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B£¨Vo T‡Yp

˙LW[ AW—

LpÆj’˚\

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ˙LW[m

2015

Yœl◊ II

TEACHER TEXTTAMIL

R™r

Prepared byState Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.inE-mail : [email protected]

Phone : 0471-2341883, Fax : 0471-2341869Typesetting and Layout : SCERTPrinted at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi

© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

Teacher Text Development committee

S. Babu, P.D. Teacher, Govt. LPS, Devikulam, Idukki

Dominic Savio. J, HSA, SFXHS, Parisakkal, Palakkad

M. Krishnamoorth, P.D. Teacher, GLPS, Kunnamkattapthy, Palakkad

Muniayandi, LPSA, GHS, Meenachipuram, Palakkad

M. Robert Xavier, HM, ALPS, Attempathy, Palakkad

Thankaraj. T, LPSA, GHS, Meenachipuram, Palakkad\

ExpertsDr. M. Nainar

Reader (Rtd), University College, Thiruvananthapuram.

Dr. S. RajaramProf.(Rtd), Tamil University, Tanjavur.

Dr. RatnasabapathyProf.(Rtd), Tamil Education, IASE, Chennai

Dr. VeerappanProf.(Rtd), NCERT

Academic Co-ordinator

Dr. D Sahaya Dhas , Research Officer, SCERT

Members

Standard II Tamil

Au◊˚P¬o!

œZk˚RLs RÙn˘UÙØ´p ß\˚U YÙnkRYoL[ÙL UÙ\ ER‹m

Y˚L´p CkR B£¨Vo T‡Yp E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[’.

A±YÙdLm CVpTÙL SPdL ER‹m Y˚L´p ◊ßV TÙP HtTÙ”

E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[’. Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤m Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

Y[of£ Ttfl Y⁄P Cflß´p œZk˚RLs T\ Yi•V Lt\p

A˚P‹Ls ÿ›˚U ˘Tflm Y˚L´p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ SÙm

Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. SU’ UÙ®Xjßp GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim

Ts∞dœ Y⁄°\ÙoLs. AYoLs A˚]Y⁄dœm RWUÙ] LpÆ

A∞lT˙R SU’ R˚XVÙV LP˚U. CRtœj ßhP™Pp ™L‹m

ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm.

CkRl T‡Y˚Xl TVuT”jßj ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLs ˘Nn’

ßhP™h”d œZk˚RL∞u ˘UÙØjß\u Y[˚U˘T\f

˘NVpT”≈oLs G] Sm◊°˙\u.

EeLs L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm GeLfiPu T°ok’

˘LÙsfieLs. œZk˚RLs Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV SÙm

Ju\ÙL ÿVt£l˙TÙm.

SpYÙrj’LfiPu,....

ÿ˚]-Yo Gv. CW-≈k-ß-Wu SÙVo

CVdœSo,

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m,

ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm.

Es[PdLm

Tœß A

1. TÙ’ A‘œÿ˚\.................................. 05˛25

2. UÙØd Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\........... 26˛28

3. Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\...................... 29˛38

4. TÙPl T°o‹ AhPY˚Q .............. 39

Tœß B

1.GeL Fo TÙXÙœUÙ?.......................... 40 -75

2. ≈” SpX ≈”................................. 76˛114

3. Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu.................... 115˛138

4. E´o YÙZ................................ 139˛174

5. ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!.................... 175˛192

6. UkßWU˚Z................................. 193˛222

7. T£j’l◊£.......................... 223˛245

8. Èm Èm Yi•................................... 246˛265

1.1. ÿu‡˚W

CkßVÙÆp YÙrd˚Lj RWjßp ©\ UÙ®XeLfidœ ÿuUÙß¨VÙLj ßL›m UÙ®Xm ˙LW[˙U.

˘TÙ’dLpÆ, ˘TÙ’ UdL∞u —LÙRÙWm CYt±u ˙Uu˚UL˙[ ˙LW[jßu Cf£\l◊dœd LÙWQm.

NÍLjß¤s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm Ts∞´p ˙Nojß⁄kRÙ¤m AYoLfidœj RWUÙ] LpÆ

A∞jRp GuT’ LpÆj’˚\ Gßo˘LÙsfim ™Ll ˘T¨V NYÙXÙœm. 1986˛Cp BWm©dLlThP

˙R£Vd LpÆd ˘LÙs˚LúT• RWUÙ] LpÆ˚V ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙi” A•lT˚P YNßLfim,

B£¨Vo T´t£Lfim SPjRlThP]. Cj’Pu TÙPjßhPj˚Rd œZk˚R ˚UVUÙL‹m,

˘NVpTÙh”YØ´¤m, NVpÿ˚\ A•lT˚P´¤m, LÙXjßt˙LtT UÙtflYRtLÙ] ÿVt£Ls SPkR].

CRu TV]ÙL A±‹⁄YÙdLm œZk˚RL∞Pm —VUÙL SPdœm NVp GuT˚R SÙm LiP˚Pk˙RÙm.

CRuÍXm œZk˚R˚V ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙiP ◊ßV Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR SmUÙp

CVu\’.

YÙrd˚Lú GpXÙj ’˚\Lfim Au\ÙPm UÙ±d˘LÙi˙P C⁄d°u\]. ARt˙LtTd Lt©dœm

ÿ˚\, Lt\p E[ÆVp, Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs, Lt\p A‡TYl TÜÙt\m, Ußl¿” TÙu\Yt±¤m

UÙt\m HtT”jR ˙Yi”m. A˚]j’l ©¨‹ œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p Y[of£˚V SÙm ˙SÙdLUÙLd

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

˙YflThP NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf „ZpL∞≠⁄k’ Y⁄m œZk˚RLfidœm ˙YflThP EPp, E[j

ß\‡s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm T•lTRtœm Ts∞d LpÆ´p Yt±l TflYRtœUÙ] YÙnl˚T

EflßlT”jR Yi”m. Bi,˘Ti, NÙß, UÙØ, TiTÙ”, URm, EPtœ˚\Ls C˚Y ÍXm E⁄YÙœm

Ht\j RÙr‹L˚[ Gßo˘LÙs[d ˘LÙs˚LLfim NhPeLfim Uh”m ˙TÙRÙ’. UÙ\ÙLd œZk˚Rl

T⁄Ym ÿR˙X ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p ˙SÙdLeL˚[Ÿm, Lt©jRp ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm ˙Rok˘R”j’

Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. (2005 NCF TdLm 27)

TX RWlThP NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWf „Z˚X E˚PVYoLs. TX RWlThP EPp, E[j ß\‡˚PVYoLs.

CqYÙfl GpXÙl ©¨˚Yf NÙokR œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l T\ Lt\p NVpÿ˚\L∞u

GpXÙ UiPXeL∞¤m ÷hTUÙL‹m ÷‘dLUÙL‹m UÙt\eL˚[ HtT”jR ˙Yi”˘U] NCF·fl°\’. LÙXjßt˙LtTl TÙPjßhPj˚Rf ∫W˚Uj’ LpÆ˚Vf ˘NVpT”j’m A˚Ul◊Ls ∫WÙLf

˘NVpThPÙp Uh”˙U CkR ˙SÙdLj˚R A˚PV ÿ•Ÿm. CdLi˙QÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p

Rt˙TÙ’ TÙPl◊jRLm ∫W˚UdLlT”°\’. LpÆj ˘RÙPoTÙL ˘NVpT”m Yp¤]oL∞u

A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm Li”©•l◊L˚[Ÿm, BWÙnf£L˚[Ÿm J⁄e°˚Qj’ Cf∫W˚Ul◊

S˚P˘Tfl°\’. N¨´≠⁄k’ ™Lf N¨VÙ]Yt±tœ Gu\ A‘œÿ˚\˙V Ceœd

L˚Pl©•dLlTh”s[’.

1.2 TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u ÿd°Vj’Ym

LPkR 5 Y⁄P LÙXUÙLd LpÆj’˚\´p HWÙ[m S≈] ˘LÙs˚LLs E⁄YÙ° Es[]. CkßVÙÆp

2009˛Cp S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm œZk˚RLfidœj RWUÙ] LpÆ AYoL∞u

E¨˚U G] Eflß˘Nn°\’. E¨˚U A•lT˚P´XÙ] Ts∞d·Pm (Right Based Educational Institution)Gu\ ˙SÙdLj˚R A˚PV ÿ›l Ts∞ ˙UmTÙh”jßhPj˚R S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR SU’ TÙP

HtTÙh˚Pf NoY˙RN RWjßtœ EVojR ˙Yi”m. NoY˙RN RWm GuT’ H˙R‡m J⁄ SÙh•u

®˚XVpX. UÙ\ÙL J⁄ œ±l©hP LÙX A[˚Yd LPk’ ˘Np¤m œZk˚R EX°p Ge°⁄kRÙ¤m

˙LW[l Ts∞l TÙPHtTÙ” 2013

˘TÙ’ A‘œÿ˚\

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

6

LÙXjßt˙Lt\ A±‹L˚[Ÿm, Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm ˘T\ ˙Yi”m. BL˙Y EXL[ÙÆV

®˚X´p ˘NVpT”jRlThP S≈]UÙ] £\kR Lt\p Lt©jRp EjßLs ˙LW[d œZk˚RLfidœm

°˚PdL ˙Yi”m.

LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPjßp ·\lTh”s[ TÙP HtTÙ”, Ußl¿” B°V˚Y ˘RÙPoTÙ] NhPeL˚[l

TÙPjßhP ∫W˚Ul©tœ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.

LpÆ E¨˚UfNhPm ˛ 2009

©¨‹ ˛ 29 (AjßVÙVm 5)

TÙPHtTÙ”m Ußl¿h”f NVpÿ˚\ Y¨˚NŸm

1. BWmTd LpÆdLÙ] TÙP HtTÙ”m Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpÿ˚\ Y¨˚NŸm AW— A±d˚L

ÍXm œ±l©”m J⁄ LpÆ A˚Ul©]Ùp ˘NVpT”jRl TP ˙Yi”m.

2. LpÆ AßLÙW®˚X 1˛m ’˚Q ©¨ÆuT• TÙPjßhPj˚RŸm Ußl¿h˚PŸm NVpÿ˚\

Y¨˚N˚VŸm ˘NVpT”j’m˙TÙ’ ∏˙Z Y⁄Y]Yt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

(a) AW£VX˚Ul©p Y≠ŸfljRlT”°u\ Ußl◊Lfidœ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙL A˚URp.

(b) œZk˚Rú TuÿL Y[of£.

(c) œZk˚Rú A±‹m ß\‡m ◊X˚UŸm T•lT•VÙL Y[Wf ˘NnRp.

(d) EPp E[j ß\˚UL∞u ÿ› Y[of£.

(e) œZk˚Rdœ ˘S⁄dLUÙ]’m œZk˚R ˚UVUÙ]’UÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls, Li”©•l◊Ls,

BWÙnf£Ls CYt±u ÍXm Lt\p.

(f) Lt©dœm ˘UÙØ œZk˚Rú RÙn˘UÙØ´p A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

(g) TVm, U]˚Rj RÙdœm „Zp, BReLm ˙TÙu\Yt±≠⁄k’ œZk˚R˚V Æ”Æj’,

—RkßWUÙLd L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞´Pd œZk˚Rdœ ERY ˙Yi”m.

(h) œZk˚R ˘Ttfld˘LÙiP A±‹ A˚Rf ˘NVpT”j’m ß\˚U CYt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnRp.

LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP „Z≠p ˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h˚P

SPj’Y’ SU’ R˚XVÙV LP˚UVÙœm. C˚R Eflß ˘NnŸm Y˚L´p TÙPjßhPj˚Rf ∫W˚UlT’

Cu±V˚UVÙR’. CkRf „Z≠u A•lT˚P´pRÙu SÙm TÙPjßhPf ∫W˚Ul˚T ˙SÙdL ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II

7

CXYNd LhPÙVd LpÆ œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚ULs

˙LW[f NhPeLfim ©¨‹Lfim 2011

AßLÙWm ˘Tt\ LpÆ ˚UVm

1. 29˛Y’ ©¨Æu AUXÙdLjßtœ UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m AßLÙWm

˘Tt\ LpÆ ˚UVUÙœm.

2. TÙPjßhPm Utflm Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[j RVÙ¨dœm˙TÙ’ CkRf NhPjßu

29˛Y’ ©¨Æu (2)˛Bm ETl©¨‹ (a) ÿRp (f) Y˚W´XÙ] Eh©¨Æu ®TkR˚]dœ

Ffl HtTPÙRYÙfl (1)˛Bm ETfNhPjßu ∏r T¨k’˚W ˘NnVlThP AßLÙWm ˘Tt\

LpÆ ˚UVm CVeœm.

(a) YVßt˙Lt\ £\lTmNm E˚PV TÙPjßhPm, TÙPËp CYt±p A•lT˚P

YÙrÆVp L⁄j’L˚[l T°okR∞dLj ˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p L⁄ÆL˚[

E⁄YÙdœRp.

(b) Jufl ÿRp Gh” Y˚W´XÙ] Yœl◊Lfidœ Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPjßtœm ˙R˚YVÙ]

œ˚\kRThNd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ®oQ´j’d œZk˚RLfidLÙ] Y[of£d

œ±l◊Ls RVÙ¨lT’Pu AYoLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV

B£¨Vo Bt\ ˙Yi•V LP˚UL˚[ Y•Y˚UjRp.

(c) Lt©jRp, Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p B£¨Vo LfidLÙ] T¶´˚Pl

T´t£d L⁄ÆLs E⁄YÙdœRp.

(d) 1995 UÙtflj ß\]Ù∞Ls ˙UmTÙh”f NhPj æoUÙ]lT• (NU E¨˚ULs,

E¨˚UL∞u TÙ’LÙl◊m TeL∞l◊m) UÙtfljß\]Ù∞ œZk˚RLfidœd LpÆ

◊Lh”YRtLÙL B£¨VoLfidœm T¶ÿuT´t£, T¶´˚PlT´t£j ßhPeLs

E⁄YÙdœRp.

(e) ˘RÙPo Utflm TuÿL Ußl¿h˚P S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRj ˙R˚YVÙ] YØÿ˚\Ls

E⁄YÙdœRp.

(f) ˘LÙs˚L ®Lrf£Ls, ßhPeLs, TÙPjßhPm, œZk˚RL∞u Lt©jRp TXuLs

C˚Y Tt±V Bn‹Lfim, Lt\pLfim Ht˘\”j’ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’Rp.

˙LW[l Ts∞l TÙPjßhPm (2013)Cu R≤jRu˚ULs

1. œZk˚R UVUÙ]’m NVpÿ˚\LfiPu C˚QkR’m £\kR NVpTÙ” Lfi˚PV’m Ußl◊L˚[

A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP’UÙ] TÙP HtTÙh˚P A˚UdL ˙Yi”m

2. ˘T¸æL ®˚X´¤m ˘NVpÿ˚\´¤m U]®˚X´¤m Ußl◊Ls ®˚X´¤m œZk˚RL˚[f

˘Nu\˚PV ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m

3. A±YÙdLm Gu\ ˘LÙs˚L˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP TÙPjßhPj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

4. LpÆl T¨UÙt\f ˘NVpL∞p TXÆRUÙ] Ÿdß ÈoYUÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[d ˚LVÙ[‹m

TVuT”jR‹m B£¨VoLfidœf —RkßWm A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

5. Lt\p A˚P‹, ˘TÙ⁄[PdLj Ru˚U, œZk˚RL∞u Tp˙Yfl RWm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l ©¨jR±k’

Tp˙Yfl Lt\p Lt©jRp EjßL˚[f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m. Li”©•j’d Lt\p, L⁄j˚Rl

˘Ttfld ˘LÙsfim ÿ˚\, ÆßY⁄ £kR˚] ÿ˚\, £kR˚]˚Vd œ±j’f £kßdœm ß\uL˚[

Y[ojRp, J⁄e°˚QkR Lt\p, C˚QkR Lt\p, ©WßT≠dœm £kR˚] Y[ojRp, R≤VÙL‹m,

œ›YÙL‹m ˘NnV YÙnl◊ A∞jRp ˙TÙu\Yt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

8

6. CXYNUÙL A˚]Y⁄dœm LpÆ A∞jRp GuT’ ˙TÙX˙Y A˚]j’d œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p

A˚P‹L˚[ Eflß˘NnYRtœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m.

7. UZ˚Xl Ts∞ ÿRp U≤˚Xl Ts∞ Y˚W Ju\ÙLd L⁄jßt˘LÙi” TÙPjßhPm E⁄YÙdLlTP

˙Yi”m.

8. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m ˘Yq˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u Es[PdLm, ˙R£V A[Æp E⁄YÙdLlThP

Es[PdLeLfidœ C˚QVÙLd ˙LW[jß¤m ◊jRLeL˚[j RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

9. ˙R£V A[Æ¤s[˚Rl ˙TÙufl Jufl, CWi” Yœl◊L∞p RÙn˘UÙØ (—tflf„Zp ˛ LpÆ˚V

Eh˘LÙi”) L¶Rm, Be°Xm G] Íufl TÙPl◊jRLeLs RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

10. 1 ÿRp 4 Y˚WŸs[ Yœl◊Lfidœ Be°XYØ ◊jRLeLs RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

11. ˘Nm˘UÙØ Gu\ ®˚X´¤m RÙn˘UÙØ Gu\ ®˚X´¤m R™r˘UÙØd Lt\¤dœ A ß L

ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

12.UZ˚XlTs∞d LpÆdLÙL J⁄e°˚QkR TÙPjßhPj˚R E⁄YÙd°, UZ˚Xl Ts∞˚V

Ae∏L¨dLlThP LpÆjßhPjßu TœßVÙL UÙt\˙Yi”m.

13. RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hTj˚R (ICT) J⁄ R≤VÙ] TÙPm GuTRtœ ˙UXÙL, ©\ TÙPeL∞u

T¨UÙt\jßtLÙ] L⁄ÆVÙL‹m ET˙VÙ°dL ˙Yi”m.

14. R≤dLY]m ˙R˚YlT”m œZk˚RLfidœ ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]’m ◊ßV’UÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[

E⁄YÙd°f ˘NVpT”j’Y’Pu ˘Yq˙Yfl Ußl¿h”f ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm E⁄YÙd°f

˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.

15.Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´XÙ] ˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h˚P (CCE) Eflß

˘NnV˙Yi”m.

16. —LÙRÙW EPtLpÆ, L˚XdLpÆ, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeL˚[d LhPÙVl

TÙPlTœßL[ÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

17. ˙U≤˚Xl ©¨Æp LÙXjßt˙Lt\ TÙPl◊jRLeL˚[j RVÙo ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

18. ˙R£Vd LpÆf NhPjßuT• LpÆ ˘Tflm E¨˚U˚V Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m

19. GpXÙ B£¨VoLfim J⁄ ˘S±VÙ[o (Mentor) Gu\ ®˚X´p EVok’ ˘NVpTh”j ˙R˚YVÙ]

YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm YNßL˚[Ÿm Ts∞d·Pjß¤m YœlT˚\´¤m œZk˚RLfidœ

HtT”jR˙Yi”m.

20.B£¨VoLs L˚P©•dL ˙Yi•V Su˘]±f NhPeLfidœ (Code of ProfessionalEthics for School Teachers) ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL˙Yi”m.

21. 21˛m Ët\Ùi•tœ Ht\ ÿ˚\´p Lt\p ß\uL˚[ (21st Century Learning Skills) LÙXjßt˙LtT

UÙt± A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

22. StTi◊L˚[d L˚P©•dœm R˚Xÿ˚\˚V E⁄YÙdLjRdL Y˚L´p TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV

˙Yi”m.

23. NUYÙnl◊m NUj’Yÿm (Equity and Equality) °˚Pdœm Y˚L´p TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV Yi”m.

CVpTÙ] Lt\˚X EflßlT”jRd œZk˚RL∞u EPp U] A[Æ¤m NVpTÙh”ÿ˚\´¤m TuÿL

Y[of£˚V CXdLÙLd ˘LÙi” A±‹, GiQm, ˘NVp CYt±t˙Lt\ TÙP HtTÙ” (Curriculum forthe harmony of Head, Heart and Hand) A˚UV ˙Yi”m. G≤p, TÙPHtTÙ” A‘œÿ˚\ GqYÙfl

A˚UV ˙Yi”m? ARu ˘LÙs˚LŸm S˚Pÿ˚\Ÿm GqYÙfl C⁄dL ˙Yi”m?

1.3. TÙPHtTÙ”˛ A‘œÿ˚\

Im◊XuL˚[ ET˙VÙ°j’f „r®˚X´≠⁄k’ —VUÙL˙Y Ltœm ß\˚ULfiPu J⁄ œZk˚R

©\d°\’. EXLj˚Rl ◊ßV ˙SÙd°p LÙiTRtœm, ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsYRtœm ˘NVpT”YRtœm

Ußl©”YRtœUÙ] YÙnl◊Ls ÿ˚\NÙokR LpÆ ÍXm œZk˚Rdœl Ts∞d·Pjß≠⁄k’ °˚PdL

˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II

9

œZk˚RLs Gßo˘LÙsfim ©Wf£˚]f „ZpLfidœj

æo‹ LÙiTRu YØVÙ L˙Y Lt\p S˚P˘Tfl°\’.

TÙPjßhPl TÜÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\ú £\l© Vp◊Ls

GqYÙfl C⁄dL ˙Yi”m?

• ˘NVpTÙh” A•lT˚P´XÙ]’.

• ˘NVpÿ˚\ ˘RÙPoTÙ]’.

• Lt\˚X EflßlT”j’m ÆRm.

• Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚PV ELkR’.

• „Z¤dœ Ht\’.

• Y[of£ UiPXeL˚[ EhT”j ßV’.

• LtTYü Æ⁄lTjßtœl TÙ⁄jR UÙ]’.

• Lt\¤Pu Ußl©P¤m J⁄e° ˚Qk’ A˚UkR’.

A±‹ E⁄YÙdLd LÙhTÙh•u A•l T˚P´XÙ] Lt\p

ÿ˚\˙V TÙP HtTÙh•u A•lT˚P. œZk˚Rú A±‹,

L⁄j’, „Zp CYt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” £\kR Lt\p

˘NVpTÙ”Ls E⁄YÙdœYRu ÍXm CVpTÙL A±‹ T\

CV¤m GuT˙R CRu £\l◊.

