F°
j’
G›
’Rp
/
˘NÙp
¤Rp
F°
l˙TÙm
, Li
”©
•l˙TÙm
$G
iL˚
[
Hfl
Y¨
˚N´
p,
C\e
œY
¨˚
N´
p G
›’
Rp
.
˘NV
pTÙ”
:
˚T´
≠⁄
kR ˘
TÙ⁄
hLs
,
G˚
P T
Ùol˙TÙm
$S˚
Pÿ
˚\l©
Wf£˚
]dœ
j æ
o‹
LÙ‘
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: L˚
Pdœ
f ˘
Np
˙Y
Ùm, ¡
]Ù
UÙ™
Æ
⁄k’
dœ
Y
kR
˘T
Ù›
’
YÙ˚
Zdœ
˚X
.
$SÙQ
Ve
L˚
[f £
\lTÙL
˚LV
ÙfiRp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: £
pX
˚WV
Ùdœ
˙Y
Ùm.
$L¶
Rm
˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
G
i
Æ˚
[V
Ùh”
L∞
p D
”T”
Rp
˘NV
pTÙ”
: G
iL∞
u W
L£
Vm
, ˘
Nn
’
TÙo
l˙TÙm
, U
kß
W ÿ
d˙LÙQ
m
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL∞
u
G˚
P˚
V
F°
j’
f
˘NÙp
°\Ùo
Ls
/G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$G
iL˚
[
Hfl
Y¨
˚N´
¤m
/
C\e
œY
¨˚
N´
¤m
G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$S˚
Pÿ
˚\l
©Wf£
˚]
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙi
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
LÙ”
dLp
, Y
Ùe
Lp
ÿ
˚\L∞
p
SÙQ
Ve
L˚
[f £
\l
TÙLd ˚
LV
Ùfi
-
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$L¶
Rm
˘
RÙP
oT
Ù]
G
i
Æ˚
[V
Ùh”
L[
ıp D
”T”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
229AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1
øiP SÙhLfidœTÛ ©\œ ¡]Ù UÙ™ UßVZL≤u ≈h•tœ Y⁄°\ÙoLs. Æ⁄k’
˚YdL AlTÙ‹m, AmUÙ‹m æoUÙ≤jR]o. ÿR≠p AYoLs Gu] ˘NnRÙoLs
˘R¨ŸUÙ? ˙RÙhPjßp Es[ LÙnL±L˚[l T±dLj æoUÙ≤jR]o. Gu˘]u]
LÙnL±L˚[TÛ T±jß⁄lTÙoLs?
L¶RlTœß : aÙn Gu] —˚Y!
L¶Rm TdLm 113˛117
®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2
Æ⁄kßtLÙLl TXÆR EQ‹Ls N˚UjRÙo. ˘SÙfldœjæ≤ ßuT’RÙu
UßVZL‡dœl ©•dœm. AmUÙ NÙl©P A˚Zdœm ˙TÙ’ HRÙY’ NÙdœf ˘NÙp≠
UfllTÙu. YZdLm ˙TÙp AmUÙ NÙl©P A˚ZjRÙo.
UßVZLu Gu] ˘NÙp≠ Ufljß⁄lTÙu?
TÙPlTœß : ⁄£˚V Uh”m TÙodLÙ˙R!
®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3
J⁄ SÙs UßVZLu Æ˚[VÙPf ˘Nu\Ùu. Æ˚[VÙ• Æ˚[VÙ• ˙SWm ˙TÙ]’
˘R¨VÆp˚X. T£ Y´t˚\d °s∞V’. UßVZLu ≈h˚P SÙd° K•]Ùu. "AmUÙ
T£d°\’' UßVZLu Ljß]Ùu. Cufl CY‡dœ J⁄ TÙPm ◊LhP ˙Yi”m Gufl
AlTÙ‹m AmUÙ‹m ßhPm æh•]o.
Gu] ßhPm æh•´⁄lTÙoLs?
TÙPlTœß : Æ˚X´pXÙf NÙlTÙ”
®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4
UßVZLu ß⁄kßÆhPÙu. Cl˙TÙ˘RpXÙm EQ‹l˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ≈QÙdœYßp˚X.
LiP˚Rj ßu\˙TÙ’ Y´tflY≠ HtThP A‡TYj˚RŸm, T£VÙp YÙ•V
œZk˚RL˚[l Tt±Ÿm R]’ SÙhœ\ıl©p G›ß]Ùu.
AYu Gu]˘YpXÙm G›ß´⁄lTÙu?
TÙPlTœß : UßVZL≤u SÙhœ\ıl◊
L˚RdL[m
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
230 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹
UßVZLu Cl˘TÙ›’ EQ‹l ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ≈QÙdœYßp˚X. Th•≤VÙp
Y⁄k’TYoLfidœ ER‹YÙu. N˚UVp ˙Y˚X´p R]’ ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœ ERÆ
˘NnYÙu. UßVZL˚] A˚]Y⁄m TÙWÙh•]ÙoLs.
.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5
UßVZLÙ G›kß⁄, E\dLjß≠⁄kR UßVZL˚] AmUÙ G›l©]Ùo. "AmUÙ Cufl
Æ”ÿ˚\RÙ˙] Ntfl ˙SWm E\eœ°˙\u' AYu APm©•jRÙu. Cufl ¡]Ù UÙ™
Y⁄Y˚R U\k’ ÆhPÙVÙ? AmUÙ ®˚]‹T”jß]Ùs. UßVZLu ’s∞ G›kRÙu.
¡]Ù UÙ™˚V GßoTÙoj’d LÙjß⁄kRÙu. ¡]ÙUÙ™ Gu]˘YpXÙm YÙe°
Ykß⁄lTÙoLs?
L¶RlTœß : ¡]Ù UÙ™ YkR ˙TÙ’ (L¶Rm)
L¶Rm 1181 ˛ 121
®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6
Æ⁄kßtLÙ] HtTÙ”Ls S˚P˘Tt\]. UßVZLu Ru AmUÙÆtœf N˚UVp
˙Y˚XL∞p ERÆ]Ùu. AYoLs Gu˘]u] N˚Ujß⁄lTÙoLs?
TÙPlTœß : BaÙ Gu] —˚Y?
YœlT˚\dœf ˘Np¤m ÿu...
œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚Rj Ái”m ÆRjßp TÙPjß˚˚] YØSPjR,
TÙPËp, L˙V” B°VYt˚\ K¨⁄ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙsY’ SpX’.
L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙Lt\YÙfl L⁄j’f £˚RVÙUp ·\
˙Yi”m.
˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[ ÿu]˙W RVÙ¨j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m.
Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls RVÙ¨j’d˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
NÙoh•p G›R ˙Yi•V TœßL˚[ ÿu·h•˙V G›ß ˚YdL
˙Yi”m.
Yœl◊ II
231AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
®Lr‹ ˛1
aÙn! Gu] —˚Y! (L¶Rm)
CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
• ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u G˚P˚V F°j’f ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs, G›’°\ÙoLs.
• GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N´¤m, C\eœ Y¨˚N´¤m G›’Rp
• S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.
÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”
®Lr‹ Ju±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeL∞u Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTd L⁄j’UÙ\ÙUp —˚YTPd,
·fleLs.
B£¨Vo YœlT˚\dœl Tp˙Yfl A[‹Ls Es[ (2 gm, 50 gm, 100 gm, 20 gm, 250 gm, 1/1 kg, 1 kg).Ui˘TÙßLs RVÙ¨j’d˘LÙi” YW˙Yi”m. AYt˚\ ˙U˚N´p TWl©˚Yj’d œZk˚RL˚[
Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘TÙhPXeL[ÙLj Ád°lTÙoj’ F°j’ G˚P AßLm Es[Yt±≠⁄k’ G˚P
œ˚\kR˚Ydœ Y¨˚NlT”jRf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. N¨VÙL Y¨˚NlT”jßVYo VÙo VÙo? VÙ⁄˚PV
FLm N¨VÙ]’? A[k’ TÙojR©u AYoL˚[l TÙWÙh”eLs.
• C˚Rd œ›f ˘NVpTÙPÙL‹m SPjRXÙm. GkRd œ› AßL A[‹ N¨VÙL F°j’d
·fl°\ÙoLs G]d LiP±V L⁄mTX˚L´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm ˙SWÙL Ußl˘Ti
G›’eLs. ˘Yt± ˘Tt\ œ›Ætœ UœPm „h”eLs.
N¨VÙL G›ßV œZk˚RL˚[/œ›dL˚[l TÙWÙhP U\dLÙæoLs.
• ˙Yfl£X ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jß G˚P ·”Rp, œ˚\‹ G’ G] œZk˚RL˚[d
Li”©•dL ˚YŸeLs.
S•l˙TÙm
œZk˚RLs YhPUÙL ®t°u\]o. Jq˘YÙ⁄YWÙL Yk’ TX TÙ⁄hL˚[j Ád°f NpY˚R S•j’d
LÙi©d°u\]o.
B£¨Vo G˚P œ˚\kR ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TV˚Wd ·flm ˘TÙ›’ ˚L´p ©•j’d ˘LÙi” ˙TÙY’
˙TÙp S•dL ˙Yi”m. Ntfl G˚P ·•V ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TV˚Wd ·flm ˘TÙ›’ ˙RÙ∞p —Uk’
˘NpY’ TÙp S•dL Yi”m. ™L‹m G˚P ·•V TÙ⁄hL∞u TV˚Wd ·flm TÙ›’ R˚X´p
—Uk’ ˘NpY’ ˙TÙp S•dL ˙Yi”m.
˚T´≠⁄kR ˘TÙ⁄hLs
◊jRLjßp ˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm ˘NVpTÙh•˚]j R≤VÙLf ˘NnV ˚YŸeLs. AYWYoLs
˘LÙi”Ykß⁄dœm ˚T´p Es[ ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ G”j’d ∏˙Z ˚YdLf ˘NÙp¤eLs. AYt˚\
Ád°l TÙoj’ F°j’ G˚PL˚[ G›Rf ˘NÙp¤eLs. G›ßVYt˚\ ˘T¨V Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V
Gi Gu\ A•lT˚P´p G›’YRtœf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
• Yœl©p ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ERÆ ˘Nn’ G›R ˚YŸeLs.
• GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim N¨VÙL Ád°l TÙoj’ G˚P G›’°\ÙoL[Ù Gufl LY≤dL
U\dLÙæoLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
232 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
G˚P TÙol˙TÙm
œZk˚RL∞u ≈h•p Es[ HRÙY’ SÙu˙LÙ, Ik˙RÙ TÙ⁄hL∞u TVoL˚[ G›Rf NÙp¤eLs
AYt˚\ F°j’ GqY[‹ G˚P C⁄dœm G] G›Rh”m. G›ßVYt˚\d œ±j’d LXk’˚WVÙPp
SPj’eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Teœ˘TflUÙfl TÙoj’d˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
G›ßVßp G˚P ·”Rp, œ˚\‹ G’ G] Y¨˚NlT”jRf ˘NÙp¤eLs. AYoLs G›ßV’ N¨RÙ]Ù
Gufl A”jRYoL∞Pm TÙodLf ˘NÙp¤eLs. ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙPÙL
• œZk˚RL∞u ≈”L∞p Es[ £X ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u G˚P˚Vd Li”©•j’l TÙodLf
˘NÙp¤eLs.
L˚Pdœf ˘Np˙YÙm
Yœl©tœf ˘Np¤m ÿu Æ˚X ÆTWl Th•V˚Xf NÙoh•p G›ß ˚Yj’d ˘LÙsfieLs.
• Íufl CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP˚X Eflß NnYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
• J⁄ Íu±XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ Ut˘\Ù⁄ Íu±XdL Gi˚Qd LØlTRtœm ˘NVpTÙ”
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf NnYRtœ ÿu]o CPUßl◊L˚[ J⁄ÿ˚\ ·P ®˚]‹dœd LÙi” YÙ⁄eLs.
©u LQdœL˚[f ˘NnV ˚YŸeLs
A¨£
T J
3 5 30 + 5
3 5 30 + 5 60 + 10 = 70
7 0 60 + 10
A¨£ = 70 + 7 0
TVfl = 55 5 5
125 1 2 5
125 + 1 2 5
El◊ = 20 2 0
145 1 4 5
LØjRp 150 ---˛ 145 = 5
Æ[dLm
Ë T J
1 5 0 100 + 50 + 0 100 + 40 +10 ˛
1 4 5 100 + 40 +5 100 + 40 + 5
100 40 10 ApX’ 1 4 10 ˛
100 40 5 1 4 5
0 0 5
• ˙U¤m L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Li”©•j’d œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”dL U\dLÙæoLs.
Yœl◊ II
233AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
£pX˚\VÙdœ˙YÙm
CkRf ˘NVpTÙh•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”dLs RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs.
œZk˚RL∞Pm øeLs ˘LÙi”YkR ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[d ˘LÙ”j’ TXÆRUÙ] ÿ˚\L∞p
Li”©•dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
CkRf ˘NVpTÙh˚P YœlT˚\´p L˚P Jufl ˚Yj’ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jßl TÙ⁄eLs.
ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”j’Yßp Es[ £dLpLs G∞RÙLd œZk˚RLfidœl ◊¨Ÿm.
100 ÏTÙ˚Vl Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\´p £pX˚\VÙdœY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ]
L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹ Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.
®Lr‹ ˛ 2
⁄£˚V Uh”m TÙodLÙ˙R (˘UÙØ)
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• TÙP¤dœj R≤VÙL‹m, œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°u\]o.
• L˚R´u EhL⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ˙LsÆLfidœl Tßp ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs.
• G∞V Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P G›’°\ÙoLs.
• J⁄ ˘NÙp≠u Es˙[ Es[ ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X CVp
• EQ‹ Ei‘m ÿ˚\´p Es[ —LÙRÙWl TZdL YZdLeL˚[l Th•V≠”°u\]o.
• NÙmTÙo ˚YdLl TVuT”m LÙnL±L˚[Ÿm TVuTPÙR LÙnL±L˚[Ÿm ·fl°u\]o.
• LÙnL±L˚[f N˚Uj’ EiT˚Y N˚UdLÙUp EiT˚Y G] Y˚LlT”j’°u\]o.
®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. CkRf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPeœm ÿu œZk˚RL∞Pm
EQ‹ ˘RÙPoTÙ] £X ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”j ˘RÙPeœeLs.
• øeLs Gu˘]u] EQ‹L˚[f NÙl©”°»oLs?
• øeLs L˚P´≠⁄k’ YÙe°f NÙl©”m ßuTiPeLs G˚Y?
NÙlTÙh” Y˚LLs œ\ıj’d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
A±YZLu Gu\ œZk˚R´u RY\Ù] EQ‹lTZdLjRÙp AY‡dœ Gu]YÙ´tfl TÙodLXÙUÙ
Gufl TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£ŸeLs. TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m TÙP˚X WÙLj’P‡m, RÙ[j’P‡m ®fljß
◊¨ŸmT• YÙ£ŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
• ˙LsÆL˚[ Jq˘YÙu\ÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
• œZk˚RLs £kßlTRtœj RœkR LÙX ˙SWm ˘LÙ”eLs .
• LXk’˚WVÙP≠p A˚]Y⁄m Teœ˘LÙsfim ÆRm TÙodL ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
234 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
• L⁄j’Ls Teœ˚YlT’ LXk’˚WVÙPp Su\ÙL S˚P˘Tflm TÙ’RÙu. C˚R U]ßp LÙi”
˘NVpTÙh˚P SPjR ˙Yi”m.
TÙ”eLs
TÙP˚X WÙLj’P‡m RÙ[j’P‡m TÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs W£dœm ÆRjßp WÙLm C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
• TÙP˚Xd œ›YÙLl TÙP˚YŸeLs.
• R≤VÙLl TÙP˚YŸeLs.
• TX CWÙLjßp TÙP˚YŸeLs.
Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m?
Cf˘NVpTÙ” EQ‹ Ei‘m —LÙRÙWl TZdL YZdLj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’. EQ‹ Ei‘m
ÿ˚\´u —LÙRÙWl TZdLYZdLeL˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ• Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs.
• ˚LL˚[ Gl˘TÙ›˘RpXÙm L›Y ˙Yi”m?
• NÙl©”m ÿu Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m?
• NÙl©”m˙TÙ’ GqYÙfl NÙl©P ˙Yi”m?
• NÙl©hP©u Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
Æ˚P Gu]?
Yœl©p œZk˚RLfidœj ˘R¨kR Æ”L˚R Ju˚\f ˘NÙp≠d ˘LÙi” Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj
˘RÙPeœeLs. œ›YÙLl ©¨j’m SPjRXÙm. T•l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ CXœYÙ]
Æ”L˚RLs ˙LfieLs. Gp˙XÙ⁄m ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Teœ˘LÙsfiUÙfl TÙoj’d ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
• AßLUÙ] Æ”L˚RL˚[f ˙NL¨dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
G›’eLs
˙YL˚Yj’m, ˙YL˚YdLÙU¤m Ei‘m TX LÙnL±Ls Es[] GuT˚R A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtLÙL
Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’.
œZk˚RLs LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoL˚[d ·\h”m AYoLs ˘NÙp¤m LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoL˚[d
L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYt±p N˚Uj’f NÙl©”m LÙnL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m CPf
˘NÙp¤eLs. ARu©u ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙPÛ•˚]j RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.
ÆNÙ¨ŸeLs
L⁄mTX˚L´p G›RlTh”s[ LÙnL±L∞u Th•V≠≠⁄k’ NÙmTÙo YdLl TVuT”m LÙnL±Ls
G˚Y G] œZk˚RL∞Pm ˙LfieLs. N¨VÙ]Yt˚\d œ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙ•d Li”©•j’
˘Y∞´Ph”m. ReLs œ› G›ßV’ N¨RÙ]Ù GuT˚Rl ˘Tt˙\Ù¨Pm ˙Lh” YWh”m.
TÙ• W£dL...
C’ TÙ•U°rYRtLÙL Uh”˙U ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. TÙP˚X WÙLj’P‡m, RÙ[j’P‡m
TÙ•dLÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLfim TÙPh”m.
• TÙP˚Xl TXÆR WÙLjßp TÙPh”m.
• œ›YÙLl TÙP ˚YŸeLs.
• ˙Yfl WÙLjߤm œZk˚RLs TÙ”YRtœ ER‹eLs.
Yœl◊ II
235AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
®Lr‹ ˛ 3
Æ˚X´pXÙf NÙlTÙ”
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• L˚R´u EhL⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Teœ˘LÙi” L⁄j˚Rf ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs.
• Lt\ ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß G∞V YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙÙL G›’°\ÙoLs.
• L˚R´u L⁄j’dL˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ®Lrf£L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.
• L˚R´u EhL⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙ• ˙LsÆLfidœ Tßp G›’°\ÙoLs.
• œ±l◊Lfidœ HtT N¨VÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 3 tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YPd ·fleLs.
EQ˚Y ≈QÙdLd·PÙ’. GjR˚]˙VÙ U≤RoLs J⁄ ˙Y˚[ EQ‹·P °˚PdLÙUp T£VÙp
YÙ”°\ÙoLs. AYoL∞u ®˚X˚V Gi¶ ≈QÙdœm EQ‹L˚[ A’˙TÙu\YoLfidœ LÙ”dœm
U]lTÙu˚U Y[W ˙Yi”m Gu\ ˙SÙdLjßp ClTœß ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.
• C’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] L˚RL˚[ B£¨Vo ÿu ·h•˙V ˙NL¨j’d ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
• L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±d˘LÙi” UßVZLu Gu\ £flYu Ceœ Gu] ˘Nn°\Ùu Gufl
TÙodLXÙUÙ? G]d ˙Lh”d˘LÙi” TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
Cf NVpTÙ” ÍXm œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l◊j ß\u AßL¨dœm ApXYÙ? L˚RlTœß´˚] 2 ApX’
3 ÿ˚\ YÙ£dLh”m. œ›YÙLd LXk’˚WVÙPp S˚P˘T\h”m. ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dL ˚Yj’,
LXk’˚WVÙ•V œZk˚RL∞Pm £X ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙LfieLs. ©u Re°V œZk˚RLs ·flYRtœm
YÙnl◊Ls ˘LÙ”eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim Teœ˘TflUÙfl TÙoj’d˘LÙsY’ AY£Vm.
˙LsÆŸm Tߤm
CkRf ˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RL∞u ˙LsÆ ˙Lhœm ß\˚]Ÿm ARtœl Tßp ˘NÙp¤m ß\˚]Ÿm
Y[odœm ˙SÙdLj’Pu E⁄YÙdLlThP’.
œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdL‹m. J⁄ œ› ˙LsÆ ˙LhL A”jR œ› Tßp ˘NÙpXh”m. ©u
J⁄ œ› Tß˚Xf ˘NÙpX A”jR œ› Tߤdœj RœkR ˙LsÆ˚Vd Li”©•dLh”m. AßL
˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”dL U\dL ˙YiPÙm.
Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs
CkRf ˘NVpTÙ” YÙ£l◊j ß\˚] Y[olTRtœm, L⁄j’L˚[ A±k’ ˙LÙo˚YlT”j’YRtœm
A˚UdLlThP’.