Lt\p A‡TYeLs

˘Yq˙Yfl YÙrd˚Lf „Z≠≠⁄k’ Y⁄m œZk˚RL∞u

A±‹, ß\˚U BoYm ˙TÙu\˚Y ˙YflThPRpXYÙ?

R≤STo ˙YflTÙh˚PŸm TuÿL A±˚YŸm

L⁄jßp˘LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[ E⁄YÙdœYRtœ

ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

Lt\p „Zp

œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚RŸm Y[of£˚VŸm L⁄jßp

˘LÙi” ˙YflThP Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˙LtL

CV¤m Y˚L´p YœlT˚\f ˘NVpTÙh˚P A˚UdL

˙Yi”m. œZk˚R ˚UVUÙ] Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f

˘NVpT”jR GqYÙfl Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh˚P

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ˙Yi”m G] A±k’s˙[ÙUpXYÙ?

Lt\p NVpÿ˚\

• œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m AYoLfi˚PV

ÿu]±‹LfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß A±‹

E⁄YÙdLm (Knowledge construction)SPj’°u\]o.

• A±‹ E⁄YÙdLj˚Rj R≤STo ®˚X´¤m NÍL®˚X´¤m TÙodL ˙Yi”m.

• TXÆR Lt\p ÿ˚\L˚[d (Learning Styles) L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Im◊XuLs ÍXm TuÿL

A‡TYeL˚[d (Multisensory experiences) ˘LÙ”lT’ ÍXm Lt\p £\lT˚P°\’.

• œ›f˘NVpTÙ”Lfim LXk’˚WVÙP¤m S˚P˘Tflm ˙TÙ’ Lt\p ·”Rp ˙Uu˚UV˚P°\’.

• Lt\p YLj˚Rd L⁄jßp LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeLs A∞lTRu ÍXm œZk˚Rú Lt\p

˙UmT”°\’.

œZk˚RL∞u A±‹ E⁄YÙœm LhPjßp

B£¨Vo £\kR ÿ˚\´p ˘NVpThPÙp,

A’ œZk˚RLfidœd °˚Pdœm A±

Æ˚] EflßTPf ˘NnŸm. Lt\≠p

D”T”m œZk˚R R]’ A±˚Yf

—VUÙL˙Y E⁄YÙdœ°\’. R]’ Ts∞´p

Ltœm L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞´p SPdœm

LÙ¨VeLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jRj ˙R˚Y

VÙ] ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙LhLd œZk˚R

Lfidœ YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. U]l

TÙPm ˘Nn’ J⁄ N¨VÙ] Æ˚P˚V

A∞lTRtœl TßXÙL, R]’ A‡TYeLs

YÙ´XÙLj R]’ YÙd°VeL∞p Æ˚P

A∞dL FdœÆdL ˙Yi”m. C˚Y

VÙ‹m œZk˚RL∞u A±˚Y Y[Wf

˘NnV ER‹m ÿd°VUÙ] T•L[Ùœm.

A±‹ÈoYUÙL F°jRp GuT’ J⁄

Lt\p EjßVÙœm. C˚R SÙm FdœÆdL

˙Yi”m. TX ˙Y˚[L∞¤m œZk˚R

L∞u Au\ÙP A‡TYeL∞≠⁄k’m,

FPLeL∞≠⁄k’m AYoL∞u U]ßp

£X L⁄j’Ls E⁄YÙ° C⁄dLXÙm.

B]Ùp, B£¨Vo GßoTÙodœm YÙd°Ve

L∞p AYoL[Ùp ·\ CVXÙ’. A±kR

A±Ætœm A±Vl ˙TÙœm A±Ætœm

C˚P´p RÙu ◊ßV A±‹ E⁄YÙdLl

T”°\’. TX˙Y˚[´¤m Ts∞dœ

˘Y∞´˙XÙ, ≈h•˙XÙ ApX’ NÍLj

ß˙XÙ ◊ßV A±‹ E⁄YÙ°\’. CqYÙfl

E⁄YÙœm GpXÙ A±‹L˚[Ÿm SÙm

L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. A±‹m

˘TÙfl˚UŸm E˚PV B£¨˚V C˚Rl

Tt±j ˘R¨kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m. œZk˚R

ú A±‹ Y[of£dœ ER‹m ÆRjßp

˘NVpTÙ”Ls A∞j’m ˙LsÆLs

˙Lh”m œZk˚R˚V B£¨VWÙp YØ

SPjßf ˘NpX ÿ•Ÿm.

˙RPpLs, LsÆLs LhPp, ÆYÙReLs,

˘LÙs˚LLs E⁄YÙdœRp, L⁄j’Ls,

®˚XTÙ”Ls, C˚YL∞u E⁄YÙdLjßtœ

YØ SPj’m ˘NVpLfim, £k˚RŸm

B£¨VoL∞u Te˙Lt©]Ùp HtT”

°u\]. Ts∞d·PeLs ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh

L‹m, ÆYÙReLs NnV‹m, RPpLfidœ

F°j’ ◊ßV L⁄j’L˚[ E⁄YÙdL‹m

YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

(NCF ˛ 2005, TdLm 41, 42)

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

10

• TÙPl˘TÙ⁄sLs BoYj˚Rj Ái”Y’m ˘TÙ⁄s E˚PV’UÙL A˚UYRu ÍXm Lt\p

˙U¤m £\lTÙL A˚UŸm.

• Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[f —Zt£ ÿ˚\´p (Spiriling) A˚UlTRu ÍXm Lt\p ·”Rp

£\l◊˚PVRÙL UÙfl°\’.

• Lt\p NVpTÙ”L˚[ S°r‹ (Flexibility), Lt\p NVpTÙ”L∞p G∞Vÿ˚\´p A˚UjRp

(Adaptations), Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ˙Rok˘R”jRp (Selection) B°VYt±u ÍXm

˙YflThP Lt\p ˙R˚YŸs[ YoL˚[Ÿm Æ⁄lTm Es[YoL˚[Ÿm L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[

ÿ•Ÿm.

• ˙TÙ’UÙ] Lt\p A‡TYeLs Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚Pdœm˙TÙ’ Uh”˙U Lt\p

A˚P‹ (Learning outcome) EflßlT”jRlT”°\’.

• Lt\¤m Ußl©P¤m J⁄e°˚Qk’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m.

• TÙPj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Es[PdLÿm (content) œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p ˙R˚YLfidœl

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Tp˙Yfl Lt\p Lt©jRp ˘NVp ÿ˚\Lfim EjßLfim ET˙VÙ°dœm˙TÙ’

GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ (Learning Outcomes) A˚PV ÿ•Ÿm.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rú TuÿL Y[of£˚VŸm (All round development) SÙdLUÙLd LÙi”

Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls ßhP™PlTP ˙Yi”m.

1.4. Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (Learning Outcomes)

TXÆR TÙPeL∞u Lt\p NVpÿ˚\L∞u ÍXm A±‹, ß\uLs, U]®˚XLs /L⁄j’Ls GuT˚Y

œZk˚R´Pm E⁄YÙ°u\]. CYtfls £X œfl°V LÙXA[Æ¤m £X øiP LÙXjß¤m °˚PlT˚Y

Bœm. CqYÙfl œZk˚R´Pm E⁄YÙL Yi•V UÙt\eL˚[ ÿu]˙W SmUÙp æoUÙ≤dL ÿ•Ÿm.

TÙPjßhPm E⁄YÙdœm ˙TÙ’ Ts∞d·Pd LpÆú YÙ´XÙLl TX ®˚XL∞p œZk˚R A˚PV

˙Yi•V CXh£VeL˙[ Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Bœm. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YÙ´XÙL Jq˘YÙ⁄

AX°¤m ˘Tfl°u\ Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Y[of£ A˚Pk’ J⁄ Yœl©u Cflß´p Lt\p

A˚P‹L[ÙL UÙfl°u\]. LpÆ Ltœm LhPjßp œ±l©hP LÙX A[Æp Lt\p A˚P‹L[ÙL

Y[of£ A˚P°u\]. Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u ÿd°Vj’Ym Gu]˘Yu\Ùp AYt˚\ Etfl SÙdL‹m

(Observable) A[ÆP‹m (Measurable) CV¤m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°tœm T⁄Yjßtœm Yœl©tœm

ÿ•Æp œZk˚R A˚PV ˙Yi•V A±‹, ß\uLs, L⁄j’Ls, U]lTÙu˚U ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[

Ußl©Pd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l TœjRÙnkRÙp ˙TÙ’m. TÙPHtTÙh˚Pf £\lTÙL

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRu ÍXm A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘Ttfls[]o Gufl

EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[ CqYÙfl ˘RÙœdLXÙm

• TÙPj˙RÙ” RÙPo◊˚PV Lt\p YØVÙLd œZk˚R T\˙Yi•V A±‹ (knowledge), ß\uLs

(Skills), U]lTÙeœLs (Attitudes), Ußl◊Ls (Values) GuT˚Y˙V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls.

• Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Etfl ˙SÙdLd ·•V’m (Observable) A[ÆPd ·•V’UÙL (Measurable)A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

• œfl°V, øiP LÙXeL∞p ˘Tflm Lt\p A˚P‹Ls Es[].

1.5. Lt\p BRÙWeLfim Lt\p A˚Ul◊Lfim

TÙPjßhPj˚Rl TÜÙt\m NnYRtœl TVuT”j’°u\ TX ®˚XL˙[ Lt\p E˚\ÆPeLs. Lt\p

˘NVpÿ˚\ ÿ›˚U˘T\ TXRWlThP Lt\p E˚\ÆPeL˚[l TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• ËXLm • A±Æl◊l TX˚LLs

• Bn‹d·Pm (L¶Rm, A±ÆVp) • L¶≤ Bn‹d·Pm

• Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs • RLYp ˘RÙPo◊d L⁄ÆLs

Yœl◊ II

11

CRtœ ˙UXÙLd œZk˚RL∞u ß\˚UL˚[ ˘Y∞lT”j’YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls. Ts∞d·PeL∞p

EiPpXYÙ? AYt˚\Ÿm Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙLl TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• £flYo Uu\m

• LÙ˚Xd·hPm (Assembly)

• Uu\eLs (Clubs)

• ÆYÙR ˙U˚P

• LpÆf —tflXÙ

• Ru]ÙoYj ˘RÙi” ®flY]eLs (SPC, NSS, Scout, NCC)

œZk˚RL∞u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£dœ C’˙TÙu\ A˚Ul◊Ls Cu±V˚UVÙR]YÙœm.

1.6. L˚XdLpÆŸm T¶A‡TYd LpÆŸm (Art Education & Work Experience)

L˚XdLpÆ

T˚PlTÙt\p, Etfl˙SÙdœm ß\u, UÙtflf £kR˚] ˙TÙu\˚Y œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[Wf ˘NnVd

L˚XdLpÆ Cu±V˚UVÙR’. ◊ßV TÙPjßhP A‘œÿ˚\´p ˘TÙ’YÙ] TÙPeL˚[l ˙TÙu\

ÿd°Vj’Ym L˚XdLpÆdœm A∞dLl Th”s[’. Ts∞l TÙPjßhPjßp L˚XdLpÆ´p C˚N,

SP]m, TPm Y˚WRp, £tTeLs E⁄YÙdœRp, SÙPLm, ß˚WlTPm TÙu\˚Y EhT”jRlTh”s[].

œZk˚RL∞u CkRj ’˚\L∞¤s[ ß\˚UL˚[j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi” AYt˚\ Y[Wf ˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

L˚Xd LpÆú ˘TÙ’YÙ] CXdœLs.

• œZk˚RL∞Pm U˚\kß⁄dœm L˚Xjß\uL˚[d Li”©•j’ Y[odL ˙Yi”m.

• L˚XL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m œZk˚RL∞u ß\˚ULfid˙LtTd L˚XL˚[l T´tflÆdœm

YÙnl˚T A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

• Tp˙Yfl L˚XL˚[ CW£dL‹m L˚XL∞u AZ˚L Eh˘LÙs[‹m ˙Yi”m.

• L˚X˚V CW£j’ NÍL YÙrd˚L´p U≤R ˙SVj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• TiTÙh” ˙YflTÙh˚Pl ©¨jR±k’ TiTÙh” ÆØl◊Qo˚Y Y[odL ˙Yi”m.

• L˚Xú L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi” ◊’˚UVÙ] £kR˚]L∞p D”TP‹m C˚QVÙ] NÍLf

˘NVpL∞p D”TP‹m ˙Yi”m.

• L˚X˚Vl TVuT”jßl ©\ TÙPeL∞u Lt\˚Xf £\l◊˚PVRÙdL ˙Yi”m (art appliedlearning).

• TuÿL A±‹ Y[of£dLÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”j’YRtœ A±V ˙Yi”m.

• Tp˙Yfl ß\˚ULs Es[ œZk˚RL˚[d Lt\p NVpTÙ”L∞p BoYÿPu D”TPf NnV

˙Yi”m.

• œZk˚RL∞u CW£l◊j Ru˚U˚V Y[Wf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ

EQo‹, A±‹ ˙TÙu\ UiPXeL∞u J⁄e°˚Ql◊m ÿu˙]t\ÿm E⁄YÙLl T¶ A‡TYd

LpÆ (Work Experience) ELkR’.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ T¶ A‡TYd Lt\p Yœl◊m A•lT˚P U≤RY[ UmTÙh˚P SÙdLUÙLd LÙi•⁄dL

˙Yi”m. GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞u ß\uLfim R≤jRu˚ULfim SÙh” Su˚Udœ Ht\ Y˚L´p

Y[W Yi”m GuT˙R U≤RY[ UmTÙh•u SÙdLm. RÙØ˚X S£lT’m RÙØp NnTYoL˚[

UßlT’m, NÍL EQo‹˚PV Utflm ˘RÙØp TiTÙh”˚PV ◊ßV R˚Xÿ˚\˚V E⁄YÙdœY’m

T¶ A‡TYd LpÆú ÿd°V CXdœL[Ùœm.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

12

• U≤RY[ ˙UmTÙ”

• ˙R£V ÿu˙]t\m

• ˘RÙØp BoYm

• EtTjßj ’˚\´p R≤j’Ym

• TuÿLj R≤STo Y[of£

StTi◊Lfim U]®˚XLfim Y[ojRp

L˚XdLpÆdœm T¶ A‡TYd LpÆdœm ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l TÙPjßhPl TÜÙt\m S˚P˘T\

˙Yi”m. CYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm, YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm EhT”jßl TÙPeL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’l

TÜÙt\m NnY’ AY£VUÙœm.

1.7 EPp SXm Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ

EPp ˛ U] Y[of£ú A•lT˚P E⁄YÙY’ ˘RÙPdL ®˚X´XÙœm. G]˙Y CkRd LÙX A[Æp

GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm EPp SXm Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆú A‡TYeLs °˚Pj’s[] GuT˚R

Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m. œZk˚Rú B˙WÙd°V, Æ˚[VÙh” ÿu˙]t\ ®˚XL˚[ A±ÆVp

ÿ˚\´p Y[Wf ˘NnR¤m B˙WÙd°VUÙ] YÙrd˚L ÿ˚\Lfim U]®˚XLfim Y[Wf ˘NnRp

GuT˙R EPpSX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆú ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm. EPp SX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆ´p

YÙnl◊L˚[ ®˚X ®flj’Y˙RÙ” ˘Yq˙Yfl TÙPeL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’l TÜÙt\m ˘NnV‹m

˙Yi”m.

EPpSX Æ˚[VÙh”d LpÆú ÿd°V CXdœLs :

• Tp˙Yfl „ZpL∞p ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ÿ˚\´p EP˚X A˚NlTRtLÙ] ß\˚]l

˘Ttfld˘LÙsY’.

• EPp A˚N˚Yd Lh”lT”j’m Tp˙Yfl LhPeL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m EP˚Xl TuÿL

A˚N‹L∞u FPLUÙL ÿu˙]\‹m ˘NnY’.

• NÍLd LP˚ULs œ±jR ÆØl◊Qo‹ E⁄YÙL‹m UdL[Ùh£ ÿ˚\´XÙ] YÙrd˚L

ÿ˚\L˚[d L˚P©•dL‹m CW£dL‹m ˘NnY’.

• œZk˚Rú TuÿL Y[of£˚V Eflß ˘NnY’.

1.8. EhT”jßV LpÆ (Inclusive Education)

ReLs Yœl©¤s[ NL UÙQY‡dœ ≈” Cp˚X; YØ˙VÙWjßp œ•øodœZÙ´p ˙Noj’d

Lh•V RLW˙U AY‡˚PV ≈” Gu\ RLY˚Xl Tt±d œZk˚RLs LXk’˚WVÙ•]ÙoLs.

LY˚XL˚[l Te°”YRu YØVÙLj æo‹ LÙQ CVXÙ’ G]l ◊¨k’˘LÙiP œZk˚RLs

B£¨Vü ERÆŸPu ˙NL¨jR ˘RÙ˚L˚V ET˙VÙ°j’ SiT‡dœ ≈” Lh•d ˘LÙ”j’

AkRl Ts∞d·Pm J⁄ SpX UÙß¨VÙL A˚UkR’.

(J⁄ Ts∞ A‡TYm)

YœlT˚\´p GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm EhT”jß VÙ˚WŸm ◊\dL¶dLÙUp J⁄ Lt\p „Z˚X

E⁄YÙdL Yi”m. SU’ Ts∞d·PeL∞p GpXÙl ©¨Æ]⁄dœm R≤d LY]ÿm Lt\p ERÆŸm

A∞j’ NUf∫WÙ], RWUÙ] LpÆ (Equitable Quality Education) Eflß ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi”m.

R≤d LY]ÿm Lt\p ERÆŸm TÙ’LÙl◊m ˙R˚YlT”˙YÙo VÙo?

(A) NÍLl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWd LÙWQeL[Ùp ◊\dL¶dLlThPYoL∞u œZk˚RLs

• Tp˙Yfl TÙœTÙ”L[Ùp NÍLl TiTÙh”d œ”mTl ©u]¶´p ◊\dL¶dLlThP

œZk˚RLs, Yfl˚U´p YÙ”TYoLs, BßYÙ£Ls, Ti œZk˚RLs, RÙrjRlThP ©¨˚Yf

NÙokRYoLs. Y∞SÙh•≠⁄k’ œ•˙V±VYoLs, ®˚XVÙLj Reœm YNßVt\YoLs TÙu\

A˙SLl ©Wf£˚]L˚[ A‡TÆlTYoLs Cßp APeœYo.

Yœl◊ II

13

CqYÙ\Ù] œZk˚RL∞u œ˚\L˚[Ÿm œ˚\TÙ”L˚[Ÿm LiP±k’ AYoL˚[ Ae∏L¨j’

Ußj’ SPlTRÙL SU’ A‘œÿ˚\ C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. Ts∞L∞p œ›f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YØVÙL

CYoL∞u ©Wf£˚]˚V KW[‹ æodLÿ•Ÿm.

(B) EPp ˛ U]d œ˚\TÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙiP œZk˚RLs

EPp ˛ U] A[ÆXÙ] œ˚\TÙ”Ls Es[YoLfidœm, Lt\≠p £WUm A‡TÆdœm

œZk˚RLfidœm £\l◊d LY]m ˙R˚Y (Special Education Needs). ˙LsÆd œ˚\‹, TÙo˚Yj

ß\u œ˚\‹, ◊jß œ˚\‹, ˚L, LÙp F]m, Lt\≠p ©uRe°V ®˚X, Bh•Nm, ˘N¨©Wp TÙp£,

TuÿLd œ˚\TÙ”, U]®˚X TÙßdLlThP œZk˚RLs, LY]d œ˚\‹s[YoLs B°˙VÙo Cßp

APeœYo.

CYoLfidLÙLl TÙPjßhPjßu TÜÙt\ ˙Y˚[´p ˚LVÙ[˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y?

• Lt\p ˙R˚YLs, BoYm B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j

ßhP™”Rp.

• Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim Te˙Ltœm Y˚L´p TÙPjßhP™Pp

∫W˚UdLlTP ˙Yi”m.

• Tp˙Y\Ù] Lt\p YLm, Lt\p ÿ˚\ B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßt˘LÙi” Im◊XuLfidœhThP

A‘œÿ˚\˚V (Multisensory approach) S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’Rp.

• œ˚\ ødœm ˘NVpTÙ”Ls (Remedial Practices), FdLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls (EnrichmentPractices) ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˙R˚Yd˙LtTj ßhP™h”f

˘NVpT”j’Rp.

• Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿h” YÙnl◊L˚[ S°r‹Pu (Flexiblity) NVpT”j’Rp

• £\l◊ Y[ B£¨VoLs (Resource Teachers) Utflm Yp¤]oL∞u ERÆ˚V E.flß˘NnRp.

• œZk˚Rú LpÆ, TÙ’LÙl◊ B°VYt±p ˘Tt˙\Ùü ˘RÙPof£VÙ] ERÆ˚V

Eflß˘NnRp.

CkRl©¨‹L∞¤s[ œZk˚RL˚[j RÆW £\l◊ LY]ÿm TÙ’LÙl◊m °˚PdL ˙Yi•V

œZk˚RL˙[ R≤lThP ß\‡m ◊jßd·o˚UŸm ™œkR œZk˚RLs (Gifted Children). GpXÙl

©¨Æ¤s[ œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm LY]jßp LÙi” Ts∞f NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm „ZpL˚[Ÿm £\lTÙL

A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

1.9. RLYp RÙØp÷hTd LpÆú YÙnl◊ (ICT)

RLYpL˚[l TÜÙflYRtœ HWÙ[UÙ] ÿ˚\Ls S˚Pÿ˚\´p EiPpXYÙ? Cßp ™L‹m

ÿd°VUÙ]’ ICT LpÆ. œZk˚RLs Tp˙Yfl YØÿ˚\L∞p CkRj ˘RÙØp ÷hTj˚R H\dœ˚\V

˘R¨kß⁄lTÙoLs. CkR A±˚Y YœlT˚\d Lt\≠p ET˙VÙLlT”jR ˙Yi”m. Lt\˚X

G∞˚UVÙdL‹m EtNÙLUÙdL‹m CRuYØ CV¤m.

ICTCu R˚Y

TÙPjßhPl TÜÙt\jßtLÙLl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „ZpL∞p ICT ’˚Qd L⁄ÆL˚[ ˙R˚Yd˙LtT

EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. TÙPl◊jRLjßu ˘S°rÆu˚U / ®LrÆu˚U, ˙TÙu\ œ˚\L˚[ ICTCu

YÙnl◊Ls ÍXm Gßo˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm. ICTCu R˚Y Gk˘RkRf „ZpL∞p Yi”m GuT˚RŸm

A˚R GlT•f ˘NVpT”jRXÙm GuT˚RŸm ßhP™P B£¨Vo ß\˚U YÙnkRYoL[ÙL C⁄dL

˙Yi”m.

˘TÙ⁄jRm

œZk˚Rú T˚PlTÙt\˚XŸm A±Æu TuÿLj Ru˚UL˚[Ÿm FdœÆdL ICT YÙnl◊L˚[l

TVuT”jR Yi”m. TÙPeL∞p BoYj˚RŸm FdLj˚RŸm ®˚X®flj’YRÙL ICT YÙnl◊L˚[

A˚UdL ˙Yi”m. ICTCu ET˙VÙLm Im◊XuL∞p œ˚\TÙ”s[ œZk˚RLfidœ AßLUÙ]

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

14

TV]∞d°\’. J≠ YØVÙL‹m TÙo˚Y YØVÙL‹m L⁄j’L˚[ AßLUÙL Eh°W°dL ICTTVuT”°\’. ˘Yq˙Yfl Lt\p ß\‡˚PV œZk˚RL˚[d L⁄jßt˘LÙi” Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[

ICT ÍXm A∞lTRtœm C’ ER‹°\’.

SmTLjRu˚U

RLYp ˘RÙPo◊ FPLeL∞u SmTLjRu˚U˚V Eflß˘NnV ˙Yi”m. AW— Y˚X R[eLs, LpÆ

Y˚X R[eLs, Portal, Blog, Social Network ˙TÙu\Yt±¤s[ RLYpL˚[ AßLÙWÈoYUÙL

Eflß˘Nn’ ET˙VÙ°dL ˙Yi”m. YœlT˚\ TÜÙt\jßtœ ET˙VÙ°dLd·•V L⁄ÆL∞u

˘NVpTÙh”j Ru˚U˚V Eflß NnV˙Yi”m. CjR˚LV L⁄ÆLs NVpT”YRtœl TÙ⁄jRUÙ]

˘Uu˘TÙ⁄s G∞ßp °˚PdLd ·•VRÙL‹m ET˙VÙ°dL CVu\RÙL‹m C⁄dL˙Yi”m. ICTYÙnl◊Ls œZk˚RL∞u YV’, U]®˚X ˙TÙu\Yt±tœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

1. 10 ˙Uu˚ULs, U]®˚XLs, LP˚UŸQo‹ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Y[odL ER‹m UiPXeLs

(Core- Elements)

œZk˚RLs U≤R ˙SVj˚Rl Tt±Ÿm AW£VX˚Ul©u ˙Uu˚UL˚[l Tt±Ÿm ÆØl◊Qo‹

E˚PVYoL[ÙL Y[W ˙Yi”m. NÍL YÙrd˚L˚V FdœÆdœm U]®˚X˚V E⁄YÙdœRp, NÍL

LP˚UŸQo˚Y Y[ojRp TÙu\˚Y TÙPjßhPjßp ÿd°VUÙL EhT”jR Yi•V TœßL[Ùœm.

CYt˚\ Y[Wf ˘NnV ˙Ut·±V L⁄j’UiPXeL∞p Æ[dLm A∞dLlTh”s[’.

UdL[Ùh£ EQo‹

Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u Es[PdLj˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ UdL[Ùh£j ˘RÙPoTÙ]

Li˙QÙhPj˚Rd L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ßhP ™”R≠¤m TÜÙt\f

˘NVpL∞¤m UdL[Ùh£ A‘œÿ˚\ A˚UV ˙Yi”m. UdL[Ùh£ ÿ˚\´XÙ] Yœl◊, Ts∞

CPeLs (UdL[Ùh£ AWeœLs) UdL[Ùh£ YÙrd˚L A‘œÿ˚\ ˙TÙu\˚Y YØVÙL UdL[Ùh£

EQo‹ E⁄YÙdœRp GuT’ TÙPjßhPjßu CXdLÙœm.

AW£VX˚Ul◊ Uu˚ULs

Smÿ˚PV AW£VX˚Ul◊ ·flm Uu˚ULfim CXdœLfim TÙPjßhPjßp ©WßT≠dL Yi”m.

AW£VX˚Ul◊ ˙Uu˚UL˚[ UÙQYu A˚PYRtœ ELkR Es[PdLj˚RŸm TÜÙtflf

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

URfNÙoTt\ U]®˚X

URfNÙoTt\ U]®˚X˚V Y[odL ERYd ·•V TÙP UiPXeL˚[ Es[PdLjßp ˙NodL‹m.

ARtœ ER‹m Y˚L´XÙ] TÜÙt\ ÿ˚\˚Vd ˚LVÙ[‹m ˙Yi”m.

N°l◊j Ru˚U

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]YoLs Uh”UpX ˘TÙ⁄jRUt\YoL˙[Ù”m N°l◊j Ru˚U LÙhP ˙Yi”m Gu\

A•lT˚Pd ˘LÙs˚L˚Vl TÙPjßhPm CXdLÙLd ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

˘NVXÙdL T˚PlTÙt\p £kR˚]

UÙQYoL∞Pm NVXÙdLÿm T˚PlTÙt\¤UÙ] £kR˚]˚VŸm RP˚XŸm Y[Wf NnV Yi”m.

TÙPjßhPjßu Es[PdL UiPXeL∞¤m Lt\p EjßL∞¤m T˚PlTÙt\p YØVÙ] RP¤dLÙ]

YÙnl◊Ls C⁄dL Yi”m. TuÿL A±Æu (Multiple Intelligence) RXeL˚[Ÿm L⁄jßp LÙs[

˙Yi”m.

TiTÙh”P‡m TÙWmT¨VeLfiP‡m Es[ BRW‹

SU’ TiTÙ”, TÙWmT¨Vm, YWXÙfl CYt±tœ BRW‹ LÙh”m U]lTÙu˚U˚V E⁄YÙdœRp GuT’

TÙPjßhPjßu ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeL∞p Ju\Ùœm.

Yœl◊ II

15

NUj’Ym Gu\ L⁄j’

Tp˙Yfl „r®˚XL∞¤m Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m NUj’Ym, NU®˚X ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Eflß

˘NnV˙Yi”m.

R˚X˚Ul Ti◊

◊ßV Ët\Ùi•u NYÙpL˚[ Gßo˘LÙs[‹m YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”jR‹m RœkR R˚XYoL˚[

E⁄YÙdLl TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p EjßL˚[ E⁄YÙdL Yi”m. YœlT˚\f NVpTÙ”L∞p GpXÙd

œZk˚RL∞u Te˙Lt˚TŸm Eflß ˘Nn’ R˚X˚U˙Vtœm ß\˚] Y[odL ER‹m „r®˚XL˚[

E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

YÙrd˚Lj ß\u LpÆ

Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p R≤SToLfidœ HtT”m ©Wf£˚]L˚[Ÿm NYÙpL˚[Ÿm ß\mTP

Gßo˘LÙs[ ER‹m NÙRLUÙ] Utflm ß\˚UVÙ] Ti◊L˙[ YÙrd˚Lj ß\uLs. Ru˚] A±Rp,

NL D”TÙ”, L⁄j’l TÜÙt\jß\u, R≤U≤R E\‹, T˚PlTÙt\p, ÆUo£dœm ß\u. ÿ•‹L˚[

G”jRp, æo‹ LÙ‘Rp, EQo‹L˚[d Lh”lT”j’Rp, U] A›jRj˚R Gßo˘LÙsfiRp TÙu\˚Y

ÿd°VUÙ] YÙrd˚Lj ß\uL[Ùœm. œZk˚RL∞u „r®˚XL˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊T”jß CkR

UiPXeL∞u LÙW¶L˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp EhT”jR Yi”m. YÙrd˚L˚Vj Ru]m©d˚LŸPu

A‘L‹m ÿu˙]\‹m Cjß\uLs œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹°u\].

œ•UL≤u LP˚U

SÙh•tœ UdL∞Pm Es[˚Rl ˙TÙufl, œ•UdLfim SÙh•tLÙLf £X LP˚U L˚[Ÿm

˘TÙfll◊L˚[Ÿm L˚P©•dL ˙Yi”m. SÙh•u Y[of£ GuT’ U≤Rj ß\≤u Y[of£ Gu\

Li˙QÙhPjßp TÙodœm CkRd LÙXLhPjßp SÙh•tœ ER‹m SpX œ•UL˚] E⁄YÙdœY˙R

LpÆú ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm. J⁄ —RkßWUÙ] NÍLj˚R E⁄YÙdœY’Pu J›eLÙ]l ˘TÙfll◊s[

NÍLj˚R E⁄YÙdœm œ•UdL˚[l T˚PlT˙R LpÆú ÿd°V ˙SÙdLUÙœm.

U≤R E¨˚ULs

R≤U≤Ru Gu\ ®˚X´p Ußl◊Pu YÙrYRtLÙ] E¨˚U˙V U≤R E¨˚U. Id°VSÙh”f N˚Tú

U≤R E¨˚U Æ[mTWjßu ÍXm EXL˘Ueœm Ae∏L¨dLlThP U≤R E¨˚ULfidœl TÙPjßhP

E⁄YÙdLjß¤m ARu TÜÙt\ ˙Y˚[´¤m ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚ULs

œZk˚RL∞u GpXÙÆR E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm TÙ’LÙlT’ SU’ LP˚UVÙœm.

CVt˚L CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊ —tfll◊\j Án˚U

CVt˚L CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊, —tfll◊\j Án˚U B°VYt˚\l TÙ’LÙdLd L˚P©•dL Yi•V

A•lT˚Pd Li˙QÙhPeL˚[ BWmT Yœl◊ ÿR˙X EhT”jR Yi”m. R≤U≤Rj Án˚U˚Vl

˙TÙufl ÿd°VUÙ]˙R —tfll◊\j Án˚U GuT˚RŸm Án˚UŸQo‹ œ•UL≤u LP˚UL∞p

A•lT˚PVÙ]’ Gu\’UÙ] EQo˚Y UÙQYoL∞P˙V HtT”jR ˙Yi”m. CVt˚L U≤R≤u

˙R˚Ydœ Uh”ÿs[RpX GuT˚R CVt˚Lú NU®˚X´p HtT”m UÙt\eLs GßoLÙXjßp

∫WØ‹Ls HtTPd LÙWQUÙœm Gu\ U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[odL ˙Yi”m.

CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl◊m —tfll◊\j Án˚UŸm E⁄YÙYRtœj RœkR NVpTÙ”L˚[ A∞dL Yi”m.

NUÙRÙ]d LpÆ

R≤lThP ÿ˚\´¤m ©\˙WÙ” NUÙRÙ]UÙL‹m AuTÙL‹m TZœm ß\˚]Ÿm U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm

E⁄YÙdœY˙R NUÙRÙ]d LpÆú ˙SÙdLm. LXYWeL˚[Ÿm LXYWeL˚[j Ái”m „ZpL˚[j

RÆodL‹m A˚Uß˚V ®˚XSÙhP‹m NUÙRÙ]m, Au◊ CYt±u YÙnl◊L˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp

Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u YØVÙLf ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi•V’ NUÙRÙ]d LpÆú ˙SÙdLUÙœm.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

16

NhP A±‹

NhPeLs Tt±V A±˚YŸm ÆØl◊Qo˚YŸm J⁄ œ•VW— SÙh•p YÙ›m TÙ’UdLs LÙi•⁄dL

˙Yi”m. NhP A±‹ œZk˚RLfidœd °˚Pdœm ÆRjßp TÙPlTœßL∞p CYt˚\ EhT”jR

˙Yi”m. NhP ERÆ Uu\m, NhP ˚UVm, NhP B˙XÙN˚], NhP ÆØl◊Qo‹ ˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™h”f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.

˚NTo œt\eLs

RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hTj ’˚\ Y[of£V˚Pk’s[ Cu˚\V LÙXjßp Au\ÙP YÙrÆp CYt˚\j

RY\ÙLl TVuT”j’Y’m œt\f NVpLfim S˚P˘Tfl°u\]. œZk˚RLs C’˙TÙu\ NVpL∞p

D”TPÙU≠⁄dL ER‹m ÆØl◊Qo‹f ˘NVpL˚[l TÙPjßhPjßp EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. C˚QV

R[m, NÍL Y˚X R[m, ™u]gNp ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”j’Y’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘R∞YÙ]

A±˚YŸm TœjR±k’ ˘NVpT”m Ru˚U˚VŸm TÙPjßhPjßu ÍXm A∞dL ˙Yi”m. ˚NTo

œt\eLfidœ YZeœm RiP˚]L˚[Ÿm, C˚QVR[j˚R ÿ˚\VÙLl TVuT”j’m A±˚YŸm

TÙP HtTÙh•p EhT”jR Yi”m.

FPL ÆØl◊Qo‹

SU’ NÍLm J≠, J∞ FPLeLfidœ AßL ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞d°\’. œZk˚RL∞Pm J∞ FPLm

˘T⁄m BßdLj˚Rf ˘N¤j’°\’. G]˙Y, FPL ÆØl◊Qo˚Y E⁄YÙdœm Tp˙Yfl ·flL˚[l

TÙPjßhPjßp ˙NodL ˙Yi”m.

®˚Xÿu˙]t\d Li˙QÙhPm

SÙm YÙ›m È™ U≤R‡dœ Uh”m E¨˚UVÙ]Rufl Gu\ —tfll◊\ ÆØl◊Qo˚Yl TÙPjßhPm

A∞dL ˙Yi”m. —tflf„Z¤dœ Ffl Æ˚[Ædœm U≤R≤u TZdL YZdLeL∞≠⁄k’

—tfll◊\j˚R GlT•d LÙlTÙt\XÙm Gufl A±Rp Cd LÙXLhPjßp ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm. —tfll◊\ÿm

ÿu˙]t\ÿm GlT• J⁄e°˚Qk’ ˘NpXXÙm Gu\ BWÙnf£Ÿm ®˚Xÿu˙]t\m ˘RÙPoTÙ]

Li˙QÙhPÿm BWÙnf£Lfim TÙPjßhPm ˘Y∞d ˘LÙQW ˙Yi•VRÙœm. J⁄e°˚QkR

—tfll◊\ ÆØl◊Qo‹ E⁄YÙdœY˘RuT’ TÙPjßhPjßu ˙SÙdLeL∞p Ju\Ùœm.

C˚[Oo LpÆ

œZk˚R E[ÆVp Yp¤SoLs —LÙRÙW ˙N˚YVÙ[oLs, U⁄j’YoLs, B£¨VoLs B°˙VÙ¨u

·h” ÿVt£Ls YØVÙL C˚[Oo LpÆdœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Es[PdL UiPXeLs Tp˙Yfl

TÙPeL∞p EhT”j’YRtLÙ] YÙnl˚Td L⁄jßt˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. LtTYoL∞u EPp ®˚X,

Án˚U ˙TÙu\˚Y ˘RÙPoTÙ] Nk˙RLeLfim ˘R∞Æu˚UŸm A±ÆVp ®˚X´p L⁄jßp

˘LÙs[Y’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]RÙœm.

÷Lo˙YÙo TiTÙ” Æ˚[‹Ls

÷Lo˙YÙo TiTÙh•u æV Æ˚[‹Ls œ±jR Ei˚ULs RÙPdL Yœl◊Ls ÿR˙X TÙPjßhPjßp

EhT”jR ˙Yi”m. ÷Lo˙YÙo Gu\ ®˚X´p SU’ E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm ÷Lo˙YÙof NhPeL˚[Ÿm

TÙPj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV]YÙL A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

˙TÙ˚Rl TÙ⁄s Gßol◊ U]lTÙu˚U

U’, TÙ˚R U⁄k’Ls, ◊˚L´˚X TÙu\Yt±u TVuTÙ” ◊ßV R˚Xÿ˚\´u B˙WÙd°Vj˚Rl

TÙßlT˚PVf ˘Nn°\’ GuT˚R SÙm EQW ˙Yi”m. Y⁄eLÙX R˚Xÿ˚\˚V CYt±≠⁄k’

TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m. CRtLÙLl ˙TÙ˚Rl ˘TÙ⁄s ET˙VÙLjßu EPp ˛ U] E˚[fNpL˚[Ÿm

ÆTj’L˚[Ÿm £jR¨dœm TPeLs, £flœ±l◊Ls, LÙh£Ls TÙu\Yt˚\ Es[PdLjßp EhT”jR

˙Yi”m. ˙TÙ˚R Gßol◊ U]lTÙu˚U˚V E⁄YÙdœY˙R CRu A•lT˚P ˙SÙdLm.

Yœl◊ II

17

Bi, Ti NUj’Ym

TÙP HtTÙ” Bi, Ti NUj’Yj˚R EflßlT”j’YRÙL C⁄dL Yi”m. Bi Ti YflTÙ”

TÙP HtTÙh•p C⁄jRp ·PÙ’. TÙPË≠p Es[ TPeL∞p ·P Bi ˛ ˘Ti NUj’Ym C⁄dL

˙Yi”m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ SPj’m˙TÙ’ Bi ˘Ti NUj’Yj˚R EflßlT”j’Y’

B£¨V¨u LP˚UVÙœm.

˙N™l◊ U]lTÙu˚U

BWmTd LpÆ ÿR˙X œZk˚RLfidœf £dL]UÙLf ˘NX‹ ˘Nn’ ˙N™dœm U]lTÙu˚U˚Vl

Tt±d Lt©dL ˙Yi”m. £dL]jßu £\l˚TŸm ÿd°Vj’Yj˚RŸm ˘R∞‹T”jR ˙Yi”m.

£dL]l Ti©˚]d L˚P©•lTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

NÙ˚Xl TÙ’LÙl◊

NÙ˚X ÆßLs, NÙ˚X ÆTj˚Rj R”lTRtLÙ] A±‹˚WLs, ˘NVpLs ˙TÙu\˚Y NÙ˚Xl

TÙ’LÙl©u LÙW¶L[Ùœm. NÙ˚X GuT’ J⁄ ˘TÙ’ CP˘UuT˚RŸm Sm˚U ˙TÙX˙Y

Ut\YoLfidœm NÙ˚X˚Vl TVuT”j’YRtœf —RkßWm Ei” Gu\ U]lTÙu˚U˚VŸm E⁄YÙdL

˙Yi”m. NÙ˚Xl TÙ’LÙl˙TÙ” RÙPo◊˚PV NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL Yi”m.

TÙP HtTÙh•p CkRj ’˚\L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[ EflßlT”jR

˙Yi”m. TXÆR TÙPTÙLeL∞u EhL⁄j’dL˚[j Rok˘R”dœm TÙ’m CRtLÙ] NVpTÙ”L˚[

ÿ˚\lT”j’m TÙ’m R˚YVÙ] ÿu‡¨˚U °˚PdL Yi”m. Lt\p NVpTÙh•u TÙ’ C’

˘RÙPoTÙ] A±‹, StTi◊Ls U]lTÙeœ B°VYt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym Yi”m. RÙPo Ußl¿”

ÍXm CkR CXh£VeL˚[ A˚PV ÿ•kRRÙ Gufl TÙodL ˙Yi”m. TXÆR Uu\eL∞u

˘NVpTÙ”Ls SPC, NCC, Scout & Guides, JRC ÆjVÙWeLm ˛ L˚X CXd°V Uu\m LÙkß Ro`u

B°V CVdLeLs UÙQYoL∞˚P˙V SpX U]lTÙu˚ULfim, LP˚U EQo‹m, StTi◊Lfim

Y[W YØYœd°u\].

1.11. E¨˚U A•lT˚P´XÙ] LpÆ ( Right based Education)

œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[j æoUÙ≤j’ AYt˚\ EXL˘Ue°¤m S˚Pÿ˚\l T”j’YRtLÙL

Id°VSÙh”d LpÆ, NÍLm Utflm TiTÙh” A˚Ul◊ UNESCO) ÿuYkR’. CR˚]j ˘RÙPok’

Tp˙Yfl SÙ”L∞p œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[l TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙL HWÙ[UÙ] NhPeLs

E⁄YÙdLlTh”s[]. CkßVÙÆp ˙R£Vd LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm 2009˛Bm Bi”

S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP’ J⁄ ÿd°V ®Lr‹ Bœm. œZk˚RL∞u GpXÙ ÆRUÙ] E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm

TÙ’LÙd°u\ ˘TÙfll◊ ˘T¨VYoL∞u LP˚UVÙœm. LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPj˚Rl Tt±d ·flm˙TÙ’

AYt˚\ ÿd°VUÙL Íufl UiPXeL[ÙL Y˚LlT”jRXÙm.

• Te˙Lt◊ (Participation)• YÙnl◊ (Provision)• TÙ’LÙl◊ (Protection)

Te˙Lt◊ (Participation)

• œZk˚RL˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV GpXÙj æoUÙ]eL˚[l Tt±Ÿm Gu≤Pm LXkRÙ˙XÙ£lT’

Ei”.

• G”dLd·•V ÿ•‹L∞p G]’ L⁄j’Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym °˚PlT’i”

• Gu‡˚PV ß\uL˚[Ÿm Y˚Wÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±k’ ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˙LtL YÙnl◊

°˚Pd°u\].

• G]’ ß\uLs Y[W‹m Y˚Wÿ˚\Lfidœ AlTÙt˘NpX‹m ER‹m Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls

G]dœd °˚Pd°\’.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

18

• G]’ L⁄j’Lfidœ ÿu‡¨˚U °˚Pd°\’.

• G]dœm G]’ SiToLfidœm Yœl©p SPdœm ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p SpX ÿ˚\´p Te˙LtL

YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.

• G]’ ß\uL˚[ ˘Y∞lT”jR YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.