TÙPlTœß˚V ¡i”m J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£dLf NÙp¤eLs. ©u C˚P´˚P˙V £X LfieLs. L˚R´u
ÿd°V L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs ·\h”m. AYoLs ·flY˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.
L⁄mTX˚L´p G›RlTh”s[˚R YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jRf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
236 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
G›’eLs
TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. œZk˚RL∞Pm £X ˙LsÆLs ˙LfieLs.
• UßVZL≤u AlTÙ LY˚XlTPd LÙWQm Gu]?
• VÙ⁄dœ UßVZL≤u AlTÙ EQ‹l ˘TÙhPXeL˚[d ˘LÙ”jRÙo?
C≤ TÙPlTœß´p Es[ Æ]ÙÆtœ Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›R ˚YŸeLs.
A’ Gu]?
œ±l◊L˚[d ˘LÙi” ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dœm J⁄ Æ˚[VÙh”.
CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. ÿRp œ› œ±l◊L˚[d ·\h”m. Ut\ œ› Li”©•dLh”m (E.m)
Yi•p Ei”, Ri•p Cp˚X
L˚P´p Ei”, L˚R´p Cp˚X
Y˚P
C’ ˙TÙu\ ·”Rp Æ]ÙdL˚[d œZk˚RL˙[ Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. ER‹eLs.
®Lr‹ ˛ 4
UßVZL≤u SÙhœ±l◊
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• ®Lr‹L˚[j ˘RÙPo◊T”jß SÙhœ±l◊ G›’°\ÙoLs.
• RY\Ù] ˘NÙtL˚[f N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs.
• L˚R´u L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” U]˚Rj ˘RÙhP ®Lrf£L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X CVp
• ÿ˚\VÙ] EQ‹l TZdLeL˚[d œ±j’ A±°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ UßVZL≤u
SÙhœ±l˚Td œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m. SÙhœ±l©u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLs Au\ÙP ®Lr‹L˚[
SÙhœ±lTÙL G›Rh”m.
G›’eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙ” ÿ˚\VÙ] EQ‹l TZdL YZdLeL˚[Ÿm —LÙRÙWl TZdLeL˚[Ÿm L˚P©•lTRtLÙL
A˚UdLlThP’.
• Gu˘]u] EQ‹ Ei°»oLs?
• Cufl Gu] NÙl©hºoLs?
• AÿRu EQ‹ EiQÆp˚X. C’ N¨RÙ]Ù?
• ˚L L›YÙUp EQ‹ EiP’ VÙo?
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙LfieLs.
Yœl◊ II
237AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
ClTœß œZk˚RLs ÿ˚\VÙ] EQ‹lTZdLj˚R ©uTt\‹m, ÿ˚\VÙ] —LÙRÙWl
TZdLYZdLeL˚[d L˚P©•dL‹m. AqYÙfl L˚P©•dLÙÆhPÙp ˙SÙnLs Y⁄m Guflm A±k’
˘LÙsYRtœUÙL A˚UdLlThP’.
˘NÙp¤eLs
YÙ£l◊jß\˚] Y[olTRtœm L⁄j’L˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ARtœj RœkRÙt ˙TÙp Tßp
˘NÙpYRtœm Cf˘NVpTÙ” A˚UdLlThP’. œZk˚RL˚[ 2 ApX’ 3 ÿ˚\ YÙ£dL˚YŸeLs.
©u ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”j ˘RÙPeœLs. œZk˚RLs Li”©•dLh”m. AYoLfidœ ER‹eLs.
G›’eLs
SÙhœ±l◊ G›’m˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•V˚Y
• SÙfim ˙Rߟm
• £fl £fl YÙd°VeLs
• G∞V S˚P
• Y¨˚N ÿ˚\´p Au˚\V ÿd°V ®Lr‹Ls
• L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹
ß⁄jß G›’eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘NÙpY[j˚R ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙL A˚UdLlThPRÙœm. ˙U¤m G›j’l ©˚ZLs
HtTPÙUp C⁄dL C’ ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹m.
C˚Rd œ›dL∞Pm ˘NÙp Æ˚[VÙh”l ˙TÙp ˙Ut˘LÙs[XÙm.
Aßp £X G›j’Ls Uh”˙U RY\ÙL A˚Uk’s[]. A˚Rf N¨VÙL G›R ˚YŸeLs.
UÙߨ.
UuœPm ˛ UiœPm
T˚QU\m ˛ T˚]UWm
C’ ˙TÙu\ AßL ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ ˘LÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLfidœ EtNÙLUÙL C⁄dœUpXYÙ?
ÿ•‹ Gu]?
Cf˘NVpTÙ” J⁄ L˚R´p œZk˚RLL∞u U]˚Rj ˘RÙhP ®Lr‹L˚[ G›’YRÙœm.
Y¨VYoLfidœ ER‹m U]®˚X, —]Ù™, ◊Vp ˙TÙu\ ®Lr‹L∞p ≈”, E˚P CZk’ ®t˙TÙ¨u
L˚RL˚[Ÿm. ARu ®Lr‹L˚[Ÿm œ±jR L˚RL˚[j R•d Li”©•j’d ·fleLs. AYoLfidœ
GqYÙfl ERYXÙm Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·\h”m. ARu ©u TÙPf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ G›R
˚YŸeLs. Aßp AYoL∞u ˘NÙkR ÿ•‹L˚[Ÿm G›R˚YŸeLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
238 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
3
54
2 6 1
®Lr‹ ˛ 5
¡]Ù UÙ™ YkR ˘TÙ›’ (L¶Rm)
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u G˚P˚V F°j’f ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.
• L¶Rm ˘RÙPoTÙ] Gi Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.
• ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls TVuT”jß S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 5 dLÙ] L˚R ®Lr˚Yf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. .ClTœß CWi” Ci•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp,
LØjRp Gi A”dœLs Èojß ˘NnRp ˘RÙPoTÙL‹m CYt˚\ EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL‹m
A˚UdLlTh”s[’.
¡]Ù UÙ™˚Vl TÙojR UßVZLu Gu] ˘Nnß⁄lTÙu G]l TÙodLXÙUÙ Gufl TÙPlTœßdœs
˘Np¤eLs.
L¶R Uu\eL∞p C’ ˙TÙu\ Gi A”dœLs Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙP YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs.
UkßW ÿd˙LÙQm
Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLfidœ BoYj˚RŸm NYÙ˚XŸm HtT”j’m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
• G]’ ˚L´p 21 UgNÙ• ÿj’Ls Es[]. AYt˚\ ÿd˙LÙQjߤs[ £fl YhPeL∞p
˚YdL ˙Yi”m. B]Ùp J⁄ ®TkR˚]. Jq˘YÙ⁄ TdLjߤs[ Íufl GiL˚[d
·h•]Ùp 9 °˚Pdœm ÆRm ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.
• œZk˚RL˚[f £fl œ›dL[ÙdœeLs.
• R˚W´p ÿd˙LÙQÿm YhPeLfim Y˚WV ˙Yi”m.
• 21 UgNÙ• ÿj’Ls Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.
• ÿR≠p Li”©•jRd œ› G’?
• LiP±kR ÿ˚\˚Vd L¶Rl ◊jRLjߤs[ LhPeL∞p G›R ˙Yi”m.
CkRf NVpTÙh•p EtNÙLUÙLl Te˘L”jR’ VÙo VÙo? C˚Rl˙TÙu\
©\ YÙnl◊Ls Li”©•j’d ˘LÙ”jæoL[Ù?
Yœl◊ II
239AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
CkR Gi A”dœL∞u £\l◊ Gu]?
• œ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙ•d Li”©•dLh”m
• C’ ˙TÙu\ Gi A”dœLs E⁄YÙdœYRtœd œZk˚RL˚[j RVÙWÙdœeLs.
• AYoLs ÿ›˚UVÙd°V Gi A”dœL˚[ GkR ÿ˚\´p NnRÙoLs G] ÆY¨dL YÙnl◊d
˘LÙ”eLs.
• ˙U¤m TX Gi A”dœL∞u UÙߨL˚[ SRG, DRG TÙu\ CPeL∞p LXk’˚WVÙ•d Li”
©•j’d œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”eLs, CqYÙ\Ù] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls L¶R BoYj˚R Y[odL
ER‹m ApXYÙ?
GiL∞u WL£Vm
CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjRp ˘NVpTÙh˚P Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙL A˚UdLlThP’. ˘RÙPok’Y⁄m
CWi•XdL GiL˚[ G›ß ©u AYt˚\ UÙt± G›’eLs. ©u ˘T¨V Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V
Gi˚Qd LØj’f ˘NnV ˚YŸeLs.
• ÿu TÙPeL∞p LØjR’ ˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\L∞p LØdL‹m
• ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs
• AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘NnV ◊ßV EjßL˚[ CRC, SRG ´p LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
¡]Ù UÙ™ YkR˘TÙ›’...
C’ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. Cßp CWi•XdLd ·hPp, LØjRp
˘NVpTÙ”Ls Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙLd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
˘NVpÿ˚\
T J
Tk’ ˛ 2 8 20 + 8
LÙo ˛ 2 5 20 + 5
5 3 40 + 13 53
˘UÙjRÆ˚X = 72
100
2515
5 12 2010
35
6040
1 2 3 4 5
3 5 7 9
8 16
24
• AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SRG, CRC L∞p LXk’˚WVÙ•d œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”eLs.
• L¶R Uu\eL∞p ˙TÙh•Ls SPj’eLs.
• ˙Yfl GiL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jß CqYÙ\Ù] LQdœLs ˘NnYRtœ ER‹eLs.
• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.
GiQ”d˚L ÿ›˚UVÙdœ˙YÙm
C’ K¨XdL CWi•XdL ·hPp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL A˚UdLlThP’. CqYÙfl
LQdœLs ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ œZk˚RLfidœd LQd°u ¡’ BoYm HtT”m ApXYÙ?
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
240 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
+ 10 20 30 40 50
75 85 95 105 115 125
30 40 50 60 70 80
25 35 45 55 65 75
95 105 115 125 135 145
12 22 32 42 52 62
˙U¤m C’ ˙TÙu\ LQdœL∞u ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ AßLf ˘NVpTÙPÙL A∞ŸeLs.
A˙R ˙TÙp GpXÙ GiL˚[Ÿm ·h•d LhPeL˚[ ®WlTf ˘NÙp¤eLs.
CWi” ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Æ˚X = 53
˘TÙm˚U´u Æ˚X = 72 -˛ 53
70 + 2 ˛
50 + 3 60 + 12 ˛
50 + 3
10 + 9 = 19
˘TÙm˚U´u Æ˚X = 19
CWi•≠⁄k’ 3 I LØdL ÿ•VÙ’. AR]Ùp 70 p 1 Tj˚R
G”j’ 2 EPu ˙N⁄eLs Cl˙TÙ’ 12 °˚PdœUpXYÙ?