YÙnl◊ (Provision)

• RœkR LpÆj RœßŸ˚PV, LÙXjßt˙LtT A±˚Y Y[odœm B£¨VoL∞u ˙N˚Y

GeLfidœd °˚Pd°\’.

• J’dLlTh”s[ ˙SWm ÿ›Y’m Lt\p A‡TYeLs GeLfidœd °˚Pd°u\].

• EPp, U] Y[of£dœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Yœl◊f „Zp GeLfidœ °˚Pd°\’.

• GeLs B£¨VoL[Ùp Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ELkR Lt\p L⁄ÆL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]

˙SWjßp A∞dL ÿ•°\’.

• L˚X, Æ˚[VÙh”j ß\uL˚[ FdœÆdLj ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLfim YÙnl◊Lfim

GeLfidœd °˚Pd°u\].

LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPm RTE (2009)

• 1 ÿRp 5 Y˚W T•dœm œZk˚RLfidœ 200 ˙Y˚XSÙhLfim, 800 U¶˙SWm Lt\p

˙SWÿm °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.

• 6 ÿRp 8 Y˚W T•dœm œZk˚RLfidœ 220 ˙Y˚X SÙhLfim 1000 U¶ ˙SWm Lt\p

˙SWÿm °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.

TÙ’LÙl◊ (Protection)

• Ts∞d·Pjß¤m ˘Y∞´¤m SÙu GkR ÆRUÙ] TÙœTÙ”L˚[Ÿm A‡TÆlTßp˚X.

• Gu˚] VÙ⁄m GkR˘YÙ⁄ Y˚L´¤m ◊\dL¶lTßp˚X.

• EPp, U] √ß´p VÙ⁄m Gu˚]j ’u◊flj’Yßp˚X.

• TV™u± B£¨VoLfiPu TZL ÿ•°\’.

• œZk˚R Gu\Ù¤m G]dœj R≤j’Ym, E¨˚U Ei” Gufl A˚]Y⁄m Ae∏L¨d°u\]o.

• Ts∞´¤m ≈h•¤m SÙu ™L‹m TÙ’LÙlTÙL C⁄d°˙\u Gufl Gu]Ùp EflßVÙLd

·\ÿ•Ÿm.

˙LW[ UÙ®X TÙXo E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊ B˚QVm

2002Cp ˙U UÙRm ˙NokR Id°V SÙh”f N˚T´u œZk˚RLfidLÙ] £\l◊ UÙSÙh•p

œZk˚RLfid˙Lt\ Ko EXLm G‡m R˚Xl©p NhPm ˘LÙi” YWlThP’. 2005˛Bm

Bi•p UjßV AW— E⁄YÙd°V TÙXo E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊d œ› NhPm, 2012˛Cp

˙LW[ UÙ®Xl TÙXo E¨˚Uf NhPm B°VYt±u A•lT˚P´p ˙LW[ UÙ®Xl TÙXo

E¨˚U B˚QVm ˘NVpT”°\’. AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPm EflßlT”j’m TÙXo

E¨˚UL˚[l TÙ’LÙlT˙R CkR B˚QVjßu ÿd°V LP˚UVÙœm.

œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[ EflßT”jR Gu]Ùp Gu] NnV ÿ•kR’. SÙu C≤ Gu˘]u] NnV

˙Yi”m G] Jq˘YÙ⁄ B£¨V⁄m £kßdL ˙Yi”m.

1.12. ˘S±lT”j’Rp (Mentoring)˙R£Vd LpÆ E¨˚Uf NhPjßp B£¨Vo / B£¨˚V J⁄ ˘S±VÙ[o (Mentor) Gufl

L⁄’lT”°u\Ùo. Ts∞´u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£dœ ˘S±VÙ[o ÿd°Vl Teœ Y°dL ˙Yi”m.

Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ EflßlT”jR SpX YØLÙh”Rp ˙R˚Y.

Lt©jRp NV≠p ÿd°V LÙW¶L[Ù] B£¨Vo œZk˚R E\Æp Cufl SpX UÙt\m HtTh”s[’.

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19

B£¨V˚W A±˚Y A∞dœm STWÙLd L⁄RÙUp œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y A±˚Y A˚PV ELkR

Tp˙Yfl YÙnl◊L˚[ HtT”j’m STWÙLd L⁄’UÙfl AYo ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.

N¨VÙLd ·±]Ùp Ts∞d·Pm GuT’ B£¨V⁄dœ R]’ ≈” ˙TÙufl Cu˘]Ù⁄ ≈PÙœm.

B£¨VoLs ˘Tt˙\ÙoL˚[l ˙TÙXf ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m. ≈h•≠⁄k’ °˚Pdœm Au◊,

AWY˚Ql◊, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TÙ’LÙl◊ EQo‹, Ae∏LÙWm C˚Y Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚PdLf

˘NnV Yi”m. CYt˚\d LiP±k’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm R˚Yú A•lT˚P´p B£¨Vo

A∞dœm˙TÙ’ RÙu AYW’ ˘TÙfll◊ ÿ›˚UV˚P°\’. Al˙TÙ’ RÙu Ts∞ ≈PÙL UÙfl°\’.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rú R≤lThP œ”mTf „Z˚Xj R¨k’˘LÙs[ ∏˙Z LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt˚\

B£¨VoLs ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m.

• œZk˚RL∞u ≈”Lfidœf ˘Np¤Rp

• ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfiP]Ù] L⁄j’l TÜÙt\m

• œZk˚R˚Vj ˘RÙPof£VÙLd LY≤jRp

• œZk˚RL∞u Au\ÙPl ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙ‘Rp. ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfidœ ÆØl◊Qo‹

A∞jRp.

CqYÙfl œZk˚Rdœ Au◊m AWY˚Ql◊m TÙ’LÙl◊ EQo‹m Ae∏LÙWÿm A∞j’ J⁄ Tt˙\Ùo

˙TÙp SPk’˘LÙi” œZk˚RLfidœd Lt\p A˚P‹Ls °˚PdL ER‹m STWÙL SÙm UÙflm˙TÙ’

RÙu CkRl ◊ßV LÙX LhPjßu B£¨VWÙL UÙfl°˙\Ùm.

˘S±lT”j’Rp (Mentoring) ÍXUÙL YØLÙh”Rp, A±‹˚W YZeœRp, BRW‹ ˘LÙ”jRp,

˙UmT”YRtLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp CYt˚\ B£¨Vo œZk˚RLfidœ A∞d°\Ùo. A‡TYm YÙnkR

STo Gu\ ÿ˚\´¤m ©uTt\j RœkR UÙß¨ STo Gu\ ÿ˚\´¤m ˘S±VÙ[o œZk˚RLfiPu

TZL ˙Yi”m. Lt\¤dœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆLfim B˙XÙN˚]Lfim A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RL∞Pm U˚\kß⁄dœm ß\˚UL˚[ ˘Y∞d ˘LÙi”YW J⁄ SpX ˘S±VÙ[WÙp Uh”˙U

ÿ•Ÿm.

˘S±lT”j’Rp YÙ´XÙL,

• B£¨V⁄dœm œZk˚RLfidœm £\kR LpÆ A‡TYeLs °˚Pd°u\].

• B£¨Vo Utflm œZk˚RL∞u A±‹ UiPXm Y[of£V˚P°\’.

• œZk˚R, Ts∞ E\‹ Y¤Y˚P°\’.

• œZk˚Rú Lt\p Y[of£Ÿm, Bfi˚U Y[of£Ÿm Eflßl T”jRlT”°u\].

• Jufl ˙Nok’ £kßdL‹m, ÿ•‹ G”dL‹m, ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘NnV‹m CV¤°u\’.

• ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm Ts∞dœ™˚P˙V ˘RÙPo◊ Y¤lT”°\’. œZk˚Rú Lt\p ®˚X Tt±V

A±‹ ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœd °˚Pd°\’.

• L˚X, Æ˚[VÙh”, —LÙRÙWm, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ UiPXeL∞p œZk˚Rú

Te˙Lt◊m Ußl©P¤m Y¤lT”°u\].

˘S±lT”j’Rp SPdL ER‹m ÆRjßp Tß˙Y”L˚[ E⁄YÙd°l Tß‹ NnV Yi”m. Ts∞´p

Es[ GpXÙ B£¨VoL˚[Ÿm ˘S±VÙ[oL[ÙL‹m GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm

˘S±lT”jRlT”TYoL[ÙL‹m S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR Yi”m. Yœl©¤s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm

£fl œ›dL[ÙLd L⁄ß Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æu Y[of£˚V EflßlT”jR AkR YœlTÙ£¨V⁄dœl

˘TÙfll˚T A∞dLXÙm.

1.13. B£¨Vo RÙØp √ßVÙLd L˚Pl©•dL Yi•V Æßÿ˚\Ls (Code of Profes-sional Ethics for School Teachers)

1. B£¨VoL∞u LP˚ULs

1.1. GpXÙ UÙQY UÙQÆV¨Pÿm Au◊m AWY˚Ql◊m LÙhP ˙Yi”m.

• GpXÙd œZk˚RLfiP‡m J˙W ˙TÙp Au◊Pu TZL˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

20

• LpÆ´p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœj R≤lThP LY]m A∞dL˙Yi”m.

• œZk˚RLfidœj Ru]m©d˚L, BoYm, GßoTÙol◊ E⁄YÙœm ÆRm SPk’˘LÙs[ Yi”m.

1.2. _Ùß, URm, C]m, ®\m, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW ®˚X, ˘UÙØ, Bi ˛ ˘Ti ˙YflTÙ”, ©\kR CPm

C˚YLfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dLÙUp øßŸPu TÙWThN™u± SPk’˘LÙsfiRp

• B£¨VoLs _]SÙVLd ˘LÙs˚L, ˘TÙfl˚U, NÍLøß ¡RÙ] Sm©d˚L B°VYt˚\d

œZk˚RLfidœ A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨Vü R≤lThP Sm©d˚LLs AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPjßtœ GßWÙL C⁄kRÙp A’

Ts∞d·Pj˚R ™L‹m TÙßdœm.

1.3. œZk˚Rú EPp, E[, EQo‹, TiTÙ”, NÍL, BuU Y[of£dœ Ht\ „Z˚X E⁄YÙdœRp.

• EPp, E[ ß\uLs ÿ› Y[of£V˚PŸm LÙXmRÙu Ts∞d LÙXm.

• LpÆVÙp A±‹ UiPXm Uh”m Y[of£ A˚PkRÙp ˙TÙRÙ’.

• ÿ›˚UVÙ] R≤U≤R Y[of£˙V LpÆú ÿd°V ˙SÙdLm.

1.4. Ts∞ YÙrd˚L´p GpXÙ ®˚X´¤m œZk˚Rú R≤j’Yjßtœ UßlT∞dLlT”°\’

• U≤Ru Gu\ ®˚X´p J⁄ œZk˚Rú _]SÙVL E¨˚ULfim ˘L¸WYÿm TÙ’LÙdLlTP

˙Yi”m.

• B£¨V¨P™⁄k’ E⁄YÙœm ˙UÙNUÙ] ˘NVpLs œZk˚RL∞u RuUÙ]jßtœ C›dœ

HtT”jßd Lt\˚Xl TÙßlT˚PVf ˘Nn°\’.

• Ts∞ú GpXÙf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞¤m GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞u ÿ›˚UVÙ] D”TÙh˚P

FdœÆdL ˙Yi”m.

• Id°V SÙh”f N˚T Ae∏L¨j’ CkßVÙ Jl◊Rp A∞jR œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚U

Æ[mTWj˚RŸm œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚Ul TÙ’LÙl◊ B˚QVjßu A±d˚L˚VŸm

B£¨VoLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ARt˙LtTf ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.

• Ts∞L∞p J›dLm, Lh”lTÙ” CYt˚\ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’YRtLÙL E⁄YÙd°V NhPeLs

œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚UL˚[ UfldLd ·•V]YÙL C⁄dLd ·PÙ’.

1.5. œZk˚RL∞u TWmT˚Wj ß\uLfim £\l◊j ß\uLfim ˘Y∞lT”m Y˚L´p ßhP™hP

J›eœT”jßV ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rú Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Uh”Uu±d œZk˚Rú ß\uL˚[Ÿm £\l◊j

ß\uL˚[Ÿm ˘R¨k’˘LÙsY’ B£¨Vü ÿd°V LP˚UVÙœm.

• J⁄ œZk˚Rú GpXÙj ß\uLfim Y[Wj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ AYo A∞dL

˙Yi”m.

1.6. AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPm G”j’˚Wd°u\ Ußl◊L˚[Ÿm U]lTÙu˚UL˚[Ÿm Eh˘LÙsfim

ÆRjßp TÙPHtTÙ” A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

• _]SÙVLm, UR Sp≠QdLm, NUj’Ym, øß, —RkßWm B°V AW£VX˚Ul◊ Ußl◊Ls

TÙPHtTÙh•u ÿd°V ·flL[ÙL A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

• AW£VX˚Ul©p œ•ULuL∞u LP˚UL˚[l Tt±d ·flm ©¨‹ 51 A ◊¨k’˘LÙi” Aßp

A ÿRp K Y˚WŸs[ ©¨‹L˚[ ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ARuT•f ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”m.

1.7. œZk˚RL∞u ˙R˚Yd˙LtT B£¨Vo / B£¨˚Vú Lt©jRp ÿ˚\ ◊]W˚UdLlT”°\’.

• ˘RÙPo Ußl¿h•u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL∞u Ru˚U, ˘Tt\ A˚P‹, Æ⁄lTm, Ltœm

ÿ˚\ ÿR≠VYt˚\ L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt©jRp EjßL∞p ˙R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eL˚[j

˘RÙPoS’ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

1.8. œZk˚RL∞u R≤lThP RLYp CWL£VeL˚[l TÙ’LÙj’ AkRj RLYpL˚[f NhPlT•VÙL

VÙ⁄dœj ˘R¨ÆdL ˙Yi”˙UÙ AYoL∞Pm ˘R¨ÆjRp.

Yœl◊ II

21

• J⁄ B˙XÙNLWÙLf NVpT”m B£¨V⁄dœd œZk˚RL∞u R≤lThP RLYpL˚[j R¨k’

˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm

• CkRj RLYpL˚[d œZk˚RL∞u Su˚UdLÙL Uh”m A±‹ÈoYUÙL TVuT”jR Yi”m

1.9. œZk˚RL˚[l TVÿflj’Rp, EPp √ßVÙLj RiP˚] A∞jRp, U] √ßVÙL‹m, EQo‹

√ßVÙL‹m ’u◊flj’Rp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpL∞p D”TPd·PÙ’.

• œZk˚RL˚[l TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚UL∞≠⁄k’m ◊\dL¶l©≠⁄k’m —WiPpL∞≠⁄k’m

TÙ’LÙdœm LP˚U B£¨V⁄dœ Ei”.

• RiP˚] A∞jRÙp œZk˚RLs Su\ÙLl T•lTÙoLs G‡m RY\Ù] L⁄j˚R UÙt\

˙Yi”m.

• CqYÙ\Ù] „Z≠p œZk˚Rdœd °˚Pdœm NhPl TÙ’LÙl◊l Tt±

B£¨VoLs ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

1.10. GpXÙÆRUÙ] TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚UL∞≠⁄k’m œZk˚R˚Vl TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• GpXÙ ÆRUÙ] TÙ≠Vp ˘LÙ”˚ULfim EPp LÙVeL˚[ Uh”™u± øiP LÙXm ®tœm

U]dLÙVeL˚[Ÿm HtT”j’°u\].

• ˙Y˚X NnŸm CPeL∞¤m Ts∞L∞¤m SPdœm TÙ≠Vp LÙ”˚ULfidœ GßWÙL CkßV

EfN øßUu\ÿm ˙R£VdœZk˚RLs TÙ’LÙl◊f NhPm (National Children Protection Rule)Æßj’s[ ÆßL˚[ B£¨VoLs Ußj’ SPdL ˙Yi”m.

2. Tt˙\ÙoL∞Pÿm NÍLj˙RÙ”m Es[ LP˚ULs

2.1. ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfiPu Au◊P‡m, BRW‹P‡m ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨VoLs œZk˚R˚Vl Tt± Su\ÙLj R¨k’˘LÙs[ AYoL∞u Tt˙\ÙoLfiPu SpX

E\‹L˚[ Y[odL ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨V⁄dœm ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm C˚P˙VŸs[ £\kR ˘RÙPo◊ œZk˚Rdœ B£¨V⁄Pu

·”RXÙL ˘S⁄eL ER‹m.

• ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] ˘Tt˙\ÙoLfim ReLfi˚PV œZk˚RL∞u Ts∞f ˘NVpL˚[l Tt±

B£¨VoL∞P™⁄k’ ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[ BYXÙL C⁄lTÙoLs.

• œZk˚R´u Y[of£d LhPjßp HtT”m RYflL˚[Ÿm ˙Uu˚UL˚[Ÿm ˘Tt˙\ÙoL˙[Ù”

T°ok’ ˘LÙsfim˙TÙ’ ˘T¨V BTj’L˚[d ·Pj R”dL ÿ•°\’.

2.2. œZk˚RL∞u RuUÙ]jßtœj æeœ Æ˚[Ædœm GkRf ˘NV≠¤m D”TPd·PÙ’.

• ©\ œZk˚RL∞u ÿu≤˚X´p œZk˚RL∞u ˘L¸WYj˚Rl TÙßdœm ÆRjßp ˙TNd

·PÙ’. A’˙TÙX˙Y ˘Tt˙\ÙoL∞u ˘L¸WYj˚Rl TÙßdœm ÆRjßp SPk’˘LÙs[d

·PÙ’.

• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©¨‹d œZk˚RL∞u „Z˚X (_Ùß, URm, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWm) ◊LrY’ Ut\

œZk˚RL∞Pm RÙr‹ U]lTÙu˚U˚V HtT”j’m.

2.3. œZk˚RLs CkßVÙÆu TiTÙh˚Pd œ±j’l ˘T⁄˚UlTP BY] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

• TXÆRl TiTÙ”, ˘UÙØ, URm, Sm©d˚L ˘LÙiP SÙ˙P CkßVÙ C’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m

©WßT≠dL ˙Yi”m.

• CkßVÙÆp ˙Ytfl˚U´p Jtfl˚U L˚P©•dLlT”°\’.

• TWvTW N°l◊jRu˚UŸm GpXÙd LXÙfNÙWeL˚[Ÿm Ußdœm U]lTÙu˚UŸm ˙Yi”m.

• CkRd ˘LÙs˚LLs TÙPjßhPjßu ÍXm Y[Wf ˘NnV ÿVt£dL ˙Yi”m

2.4. Tp˙Yfl ©¨Æ]¨˚P˙V HtT”m Gßol˚T E⁄YÙdœm ˘NVpL˚[j RÆodL ˙Yi”m,

• YœlT˚\´p GpXÙ URjß]˚WŸm Sm©d˚LL˚[Ÿm ˘UÙØL˚[Ÿm NUUÙL Ußdœm

ÆRjßp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˚UdL ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

22

• ˙R£V Jtfl˚U˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” ÿR≠p CkßVu ©u]˙W J⁄ ©¨Æu

Efll©]o Gu\ GiQj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©¨Æ]ü Æ[mTWjßtLÙLl Ts∞/YœlT˚\˚Vl TVuT”jRd ·PÙ’.

• RtLÙX NÍL AW£V˚Xl Tt± E˚WVÙ”m ˙TÙ’ B£¨Vo/B£¨˚V HRÙY’ J⁄

©¨Æ]⁄dLÙLl ˙TNd ·PÙ’.

3. B£¨Vo Gu\ RÙØ˙XÙ”m, NL B£¨VoL˙[Ù”m Bt\ Yi•Vd LP˚ULs

3.1. ˘RÙØp ß\u Y[Wj ˘RÙPof£VÙL ÿVt£ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

• J⁄ œZk˚Rdœ ®WkRWUÙLd Lt©dL ÿV¤m B£¨V⁄m A˙R˙TÙufl LtL ˙Yi”m.

• Gl˙TÙ’m Y[ok’ ˘LÙi•⁄dœm A±‹ UiPXeL˚[d œ±j’m Lt©dœm ÿ˚\L˚[d

œ±j’m RLYpL˚[j ßWh•f ˘NVpT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• Ge°⁄k˘RpXÙm R]dœl ◊ßV A±‹Ls °˚Pdœ˘Uufl ÆNÙ¨lT’ B£¨Vü R˚XVÙV

LP˚UVÙœm.

3.2. ©\ B£¨VoL˙[Ù”m Utfls[YoL˙[Ù”m L⁄j’l TÜÙt\m SPjR˙Yi”m

• LpÆj ˘RÙPoTÙ] EQo‹ E⁄YÙdœYRtœ A˚]j’ B£¨VoLfidœm Ru]ÙXÙ]

T˚Pl◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdœm YiQm J⁄ NkRolTj˚R E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• CqYÙ\Ù] EQo‹ E⁄YÙdLj ßhP™P¤m, TV‡s[ Jj’˚Zl◊m B£¨VoL∞Pm E⁄YÙL

˙Yi”m.

• Ts∞d·Pjß¤s[ GpXÙl ©Wf£˚]Lfidœm æo‹LÙiTRtœ A˚]j’ B£¨VoLfim

Jufl ˙Nok’ LXk’˚WVÙ•j æoUÙ]m G”dL‹m ˘NVpTP‹m ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨VoLs Uh”™u±l Ts∞d·Pjß¤s[ ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙQ ÿuY⁄TYoLs

A˚]Y˚WŸm Jufl ˙NojRp ˙Yi”m.

3.3. NL B£¨VoL˙[Ù” ˘T⁄˚U˙VÙ”m U¨VÙ˚R˙VÙ”m TZL ˙Yi”m.

• Ts∞´¤s[ A˚]j’ B£¨VoL∞Pÿm AYoL∞u LpÆj RWj˚R˙VÙ AYoLs

Lt©dœm TÙPj˚R˙VÙ L⁄jßp LÙs[ÙUp T⁄˚U˙VÙ”m Ußl˙TÙ”m TZœRp Yi”m.