• œ›f ˘NVpTÙPÙL‹m ˘LÙ”dLXÙm.
• LQd˚L ÿR≠p ˘NnR œ›˚Yl TÙWÙh”eLs.
• AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Li”©•dL ER‹eLs. .
TZdL˚P´p
Cf˘NVpTÙ” CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP˚X EflßlT”j’YRtLÙLd ˘LÙ”dLlTPÙRÙœm
• ÿu]Ùp Es[ ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u A•lT˚P´p CdLQd˚Lf ˘NnV ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.
¡ß GqY[‹?
Cf˘NVpTÙ” CWi” CXdL GiL∞u ·hP¤m, 3 CXdL GiL∞u LØjR˚XŸm Eflßl
T”j’YRtLÙL A˚UdLlThPRÙœm.
1 ˙Ld°u Æ˚X 95 ÏTÙn
2 ˙Ld°u Æ˚X 95 + 95
90 + 5
90 + 5
180 + 10 100 + 80 + 10 = 190
2 ˙Ld°u Æ˚X = 190
Yœl◊ II
241AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
L˚P´p ˘LÙ”jR ˙SÙh”Ls
100 + 100 = 200
¡ß GjR˚]
L˚P´p ˘LÙ”jR’ = 200 +
˙Ldœ YÙe°V’ = 190
10
100 + 100 -˛
100 + 90
0 + 10
= 10
œ±l◊ : B£¨V⁄dœj ˘R¨kR G∞V Æ[dL ÿ˚\L˚[l TVuT”jߟm CdLQd˚Lf ˘NnVXÙm.
LØjRp ˘NVpTÙ”
˘LÙ”jR ÏTÙn 50 ˛ 40 + 10 --˛
˙Røo A⁄kßV’ 28 20 + 8
20 + 2 = 22
¡ß °˚PjR’ = 22
YÙ˚Zdœ˚X´p LÙnLs
C’ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
10 ≈Rm Es[˚Y 9 ∫l◊Ls
1 ∫l©p 10 LÙnLs = 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 90 LÙnLs
1 ∫l◊ 6 LÙnLs Es[’ = 6 LÙnLs
˘UÙjRd LÙnLs = 96
œZm◊dœl TVuT”jßV’ - = 26
¡ß GjR˚]?
˘UÙjRd LÙnLs = 96
œZm◊dœl TVuT”jßV’ = 26
90 + 6 ---˛
20 + 6
70 + 0
Æ˚X Li”©•T˙TÙm
C’ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙ” Bœm.
A⁄i YÙe°V’
∫≤ 1 °˙XÙ ..........................
A¨£ 1 °˙XÙ 38 ÏTÙn
˙LÙ’˚U 1 °˙XÙ 35 ÏTÙn
˘UÙjRm 95 ÏTÙn
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
242 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
Cßp ∫≤´u Æ˚X ˘LÙ”dLÙRRÙp A¨£´u Æ˚XŸm ˙LÙ’˚U´u Æ˚X˚VŸm ·h• ˘UÙjR
Æ˚X´≠⁄k’ LZıj’d Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m.
∫≤´u Æ˚X °˚PjRÙp AUp YÙe°V ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Æ˚X˚V G∞RÙLd Li”©•dLXÙm
ApXYÙ? ˘NVpÿ˚\L∞p ÿu]Ùp Es[ LQdœL∞u A•lT˚P´p ˘NnV‹m.
®Lr‹ ˛ 6
BaÙ Gu] —˚Y!
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
• E˚WVÙP˚Xl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” N˚UVp œ±l◊ RVÙo ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
• E˚WVÙP≠u L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ˙LsÆLfidœ Æ˚P ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs.
®Lr‹ 6 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. EQ‹ RVÙ¨l◊ ÿ˚\Ls œ\ıj’
LXk’˚WVÙ”Rp.
• GqYÙ˘\pXÙm EQ‹ RVÙo ˘Nn°\ÙoLs?
• EQÆu —˚YdLÙLl TVuT”j’m ˘TÙ⁄hLs G˚Y?
• UßVZLu AY]’ AmUÙÆtœ Gu˘]u] ERÆLs ˘NnRÙu?
• øeLs AmUÙÆtœ EQ‹ N˚UdL ER‹≈oL[Ù?
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs ˘Np¤eLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs, œZk˚RLfiPu £X ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs
N˚UVp œ±l◊
• ≈h•p N˚UVp ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ TÙojR’ EiPÙ?
• AmUÙ N˚UlTRtœ Gu˘]u] TVuT”j’YÙoLs?
• HRÙY’ EQ‹ N˚UdLj ˘R¨ŸUÙ?
G]d ˙Lh”f ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPeœLs
˙Røo RVÙ¨dœm ÿ˚\˚Vl˘Tt˙\Ù¨Pm ˙Lh” YWf˘NÙp¤eLs.
˙LhP±kRYt˚\
• G›Rf ˘NÙp¤eLs
• G›ßVYt˚\f NL Ußl¿”, œ› Ußl¿”˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
• œ›Æp N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\˚V G›ßV’ VÙo?
G]d Li”©•dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs
• L˚P£VÙL øeLs ˙Røo RVÙ¨dœm ÿ˚\˚V G›ß Yœl©p ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs.
Yœl◊ II
243AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
Gu N˚UVp
œZk˚RLfidœ Gu] N˚UdLj R¨Ÿm G]d LfieLs. £X œZk˚RLfidœf NÙpYRtœ YÙnl◊d
˘LÙ”eLs. ©u œZk˚RL˚[ G›R˚YŸeLs.
• œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m, G›ßVYt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnVh”m
• VÙo £\kR N˚UVp œ±l◊ G›ß]ÙoLs G]d Li”©•dLh”m.
• øeLfim J⁄ N˚UVp œ±l˚T G›ßj ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs.
• ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙPÙL ˙Yfl J⁄ N˚UVp œ±l◊ G›ßYWf ˘NÙp¤eLs
L˚RYÙ£l◊ (RdLÙ∞, ˘YeLÙVm, œf£Iv)
˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm L˚R˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs, œ›dL∞p RÙeLs YÙ£jR L˚R˚Vf —˚Y
TPd ·\h”m, YœlT˚\´p œZk˚RLs L˚R ·flY’ TÙp ·\f NÙp¤eLs. L˚P£VÙL B£¨Vo
L˚R˚Vf —˚Y˙VÙ”m, L⁄j’j˘R∞‹P‡m ®fljß, ÿLTÙY˚]ŸPu, RœkR K˚NŸPu
œZk˚RLfidœd ·fleLs.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
244 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
AXœ Ußl¿”
1. UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙufl G›’eLs
UÙߨ : UÙXÙ Ge˙L ˘Np°\Ùs?
UÙXÙ Ts∞dœf ˘Np°\Ùs
• WÙLYu ≈h”lTÙPm ˘NnRÙ]Ù?
..................................................................................................
• ..................................................................................................
AYu LQdœ ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùu
• .......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
• .......................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................
2. G›j’dL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jßl ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs LiP±ŸeLs
∞dRLÙ ˛
¶NÈ ˛
[¨s˘Y ˛
e◊XPnLÙ ˛
RL¨j ˛
3. N˚UVp œ±l◊ G›’eLs
H˙R‡m Ju˚\l Tt± N˚UVp œ±l◊ G›’eLs.
4. N¨VÙ]Yt±tœ A˚PVÙ[m C”eLs
• ß]k˙RÙflm œ∞l˙Tu
• ˘N⁄l◊ A¶k’ SPdL UÙh˙Pu
• Gf£˚Xd LiP LiP CPjßp ’l◊˙Yu
• LÙnL±Ls EQÆp ˙NodL UÙh˙Pu
• YÙWm J⁄ ÿ˚\ SLm ˘Yh”˙Yu
5. RWlTh”s[ EQ‹l TÙ⁄hL˚[ BÆ´p YL˚Yj’ EiT˚Y, Gi˘Qn´p TÙ¨j’
EiT˚Y G] Y˚LlT”j’eLs
Ch≠, ÿfldœ, AßWNm, C•VÙlTm, ¥˙X©, ◊h”, Ȩ, ˘LÙ›dLh˚P
Yœl◊ II
245AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£
6. U¶´Pm AlTÙ 100 ÏTÙn ˙LÙ”j’ 1 °˙XÙ ∫≤Ÿm 1 °˙XÙ T⁄l◊m YÙe°YWf ˘NÙu]Ùo.
L˚Pdœf ˘Nu\ U¶ Æ˚XlTh•V˚Xl TÙojRÙu.
Æ˚XlTh•Vp
˘TÙ⁄s Æ˚X
UgNs 70 ÏTÙn
T⁄l◊ 78 ÏTÙn
Gi˘Qn 130 ÏTÙn
∫≤ 36 ÏTÙn
U¶ ˘LÙi” YkR TQm ˘TÙ⁄hLs YÙeœYRtœl ˙TÙ’UÙ]RÙL C⁄dœUÙ?
Li”©•ŸeLs
7. A”jR Gi˚Q G›RXÙUÙ?
5, 10, ........, ........, 25, ........
1, 2,3, 5, ........, ........, 21
50, ........, 40, ........, ........ 25
8. WÆ TZdL˚Pdœf ˘Nu\Ùu. ˚L´p CWi” 50 ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls ˚Yjß⁄kRÙu. 5 ÏTÙn
Ußl◊s[ 2 Tu£¤m 32 ÏTÙn Æ˚XŸs[ L¶Rl˘Th•Ÿm LÙo TÙm˚UŸm YÙe°]Ùu
L˚PdLÙWo ˘UÙjRm 85 ÏTÙn G]f ˘NÙu]Ùo. ˘TÙm˚Udœ GjR˚] ÏTÙn Æ˚X G]d
Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
246 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
SU’ SÙh•p YÙL]eLs SÙfidœ SÙs AßL¨j’ Y⁄°u\] YÙL]
˘S¨Np, UÙN˚PRp, NÙ˚XÆßLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\lTt± Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m
A±kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
TXRWlThP YÙL]eLs, G∞V NÙ˚X ÆßLs, TVQ A‡TYm
˙TÙu\˚Y A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtœ ER‹m ÆRjßp L˚R, TÙPp, TVQ
A‡TYm YÙ´XÙL CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.
·hP≠u —⁄dL˙U ˘T⁄dLp GuT˚R A±k’
˘LÙsfim ÆRjßp 2, 5, 10 ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l Tp˙Yfl
œ›dL[Ùd° AR]•lT˚P´p Y⁄m S˚Pÿ˚\l
©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙ‘m HWÙ[UÙ] NVpTÙ”Ls
CqYX°p RWlTh”s[].
CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL....
˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs : L˚R, TÙPp, TVQ A‡TYm
˘UÙØjß\uLs : RÙPo E⁄YÙdœRp, C˚Qf NÙtLs G›’Rp
L¶Rm : 2, 5, 10 L∞u ˘T⁄dLp
Èm Èm Yi•AXœ 8
Yœl◊ II
247AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
LÙX AhPY˚Q
®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs
1. J⁄ TVQ A‡TYm 4
2. ÈmÈm LÙo 4
3. Èm Èm LÙ¨u Y⁄jRm 3
4. —t\XÙÆu ˙TÙ’ 4
5. AßNV Yi• 3
6. AßNV Yi•´p At◊Rl TVQm 2
AXœ Ußl¿” 1
˘UÙjRm 21 SÙhLs
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
248 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
˘UÙØ
1. TPeL˚[ Etfld LY≤j’ ®Lr˚Y ÿ›˚UVÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
2. TPdL˚RL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° ˘NÙkRS˚P´p L˚R˚V ÿ›˚U ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
3. L˚R ®Lr˚Y YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[f N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
4. L⁄j’ ÿ›˚U˙VÙ” RÙ[jßt˙LtTl TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
5. ˘UÙØjß\u ˘Y∞lT”m ÆRjßp T˚Pl◊L∞p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.
6. Au\ÙP ®Lr‹L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß SÙhœ±l◊ G›’°\ÙoLs.
7. RÙu TVQm ˘NnR A‡TYj˚Rf —˚YTPf ˘NÙpX‹m G›R‹m ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
„r®˚X´Vp
1. TXÆRUÙ] ˙TÙdœYWj’ UÙodLeL˚[l Tt±d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
2. TXÆR YÙL]eL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° AYt±u £\l◊L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.
3. ˙TÙdœYWj’ Æßÿ˚\L˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
4. RtLÙX YÙL]eL˚[Ÿm T˚ZV YÙL]eL˚[Ÿm AYt±u R≤jRu˚UL∞u A•lT˚P´p
Jl◊˚U ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
5. YÙL] ˘S¨NXÙp HtT”m ©Wf£˚]L˚[ ˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
6. TVQm ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•VYt˚\d ·fl°\ÙoLs.
7. ˙TÙdœYWj’f £u]eL˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.
L¶Rm
1. ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d œ›dL[Ùd° 2, 5, 10 u ˘T⁄dLp °¨˚VLs ˘Nn°u\]o.
2. ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls SÙQVeLs TVuT”jß S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.
3. 2, 5, 10 u ˘T⁄dLp YÙnlTÙ”L˚[d ·hP≠u A•lT˚P´p RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°u\]o.
Yœl◊ II
249AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
7 È
mÈ
m Y
i•
R™
r
$TP
eL˚
[ E
tfl
˙SÙd
°l TP
dL˚
R˚
Vf
˘NÙk
RS˚
P´
p ÿ
›˚
UV
ÙdL C
V¤
m.
$®Lr
˚Y
YÙ£
j’
d L
⁄j’
j
RÙP
of£
dœ
HtT
Y
Ùd°
Ve
L˚
[
Y¨
˚Nl
T”
jR
CV
¤m
.
$RÙ[
jß
tœ
m
L⁄
j’
dœ
m
HtT
l
TÙP
pY
¨L˚
[ ®
˚\‹
˘Nn
V C
V¤
m.
$T
˚P
l◊
L∞
p T
e˘
L”
lT
Ru
Í
Xm
˘U
ÙØjß
\˚
] Y
[oj’
d˘LÙs
[ C
V¤
m.
$A
u\ÙP
m S˚
P˘
Tfl
m ®
Lr
‹L˚
[j
˘RÙœ
j’
SÙh
ϱ
l◊ G
›RX
Ùm
$T
VQ
m
˘Nn
Ÿm
˙T
Ù’
H
tT
hP
A‡
TY
j˚
Rf —
˚Y
TP
G›
R C
V¤
m.
$T
ÙRNÙ¨
Lfi
m
YÙL]
K
h”
SoLfi
m
˙T
Ùdœ
YWj
’
Æß
ÿ˚
\L˚
[d
L˚
Pl©
•dL ˙
Yi
”m
.
$˙
TÙdœ
YWj˚
Rd Lh
”lT”
jR H
WÙ[
m
£u
]e
Ls
Es
[]
.
$TP
dL˚
R˚
V ÿ
›˚
U ˘
Nn
Rp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$Y
¨˚
NlT”
j’
Rp
$G
›’
Rp
$˘
NÙp
¤e
Ls
(LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$TÙP
˚X
®˚
\‹
˘Nn
Rp
$—V
L⁄
j˚
R ˘
Y∞
´”
Rp
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$SÙh
ϱ
l◊ G
›’
Rp
$Y
Ùd°
Vm
A˚
UjRp
$A
‡TY
m G
›’
Rp
$˘
RÙP
oLs
E⁄
YÙd
œRp
$LX
k’
˚WV
ÙPp
$˘
TÙ⁄
s G
›’
Rp
$G
’ N
¨?
$G
›’
eLs
$˙Y
flTÙ”
Gu
]?
$TP
eL˚
[ E
tfl
˙SÙd
°f ˘
NÙk
RS˚
P´
p
TP
dL˚
R˚
V ÿ
›˚
UV
Ùdœ
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$L˚
R ®
Lr
˚Y
Y
Ù£
j’
d L⁄
j’
L˚
[f
N¨
VÙ]
ÿ
˚\´
p
Y¨
˚Nl
T”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$L⁄
j’
ÿ
›˚
U˙
VÙ”
RÙ[
jß
t˙
LtTl
TÙP
˚X
®˚
\‹
˘Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$˘
UÙØ
jß
\u
˘
Y∞
lT
”m
Æ
Rj
ßp
T˚
Pl◊L∞
p T
e˘
L”
d°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$A
u\ÙP
®
Lr
‹L˚
[ Y
¨˚
Nl
T”
jß
SÙh
ϱ
l◊ G
›’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$RÙu
T
VQ
m
˘Nn
R˙
TÙ’
H
tT
hP
A‡
TY
j˚
Rf
˘NÙkRS˚
P´
p
˘NÙp
¤°
\Ùo
Ls
/G›
’°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˙
TÙdœ
YWj’
Æ
ßÿ
˚\L˚
[ Æ
[dœ
-
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$˙
TÙdœ
YWj’
f £
u]
eL˚
[ Æ
[dœ
-
°\Ùo
Ls
.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
250 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
„r®˚
X´
Vp
$NÙ˚
X´
p
TX
ÆRU
Ù]
Y
ÙL]
eLs
K”
°u
\]
$®X
jß
¤m
, ø¨¤
m B
LÙV
jß
¤m
˙TÙd
œ
YWj’
S˚
P˘
Tfl
°\’
.
$NÙ˚
X´
¤m
Ri
Ω¨¤
m B
LÙV
j-ß
¤m
K”
YRt˙LtT Y
ÙL]
eL∞
p U
Ùt\e
Ls
˘Nn
VlTh
”s
[]
.
$TV
Qm
˘
Nn
Ÿm
˙TÙ’
£
X œ
±l©
hP
Æß
ÿ˚
\L˚
[d L
˚P
©•
dL ˙
Yi
”m
.
$RtLÙX
Y
ÙL]
eLfi
dœ
m
ÿtLÙX
YÙL
]e
Lfi
dœ
m H
WÙ[
m ˙Y
flTÙ”
Ls
Es
[]
.
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$G
›’
eLs
$G
u˘
]u
] U
Ùt\e
Ls
?
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$G
›’
eLs
$LX
k’
˚WV
Ù”Rp
$G
›’
eLs
$G
’ A
ßLm
?
$øe
L[
ÙL C
⁄kRÙp
$TX
ÆRU
Ù] Y
ÙL]
eL˚
[ E
tfl
˙SÙd
°
AY
t±
u
£\l
◊L˚
[
Y¨
˚Nl
-
T”
j’
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$T
X
ÆRU
Ù]
˙
TÙdœ
YWj
’
UÙo
dLe
L˚
[l T
t±
d ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$˙
TÙdœ
YWj
’
˘S¨
NX
Ùp
H
tT
”m
©Wf£
˚]
L˚
[ ˘
Y∞
´”
°\Ùo
Ls
.
$T
VQ
m
˘Nn
Ÿm
˙T
Ù’
LY
≤dL
˙Y
i•
VY
t˚
\d ·
fl°
\Ùo
Ls
.
$RtLÙX
Y
ÙL]
j˚
RŸ
m
T˚
ZV
YÙL
]j˚
RŸ
m J
l◊˚
U ˘
Nn
°\Ùo
Ls
.
Yœl◊ II
251AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789123456789
12345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789123456789012345678912345678901234567891234567890123456789
AX
œ Y
˚X
fNh
Pm
L⁄
j’
Ls
/ß\u
Ls
˘NV
pT
Ù”
Ls
Lt\p
A˚
P‹
Ls
L¶
Rm
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL˚
[l
T
X
œ›
dL[
Ùd°
d
·h
PÙU
p G
∞˚
UV
ÙLl ˘
T⁄
dLX
Ùm.
$Ï
TÙn
˙
SÙh
”Ls
, SÙQ
Ve
Ls
TV
uT”
jß
S˚
Pÿ
˚\l ©
Wf£
˚]
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙQ
ÿ•
Ÿm
.
$·
hP
≠u
A
•l
T˚
P´
p ˘
T⁄
dLp
YÙn
lTÙh
˚P
RÙU
ÙL E
⁄Y
ÙdL C
V¤
m.
$Tj’
dL∞
u œ
›dLs
$L¶
RlTÙP
p
$C
Wi
•u
œ›
dLs
$™
hP
Ùn Y
ÙeLX
Ùm
$˙Røo L
˚P
´p
$TX
LÙW
eLs
TX
RWm
$°
∞Ls
GjR˚
]?
$˘
TÙ⁄
hL˚
[d œ
›dL[
Ùd°
2,
5,
10
˙T
Ùu
\
˘T
⁄dLp
°
¨˚
VLs
˘Nn
°u
\]
o
$Ï
TÙn
˙
SÙh
”Ls
, SÙQ
Ve
Ls
TV
uT”
jß
S˚
Pÿ
˚\l ©
Wf£
˚]
dœ
j
æo‹
LÙi
°u
\]
o.