3.4. B£¨VoLs R≤VÙL •ÎNu SPjR˙YÙ R≤VÙo ®flY]eL∞p Lt©lT˙RÙ Cp˚X.

• B£¨VoLs R≤VÙL •ÎNu SPj’Y’ AY⁄˚PV Ts∞d·Pf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l

TÙßd°u\’.

• ˘NÙkRf ˘NV˚X ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙ] ˙SWm CpXÙUp ˙TÙ°\’.

• ˘NÙkR UÙQYoLfidœj R≤VÙL •ŸNu ˘LÙ”dœm˙TÙ’ Ts∞d·Pjßu A•lT˚Pj

Rj’YeLfidœ GßWÙLf ˘NVpT”Y’ ˙TÙufl B°\’

3.5. Ru‡˚PV NVpL∞¤m æoUÙ]eL∞¤m BßdLm N¤jß Æ”YÙoLs GuTRÙp GkR ÆRUÙ]

T¨—L˙[Ù ˙Yfl ERÆL˙[Ù YÙeœYßp˚X.

• TX˚] GßoTÙoj’d ˘LÙ”dLlT”m Æ˚X EVokR T¨—L˚[ B£¨VoLs

UÙQYoL∞P™⁄k˙RÙ Tt˙\ÙoL∞P™⁄k˙RÙ YÙeLd ·PÙ’.

3.6. ©\ B£¨VoLs œ±j˙RÙ, ˘T¨V AßLÙ¨Ls œ±j˙RÙ ˙R˚YVt\ œt\m ·flYßp˚X.

• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo œt\m ·fl°u\ YZdLm B£¨VoLfid°˚P´p ˙R˚YVt\RÙœm.

• ©\ B£¨VoLfidœ GßWÙL ø⁄©dL ÿ•VÙR œt\eL˚[d ·flRp ·PÙ’.

• HRÙY’ J⁄ ©\ B£¨Vo / B£¨˚V´P™⁄k’ RYfl ˘RuT”˘U≤p AR˚] ÍjR

B£¨VoL∞u LY]jßtœd ˘LÙi”YW ˙Yi”m,

Yœl◊ II

23

3.7. ©\ B£¨VoLs, UÙQYoLs, ˘Tt˙\ÙoLs CYoL∞u ÿu≤˚X´p NL B£¨V˚Wd œ˚\

·flYßp˚X.

• B£¨VoLs œ±j’ YflThP L⁄j’Ls C⁄dLXÙm. B]Ùp AYt˚\ Y∞lT”j’m ÿ˚\

N¨VÙ]RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

• ©\ B£¨VoLs Lt©dœm ÿ˚\˚Vd œ˚\ ·flm ÆRm ˙TNd·PÙ’.

3.8. ©\ B£¨VoL∞u Lt©jRp ÿ˚\L˚[ UßdL ˙Yi”m.

• £\lTÙLd Lt©lTYoL∞u ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ ÿ˚\T”jR‹m AlT•lThP £\l˚T

Eh˘LÙs[‹m ˙Yi”m. B]Ùp AYt˚\ ÿ›Y’m LiÍ•jR]UÙL Htfld˘LÙs[d

·PÙ’.

3.9. ©\ B£¨VoLs œ±jR R≤STo ÆTWeL˚[ CWL£VUÙL ˚YdL‹m, NhP√ßVÙLj

˙R˚YlT”m˙TÙ’ Uh”m Y∞lT”jR‹m Yi”m.

• HRÙY’ ˙R˚YdLÙLf ˙NL¨d°u\ NL B£¨VoL∞u R≤ STo ÆTWm CWL£V œQm

E˚PV˘R≤p A˚YL˚[f NhP√ßVÙ] ˘NVpLfidœ Uh”˙U ˘Y∞´”Rp ˙Yi”m.

1.14. Lt©jRp ˚L˙V” (Teaching Manual)

Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ CXh£VUÙLd ˘LÙi” Jq˘YÙ⁄ B£¨V⁄dœm —VUÙ] ÿ˚\´p

˘NVpTÙ”Ls E⁄YÙdL CVX ˙Yi”m. TÙPË≠¤m, B£¨Vo T‡Y≠¤m ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j Ru‡˚PV YœlT˚\´p Es[ œZk˚RLfidœ Ht\YÙfl UÙt\eLs ˘Nn’m,

·”Rp ˙Noj’m ˘NVpT”jßŸm £\lT˚PVf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lt\p A˚P˚Y

A˚PV‹m ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NVpL˚[j ßhP™P≠p EhT”jR ˙Yi”m.

Lt\p NVpTÙ”LfiPu Ußl©P˚XŸm Jufl Noj’j ßhP™h”f NVpTdLjßp G›R Yi”m.

˘RÙPo Ußl¿h•u YØVÙLd °˚Pd°u\ ÆTWeL˚[ A˚PVÙ[lT”j’Y˙R Ußl¿h”l Tœß´p

A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

A”j’Y⁄m J⁄ YÙWjßtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh˚P, Ts∞ Y[dœ› (SRG) TÙPdœ›

(Subject Councils) CYt±p ˘Y∞´”Y’ Sufl. J⁄ YÙW LÙXjß¤s[ Ußl©”Rp Tœß´¤s[

ÆTWeL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙd° B£¨Vo J⁄ £fl ©WßT≠l◊ œ±l◊ (Reflection Note) RVÙWÙdL‹m

SRG´p ÆYÙßdL‹m ˘NnVXÙm. CkRd œ±l©u A•lT˚P´p B£¨V¨u ˘RÙPoßhP™Pp

œ±l◊ RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

24

Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•u UÙß¨ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

Lt©jRp ˚L˙V”

TÙPjßu ˘TVo :

SÙs :

˙SWm :

˚UVdL⁄j’.... :

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls :

L⁄j’Ls :

ß\uLs :

˘UÙØ Ei˚ULs (˘UÙØdœ Uh”m) :

˘UÙØ Y•YeLs (˘UÙØdœ Uh”m) :

Ußl◊Ls, U]lTÙu˚ULs :

Lt\p L⁄ÆLs :

GßoTÙodœm T˚Pl◊Ls :

˘NVpÿ˚\ TdLm Ußl¿h”l TdLm

˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Ußl©P¤m Ußl©hP RLYpL˚[

APe°V ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ceœ G›R ˙Yi”m

R˚X˚U B£¨V¨u JlTm B£¨Vo JlTm

Yœl◊ II

25

©WßT≠l◊d œ±l◊ (Reflection Note)

G]’ LiP˚PRpLfim, TœjR±‹m. (Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u Ußl©Pp ˘NVpYØ °˚PjR

ÆTWeL∞u A•lT˚P´p)

•

•

•

•

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim, æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim

•

•

•

•

©WßT≠l◊d œ±l◊ .... GRtœ?

œ±l©hP Lt\p A˚P‹Lfid˙LtT Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ” ÿ›˚UVÙL ®˚\Y˚PkR ©u]˙W

©WßT≠l◊ RVÙWÙdœRp ˙Yi”m.

• CkRd œ±l◊L˚[ SRG ·hPjßp ˘Y∞lT”jRXÙm.

• ˘RÙPo ßhP™P¤dœ YØ YœdLXÙm.

• T⁄Y Ußl¿h•u J⁄e°˚Ql◊dœl TVuT”jRXÙm.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

26

˘UÙØd Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\

L⁄j˚R Y∞lT”jR‹m Eh˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m L⁄Æ˙V UÙØ. A±˚Y A˚PYRtœm £kR˚],

TiTÙ”, LtT˚] B°VYt˚\l ◊ßV TÙ˚R´p N¤j’YRtLÙ] YØLÙh•VÙL‹m UÙØd LpÆ

A˚U°u\’. NÍLjßp Ut\YoLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs[ œZk˚R ˘UÙØjß\˚] Y[oj’d

˘LÙs°\’. RÙu NÙokR NÍLjß≠⁄k˙R ˘UÙØjß\˚]d œZk˚R ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs°\’. GkR

˘UÙØ˚VŸm Ltfld˘LÙs[ ER‹m ß\u GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞Pÿm ©\Æ´˙X˙V Ei”. Cl©\Æj

ß\˚]l TVuT”jß˙V ˘UÙØ˚V GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim ˚LVÙfi°u\]. TX Y˚LVÙ] ˘UÙØf

„ZpL∞p ß\˚UVÙL‹m RVdL™u±Ÿm ©\⁄dœl ◊XlT”j’m ß\u ˘T\f ˘NnR˙X ˘UÙØd

Lt\≠u ˙SÙdLm.

1997˛98 ÿRp SU’ UÙ®Xjßp S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlThP TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u TV]ÙLl TÙPjßhPm,

TÙPËp, Lt\pÿ˚\, Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p ◊’˚UVÙ] UÙt\eLs Yk’s[]. T˚ZV Lt©jRp

E[ÆVp ÿ˚\dœ UÙ\ÙL UÙQYoLs —VUÙL A±YÙdLm ˘NnV YÙnlT∞dœm Y˚L´p ◊ßV

A‘œÿ˚\ A˚Uk’s[’. ÿ›˚U´≠⁄k’ Tœßdœ (Whole to Part) G‡m CkR

A‘œÿ˚\lT• RÙn ˘UÙØd LpÆ L⁄j’l TÜÙt\m ÍXm SPkR’. C’ T˚PlTÙt\˚X

FdœÆlTRÙL‹m YÙrd˚L˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PVRÙL‹m A˚Ukß⁄kR’. ˘RÙPok’ 2007 Cp

S˚Pÿ˚\dœ YkR TÙPHtTÙ” Cmÿ˚\´≠⁄k’ ÿu˙]Ùd°f ˘Nufl ˘UÙØÿ›˚U

A‘œÿ˚\ú(Whole Language Approach) A•lT˚P´p ˘UÙØ˚V E⁄YÙdœm ß\u ˘T\

YØYœjR’ UÙQY≤u A±˚YŸm ˘UÙØ˚VŸm TVuT”jß Au\ÙP ®Lr‹L˚[Ÿm

T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞lT˙R Cm˘UÙØdLpÆú ˙SÙdLUÙœm.

—VUÙL YÙ£jRp, —VT˚Pl◊ TÙu\˚YLfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’m, YÙ£l◊, G›j’ CYt±p

˘T\ Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Eflß˘Nn’m J⁄ NUf∫o A‘œÿ˚\˚V (Balanced Approach) Rt˙TÙ˚RV TÙPHtTÙ” ∫W˚Ul©u ÿXm S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚Rú ˘UÙØ A±‹, £kR˚]j ß\u CYt±u Y[of£ Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˘RÙPo◊˚PVRÙœm.

BL˙Y L⁄j’l TÜÙt\m, ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs, ˘UÙØd·flLs B°VYt±tœ

ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dœm ÆRm ˘UÙØ Yœl◊Ls S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m. F°jRp, LtT˚] ˘NnRp,

Æ[dœRp, Y⁄¶jRp TÙu\ ß\uLs YLUÙL‹m, LtT˚] Y[j’P‡m TVuT”j’m YÙnl◊Ls

˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ÍXm œZk˚RLfidœd °˚PdL ˙Yi”m. Cl◊ßV A‘œÿ˚\ B£¨Vo

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˚Udœm TÙ’ TÙ’YÙ] A‘œÿ˚\˚Vd L⁄jßt LÙi” —VUÙLf NVpTP

YÙnlT∞d°\’.

• G›jR±‹.

• ©\⁄dœl ◊¨Ÿm ÆRm SpX EfN¨l◊Pu YÙ£jRp.

• YÙ£j’d L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨Rp.

• CW£jRp.

• T˚Pl◊L˚[ E⁄YÙdœRp.

• ˙Lh”l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsfiRp.

• ˘NÙpY[m ˘T⁄dœRp.

• CXd°Vl T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm, L˚XY•YeL˚[Ÿm Ußl©”Rp.

• RLYp˘RÙPo◊ L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”jßj RLYp ˙NL¨jRp.

˙Ut·±V ß\uLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ UÙQYoLfidœ EflßlT”jR Ts∞d LpÆ

ÍXm CVX ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II

27

˘UÙØd LpÆ˛ BWmT Yœl◊L∞p

˘UÙØ AZ˚LŸm, T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm A±k’ LÙs[‹m —RkßWUÙ]l T˚Pl◊Lfidœ YÙnT∞dœm

ÆRÿm ˘UÙØdLpÆ „Zp BWmT Yœl◊L∞p A˚UV ˙Yi”m. ˘NnßjRÙsLs Utflm £flYo

CRrLs ®˚\kR YœlT˚\f „Z˚X A˚UdL ˙Yi”m. G∞V —˚YVÙ] L˚RLs, Lh”˚WLs,

LÆ˚Rs ˙TÙu\ ˘UÙØ Y•YeL˚[d œZk˚RLs ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[‹m T˚Pl◊L˚[f —VUÙL

E⁄YÙdL‹m YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. G›j’Ls, ˘NÙtLs, TVuTÙ”, ˘UÙØS˚P ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j

˙R˚Yd˙LtTf N¨VÙL‹m ’p≠VUÙL‹m TVuT”j’m ß\uL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[Wf˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

˘UÙØdLpÆ˛ EVo®˚X´p

YÙrd˚Lf „Z¤d˙LtTf £\kR ÿ˚\´p ˘UÙØ˚Vd ˚LVÙ[‹m Tp˙Yfl CXd°V Y•YeL˚[

CW£dL‹m, Ußl©P‹m, T˚PdL‹m CXd°VeL˚[l Tt±V ÿ›˚UVÙ] A±‹˘T\‹m CkR

®˚X´p YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. ˙YflThP TiTÙh” Y•YeL˚[j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[‹m R]’

L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm, EQo‹L˚[Ÿm ˘Y∞´P‹m YÙnT∞dL ˙Yi”m. A•lT˚P ËpL∞≠⁄k’m

C˚QVR[eL∞≠⁄k’m RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨dL‹m J≠, J∞ FPLeLs, ß˚WlTPeLs

˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl©”YRtLÙ] ˘UÙØjß\u EVo®˚X´p ˘T\˙Yi”m.

˘UÙØ YœlT˚\ GqYÙfl A˚UV˙Yi”m

• L˚R, LÆ˚R ˘NÙp¤Rp S•l◊ ˙TÙu\Yt±tLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp.

• ÆYÙRm, L⁄jRWeLm SPj’Rp.

• RLYp ˙NL¨jRp, CWN˚]dLÙL YÙ£jRp

• ˘NÙtLs, AYt±u TVuTÙh˚P F°j’l ˘TÙ⁄s Li”©•j’ ALWÙß TÙoj’l ˘TÙ⁄s

EflßlT”j’Rp.

• œfl SÙPLeLs G›R‹m, S•dL‹m TXY˚Ll T˚Pl◊Ls E⁄YÙd° ˙UmT”jß CRrLs,

—YolTjß¨d˚LL∞p ˘Y∞´”Rp.

• L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi”, L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞´”YRtLÙ] YÙnlT∞jRp.

• ˘TÙ’ Su˚U, L˚X CXd°VeLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NÙt˘TÙØ‹L˚[d ˙Lh”d L⁄j˚Rl

◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.

˙UmT”j’Rp

J⁄ œZk˚R T˚Pl˚T E⁄YÙdœm˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•V T•Ls.

• R≤VÙL G›’Rp.

• £X˚W YÙ£dLf ˘NnRp.

• œ›Æp YÙ£jRp ˛ RW ®oQVd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Ußl©”Rp.

• œ›Æ¤s[ A˚]Y⁄m ˙Nok’ G›’Rp YÙ£jRp.

• B£¨Vo T˚Pl˚T ˘Y∞´”Rp.

• Jl©”Rp (B£¨Vo T˚Pl◊, œZk˚RLs G›ßV’)

• HRÙY’ J⁄ œ›Æu T˚Pl˚T A˚]Y⁄m ˙Nok’ ˙UmT”j’Rp.

• ©\ œ›dL∞u T˚Pl◊L˚[ AkRkRd œ›Æ]˙W ˙UmT”j’Rp.

• AYWYo R≤VÙL ÿR≠p G›ßV T˚Pl◊L˚[f ˘NVpÿ˚\ YØd °˚PjR A±Æu YØ

˙UmT”j’Rp. CR˚]l T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˙NojRp.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

28

œZk˚RLs E⁄YÙdœm ˘UÙØ Y•YeL∞p HWÙ[m œ˚\TÙ”Ls HtTPXÙm. CR˚] Ußl©h”

˙UmT”jß]Ùp Uh”˙U œZk˚RL∞u G›j’j ß\˚] Y[Wf NnVÿ•Ÿm. T¨˙VÙoLs G›’m

T˚Pl◊L˚[ Y∞´”YRtœ ÿu]Ùp CqYÙfl UmT”j’Y’i”.

L⁄j’l©˚Z, YÙd°V A˚Ul◊l ©˚Z, NÙt©˚Z, G›j’l©˚Z TÙu\Yt˚\d L⁄jßp LÙi”

T˚Pl◊L˚[ ˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m.

RÙn˘UÙØŸm, ©\˘UÙØŸm

˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp Ts∞dLpÆ ÍXm T•dœm œZk˚Rdœ ÿm˘UÙØj ßhPj ßuT• RÙn˘UÙØ,

Be°Xm, ∂kß ˙TÙu\˚Y T•dL YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’. C’ Uh”™u± œZk˚RL∞u

Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTl Tp˙Yfl CkßV UÙØL˚[Ÿm, Y∞SÙh” UÙØL˚[Ÿm T•lTRtLÙ] YÙnl◊

Ts∞d LpÆ´p Es[’. ˘Yq˙Yfl ˘UÙØL˚[d LtTRu ÍXm Tp˙Yfl TiTÙ”L˚[j ˘R¨k’

˘LÙs[d œZk˚Rdœ YÙnl◊ °˚Pd°\’.

œZk˚R´u GiQeLs, EQo‹Ls, L⁄j’Ls B°VYt˚\ ˘Y∞lT”jR ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˘UÙØ

RÙn˘UÙØ˙V. BL˙Y RÙn˘UÙØdœl Ts∞dLpÆ´p ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RL∞u A±YÙdLjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]’m RÙn˘UÙØ˙V.

Lt©dœm UÙØ

EVo LpÆ ˙TÙX˙Y Ts∞d LpÆ´¤m Be°Xm YØ Lt\p SPdL ˙Yi”m Gufl RY\ÙL

®˚]dœm ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] UdLs ˙LW[ UÙ®Xjßp Es[]o. B]Ùp, RÙn˘UÙØ ÍXm Lt\˙X

£\kR’ Gufl LpÆf £kR˚]VÙ[oLfim, E[ÆVp Yp¤]oLfim, R˚XYoLfim L⁄j’

˘R¨Æd°u\]o. Y[of£ ˘Tt\ EXLSÙ”L˚[l TÙojRÙp EVoLpÆ´¤m, A¤YXLeL∞¤m

øßUu\eL∞¤m RÙn˘UÙØ˚V˙V ©uTtfl°\ÙoLs. œZk˚Rl T⁄Ym ÿR˙X RÙn˘UÙØ ÍXm

Lt\Ùp A±YÙdLm ˙YLUÙL SPk’ ARuÍXm Í˚[ Y[of£ ’¨RlT”m. B]Ùp, Be°Xd

LpÆVÙp L⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙsYßp £WUm HtTh”d œZk˚R U]A›jRjßtœ Es[ÙLd Lt\pß\u

TÙßd°\’.

Yœl◊ II

29

Lt\p (Learning) GuT’ œZk˚RL∞Pm CVpTÙL‹m ˘RÙPof£VÙL‹m SPdœm E[f ˘NVXÙœm.

Lt\p £\lT˚PV ˙Yi”˘U≤p œZk˚RLfidœ A∞dœm A‡TYeLs ˙SÙdLjßu

A•lT˚P´p A˚UV˙Yi”m. Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙi” AYoLs ˘T\˙Yi•V

ß\uL˚[Ÿm A±‹L˚[Ÿm Tt±V ˘R∞YÙ] A±‹ B£¨V⁄dœ C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄

TÙPlTœß´¤m œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ ÿu]˙W LiP±k’ Lt\p

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™P˙Yi”m. CkRf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YÙrd˚Lf „Z˙XÙ” ˘RÙPo◊T”jßf

˘NVpT”jR˙Yi”m.

CqYÙfl ˘Tt\ ß\uLfim, A±‹Lfim Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ EflßT”jR ˙TÙ’UÙ]˚YVÙ? Lt\p

A˚P‹L˚[ ÿ›˚UVÙLl ˘T\ÙRYoLfidœ C≤ Gu˘]u] ˘RÙPo˘NVpTÙ”Ls A∞dL

˙Yi”m? GqYÙfl A∞dL ˙Yi”m? B£¨Vü CqYÙ\Ù] £kR˚]Ls Ußl©”R¤dœ

YØYœd°\’.

Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿”Ls

J⁄ TÙPlTœß / AXœ TÜÙt\jßtœl ©u]o UÙQYoLs Gu˘]u] Lt\]o? GuT˚R Ußl©”m

˘NV˚Xd Lt\˚X Ußl©”Rp (Assessment of learning) Gufl ·\XÙm. TÙPlTœß˚Vd Lt\©u

UÙQY≤u ß\u, Lt\p ®˚X ˙TÙu\˚Y Ceœ Ußl©PlT”°u\]. C’ Ußl©”R≠u J⁄

®˚X˙V Bœm.

C⁄l©‡m Lt\˚X EflßlT”j’YRtLÙ] Ußl¿h•tœd ·”Rp ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.

Lt\p SPd°u\ ˙Y˚[´p A’ ˙Uu˚UV˚PYRtLÙL B£¨V˙WÙ UÙQYoL˙[Ù ERYXÙm.

Lt\¤Pu SPdœm CkR Ußl©”R¤m ©uÚhPm (feed back) A∞jR¤m Ußl¿h•u ˙Y˘\Ù⁄

®˚XVÙœm. C˚Rd Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl©”Rp (Assessment for learning) Gufl ·\XÙm. C’ Lt\p

ÿu˙]t\U˚PVj ˘RÙPok’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi•V ˘NVp Bœm. C’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ Lt\p

˘NVpTÙh”P‡m C˚Qk’ C⁄d°u\’.

Cj’Pu Lt\≠u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tt\ L⁄j’dL˚[Ÿm ÿ•‹L˚[Ÿm —V ÆUoN]m ˘Nn’

UÙt\eL˚[ HtT”jß UmT”jR Yi”m. C’˙Y —VUßl©”Rp Bœm. CqYÙfl —VUßl©”Rp

YÙ´XÙL‹m Lt\p S˚P˘Tfl°\’. C˚R Ußl©”R˙X Lt\p (Assessment as learning) Gufl ·\XÙm.

Lt\p ·”Rp ˙Uu˚U˘T\ Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl©”Rp, Ußl©”R˙X Lt\p GuTYt±tœd ·”Rp

ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL Yi”m. CqYÙfl Lt\p Uu˚UV˚PVYRtLÙ] Ußl¿h”f NVpLfidœ

ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”dœm A‘œÿ˚\˚V˙V SÙm Htfld˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\

Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙ] Lt\p A‘œÿ˚\˚V SÙm Y•Y˚Udœm ˙TÙ’ ARtœl

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm SÙm ©uTt\ ˙Yi”m. B˚LVÙp Lt\p

A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞dœm Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\˚V (outcome focused assessmentapproach) Htfld˘LÙs[ Yi”m. Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd LÙi” Y•Y˚UdLlThP

Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p UÙQY≤u ÿ›˚UVÙ] Te˙Lt◊ Eflß˘NnVlT”°\’. ÆUoN]

ÿ˚\´XÙ] £kR˚], Ÿdß ÈoYUÙ] £kR˚], Lt\≠u ©WßT≠l◊, ˘Y∞´”Rp, Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl

˘RÙPo◊T”j’m A±‹ B°V˚Y˙V CkR A‘œÿ˚\ú £\l◊L[Ùœm.

˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿” (CCE)

˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿h” ÿ˚\˙V Ts∞L∞p S˚Pÿ˚\l T”jRlT”°\’. Lt\p

˘NVp œZk˚RL∞Pm ˘RÙPof£VÙL SPd°\’. G]˙Y ß\uLfim A±‹Lfim GkR A[‹

A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚Rl T¨˙NÙßdœm Ußl¿”m ˘RÙPok’ S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m. œZk˚Rú

Ußl¿h” A‘œÿ˚\

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

30

ÿ›˚UVÙ] Y[of£ GuT’ A±‹, NÍLm, U]m NÙokR Y[of£˙V Bœm. Ußl¿h•u

ÿ›˚U˚VŸm ˘RÙPof£˚VŸm EflßlT”jR ˘RÙPoUßl¿h•p CWi” ÿd°VUÙ]

UiPXeL˚[d L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

CCE UiPXeLs

1. A±‹ NÙokR UiPXm.

2. NÍL, E[m NÙokR UiPXm.

C˚Y Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm ÆŸÙLl TÙol˙TÙm.

A±‹ NÙokR UiPXm (BWmT ®˚X)

œZk˚R Ltœm GpXÙl TÙPeLfim A±‹NÙo UiPXjßu Th•V≠p EhT”m. ˘UÙØ, A±ÆVp,

L¶Rm, NÍL A±ÆVp, L˚XdLpÆ, T¶ A‡TYd LpÆ, B˙WÙd°Vm ˙TÙu\ GpXÙl

TÙPeL˚[Ÿm CkRl Tœß´p EhT”jRXÙm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPj˙RÙ”m ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Lt\p

A˚P‹L˚[d LiP±k’ AYt˚\ GkR A[‹ œZk˚RLs Ttfls[ÙoLs Gu\ Ußl¿” SPjRlTP

˙Yi”m. Ceœ CWi”ÆRUÙ] Ußl¿”Ls S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m.

1. ˘RÙPo Ußl¿” (CE)

2. T⁄Y Ußl¿” (TE)

˘RÙPo Ußl¿” (CE)

BWmT ®˚X´p ˘UÙØd Lt\p HWÙ[UÙ] ß\uL˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙL S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi•Ÿs[’.

C˚Y L⁄j’Ls, Ei˚ULs, Tp˙Yfl A±‹ UiPXeLs T˚Pl◊Ls GuT]YÙœm. CYt˚\

EhT”jRÙUp ˘UÙØj ß\uL˚[ ÿ•‹ ˘NnV CVXÙ’. ˙Lh”m YÙ£j’m L⁄j’L˚[

Eh˘LÙsfiRp, Tf— G›j’ ÍXm A˚R Y∞´”Rp, T˚Pl◊Ls Y∞´”Rp TÙu\ ß\uLs

˘UÙØdLt\p ÍXm Y[Wf NnV˙Yi”m. BL˙Y UÙØdLt\p GuT˚R NÙRÙWQ ß\uL[ÙL˙YÙ

A±‹ R⁄T˚YVÙL˙YÙ Y˚Wÿ˚\lT”jRd ·PÙ’.

Ceœ Íufl ÿ˚\´XÙ] ˘RÙPo Ußl¿”Ls SPjRlTP˙Yi”m.

• ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿”

• T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ (Port folio) Ußl¿”

• AXœ Ußl¿” (Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤s[ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl©”Rp)

C˚Y Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm ÆŸÙLl TÙol˙TÙm.

˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿”

Lt\p Y˚[´p NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl©”Rp ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙœm. Lt\p NVpÿ˚\ú

GpXÙf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[Ÿm Ußl©Pj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆL˚[ A∞dL˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄

L⁄j’⁄YÙdLd LhPjß¤m œZk˚RL∞u L⁄j’Ls ˘Ttfld˘LÙiP ß\uLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\

Ußl©PXÙm. —VUßl¿h•tœm TWvTW Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœm B£¨Vo Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœm

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Ußl¿h”d œ±l◊L˚[ AXœL∞u A•lT˚P´p E⁄YÙd°l TVuT”jR˙Yi”m.

˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ Ußl©P ˘TÙ’YÙLd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.

1. ˘NVpTÙh•p œZk˚RL∞u Te˙Lt◊ (˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Htfl G”jRp, R≤ STo ˘NVp

˙Uu˚U, œ› D”TÙ”, L⁄j’lTÜÙt\m)

2. L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹

3. ß\uLs ˘TflRp

4. ˘Y∞´”Rp

5. Tß‹ ˘NnRp / RVÙWÙdœRp

Yœl◊ II

31

˘NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl©P ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlThP œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘NV˚XŸm

Ußl©h”, B£¨V¨u Ußl¿h”l TdLjßp Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SPdœm ˙Y˚[´p

˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\d œ±j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m. œZk˚RL∞u ˙SÙh”l◊jRLj˚Rf

˘NVpUßl¿h•tLÙ] Lt\p NÙu\ÙLl TVuT”jR˙Yi”m. T⁄Y (Term) ÿ•Æp Uh”˙U CYt˚\j

RWUÙL UÙt± ARtLÙ] AhPY˚Q´p œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

• T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Ußl¿”

Lt\p ˘RÙPoTÙLd œZk˚RLfidœm ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄dœm B£¨V⁄dœm ©uÚhPm (feedback)A∞lTRtœl T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ TVuT”m. C’ Lt\˚X ˙YLUÙdL ER‹m. Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

YÙ´XÙLd LPk’ Np¤m TÙ’ E⁄YÙœm GpXÙl T˚Pl◊L˚[Ÿm T˚Pl◊j RÙœl©p EhT”jß

Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. TÙPm ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p NÙuflLfim Cßp APeœm.

T˚Pl◊j RÙœl©p

• ˙SÙh”l◊jRLm

• ©\ Lh”˚WLs (R≤STo T˚Pl◊, ˙Uu˚UlT”jßV’)

• ©\ Lt\p NÙuflLs (TPeLs, ˙NL¨l◊)

• Lt\p NÙuflL˚[ Ußl©Pd œZk˚RLs E⁄YÙd°V Ußl¿h”d œ±l◊Ls

• T˚PlTÙt\p Lh”˚WLs

• T´t£j RÙsLs (Work Sheet)

˙TÙu\˚Y APeœm.

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚T Ußl©”YRtœd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[d œ±l◊L˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.

• L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹

• ÿ•‹L∞u J⁄e°˚Ql◊

• £\kR Y•Y˚Ul◊

• ÿ›˚U

• R≤jRu˚U

˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ CYt±u RWm ®oQ´dœm ÿ˚\

˘NVpÿ˚\L∞u Ußl¿”, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p Jq˘YÙ⁄ RW®oQVd

œ±l˚TŸm ™Lf £\kR’ / £\kR’ / NWÙN¨ / C≤Ÿm £\lTÙL ˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ A[Æu

A•lT˚P´p 4/3/2/1 ◊s∞Ls A∞dL˙Yi”m.

5 ˘NVpTÙh”j RW®oQVd œ±l◊Ls Jq˘YÙu±¤m 4/3/2/1 G] Ußl˘Ti A∞j’ ˘UÙjRm 20

Ußl˘Ti G]d LQd°P ˙Yi”m.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ÿ˚\´p Ußl˘Ti˚Qj RWUÙL UÙt\XÙm.

Ußl˘Ti NR≈Rm RWm

15-˛20 75-- ˛ 100 A12 ˛ 14 60 ˛ 74 B9 ˛ 11 45 ˛ 59 C7 ˛ 8 33 ˛ 44 D

Below 7 Below 33 E

J⁄ T⁄Yjßu ˘NVpÿ˚\˚VŸm, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚TŸm ÿ›˚UVÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”,

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ±l©tœm Ußl˘Ti A∞j’j RWUÙL UÙt\ Yi”m. Lt\p NVpTÙh•p UÙQY≤u

ß\u, E⁄YÙd°V T˚Pl◊Ls TÙu\˚Y Ußl¿” NnV B£¨V¨u Lt©jRp L˙V”, UÙQY≤u

˙SÙh”l◊jRLm ˙TÙu\Yt±u Es[PdLj˚R B£¨Vo TVuT”jRXÙm.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

32

(1) B£¨Vo Lt©jRp L˙Vh•u Æ[dLm (Teaching Manual)

Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ ÷hTUÙLj ßhP™P‹m ˘RÙPo Ußl¿h˚Pf £\lTÙLf ˘NnV‹m B£¨Vo

Lt©jRp ˚L˙V” RVÙ¨dL ˙Yi”m. CRtœj Rt˙TÙ’s[ Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh˚Pf ∫W˚UdL

˙Yi”m. Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p ∏˙Zj RWlTh”s[Yt˚\ EhT”jRXÙm.

1. Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

2. L⁄j’Ls / ÿ•‹Ls

3. ß\uLs

4. U]lTÙu˚ULs / StTi◊Ls

5. Lt\p ’˚Qd L⁄ÆLs

6. GßoTÙodœm T˚Pl◊Ls

7. ˙SWm

8. ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Ußl©”R¤m APe°V ˘NVpTÙh”l

TdLÿm Ußl¿h” ÆTWeLs APe°V Ußl¿h”l TdLÿm

9. Ußl¿h”l TdLjßu ÆYWeL∞u A•lT˚P´p ©WßT≠l◊d

œ±l◊Ls

B£¨Vo Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p Ußl¿h•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLs L⁄j’⁄YÙdLjßtLÙ] Lt\p

˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ßhP™Pp, Ußl¿h”f „ZpLs, EjßLs ˙TÙu\˚Y C⁄dL˙Yi”m.

(2) TÙPeLs RÙPoTÙ] SÙh”l◊jRLm Tt±V Æ[dLm

A±‹ UiPXj˚R Ußl¿” ˘NnVl TVuT”j’m ÿd°VUÙ] L⁄Æ˙V UÙQYoL∞u

˙SÙh”l◊jRLm. Jufl CWi” Yœl◊L∞p Lt\p ˘NVpLfidœ HtTl Tp˙Yflf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[

®˚\‹ ˘NnV ˙SÙh”l◊jRLm TVuT”°\’. ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßu YÙ´XÙLd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l

˘Tflm YÙnl◊ UÙQYo Lfidœd °˚Pd°\’. TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f

˘NnYRu ÍXm UÙQYu Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R B£¨VWÙp Eflß ˘NnV

CV¤m. B˚LVÙp Íufl SÙuœ Ik’ Yœl◊L∞p TÙPm ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˙SÙh”l ◊jRLeL˚[

Ußl¿h•tœ EhT”jR˙Yi”m. ˘NVpTÙh•u YÙ´XÙL E⁄YÙ] T˚Pl◊Ls ˘RÙPoTÙ]

Æ[dLeL˚[ UÙQYu œ±j’ ˚YlT’m CkR ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßp RÙu.

LÙXY˚WV˚\dœs B£¨Vo A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl©h”d Lt\p ÿu˙]t\j ßtLÙ] A±‹˚WL˚[Ÿm

ERÆL˚[Ÿm A∞dL ˙Yi”m. AXœ ÿ•Y˚PŸm ˘TÙ›’ AkR AXœ ˘RÙPoTÙ] Lt\p

A˚P‹Ls A˚]j˚RŸm UÙQYu ˘TtflÆhPÙ]Ù GuT˚R A±V ER‹m L⁄ÆVÙL

˙SÙh”l◊jRLm UÙ\˙Yi”m.

L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹, „Z¤dœm L⁄j’Lfidœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Æ[dLm, —V £kR˚]L∞u ˘Y∞¬”,

J⁄e°˚Ql◊ ˙TÙu\˚Y ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjßp C⁄dL˙Yi”m. L⁄j’L˚[j ˘R∞YÙL

˘Y∞´P˙Yi”m. L⁄j’L˚[Ÿm £kR˚]L˚[Ÿm ÿ›˚UVÙL ˘Y∞´”Rp, ˘RÙPof£VÙ]’m

Ju±t˘LÙufl ˘RÙPo◊s[ Æ[dLeLs B°V˚Y Y⁄UÙfl ˙SÙh”l◊jRLjß¤s[ œ±l◊Ls

A˚UV˙Yi”m.

• AXœ Ußl¿”

Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤m, TXÆRd Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l ˘TflYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl

˘RÙPo◊lT”jßd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. CRtœ J⁄ ÿ›˚UVÙ] œQm Ei”. Ko AX˚L

Ußl©”YRu YÙ´XÙL CkR ÿ›˚U˚V Ußl¿” ˘Nn°˙\Ùm. YÙn˘UÙØ Ußl¿”, Æ]Ù•Æ]Ù,

ß\kR ◊jRL Ußl¿”, LsÆLs RVÙ¨jR¤m Tßp Li”©•jR¤m, ◊ßV T˚Pl◊L˚[ Ußl©”Rp

˙TÙu\˚Y AXœ Ußl¿h•p EhT”m. œ±l©hP AX°p Lt\p A˚P‹L∞p œZk˚RLs Ge˙L

Yœl◊ II

33

C⁄d°u\]o GuT˚R A±Vj RW®oQV A[‹˙LÙp (Rating Scale) B£¨Vo NÙR˚]l Th•Vp

(Check list) CYt˚\l TVuT”jRXÙm.

AX˚L Ußl©Pd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p ◊s∞Ls A∞j’ T⁄Yjßu (Term) Cflß´p

Tß˙Yh•p Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m Ju±tœ ˙UtThP AXœL˚[ Ußl©h”, AXœ Ußl¿h•u

NWÙN¨˚Vl T⁄Yjßu (Term) Cflß´p Tß‹ NnRÙp TÙ’m. CRtœ HtTj RW®oQV œ±l◊L˚[

B£¨Vo RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl œ±l◊L˚[j RVÙ¨dœm ˘TÙ›’ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[

GqY[‹ Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R A±V ÿd°Vj’Ym LÙ”dL˙Yi”m. CkR Íufl T⁄YeL∞¤m

(Term) °˚PjR ˘UÙjRl ◊s∞Lfidœ HtTj RWm (Grade) ˘LÙ”j’ œZk˚Rú ˘RÙPoUßl¿h•u

RWj˚Rd (Grade) Li”©•dL Yi”m. L˚XdLpÆ, T¶A‡TYd LpÆ B˙WÙd°V Æ˚[VÙh”d

LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeLfidœm C˙R ÿ˚\´p RWm (Grade) A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

˘RÙPo Ußl¿h”j RWm LiP±Ÿm ÿ˚\ (CE Grade)

Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙPjßu ˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊, AXœ Ußl¿” ˙TÙu\Yt±p Jq˘YÙu±u

RWj˚Rd LQd°hP©u AYt˚\ A,B,C,D,E Gu\ RWjßtœ ÿ˚\˙V 5/4/3/2/1 G] Ußl˘Ti

A∞dLXÙm. CqYÙfl °˚Pdœm ˘UÙjR Ußl˘Ti¶u A•lT˚P´p LtTYü CE RWm

Li”©•dLXÙm.

CE RWm =°˚PjR Ußl˘Ti

X 100˘UÙjR Ußl˘Ti

G”j’dLÙhPÙL J⁄ œZk˚Rdœj R™Øp ˘NVpÿ˚\, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊, AXœ Ußl¿”

˙TÙu\Yt±tœ ÿ˚\˙V A,B, B G]d ˘LÙiPÙp °˚PjR Ußl˘Ti 5+ 4 +4 =13 Bœm. ˘UÙjR

Ußl˘Ti 15 Bœm. RW Ußl˘Ti (NR≈Rjßp) = = 86.67 Bœm. Th•Vp A•lT˚P´p

R™ØtLÙ] CE °˙W” A Bœm.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”j’s[ Th•V˚X ET˙VÙ°j’ CE RWm LQd°PXÙm.

RW Ußl˘Ti NR≈Rm RWm

12- ˛ 15 75-- ˛ 100 A9 ˛ 11 60 ˛ 74 B7 ˛ 8 45 ˛ 59 C5 ˛ 6 33 ˛ 44 D

Below 5 Below 33 E

T⁄Y Ußl¿” (TE)

T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p UÙØl TÙPeL∞p Ußl©P Yi•V AX°u Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs, ˘UÙØd ·flLs, ˘UÙØj ß\uLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl¿”

˘NnV˙Yi”m. Es[PdLm, ß\uLs CYt±tœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l Tp˙Y\Ù] ˙LsÆL˚[

EhT”jRXÙm. A±ÆVp TÙPeLfidœl T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p Ußl©P Yi•V AXœL∞u Es[PdLl

TœßL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’d ˙LsÆLs

RVÙo ˘Nn’ Ußl¿” ˘NnVXÙm.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ AXœ/L⁄j’ UiPXjßtœ E¨V ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’l Tp˙Y\Ù] E[f NVpLfidœ

(A±‹, AX£ BWÙnk’ ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp, A±Æu TVuTÙ” T˚Pl◊j ß\u Ußl©”Rp ˙TÙu\

E[f ˘NVpLs) RœkR ÿd°Vj’Ym A∞j’ J⁄ ◊©üh RVÙo ˘Nn’ TXÆRUÙ] ˙LsÆLs

RVÙ¨dL Yi”m. LsÆLfidœl TÙ⁄jRUÙ] RW ®oQV œ±l◊Ls E⁄YÙd° AR]•lT˚P´p

Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

L˚XdLpÆ, T¶A‡TYd LpÆ, —LÙRÙWd LpÆ TÙu\ TÙPeL˚[f Nnÿ˚\ú A•lT˚P´p

T⁄Y Ußl¿” ˘NnV˙Yi”m. C˚Rf ˘NVpÿ˚\ Ußl¿” (Performance Assessment) Gufl ·\XÙm.

13 X 100

15

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

34

ARtLÙ] UÙß¨Ls AkRkRl TÙPeL∞u ˚L˙Vh•p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[]. L˚XdLpÆ,

T¶A‡TYdLpÆ, —LÙRÙWd LpÆ ˙TÙu\ TÙPeLfidœ CkR ÿ˚\´p RWm A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

Ußl¿h•tLÙ] Tp˙Yfl T•YeLs (BWmT ®˚X)

T⁄Yjßp J⁄ ÿ˚\ Uh”˙U RWeL˚[d œ±l©hP T•Yjßp A˚PVÙ[lT”jR ˙Yi”m. 1

ÿRp 4 Y˚W Yœl◊L∞p T•Ym F1 J⁄ T⁄Yjßp J⁄ ÿ˚\ Tß‹ Nn’ Cß≠⁄k’ CE RWÿm TERWÿm Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l T•Yjßp (T•Ym F3) UÙt± G›RXÙm. TÙPeL∞u Ußl˘Ti˚Q

Uh”UpXÙUp œZk˚Rú NÍL U] A[ÆXÙ] £\kR œ±l◊L˚[Ÿm Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l

T•Yjßp A˚PVÙ[lT”jRXÙm. 5 ÿRp 8 Y˚WŸs[ Yœl◊L∞p Bi•p J⁄ RP˚Y Jq˘YÙ⁄

TÙPjßu Ußl˘Ti˚Ql T•Ym F2˛p A˚PVÙ[lT”jßV ©u, Bi” J⁄e°˚Ql◊l T•Ym

F4˛p UÙt± A˚PVÙ[lT”jR ˙Yi”m.

TÙPeL˚[ SPj’m B£¨VoL˙[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ T⁄Yjß¤m F2 p Tß‹ ˘Nn’ Yœl◊ B£¨V⁄dœ

A∞dL Yi”m. YœlTÙ£¨Vo AR˚] J⁄e°˚Qj’ F4˛p A˚PVÙ[lT”jR Yi”m. Tp˙Yfl

Y•YeLs LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

TE-RWm ®oQ´dœm ÿ˚\

T⁄Y Ußl¿h•u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˙LsÆL∞u RW ®oQV œ±l◊Lfidœ Ußl˘Ti A∞j’ 4/3/2/1

ARu A•lT˚P´p Jq˘YÙ⁄ NVpTÙ”Lfidœm RWm LQd°P Yi”m. UÙjR RWm Ußl˘Ti

A•lT˚P´p TÙPjßu RWm LQd°P ˙Yi”m. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”j’s[ ÿ˚\´p RWm. gradeLQd°PXÙm.

RW ◊s∞Ls (NR≈Rjßp) RWm

75 ˛ 100 A60 -˛ 74 B45 -˛ 59 C33 -˛ 44 D

33dœ œ˚\YÙL E

Ußl¿” ˛ Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ (BWmT ®˚X)

T⁄Y Ußl¿h•p °˚Pdœm CE ◊s∞Ls / RWj˚Rd LQd°h” 3 T⁄Yjß¤m œZk˚Rdœd °˚PjR

™L‹m EVokR ◊s∞ / RWj˚R Y⁄PjßtLÙ] RÙPo Ußl¿h•u UÙjR RWUÙL A∞dL Yi”m.