$2,
5,
10 u
˘
T⁄
dLp
Y
ÙnlTÙ”
L˚
[j
RÙU
ÙL E
⁄Y
Ùdœ
°u
\]
o.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
252 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1
˘Tu£ Íu\ÙY’ Yœl©p T•d°u\Ùs. AY[’ Ts∞´≠⁄k’ —tflXÙ
˘Np°\ÙoLs. ßp]Ù‹m SÙu£Ÿm ’s∞dœßjR]o. ˘Tu£ Uh”m Jufl˙U
˙TNÆp˚X. ""˘Tu£ ø Hu ˙TNÙUp C⁄d°\Ùn? —tflXÙÆtœ Y⁄YÙVpXYÙ?''
ßp]Ù LhPÙs. ""A’ SÙu TÙojR CPmRÙu. AR]Ùp YWÆp˚X''. Tu£ ·±]Ùs.
˘Tu£˚Vj RÆW A˚]Y⁄m —tflXÙÆtœj RVÙWÙ]ÙoLs.
L¶RlTœß : J⁄ TVQ A‡TYm
L¶Rm TdLm 122 ˛ 126
®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2
˘Tu£ ≈h•tœ YkRÙs, "˘Tu£ ø Hu —tflXÙ ˘NpXÆp˚X?'' AlTÙ ˙LhPÙo
""G]dœ AkR —tflXÙ ©•dLÆp˚X. ÆUÙ]jß˙XÙ, LlT≠˙XÙ —tflXÙ ˘Nu\Ùp
˙TÙLXÙm'' Tu£ £¨j’d LÙi˙P ·±]Ùs. Tu£´u AlTÙ TgN™u AYNW
AYNWUÙLl ◊\lTh” ThPQjßtœf Np¤Rp J⁄ ÿfNkß´p YÙL]eLs _Ùm
B° ®u\’ TgN™u TÙojRÙo J⁄ T˚ZV Yi• S”˙WÙh•p ®u±⁄kR’. A’
S”˙SÙh•p ®tLd LÙWQm Gu]?
TÙPlTœß : ÈmÈm LÙo
°WÙUjß≠⁄k’ ◊\lThP ÈmÈm LÙo ThPQj˚R A˚PRp ˛ NÙ˚X Æßÿ˚\Ls
A±VÙUp RÆjRp ˛ A˚]j’ YÙL]eLfim ßh”Rp.
®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3
ÈmÈm LÙ˚W A˚]j’ YÙL]eLfim ßh•VRÙp A’ Y⁄jRm A˚PkR’. R]dœ
H˙RÙ ©Wf£˚] C⁄lTRÙL ®˚]jR’. "EP˙] T¶U˚]dœf ˘NpX ˙Yi•V’
RÙu' G] ®˚]jR’. ˘TgN™‡m ÈmÈm LÙ˚Wl ©u ˘RÙPokRÙo.
TÙPlTœß : ÈmÈm LÙ¨u Y⁄jRm
ÈmÈm LÙo T¶U˚]dœf ˘Nu\’. T¶U˚]´p VÙ⁄m A˚R ß⁄m©l
TÙodLÆp˚X. ÈmÈm LÙo R]’ ®˚X˚V Gi¶ Y⁄kßV’. ˘TgN™u
T¶U˚]VÙ[¨P™⁄k’ ÈmÈm LÙ˚W YÙe°]Ùo. ≈h•tœd ˘LÙi” ˘Nu\Ùo.
◊jRm ◊ßV LÙWÙL UÙt±]Ùo.
L˚RdL[m
Yœl◊ II
253AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5
˘TgN™˚]f —Uk’˘LÙi” ÈmÈm LÙo Nu\’. ÆUÙ]jRÙY[jß≠⁄k’ EVokR
ÆUÙ]j˚RlTÙoj’ ®u\’ ÈmÈmLÙo. ˘T⁄Íf— ÆhP’. ˘TgN™u LÙWQj˚R
Æ]ÙÆ]Ùo.
TÙPlTœß : AßNVYi•
ÆUÙ]m T\lT’˙TÙp T\dL B˚NlT”Rp ˛ LlTp ™RlT’ ˙TÙp ™RdL
B˚NlT”Rp. TgN™u CW‹ TLXÙLl TÙ”Th” AßNV Yi•˚V E⁄YÙd°]Ùo.
®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6
˘Tu£ AßNV Yi•˚Vl TÙoj’ ™L‹m U°rf£ A˚PkRÙs. ""AlTÙ... AlTÙ
SÙu CkR ÆUÙ]jßp H± F˚Wf —t±l TÙodLh”UÙ'' Tu£ LhPÙs. ""E]dLÙLj
RÙ˙] C˚R E⁄YÙd°˙]u'' ˘TgN™u ·±]Ùo.
TÙPlTœß : AßNV Yi•´p At◊Rl TVQm
AßNV Yi•´p H± ˘Tu£ TVQm ˘NnRp.
®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4
◊jRm ◊ßV ÈmÈm LÙo ˘TgN™˚] —Uk’ ˘LÙi” TX CPeLfidœd ˘LÙi”
˘Nu\’. ˘TgN™u ThPQjßtœ ˘Np¤Rp ˛ ˘Tu£´u Ts∞d·Pjß≠⁄k’
—tflXÙ ˘Nu\YoL˚[ J⁄ ˙Røo L˚P´p TÙojRp
L¶RlTœß : —tflXÙÆu ˙TÙ’
L¶Rm TdLm 127 ˛ 136
YœlT˚\dœf ˘Np¤m ÿu...
L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R ÿ›˚UVÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
Tp˙Yfl YÙL]eL∞u TPeL˚[Ÿm Æ˚[VÙh” YÙL]eL˚[Ÿm
˙NL¨j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m.
NÙ˚X A˚PVÙ[eL∞u NÙoh˚P RVÙ¨j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.
Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls, SÙQVeLs ˚Yjß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
˙U¤m ˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[Ÿm ÿu]˙W ˙NL¨j’ ˚YdL
˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
254 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
TÙPlTœß´p ÷˚ZŸm ÿu....
Ko AXœ ˘RÙPeœYRtœ ÿu]RÙLd œZk˚RL˚[ BVjRlT”jR ˙Yi”m ApXYÙ? BVjRf
˘NVpTÙ”Ls GlT• ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m BLXÙm. B]Ùp œZk˚RLs BoYj’Pu TÙPlTœß´p
Te˙Ltœm ÆRjßp ˘NVpTÙ” A˚UV˙Yi”m. BVjRf ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ©\ Yœl◊
B£¨VoL∞u ERÆ˚VŸm ˙RPXÙm. SRG, CRC ´p LXk’˚WVÙPXÙm.
CkR AXœ " YÙL]eLs' RÙPoTÙL C⁄lTRÙp BVjRf NVpTÙ” J⁄ YÙL]Æ˚[VÙh•≠⁄k’
BWm©dLXÙm.
YœlT˚\´p Ko CW´p Yi•.
œZk˚RLs J⁄Yo©u J⁄YWÙL Y¨˚NVÙL ®tL ˙Yi”m. øeLs Tf˚Nd ˘LÙ•˚V EVoj’m
˙TÙ’ œZk˚RLs CW´p Yi• TÙY’ TÙp J≠˘V›l©d LÙi” KP Yi”m. £Ll◊d LÙ•
EVoj’m ˘TÙ›’ CW´pYi• ®tL˙Yi”m. øeLs "3' Gufl ·flm ˘TÙ›’ œZk˚RLs ÍYo
APe°V œ›dL[ÙL Yi”m. œ›YÙLÙRYoLs "A‹h' ¡i”m Æ˚[VÙh” RÙPWh”m. Cflß´p
Gg£V 2 ˙To ˘Yt±˘Tt\YoLs. AYoLs C⁄Y⁄m AkR AXœ ÿ•Ÿm Y˚W YœlT˚\j
R˚XYoLs BYo.
Æ˚[VÙh” ÿ•kR ©u
œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs
• øeLs CW´p Yi•˚V ˙S¨p TÙjR’iPÙ?
• Aßp H±l TVQm ˘NnR’iPÙ?
• øeLs Gu˘]u] YÙL]eL∞p TVQm ˘Nn’s«oLs?
• LpÆf —tflXÙ ˘Nu\YoLs GjR˚]˙To?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d LfieLs. Íu\Ùm Yœl◊ T•dœm Tu£´u Ts∞´≠⁄k’ LpÆf —tflXÙ
˘Np°\ÙoLs. AYoL˚[l Tt±l TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
Yœl◊ II
255AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
®Lr‹ ˛1
J⁄ TVQ A‡TYm (TdLm 122˛126)
®Lr‹ Ju±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. AR]•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu
E˚WVÙ”eLs.
Tj’dL∞u œ›dLs.
œZk˚RLs Tj’dL˚[d œ›dL[Ùd° Gi¶d·flY˚R Ju\Ùm Yœl©p Lt±⁄lTRÙp TÙPl◊jRLf
˘NVpTÙ” TdLm 124 Cp Y⁄m Th•V˚Xj RÙUÙL ÿ›˚UVÙdLh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’
œZk˚RL∞Pm AlTh•V≠u A•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs.
• ÿRp Y¨˚N´p GjR˚] Tj’dLs? ˛ 2
2 Tj’dLs 20 2 x 10 = 20
• CWiPÙm Y¨˚N´p GjR˚] Tj’dLs? = 3
3 Tj’dLs 30 3 x 10 = 30
• JuTRÙm Y¨˚N´p GjR˚] Tj’dLs? - 10
10 u 10 œ›dLs = 100 ARÙY’ 10 x 10 = 100
Gu±qYÙfl ·hP≠u —⁄dL˙U ˘T⁄dLp GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m.
L¶RlTÙPp
Tj˚R CWi” RP˚Y ·h•]Ù¤m
Tj˚R CWiPÙp ˘T⁄d°]Ù¤m
Æ˚P Jufl RÙu Rm© ˛ BaÙ
Æ˚P Jufl RÙu Rm©
Tj˚R Íufl RP˚Y ·h•]Ù¤m
Tj˚R Íu\Ùp ˘T⁄d°]Ù¤m
Æ˚P Jufl RÙu Rm© ˛ BaÙ
Æ˚P Jufl RÙu Rm©
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
.....................................................................................
10 Cu 3 œ›dLfim 5 œ›dLfim 2 œ›dLfim ˙NokRÙp 30 + 50 +20 = 100
˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ÿ˚\´p 10 Cu 10 œ›dLs ˙NokRÙp 100 GuT˚R Æ[dL ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
256 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
CWi•u œ›dLs
˘RÙPof£VÙ] ·hP˙X ˘T⁄dLp, Gu\ L⁄j’ ˘Y∞´”YRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
˘T⁄dL≠u £u]ÿm ˘T⁄dLp £u]m G›ßV˚R YÙ£lT’m Cf ˘NVpTÙh•u YÙ´XÙL
A±ÿLlT”jRlTh”s[’.
œZk˚RLs TVQm ˘Nn’ YÙL]m G’?
L¶Rl◊jRLm TdLm 124 °e°¶ •WÙYpv Gu\ Tœß˚V YÙ£d°u\]o. TPj˚R Etfld
LY≤d°u\]o. ˙LsÆLfidœ Æ˚P Li”©•j’l TÙPlTœß´¤s[ LhPeL∞p G›’°u\]o.
˘RÙPof£VÙ] ·hP≠u YÙ´XÙL Ju\Ùm Yœl◊d œZk˚RL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”
©•d°u\]o.
4 RP˚Y 2 I ·h•]Ùp 8
4 x 2 = 8
4 ˘T⁄dLp 2 NUm 8
CWi˚P SÙuœ RP˚Y ·h•]Ù¤m
CWiPÙp SÙu˚L ˘T⁄d°]Ù¤m
Æ˚P Jufl RÙu Rm© ˛ BaÙ
Æ˚P Jufl RÙu Rm©
UÙߨ ˙TÙufl G›’eLs
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf NnV Yi”m. Up ·\lThP NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs
GkR A[‹ Eflß ˘Nn’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R Ußl©P Cf ˘NVpTÙ” EeLfidœ ER‹m.
©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß
10 u œ›dLs 2 u œ›dLs ˘NVpTÙ” SpœY’ £\kR’
CkRl ©Wf£˚]˚V GqYÙfl ˘Y∞´PXÙm?
L¶Rl ˘Th•˚V CjR⁄Qjßp GqYÙfl TVuT”jRXÙm? æl˘Th•d
·”Ls C⁄d˚LL[ÙL‹m æl˘Th•d œf£L˚[d œZk˚RL[ÙL‹m
LQdLÙd°Ÿm Cf NVpTÙh˚Pf NnVXÙm ApXYÙ? YœlT˚\´¤s[
C⁄d˚LL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ? Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹
LÙ‘m ˘TÙ›’ œZk˚RLs AqYl˙TÙ’ ˘T⁄dLp Ei˚UL˚[d
œ±l˙Th•p œ±dLh”m.
Yœl◊ II
257AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
˘T⁄dL≠u L⁄j˚Rl TVuT”jß CWi•XdL GiL˚[ Æ[dœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
• 18 I Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[d° G›ßV˚R B£¨Vo ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 9 RP˚Y 2
9 x 2 2 ≈Rÿs[ 9 œ›dLs
18
• Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm LXk’˚WVÙP˙Yi”m.
• 10, 14 Gu\ GiL˚[ C˚Rl ˙TÙufl G›R˙Yi”m.
• ˘T⁄dLp L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p Æ[d° G›ßV˚Rl T¨˙NÙßj’ Gi G’ Gufl œZk˚RLs
Li”©•d°u\]o.
• R≤VÙL G›’°u\]o.
• œ›Æp Ußl©”°u\]o.
Gi G’ Gufl Yœl©p ·fl°u\]o; G›’°u\]o.
®Lr‹ ˛ 2
ÈmÈm LÙo
®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. ®LrÆu A•lT˚P´p LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
YÙ£l◊
• Èm Èm LÙo Hu ÿfNkß´p ®t°\’?
• TPjßp ÈmÈm LÙo G’?
• TPjßp Gu˘]u] YÙL]eLs Es[]?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLfid˙LtTd œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤j’d ·\h”m.
TPdL˚R
œZk˚RLs TPdL˚R˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dLh”m. œZk˚RLs GkR A[‹ YÙ£j’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R
A±V TPdL˚R´u A•lT˚P´p TÙPlTœß´¤s[ "˘NÙp¤eLs' Gu\ ˘NVpTÙh•p Y⁄m
Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs. ARu©u]o øeLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ L˚R˚Vd ·fleLs.
L¶Rd L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p GiL˚[ Æ[d° G›ßV NÙoh L¶R Í˚X´p
˘Y∞´”eLs.
L¶Rjßu L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹, Gi Æ[dLm ˙TÙu\˚Y B£¨Vo Ußl¿” ˘NnV
˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
258 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs
TPdL˚R˚V YÙ£jR ©u]o ®Lrf£L˚[d œZk˚RLs Y¨˚NlT”jß GiLs ˙TÙPh”m.
L˚R´u Y¨˚N C˙RÙ!
1. ÈmÈm Yi• ThPQm TÙodLf ˘Nu\’.
2. Yi•´≠⁄k’ ®˚\Vl ◊˚L ˘Y∞YkR’.
3. LÙ˚[Yi• Íd˚Ll ˘TÙjßV’.
4. NÙ˚XLs Nkßl©p £Yl◊ Æ[dœ G¨kR’.
5. ÈmÈm Yi• ®tLÙUp ˘Nu\’.
6. ÈmÈm Yi•˚Vl ©\ Yi•Ls ßh•].
7. ˙TÙdœYWj’d LÙYXo ATWÙRm ÆßjRÙo.
˙YflTÙ” Gu]?
œZk˚RLs ÈmÈm Yi•˚V EtfldLY≤dLh”m. ARu ®˚\ œ˚\L˚[d ·\h”m. œZk˚RLs
RÙu TÙojR/R]dœl ©•jR Yi•ŸPu Jl©Ph”m.
SÙu TÙojR Yi• ÈmÈm Yi•
Kh”So ˙Yi”m RÙ]ÙL K”m
SpX Yi• Kh˚P Yi•
◊˚L AßLm YWÙ’ ◊˚L ®˚\V Y⁄°\’
LiQÙ• E˚PVÆp˚X LiQÙ• E˚Pk’s[’
œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs, ˙UmT”jR¤dœl ©\œ œZk˚RLs TÙPl◊jRLjßp
G›Rh”m.
RÙUÙL G›R˙Yi•V˚Y
• G˚Rdœ±dœm?
• G’ N¨?
• G›’eLs
˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m. G›’YRtœ ˙TÙßV ˙SWm YZeL
˙Yi”m. ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœf £\l◊dLY]m ˘N¤jR˙Yi”m.
˘TÙ⁄s G›’eLs
NÙ˚X A˚PVÙ[eLs Es[ NÙoh˚P ˘Y∞´”eLs. œZk˚RLs A˚PVÙ[eL˚[Ÿm ARu
˘TÙ⁄˚[Ÿm YÙ£j’l TÙodLh”m. Aß≠⁄k’ TÙPlTœß´¤s[ NÙ˚X A˚PVÙ[eL∞u TÙ⁄s
Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.
Yœl◊ II
259AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
®Lr‹ ˛ 3
ÈmÈm LÙ¨u Y⁄jRm
®Lr‹ Íu±tLÙL L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R —˚YTPd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p
œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.
• ÈmÈm Yi•˚Vl ©\ YÙL]eLs ßh•V’ Hu?
• ÈmÈm LÙo Gu] ˘NnR’?
• ÈmÈm LÙo Ge˙L ˘Nu\’?
• ÈmÈm LÙ˚Wl ©u ˘RÙPokR’ VÙo? Hu?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flm Tß˚Xf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. øeLs ˘NÙu]’
N¨RÙ]Ù Gufl TÙol˙TÙm G]d˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.
YÙ£l◊
œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dLh”m.
• ÈmÈm LÙo Geœs[’?
• ˘TgN™u Ge˙L´⁄d°u\Ùo?
• TPjßp ˘UÙjRm Es[ Yi•Ls GjR˚]?
• ˘TgN™u G˚Rf —h•dLÙh”°u\Ùo?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs TPj˚Rl TÙoj’d ·\h”m
YÙ£jRp
TÙPlTœß˚V øeLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙi©ŸeLs. ARu©u œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m.
YÙ£l©u A•lT˚P´p "˘NÙp¤eLs' ˘NVpTÙh•p Y⁄m Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.
Y˚WŸeLs
TÙPl◊jRLjßp Y˚Wk’s[ LÙ˚Wl˙TÙufl TPm Y˚WVh”m. ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æhPh”m.
Y˚WkR TPj˚Rl T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˚YŸeLs. N¨VÙL Y˚Wk’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh•V
œZk˚RL˚[l TÙWÙhP U\YÙæoLs.
YkR YÙL]m?
NWdœk’, YÙÚoß, U˚XŸk’, ’sfik’, RÙ≤ Gufl L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. C˚Y Gu] Gufl
˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs Tt˙\ÙoL∞P˙UÙ ©\ B£¨VoL∞P˙UÙ LhP±k’ Yk’ ·\h”m. ÿR≠p
A˚]j’f ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm Li”©•j’d ·flm œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙhP ˙Yi”m.
NWdœk’ ˛ XÙ¨
YÙÚoß ˛ ÆUÙ]m
U˚XŸk’ ˛ Àl
’sfik’ ˛ ˙UÙhPÙoYi•
RÙ≤ ˛ Bh˙PÙ
˙T⁄k’ ˛ Tv
™ßYi• ˛ ˚Nd°s
øeL[ÙL C⁄kRÙp...
Cf˘NVpTÙh•p œZk˚RLs R]’ LtT˚]d˙LtT G›Rh”m. G›j’l©˚ZLs, L⁄j’l©˚ZLs
C⁄kRÙp —h•dLÙi©dL ˙Yi”m.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
260 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
®Lr‹ ˛ 4
—tflXÙÆu ˙TÙ’
®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs.
A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ "J⁄ TVQ A‡TYm' L¶Rl Tœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘RÙPeLXÙm.
™hPÙn YÙeLXÙm
• ßp]Ù‹m 3 SiToLfim
• ˘UÙjRm 4 ˙To
• 2 ™hPÙn ≈Rm YÙe°]o
• ˘UÙjR™hPÙnLs 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 4 x 2 = 8• J⁄ ™hPÙ´u Æ˚X = 2 ÏTÙn
• 8 ™hPÙnL∞u Æ˚X = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 x 2 = 16 ÏTÙn
C˚Rl˙TÙu\ ˙U¤m TX L¶Rl ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Sp°d œZk˚RL∞u
©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\˚] Y[ojR ˙Yi”m.
CkR J⁄ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]˚V —VUÙL YÙ£j’l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ æo‹
LiPYoLs GjR˚] ˙To?
AYoLfidœ £WUm HtThP’ Gl˙TÙ’?
£WUm HtThPYoLfidœ øeLs A∞jR ERÆ Gu]?