ÿRp T⁄Yjßp J⁄˙Y˚[ œ˚\kR °˙W” YÙe°V J⁄ œZk˚R ©u]o Lt\≠p ÿu˙]±

Y⁄m˘TÙ›’ CE˛Cp œZk˚Rú RWj˚R ˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m. œZk˚R RWjßp ˙Uu˚U

˘Ttfls[Ùu GuT˚R ˙UtTÙo˚Y YÙ´XÙL Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©‡˚PV‹m

Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ T•Ym ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[’.

NÍL E[m NÙokR UiPX Ußl¿” (BWmT ®˚X)

A±‹ UiPXj˚Rl ˙TÙX˙Y ™L‹m ÿd°VUÙ] Ju˙\ NÍL ˛ E[ UiPXjßu Ußl©”Rp.

Learning to know, Learning to do, Learning together, Learning to be ˙TÙu\ ß\uL˚[d LY]jßp

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. NÍL U]√ß UiPXeL∞u Ußl¿h”Pu ˘RÙPo◊ T”jßd ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[

ß\uL˚[ Ußl¿” ˘NnVXÙm.

1. L⁄j’l TÜÙt\jß\u (Coummunication Skills)

2. R≤STo ß\u (Interpersonal Skills)

3. T¨‹ (Empathy)

4. EQo‹LfiPu Jj’l˙TÙRp (Coping with emotions)

5. æoUÙ]˘U”jRp (Decision making)

Yœl◊ II

35

6. U] A›jRj˚Rj Gßo ˘LÙsfim ß\u (Coping with Stress)

7. T˚PlTÙt\p ß\u (Creative thinking Skills)

8. ÆUoN] √ß´XÙ] £kR˚] (Critical thinking)

9. ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u (Problem Solving Skills)

10. —V ˙UXÙi˚U (Self - Management)

A±‹NÙo UiPXjßu TÙPeL˚[ SPj’m B£¨V˙W CYt±u Ußl¿h˚PŸm ˘NnV˙Yi”m.

AkRkRl TÙPeL∞u NVpÿ˚\˚V Ußl¿” NnŸm TÙ˙R CkR Ußl¿h˚PŸm NnV˙Yi”m.

Ce˙L ˘NVpß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnY’Pu StTi◊Ls U]®˚XLs ˙TÙu\˚Y E⁄YÙœm ÆRm


NÍL E[ UiPXjßp UÙQYu ˘Tt\ £\l◊ CVp◊L˚[ LiP±k’ Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQY≤u SpX ß\uL˚[ FdœÆdL˙Yi”m. C’ RÙPoTÙL B£¨Vo œ±l˙Th•p

œ±dL ˙Yi”m. NÍL E[ UiPXeL˚[ Ußl¿” ˘Nn’ Y⁄P J⁄e°˚Ql◊ AhPY˚Q´p

œ±dL Yi”m. CRtLÙ] T•Yjßp œ±l©hP LhPm RWlTh”s[’. UÙQY‡˚PV Lt\p Rof£

A±d˚L´¤m C’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] SpX œ±l◊Ls A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

36

b) ˘

RÙP

o U

ßl¿

” (

CE)

, T

⁄Y

Uß

l¿

” (

TE)

˙T

Ùu

\˚

Y J

q˘

YÙ⁄

T⁄

Yjß

¤m

Tß

‹ ˘

Nn

V E

R‹

m

TÙP

j ˘

RÙP

oT

Ù]

J⁄

e°

˚Q

l◊ T

•Y

m (F

2)

T⁄

Ym

1/2

/3

TÙP

m ..................................................... Y

œl◊ ......................................... ©

¨‹

...............................

Gi

UÙQ

Y≤

u

TV

oCE

˘NVp ÿ˚\

T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl◊

AXœUßl¿”

CE RWm

TE RWm

Remark

Yœl◊ II

37

Y⁄

P J

⁄e

°˚

Ql◊ T

•Y

m (5 ˛

8 Y

œl◊) ˛ F

3

Yœ

l◊

:©

¨‹

:

Y⁄

Pm

:

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

38

Ußl¿”

A‘œÿ˚\ : Lt\p A˚P‹Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym

A∞dœm A‘œÿ˚\

˘RÙPo Utflm ÿ›˚UVÙ] Ußl¿” CCE

A±‹ UiPXm NÍL E[ UiPXm

˘RÙPo T⁄Y

Ußl¿” Ußl¿”

CE TE

♦ ˘NVpÿ˚\ ♦ L⁄j’Ls

♦ T˚Pl◊j ♦ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

˘RÙœl◊ ÿR≠V˚Y

♦ AXœ

1. L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\u.

2. R≤ STo ß\u.

3. T¨‹.

4. EQo‹LfiPu Jj’l ˙TÙRp.

5. U] A›jRj˚R Gßo

˘LÙsfim ß\u

6. æoUÙ]˘U”jRp.

7. ©WfN˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘Rp.

8. ÆUoN] √ß´XÙR £k˚R.

9. T˚PlTÙt\p ß\u.

10. —V ˙UXÙi˚U.

Yœl◊ II

39

Yœl◊ II (R™r)

TÙPl T°o‹ AhPY˚Q

AXœ : 1 GeL Fo TÙXÙœUÙ? 20 SÙhLs

AXœ : 2 ≈” SpX ≈” 23 SÙhLs

AXœ : 3 Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu 15 SÙhLs

ÿRp ®˚X Ußl¿”

AXœLs 1, 2, 3

(7 ®Lr‹Ls Y˚W)

AXœ : 3 ˘RÙPof£... 5 SÙhLs

AXœ : 4 E´o YÙZ 15 SÙhLs


¡sTÙo˚Y 12 SÙhLs

AXœ : 5 ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L 17 SÙhLs

AXœ : 6 UkßW U˚Z 15 SÙhLs

CWiPÙm ®˚X Ußl¿”

AXœLs 3, 4, 5, 6

AXœ : 6 RÙPof£.... 5 SÙhLs

AXœ : 7 T£j’l ◊£ 16 SÙhLs

AXœ : 7 ˘RÙPof£ 3 SÙhLs

AXœ : 8 Èm Èm Yi• 15 SÙhLs


¡sTÙo˚Y Cflß ®˚X Ußl¿”

_¯u

_¯˚X

BLv”

˘NlPmTo

Ad˙PÙTo

SYmTo

•NmTo

_]Y¨

©lWY¨

UÙof

T⁄Ym UÙRm AXœ T°o‹ ˙R˚YlT”m SÙhLs

Íu

\Ùm

T⁄

Ym

CWi

PÙm

T⁄

Ym

ÿRp

T⁄

Ym

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

40 AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?AXœ 1

CkßVÙÆp ˘T⁄mTœßŸm °WÙUeL˙[. °WÙUj˚RlTt±

A±k’˘LÙsYRtœm D”TÙ” ˘LÙsYRtœm ER‹m ÆRjßp CqYXœ

Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

°WÙUjßu CVt˚LVZœ, °WÙUl◊\ Æ˚[VÙh”Ls, °WÙU UdL∞u

˘RÙØpLs ˙TÙu\˚YTt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙœUÙfl TÙPlTœßŸm

˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLl-Th”s[].

1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W´XÙ] GiL˚[d ·\‹m G›R‹m,

˘T¨V’ £±V’ LiP±V‹m, CWi•XdL GiL˚[l

Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[dL‹m, ·hPp LØjRp

°¨˚VLs ˘NnV‹m, G∞Vÿ˚\˚Vd LiP±Ÿm

L¶Rd L⁄j’L˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m

ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL...

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˛ TÙPp, Æ”L˚R

˘UÙØjRı\uLs : JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[

YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’Rp, ◊ßV NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœRp

Yœl◊ II

AXœ 1 : GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

41

LÙX AhPY˚Q

AXœ 1 ˛ GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ? (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)

G]’ Fo (L¶Rm)

®Lr‹ ˙R˚YVÙ] SÙhLs

1. ˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ 3

2. J⁄ Æ”ÿ˚\d LÙXjßp (L¶Rm) 2

3. F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm 2

4. SÙPL AWeœ (L¶Rm) 1

5. Gu] BhPm BPXÙm? 2

6. GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh” (L¶Rm) 3

7. GeL AlTÙ... AmUÙ 3

8. ˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ (L¶Rm) 3

19 SÙhLs

AXœ Ußl¿” 1 SÙs

˘UÙjRm 20 SÙhLs

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

1. F¨u CVt˚L AZ˚L Yo¶dœm TÙP˚Xj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’, UhP˚Uj’/TÙ”Y˚Rd Lh”l

TÙ”°\ÙoLs.

2. TÙP≠p CPm˘Ttfls[ JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

3. Lt\ ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR ÿ›˚UVÙ] YÙd°VeL˚[ E⁄YÙd°

G›’°\ÙoLs.

4. ˙LhP/YÙ£jR Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P G›’°\ÙoLs.

5. LiP/LÙ‘m LÙh£L˚[ G∞V YÙd°VeL∞p Æ[d°f ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

6. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd Lh” Aß¤s[ L⁄j’L˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/

G›’°\ÙoLs.

7. ˘LÙ”dLlThP „Z¤dœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ◊ßV L⁄jR˚UkR YÙd°VeLs G›’°\ÙoLs.

8. ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ NÙtL∞u TÙ⁄s ◊XlT”UÙfl ÿ›˚UVÙ] YÙd°VeLs G›’°\ÙoLs.

9. N¨VÙ] J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[l TVuT”jßl ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

10. ˘UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.

11. TP YÙ£l©u YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tt\ L⁄j’L˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

12. LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Te˙Ltflj Rm L⁄j˚Rd ·fl°\ÙoLs.

13. YÙ£l◊l TœßL˚[j RY±u±j ˘R∞YÙ] EfN¨l˙TÙ” YÙ£d°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

1. Rm F¨¤s[ CVt˚LV˚Ul◊ (Bfl, œ[m, U˚X, œufl...) Tt±d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

2. CWi” CVt˚LV˚Ul◊L˚[ Jl©h” AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ Jtfl˚U ˙Ytfl˚UL˚[l

Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

3. ReLs F¨p Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh”L∞u ˘TVoL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

4. Tp˙Yfl ˘RÙØpL∞u ˘TVoL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

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49

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Yœl◊ II


51

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Æ”ÿ˚\ ÿ•k’ R™rf NpÆ F⁄dœf Np¤m SÙs S⁄e°V’. R™rf NpÆ

R]’ Y⁄jRj˚R SiToL∞Pm ˘R¨ÆjRÙs. ""˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ ÿ•k’ ˙TÙLXÙm''

Læ_Ù ·±]Ùs. TÙh•Ÿm AqYÙ˙\ ·\j R™rf ˘NpÆ SÙhL˚[ Gi¶]Ùs.

TÙPlTœß :

R™rf˘NpÆ SÙhLÙh•˚V G”jRÙs. ˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙÆu SÙhL˚[Ÿm

ThPQjßtœf ˘Np¤m SÙ˚[Ÿm Gi¶l TÙojRÙs. "˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ'.

ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹

˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ ÿ•kR’. R™rf˘NpÆ R]’ TÙh•´Pÿm SiToL∞Pÿm

Æ˚P˘Ttfll ThPQjßtœj ß⁄m©]Ùs. AYs A”jR Æ”ÿ˚\˚V

Gßo˙SÙd°´⁄kRÙs.

YœlT˚\dœf ˘Np¤mÿu...

Ko AX˚Lj ˘RÙPeœYRtœ ÿu AqYX°tLÙ] L˚RdL[j˚R

ÿ›˚UVÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙Lt\YÙfl L⁄j’f £˚RVÙUp ·\

˙Yi”m.

˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[ ÿu]˙W RVÙ¨j’ ˚YdL˙Yi”m.

NÙoh•p G›R ˙Yi•V TœßL˚[ ÿu·h•˙V G›ß ˚YdL

˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛1

˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ

CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ ˛ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 1, 2

L˚XdLpÆ ˛ 17˛18

TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸm ÿu...

˙LÙ˚PÆ”ÿ˚\ ÿ•k’ Ts∞ BWmTUÙœm Cq˙Y˚[´p œZk˚RLfiPu Æ”ÿ˚\dLÙX

A‡TYeL˚[d ˙Lh”l ©u]o TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm.

• Æ”ÿ˚\´p øeLs Gu˘]u] ˘NnæoLs?

• E\Æ]oLs ≈h•tœf ˘Nu\YoLs GjR˚]˙To?

• Æ”ÿ˚\´p øeLs ™L‹m W£jR’ Gu]?

• —tflXÙf ˘Nu\YoLs VÙo VÙo?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh” œZk˚RLfiPu CVpTÙL E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm

·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. EeLfi˚PV Æ”ÿ˚\ A‡TYeL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs.

EeL˚[l TÙu\ J⁄ œZk˚R R™rf˘NpÆ R]’ Ts∞ Æ”ÿ˚\dœ Geœf Nu\Ùs R¨ŸUÙ?

G]d˙Lh”,

®Lr‹ Ju±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs ARu ©u.

• R™rf˘NpÆú AlTÙ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt± Gu]˘YpXÙm TÙ•´⁄lTÙo Gufl ˙LfieLs.

œZk˚RLs œ[m, YVp, U˚X, œ•˚N, BhLs Gu\ G’ ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m ·\h”m. œZk˚RLs

·flY˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´˙XÙ T—mTX˚L´˙XÙ G›’eLs.

EeL∞p VÙo VÙo ·±V’ N¨ Gufl TÙol˙TÙm G]d·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

TP YÙ£l◊

œZk˚RLs TPj˚R Etfld LY≤dLh”m. TPjßu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• TPjßp øeLs Gu˘]u] LÙi°»oLs?

• Gu˘]u] E´¨]eLs TPjßp Es[]?

• ˘TiLs Gu] ˘Nn’˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?

œZk˚RL∞u EtfldLY≤dœm ß\u Y[W Cf˘NVpTÙ” ER‹UpXYÙ?

˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ

R™rf˘NpÆú AlTÙ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt±l TÙ•]Ùo ApXYÙ? AYo TÙ•V TÙh˚Pd ˙LfieLs

G]d·±l TÙP˚X ˘Uh”Pu TÙ•d LÙi©ŸeLs. œZk˚RLs ˙LhLh”m.

©•jR Y¨ G’? Hu?

CWiPÙm Yœl◊d œZk˚RL˚[l TÙfljRUh•p TÙP≠p "©•jRY¨ G’?' G]d˙LhPÙp TÙP˚Xd

˙Lhœm ˘TÙ›’ ˙LhL C≤˚UVÙL C⁄dœm Y¨L˚[ Uh”˙U ·flYÙoLs. AkR Y¨ú

L⁄j’L˚[ Eh˘LÙi” ·flY’ Ntflf £WUm RÙu. G]˙Y TÙP≠p EeLfidœl ©•jR Y¨˚Vd

·± ARtLÙ] LÙWQj˚RŸm ·\˙Yi”m. ARu ©u]od œZk˚RLs ReLfidœl ©•jR Y¨˚Vd

Li”©•j’d ·± ARu LÙWQj˚RŸm Æ[dLh”m.

Yœl◊ II


53

TÙPp A±ÿLm GqYÙ˘\pXÙm?

B£¨Vo TÙP œZk˚RLs ˙LhPp...

B£¨V⁄Pu ˙Nok’ TÙ”Rp

œZk˚RLs œ›YÙLl TÙ”Rp

œZk˚RLs R≤VÙLl TÙ”Rp

EWdLl TÙ”Y’ VÙo Gufl NYÙp G›l©l TÙP˚YjRp

J⁄ Y¨˚V B£¨Vo TÙP, A”jR Y¨˚Vd œZk˚RLs TÙ”Rp.

J⁄ œ› ÿRpTjß˚Vl TÙP, A”jR œ› CWiPÙm Tjß˚Vl

TÙ”Rp

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLs RU’ °WÙUj˚Rl Tt± A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m, EtfldLY≤j’j R]’

°WÙUjßu AZ˚L W£dL‹m £\l◊L˚[d ·\‹m ER‹m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. ◊jRLjßp £X Æ]ÙdLs

RWlTh”s[]. A’Uh”Uu± U¤m Æ]ÙdLs RVÙ¨j’d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd

œZk˚RLfim ·\ YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs

TÙP˚X A±ÿLm ˘NnR ©u œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL YÙ£j’l TÙP≠p Y⁄m JjR K˚NŸ˚PV

˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. ARu ©u R≤VÙL G›ßVYt˚\ C⁄Yo œ›Æp

T¨˙NÙßdLh”m. H˙R‡m CWi” œ›dLs "JjR K˚NŸ˚PV NÙtL˚[' Y∞´Ph”m. œZk˚RLs

G›’YRtœf £WUm HtThPÙp Ju\Ùm Yœl©¤s[ "K˘W›j’ UÙt±]Ùp' ˘NVpTÙh˚P ®˚]‹

T”j’eLs.

LÙp ˛ TÙp ˛ YÙp

Yi” ˛ Li” ˛ Ri”, œi”

"˘LÙh•d°Pdœm ˙TWZœ' TÙP≠p Yk’s[ JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs.

LÙt±≤˙X ˛ ˙Nt±≤˙X

œ⁄Æ ˛ A⁄Æ

œh• ˛ ˘LÙh• ˛ øh• ˛ TÙh•

˘NeL⁄m◊ ˛ ˘Nq˘Yflm◊

..................................... ˛ ....................................................................

ARu©u TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ £X ˘NÙtLfidœ ®LWÙ] JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d

œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLd Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’eLs

RWlTh”s[ NÙt˘\ÙP˚Wl TVuT”jßl ◊ßV YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœY’ GuT’ CWiPÙm Yœl◊d

œZk˚RL˚[l TÙfljRUh•p BWmTd LhPUÙœm. BRXÙp ™L‹m LY]UÙLf NVpTP Yi”m.

J⁄ NÙp˚Xl TVuT”jß YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœm NVpTÙ”Ls Sp°V ©u]˙W Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P

SpL ˙Yi”m.

Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’ ˛ YV≠u S”˙Y Bfl Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’ ˘Np°\’

TWk’ Æ¨k’ ˛ ÍQÙ±p ˙R´˚Xj˙RÙhPm TWk’ Æ¨k’ LÙQlT”°\’

œ≤k’ ®™ok’ ˛ œ≤k’ ®™ok’ EPtT´t£ ˘NnRRÙp EPp Y¤Y˚PkR’

Í•jß\k’ ˛ ˙T]Ù˚Y Í•jß\k’ Æ˚[VÙ•VRÙp ˙T]Ù ∏˙Z Æ›kR’

ÿh•˙UÙß ˛ Y˚[dœs ALlThP G≠ ÿh•˙UÙß ˘Y∞˙VYW ÿVu\’

SÙu VÙo?

œZk˚RLfidœ Æ”L˚R˘Vu\Ùp ™L‹m ©•dœm. Ju\Ùm Yœl◊ ÿRp œZk˚RLs Tp˙Yfl

Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚PLÙQ‹m Æ”L˚RLs E⁄YÙdL‹m ˘Nn’s[]o. Cf˘NVpTÙh•p Y⁄m

Æ”L˚RLfidœd œZk˚RLs Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. ˙U¤m TX Æ”L˚RLs ßWh• J⁄

˘RÙœlTÙdLh”m. Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl©u A•lT˚P´p Æ”L˚Rl ˙TÙh• SPjRXÙm.

VÙo ˘T¨VYu?

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ›Ætœ U˚Z Guflm A”jR œ›Ætœ ˘Y´p

Guflm ˘TV¨”eLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m AR‡˚PV £\l◊L˚[d ·\h”m. AqYl˙TÙ’ øeLs

NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

U˚Z ˘Y´p

• •

• •

• •

• •GkRdœ› AßLm £\l◊L˚[d LiP±kR’ G]d ˙LfieLs. AkRd œ›˙Y ˘Yt± ˘Tt\’.

CkRf NVpTÙh•tœl©u TÙPl◊jRLjß¤s[ "˙YflTÙ”' Gu\ NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf

˘NnVh”m. ""VÙo T¨VYu?' Gu\ NVpTÙh•tœl ©u U˚Zdœm Y´¤dœÿs[ YflTÙh˚Pd

œZk˚RLs A±k’s[ÙoLs ApXYÙ? AR]•lT˚P´p Bfl œ[m, U˚X œufl, YVp ◊p˘Y∞

CYt±tœ C˚P˙VVÙ] ˙YflTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

EiPÙ? Cp˚XVÙ? A˚PVÙ[™”eLs.

C’ œZk˚RLfidœj "RLYp ßWh”Rp' ß\u T\ ER‹m BWmTdLhPf NVpTÙPÙœm. RWlTh”s[

AhPY˚Q´u ERÆŸPu ReLs °WÙUj˚Rl Tt±V RLYpL˚[j ßWh• ˘Y∞´Ph”m.

˘NÙpÆ˚[VÙh”

Eu ˘TVo Gu]?

SÙu ·flm Íufl ˘NÙtL∞p Gu ˘TVo Ei”

˘NÙtL˚[d ·fl

Yœl◊ II


55

Æ Wp

_ u]p

VÙ o

Eu ˘TVo Æ_VÙ

C’˙TÙu\ ˘NÙpÆ˚[VÙh˚P SPj’eLs. œZk˚RLs BoYÿPu Æ˚[VÙ”YÙoLs ApXYÙ?

©uRe°V UÙQYoLfidœ SÙu A∞jR˚Y

JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dLf £WUm HtThP

œZk˚RLfidœ "K˘W›j˚R UÙt±]Ùp' NVpTÙh˚P Sp°˙]u.

œ›Æu R˚X˚Ul ˘TÙfll˚T Sp°˙]u.

YÙ£l©p ©u Re°VYoLfidœ YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p

T´t£ Sp°˙]u.

G›’Yßp ˙YLm CpXÙRYoLfidœl ˙TÙßV ˙SWm Sp°˙]u.