˙Røo L˚P´p
Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚P YÙ£j’d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m
J⁄ ˙U˚N ˛ 5 SÙtLÙ≠Ls= 5
CWi” ˙U˚NLs ˛ 5 SÙtLÙ≠Ls= 5 + 5 = 10
Íufl ˙U˚NLs - 5 SÙtLÙ≠Ls = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15
SÙuœ ˙U˚NLs ˛ 5 SÙtLÙ≠Ls = 5 + 5 + 5 +5 = 20
TXLÙWeLs TXRWm
C’ J⁄ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]VÙœm. œZk˚RLs ARtœj æo‹ LÙQ˙Yi”m. œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄
T•VÙLd °¨˚V ˘NnV˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ T•´¤m œZk˚RLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] œ±l◊Ls SpL
˙Yi”m.
J⁄ ˙Ld°u Æ˚X = 2 ÏTÙn
4 ˙Ld°u Æ˚X = 4 x 2 = 8 ÏTÙn
CkR CPjßp œZk˚RLs ÿRu ÿR≠p ·hPp Y•Ym G›RÙUp ·hP≠u —⁄e°V Y•YUÙ]
˘T⁄dL˚X ˙SW•VÙL G›’°u\]o.
Yœl◊ II
261AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
™⁄LdLÙh£ NÙ˚X´p
CkR ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs YÙ£j’j RÙUÙLj æo‹ LÙQ˙Yi”m.
°∞Ls GjR˚]?
·hP≠u A•lT˚P´p ˘T⁄dLp YÙnlTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd° G›Rh”m. G›ß
ÿ•jR ©u œZk˚RLs A˚R TÙWÙUp NÙpXh”m. T⁄dL≠u Æ˚P CWi” CWiPÙLd ·”Y˚R
Lh•dLÙh”eLs.
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20
SÙeLs GjR˚] ˙To?
Cf˘NVpTÙh•p 5 x 2 GuT’m 2 x 5 GuT’m J˙W Æ˚P˚VjR⁄m GuT˚Rl ˘TÙ⁄hLs, TPeLs
YÙ´XÙL Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m.
ShNjßW Æ˚[VÙh”
L˚X ˘NVpÿ˚\dLpÆ J⁄e°˚QdLlTh”s[ ˘T⁄dLp ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.
• ShNjßW Æ˚[VÙh” B£¨Vo A±ÿLlT”j’°\Ùo.
• L¶Rl Tœß´¤⁄k’ Æ˚[VÙh•u Æ[dLdœ±l˚Tj R≤VÙL YÙ£d°u\]o, Æ˚[VÙ”m
ÿ˚\˚V A±°u\]o.
• ShNjßW Æ˚[VÙh•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ]’ Gu]?
• GiLh˚P ShNjßWj˚R A˚PVÙ[lT”jR Stampit (Vegitables)
• YhPm Y˚WYRtLÙ] Y˚[Vp.
L¶RlTœß TdLm 133 Cp Es[˚Rl˙TÙufl Efll©]oL∞u ˘TVo G›ß ShNjßWm Y˚Wk’
˘T⁄dLp Y•Ym G›ß v˙LÙo Li” ©•d°u\]o. œ›Æp Yt± Tt\Y˚Wd Li”©•d°u\]o.
®Lr‹ ˛ 5
AßNV Yi•
®Lr‹ IkßtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’
• ˘TgN™˚]f —Uk’ ˘LÙi” ÈmÈm LÙo Ge˘LpXÙm ˘Nu\’?
• ÆUÙ]j˚Rl TÙojR ÈmÈm LÙo ˘T⁄Íf— ÆPdLÙWQm Gu]?
˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flm Tß˚Xf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. A˚Rj RÙPok’
œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vj ß\dLh”m.
J⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙQ Tp˙Yfl YØÿ˚\Ls A∞lTRu YÙ´XÙLd
œZk˚RLs ˘Tflm ˙Uu˚ULs Gu˘]u]?
• R]’ £kR˚] ÿ˚\/˘NV≠u ˙Uu˚U/ œ˚\TÙ” ˙TÙu\˚Y A±V
ÿ•°\’.
• Ru]m©d˚L Y[o°\’.
• J⁄ ©Wf£˚]˚V UÙflThP ÿ˚\L∞p TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnV‹m N¨VÙ]
ÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”dL‹m œZk˚R˚Vj ß\]Ù∞ Bdœ°\’.
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
262 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
TP YÙ£l◊
œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤j’ Aߤs[ ®Lrf£L˚[d ·\h”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’
TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m.
YÙ£l◊
TÙPlTœß˚V œZk˚RLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£dLh”m. øeLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙi©ŸeLs.
YÙ£l©p ©u Re°V œZk˚RL˚[ YÙ£l◊ Ejß´u A•lT˚P´p YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs.
˘NÙp¤eLs
YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V Suœ ◊¨k’s[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±V Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLfiPu
LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.
TÙ”eLs
TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TÙPp Y¨L˚[ Uh”m J⁄ NÙoh•p G›ßj ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs. TÙP¤dœd
œZk˚RLs ˘UhP˚Uj’d œ›YÙL‹m R≤VÙL‹m TÙPh”m.
TÙPp G›’eLs
ÈmÈm LÙo TÙ•V TÙPp G›’eLs
Gu\ ˘NVpTÙh•p...
AZLÙ C⁄dœeL! ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˛ AkR
¡uLs økßf ˘NpY’ ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL!
AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ! ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˛ ™Rk’
™Rk’ LlTp ˘NpY’ ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
TÙPp Y¨L˚[d œZk˚RL˙[ G›Rh”m
SÙm GßoTÙolT’
N≠f—l ˙TÙf—eL! ˘WÙmT N≠f—l ˙TÙf—eL!
R˚W´p K• K• ˘WÙmT N≠f—l ˙TÙf—eL!
B˚NVÙ C⁄dœeL! ˘WÙmT B˚NVÙ C⁄dœeL!
LP≠p ™Rk’ ˘NpX B˚NVÙ C⁄dœeL!
TÙPp E⁄YÙdœRp/ÿ›˚UlT”j’eLs
˘TÙm˚U/Y˚[Vp ˛ ˚L´p
˘LÙ¤— ˛ LÙ≠p
CkR ˙_Ù• ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jߟm AZLÙ C⁄dœeL! ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL TÙPp Y¨L˚[
TVuT”jߟm TÙPp E⁄YÙd°d œZk˚RLs TÙP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
Yœl◊ II
263AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˛ ˚L´p
C⁄dœm ˘TÙm˚U ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL
AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˛ LÙ≠p
C⁄dœm ˘LÙ¤— ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL
B˚N Gu]?
TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ]ÙdL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ReLs Æ⁄lTj˚Rf
—RkßWUÙLd ·\h”m. LÙWQj˚RŸm AYoLs ·\˙Yi”m.
CW‹ ˛ TLp
LÙXj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV C˚Qf˘NÙtLs
CW‹ ˛ TLp
LÙ˚X ˛ UÙ˚X
U˚Z ˛ ˘Y´p
„” ˛ œ∞o
Jl©”eLs
œZk˚RLs Ju±t˘LÙufl Jl©”m ß\u Y[W‹m J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[˙VÙ CPj˚R˙VÙ Etfld
LY≤dL‹m C˚Rl˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpL ˙Yi”m.
CW´p Yi• BLÙVÆUÙ]m TPœ
™ßYi• ˙UÙhPÙoYi• ˙T⁄k’
Jq˘YÙu±u œ˚\L˚[Ÿm ®˚\L˚[Ÿm ÿu]RÙL˙Y øeLs RVÙ¨j’ ˚Yjß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.
©uRe°VYoLfidœ J⁄ £X œ±l◊Ls ˘LÙ”j’d œZk˚RL˚[ ÿu˙]\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.
®Lr‹ ˛ 6
AßNV Yi•´p At◊RlTVQm
®Lr‹ B±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs
• L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”Rp
• œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’Rp
TPYÙ£l◊
• TPjßp A•lT˚P´p LXk’˚WVÙPp.
TÙP A±ÿLm
• œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL YÙ£jRp
• YÙ£jR≠u A•lT˚P´p Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”Rp
• B£¨Vo YÙ£l◊
• œ› YÙ£l◊, R≤STo YÙ£l◊
B£¨Vo T‡Yp
264 AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
• Tp˙Yfl YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p YÙ£jRp
G›’eLs
˘Tu£ R]’ SÙhœ±l©p Gu˘]u] G›ß´⁄lTÙs?
œZk˚RLs RÙeLs ˘Tu£ Gufl ®˚]j’ G›Rd ·fleLs.
SÙhœ±l©p Gu˘]u]?
• SÙs, ˙Rß, Y⁄Pm
• Au˚\V ®Lrf£Ls
• U\dLÿ•VÙR ®Lrf£
• U°rf£, Y⁄jRm
• G∞V S˚P YÙd°V A˚Ul◊
Gu TVQ A‡TYm
œZk˚RLs ReL[’ TVQ A‡TYm G›’m ÿRtLhPUÙœm. œZk˚RLs G›’YRtLÙL J⁄ T•Ym
RWlTh”s[’. øeLfim J⁄ T•Yjßp EeLs TVQ A‡TYj˚R G›’eLs. œZk˚RLs
G›ßV©u ˚LUÙ± T¨˙NÙßdLh”m. Cflß´p œZk˚RLs ReL[’ TVQ A‡TYj˚R
˘Y∞´Ph”m. øeLs G›ßV TVQ A‡TYj˚R ˘Y∞´”eLs. A˚R YÙ£j’j ReL[’ TVQ
A‡TYj˚R ˙UmT”jß G›ßV ©u "T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˚YŸeLs.
Yœl◊ II
265AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•
AXœ Ußl¿”
1. UÙߨ˚Vl ˙TÙufl G›’eLs
™ß Yi• - ˛ SÙu ™ßYi•. G]dœ CWi” NdLWeLs Es[].
SÙu Í˚X ÿ”d˘LpXÙm ÷˚Zk’ ˘Np˙Yu
LlTp ˛
2. GiL˚[ G›’eLs
• 5 u 4 œ›dLs ˛
• 9 RP˚Y 2 ˛
• 8 JuflLfim 2 Tj’Lfim ˛
• 10 x 4 ˛
3. Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’ G›’eLs
˙T⁄k’ NWdœk’ YÙÚoß
4. NÙ˚X A˚PVÙ[eL∞u TPm Y˚WŸeLs
1. NÙ˚X˚V LPdœm CPm
2. J≠˘V›lTÙ˙R!
5 WÙ¶Ÿm AY[’ 4 ˙RÙØLfim £≤UÙÆtœf ˘Nu\]o. LhPQm 1 ST⁄dœ 10 ÏTÙn
Gu\Ùp LhPQjßtLÙL AYoLs ˘NXYÙd°V ˘RÙ˚L GqY[‹?