J∞kß⁄dœm YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•jRp

CWi˙PÙ Íu˙\Ù £u]f£u] YÙd°VeL˚[j Rok˘R”eLs. AYt±¤s[

˘NÙtL˚[d L⁄mT˚X˚L´p £R± G›’eLs. Cßp GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs

Es[]? VÙWÙp Li”©•dL ÿ•Ÿm? Gufl NYÙp Æ”eLs. œZk˚RLs

Li”©•dL ÿVt£dLh”m. ARtLÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm A∞ŸeLs. ""SÙu

Jq˘YÙ⁄ YÙd°VUÙLf ˘NÙp¤˙Yu. øeLs AqYÙd°Vjßp CPm ˘Tflm

˘NÙtL˚[ C˚Qj’d LÙ” Y˚WkRÙp TÙ’m''. Ju˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ œZk˚RLs

øeLs ˘NÙp¤m YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•j’d ˙LÙ” C›dLh”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p

CPm ˘Tflm T˚Pl-

◊L˚[ Ußl©P ˙Yi-

”-UpXYÙ?

JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtLs

AhPY˚Q

YÙd°Vjßp A˚UjRp

TPm

T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl◊

G]’ œZk˚RLs

Su\ÙLf KW[‹ ©uRe°V

˘NnRYoLs ˘NnRYoLs YoLs

1. TÙP˚Xl TÙ”Rp

2. ˘UhP˚UjRp

3. Æ”L˚R G›’Rp

4. Æ”L˚R E⁄YÙdœRp

5. JjR K˚NŸ˚PV

˘NÙtLs Li”©•jRp

6. YÙd°Vjßp G›’Rp

7. AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl◊Rp

Yœl◊ II


57

®Lr‹ ˛ 2

J⁄ Æ”ÿ˚\d LÙXjßp (L¶Rm TdLm 7˛9)

®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚Rd·t˚\ EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtTd L⁄j’UÙ\ÙUp ·fleLs. L˚Rd·tfl

CqYX°u BWmTjßp RWlTh”s[’. L˚Rd·t˚\d ·±V©u L¶Rl TÙPl◊jRLjßu ÿRp

AX˚L A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.

Ck®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\

˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm ˛ 5, 6, 9

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs : UgNÙ•/◊∞V Æ˚RLs/˘Sp≠dLÙnLs

˘Sp≠UWjR•´p

Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi‘YRtœm, Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm

˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtœUÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

G]dœd °˚PjR ˘Sp≠dLÙnLs

R™rf ˘NpÆ EeLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm ˘Sp≠dLÙnLs RWl

˙TÙ°\Ùs. øeLs A˚Rl Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° ˚YdL˙Yi”m

G]d·± Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˘Sp≠d LÙnL˚[d ˘LÙ”dL

˙Yi”m. Tjßtœ AßLUÙ] Sp≠dLÙnLs C⁄dœUÙfl TÙoj’d

˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m. œZk˚RLs Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi¶d

·\h”m. ARu ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p

L⁄ÆLs

• œf£dLh”Ls

• ˙LÙ≠Ls

• ˘TÙh”Ls

• Gi Ah˚PLs

• ◊∞Vÿj’Ls

• UgNÙ•

10 8 =

10 310 =

10 510 =10

Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\˚]

Ußl¿” ˘Nn≈oL[pXYÙ?

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh”

1 ÿRp 10 Y˚WŸs[ GiLs G›RlTh”s[

Ah˚PL˚[ Ik’ ≈Rm J⁄ ˘Th•´p

˙TÙP‹m. œZk˚RL˚[ CWi”

œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ› J⁄ Gi˚Qd

·\h”m (G.LÙ 37) . A”jR œ›

˘Th•´≠⁄k’ 37 dœ ®LWÙ] Ah˚PL˚[

G”j’ A”dLh”m. œZk˚RLs Gi˚Qd

·flm ˘TÙ›’ A”jR œ› Gi¶tœ

®LWÙ] Ah˚PL˚[ A”d° ˚Yj’

GiL˚[d ·flm˙TÙ’m NÙoh•p

G›’eLs.

Gi Gi Ah˚PLs

®Wl◊eLs

1.

2.

3.

4.

10 10 10 38

10 10 5

10 24

30

Ußl¿”

˘RÙPo Ußl¿” ˘NnYRtœ 3 TœßLs Es[],

A˚Y Lt\p ˘NVpUßl¿”, T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊

Ußl¿”, AXœ Ußl¿” GuT]YÙœm.

5 œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Lt\p ˘NV˚X

Ußl©P ˙Yi”m A˚Y Te˙Lt◊, L⁄j’j

˘R∞‹, ß\uLs, ˘Y∞´”Rp A˚PVÙ[l

T”j’Rp B°V˚YVÙœm.

T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ Ußl¿” NnY’ Tt±V „Zp

B£¨Vo T‡Y≠p RWlTh”s[’.

37 10 10 10 7

28

14

20

41

Ußl¿”

œZk˚RLs 10 u œ›dL[Ùd°

GiQ‹m G›R‹m

GiL˚[l ©¨jR±V‹m

˘Nn°\Ùo-L[Ù?

Yœl◊ II


59

˘Sp≠dLÙnLs ˘UÙjRm GjR˚]?

Tjßu œ›dL[Ùd° Gi‘YRtœd œZk˚RLfidœj ˘R¨Ÿm. A˚Rl TX ÆRjßp TVuT”jß

Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[ G∞˚UVÙLd ·hPXÙm.

4 6 5

10 5 15

+ +

+ =

˙U¤m TX L¶R Æ]ÙdLfidœd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL Æ˚P Li”©•j’ EjßL˚[d ·\h”m.

Li”©•l˙TÙm

TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ UkßWf N’Wj˚Rj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’ GiL˚[d ·h• Æ˚PL˚[ Jl©h”f

£\l◊L˚[d ·\h”m.

GiL˚[d Li”©•ŸeLs

RWlTh”s[ LhPeL∞p Æ”ThP LhPeL˚[ ®WlT˙Yi”m. B]Ùp J⁄ ®TkR˚]. ˙U≠⁄k’

∏ZÙL‹m, CP™⁄k’ YXUÙL‹m œfldLÙL‹m ˘S”dLÙL‹m Y⁄m Íufl

GiL˚[d ·h•]Ùp Æ˚P 15 YW˙Yi”m Gufl NYÙp Æ”eLs.

œZk˚RLs NYÙ˚X Ht˘\”j’f ˘NnVh”m.

6 8

2 4

©uRe°V UÙQYoLfidœ

Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d ·hPf £WUm HtThPYoLfidœl

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß Gi¶d·\ YÙnlT∞j˙Ru.

Ußl¿”

• Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d

·hP G∞˚UVÙ] ÿ˚\˚Vd

L˚P©•d°u\]WÙ?

• ˘RÙ˚L LiPßu Ejß˚Vd

·fl°u\]WÙ?

• Íufl K¨XdL GiL˚[d ·h”YRtœ Gk˘RkR

CPeL∞p £WUm HtThP’?

• GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm J˙W CPjßp £WUm

HtThPRÙ?

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm GlT• ER‹Y’?

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 3

F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm

®Lr‹ Íu±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs, ARu©\œ L˚R®LrÆu

A•lT˚P´¤m LRÙTÙjßWeL∞u A•lT˚P´¤m J⁄ £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu

E˚WVÙ”eLs. AqYÙfl E˚WVÙ”m ˙TÙ’ LRÙTÙjßWeLs, ®Lrf£Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\d Liÿu

˘LÙi”YW‹m TÙPlTœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dœm BoYm E⁄YÙdL‹m CV¤m.

• R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim F¨p Gu˘]u] TÙojß⁄lTÙoLs?

• Gu˘]u] ˘Nnß⁄lTÙoLs?

• øeLs EeLs F˚Wf —t±l TÙojR’iPÙ?

• Gu˘]u] TÙojæoLs?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.

RÙeLs ·±V’ TÙPlTœß´p Yk’s[RÙ GuT˚R A±Vl TÙPlTœß˚Vj ß\k’ TÙodLh”m.

TPYÙ£l◊

"F⁄dœs˙[ EtNÙLm' TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TPeL˚[ EtfldLY≤dLh”m. AR]•lT˚P´p

AYoLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• Læ_Ù Ge°⁄d°\Ùs?

• œ[jßp œßlT’ VÙWÙL C⁄dœm?

• AYu Hu œ[jßp œßd°\Ùu?

• RÙU˚WlÈ UÙ˚X A¶kß⁄lT’ VÙo?

• ◊˚LlTPm G”lT’ VÙo?

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. ARu©u œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V

YÙ£j’lTÙodLh”m. J⁄ ÿ˚\ AYoLs YÙ£jR©u AR]•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.

• ◊˚LlTPm G”dœm˘TÙ›’ Læ_Ù Gu] ·\ı]Ùs?

• ˘NpÆdœd LmUp, Ídœjß ˙YiPÙUÙ G]d ˙LhP’ VÙo?

ARu©u TÙPlTœß˚V øeLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ ®fljß ®RÙ]UÙL YÙ£ŸeLs.

Yœl◊ II


61

YÙ£l◊

B£¨Vo YÙ£l◊

œ›Æp YÙ£l◊

R≤STo YÙ£l◊

EWjR YÙ£l◊

˘U¸] YÙ£l◊

œ±l©hP ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•dœm YÙ£l◊

B£¨Vo RY\ÙL YÙ£dLd œZk˚RLs RYt˚\d Li”©•dL

YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•

˙_Ù•l ˘TÙ⁄jRm

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£lTRtœm, £X NÙtL˚[ G›’YRtœUÙ] ™Lf£\kR J⁄ NVpTÙ˙P

C’.

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi•Wi” ˙ToL[Ù] œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. AkR CWi”˙T⁄dœm TÙPlTœß´u

HRÙY’ J⁄ TdLj˚Rd LÙi©dL ˙Yi”m. C⁄Y⁄m J⁄Yo ÿLj˚R J⁄Yo TÙodLÙUp ß⁄m©

AUW ˙Yi”m. R]’ ˙_Ù• Gu˘]u] ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’YÙu G] F°j’ C⁄Y⁄m AkR

TdLjß≠⁄k’ ˘NÙtL˚[j ˙Rok˘R”j’ G›R ˙Yi”m. C⁄Y⁄m Tj’ ˘NÙtLs ≈Rm G›Rh”m.

˙_Ù•Ls G›ßV ˘NÙtL∞p J˙W ˙TÙp YkR ˘NÙtLs GjR˚] GuT˚R GiQh”m. J˙W ˙TÙp

·”Rp ˘NÙtLs G›ßV ˙_Ù• ˘Yt± ˘Tt\’. AkR ˙_Ù•dœ SpX ˘TÙ⁄jRm Ei” G]d ·\

˙Yi”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’ÿ•jR©u AR]•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim —RkßWUÙL

E˚WVÙP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ©\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 4

SÙPL AWeœ (L¶Rm)

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs

• SÙtLÙ≠L∞p GiL∞PlThP NÙoh

• GiL∞PlThP YœlT˚\ SÙtLÙ≠Ls

• Gi Ah˚PLs

E⁄YÙœm T˚Pl◊ : C⁄d˚L Gi Y¨˚NlT”jßV NÙoh

1 ÿRp 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL Gi‘Rp, G›’Rp

®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdL˚[d

˙LfieLs.

• AYoLs SÙPLm TÙodLf ˘Nu\’ Ge˙L?

• øeLs SÙPLm/£≤UÙ TÙojR’iPÙ?

• £≤UÙ ˘LÙhP˚Ldœf ˘Nu\’iPÙ?

• Aeœs[ C⁄d˚LLs GlT•?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs. ARu ©u R™rf˘NpÆŸm

SiToLfim ˘Nu\ SÙPL AWe˚Ll TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d ˙Lh”d L¶RlTœß TdLm 10 SÙPL AWeœ

ß\dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs. AR]•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.

• SÙPL AWe°p J⁄ Y¨˚N´p Es[ C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?

• CWi” Y¨˚N´¤m ˙Noj’ ˘UÙjR C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?

• SÙPL AWe°¤s[ ˘UÙjR C⁄d˚LLs GjR˚]?

œZk˚RLs Gi¶d·\h”m.

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. ReLs ·±V’ TÙPlTœß´p

Yk’s[RÙ GuT˚R A±V TÙPlTœß˚Vj ß\k’ TÙodLh”m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ C⁄d˚Ldœm GiLs CPh”m.

SÙPLm TÙodLf ˘Nu\ SiToL∞u C⁄d˚L˚V A˚PVÙ[lT”jRh”m.

„oVÙ, R™rf ˘NpÆ´u C⁄d˚L˚Vd Li” ©•dLh”m.

Ußl¿”

• 1 ÿRp 50 Y˚W GiLs

• ÿu]Ùp, ©u]Ùp,

C˚P´p

• 10 ≈Rm ·h•d ·flRp

G›’Rp

¿hP¨u CP’TdLm „oVÙ

YX’TdLm R™rf ˘NpÆ 36

¿hPo

• ÿRp Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛

• CWiPÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛

• Íu\ÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛

• SÙuLÙY’ Y¨˚N´¤s[ ÿRp C⁄d˚L Gi ˛

AqYÙfl C⁄d˚LL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m.

1

11

21

31

Yœl◊ II


63

Ußl¿”

œZk˚RLs 10 ≈Rÿs[

GiL˚[d ·h•d ·fl°u-

\]o; G›’°u-\]WÙ?

Gi Æ˚[VÙh”

Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®Wl◊Rp

33, 43, .........., .........., 73

20, 30, 40, .........., ..........,

A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ TÙPl◊jRLjß¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

˘T¨VYo YX’TdLm; £±VYo CP’TdLm

J⁄ ˘Th•´p 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[j ’i”f ∫h”L∞p G›ßl˙TÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs

Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m J⁄ ∫h”≈Rm G”dLh”m. øeLfim J⁄ ∫h˚P G”eLs. EeLs L´¤s[ ∫h˚Pd

LÙi©ŸeLs. G.LÙ 27 AkR Gi˚QÆP £±V Gi˚Q G”jRYoLs EeL[’ CP’TdLÿm T¨V

Gi˚Q G”jRYoLs EeL[’ YX’TdLÿm ®tLh”m. Cf˘NVpTÙh•u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs

˘T¨VGi, £±V Gi LiP±Ÿm ß\u ˘TflYÙoL[pXYÙ?

Gi SÙPÙ, Gi UÙ˚X,ÿj’dLs ˙LÙdLXÙm

˙TÙu\ L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpL‹m

1 11 21 31 41

2

"SÙPL AWeœ' NVpTÙh•u T˚Pl˚T "T˚Pl◊j RÙœlTÙL'


SRG, CRC ˙TÙu\ CPeL∞p B£¨VoLs LXk’˚WVÙPp SPdœm ˙Y˚[´p ˙U¤m ◊ßV

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ E⁄YÙdœeLs.

GiL˚[d·flRp, G›’Rp, Y¨˚NlT”jßd·flRp, RÙPo˚Td LiP±Rp, Ejß˚Vd

·flRp ˙TÙu\ ß\uL˚[ B£¨Vo Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 5

Gu] BhPm BPXÙm?

CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ ˛ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9

„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 3

L˚XdLpÆ ˛

®Lr‹ IkßtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’

UflSÙs AYoLs Gu] ˘Nnß⁄lTÙoLs Gufl ˙LfieLs.

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.

AYoLs Gu˘]u] Æ˚[VÙh”Ls Æ˚[VÙ•´⁄lTÙoLs

Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flm Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[l

Th•V≠”eLs.

øeLs ·±V Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[j RÙu Æ˚[VÙ•]ÙoL[Ù VÙo

·±V’ N¨ Gufl TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d ·±l TÙPlTœßdœs

÷˚ZŸeLs.

øeLs ·±V GjR˚] Æ˚[VÙh”dLs TÙPl Tœß´p

Yk’s[]?

øeLs ·±V GjR˚] Æ˚[VÙh”dLs TÙPlTœß´p YWÆp˚X?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’d ·\h”m.

TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚UjRp

TÙPp A±ÿLm

B£¨Vo TÙ”Rp

œ›YÙLlTÙ”Rp

J⁄ Y¨ J⁄ œ› A”jRY¨

CWiPÙY’ œ›

◊ßV ˘UhP˚UjRp

˚N˚LlTÙPp

R≤VÙLlTÙ”Rp

œZk˚RLs TÙ”RpJ⁄Tjß ÿRp œ› A”jRTjß

A”jR œ›

Yœl◊ II


65

TÙP˚X A±ÿLm ˘NnVl Tp˙Yfl EjßL˚[d ˚LVÙfieLs.

Æ˚[VÙh” Æ”L˚RLs

"Gu] BhPm BPXÙm?' TÙP˚Xf NÙoh•p G›ßj ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs. ARu©u ""SÙu ·flm

œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Æ˚[VÙh˚P øeLs Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m. VÙo ÿR≠p

Li”©•d°u\]˙WÙ AY˙W ˘Yt± ˘Tt\Yo Gufl ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs A˚]Y⁄m Teœ˘T\

˙Yi”m.

TX˚L´˙X œØLs C⁄dœm œØL∞˙X Æ˚RLs C⁄dœm

˛ TpXÙeœØ

Lp˚XjÁd°l˙TÙ” ˚LVÙp R˚W˚VjRh” ∏˙Z Æ›m Lp˚Xd ˚LVÙp ©•j’d

˘LÙs

˛ ˘LÙjRÙeLp

Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊

œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh”j ˘RÙPoTÙ] Æ”L˚RL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ YWh”m. œZk˚RLs ˘LÙi” YkR

Æ”L˚RL˚[l TVuT”jß J⁄ Æ”L˚Rj ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdLh”m.

G]dœl ©•jR Æ˚[VÙh”

œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m R]dœl©•jR Æ˚[VÙh” G’ Gufl ·\h”m. A˚R GlT•

Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ GuT˚RŸm ·\ ˙Yi”m. A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

œZk˚RL∞u ˙Tf—j ß\˚] Y[odL C’˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm.

œ›dLs ReL[’ ÿ•‹L˚[ Yœl©p ˘Y∞´”m˙TÙ’, Aj’Pu

˘RÙPo◊˚PV LXk’˚WVÙP˚X SPjR ˙Yi”m. CRtLÙ] ˙LsÆL˚[

ÿu]˙W LiP±V ˙Yi”m. ©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnŸm

˘NVpTÙh˚Pf —VUÙLf ˘NnV‹m £dLp Es[ œZk˚RLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ]

TœlTÙn‹dœ ELkR ˙LsÆL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „r®˚XL∞p ˙LhLXÙm.

Yœl◊d LXk’˚WVÙP≠p...

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 6

GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh” (L¶Rm)

TdLm 11 ˛ 16


L¶Rm ˛ 4, 5, 7


GiLh˚PLs, ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚NlT”j’YRtLÙ] Gi Ah˚PLs.

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊: ˘T¨V Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V Gi Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚Nl T”jßj RVÙWÙd°V

GiUÙ˚X.

Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs

Gi Lh˚PLs

œf£dLh”Ls (˘T¨V’, £±V’)

Gi Ah˚PLs

NÙoh”Ls

10 10

10 10

10 10

10

1 1 1

1 1 1 ..................... .....................

CkR ®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd œZk˚RLfidœd ·fleLs. A˚Rj RÙPok’ L¶Rl TÙPlTœß

TdLm 11 I A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs. TPjßu A•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs.

Ck®LrÆ¤s[ L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞u ÍXm SPjR ˙Yi”m.

GiLh˚P Æ˚[VÙh”

œZk˚RLs YhPUÙL EhLÙW Yi”m. GiLh˚PL˚[ E⁄h• Æ˚[VÙP Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m

R]dœd °˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[d œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ —tflm ÿ•Y˚PŸm˙TÙ’

˘Yt±˘Tt\Yo VÙo Gufl œZk˚RL˙[ ·\h”m.

°˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[f N¨VÙLd œ±d°u\]WÙ GuT˚Rd LY≤dL ˙Yi”m.

Æ˚[VÙh•u Æßÿ˚\L˚[ ÿu]˙W ·\˙Yi”m. CqÆ˚[VÙh•tœl ©u

L¶Rl◊jRLjß¤s[ TdLm 11, 12 C¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙL˙Y ˘NnVh”m.

• œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙ”YRtLÙL ®˚\V GiLh˚PLs RVÙWÙdL ˙Yi”UpXYÙ?

• LÙ°Rm/NÙoh TVuT”jß G∞˚UVÙL GiLh˚P RVÙ¨dLXÙm.

• GiLh˚PL∞p GiLs G›’YRtLÙ] TÙfll˚Td œZk˚RLfidœd LÙ”eLs.

Yœl◊ II


67

WÙ¶Ÿm œZk˚RLfim

CqÆ˚[VÙh˚P Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ GqYÙfl GuT’ TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[’. CPUßl©u

A•lT˚P´p GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdL‹m J⁄ Gi¶u CPUßl˚T ˙YflT”jß A±Ÿm ß\u ˘T\f

˘NnY˙R CqÆ˚[VÙh•u ˙SÙdLm.

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh•u YÙ´XÙL Eflß NnVh”m. CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p

GiLs E⁄YÙdœm˘TÙ›’ ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi L⁄j˚R EflßT”jR ˙Yi”m.


LÙ°RjRÙp E⁄YÙd°V J≠˘T⁄d°, v˙LÙo ˙TÙo”.

GiL∞u ˘RÙPo◊ LiP±Rp, Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ÆY¨jRp, ˙TÙu\Yt±tLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

L¶Rl◊jRLm (TdLm 14) ˚Ll Tk’. Æ˚[VÙh”l Tœß˚V Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m YÙ£dLh”m. YÙ£j’d

LiP±kRYt˚\d ·fl°u\]o.

A¶L∞u ◊s∞Ls œZk˚RLs Li”©•d°u\]o

• Æ”ThP LhPeL∞p G›’°u\]o.

• ◊s∞ AhPY˚Q˚Vd œZk˚RLs GqYÙfl ®Wl◊Yo?

• A±Æl˚T J⁄ ÿ˚\·P YÙ£d°u\]o.

• ˙R˚YVÙ] TœlTÙnÆtœf £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh°u\]o.

• ÿRp ˘Nh•p Jtfl˚U A¶ ˘Tt\ ◊s∞Ls GjR˚]?

• Jtfl˚U A¶ Su˚U A¶˚V ÆP GjR˚] ◊s∞Ls AßLm ˘Tt\’?

• CWiPÙY’ ˘Nh•u ◊s∞Ls œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLd LiP±k’ G›’°u\]o.

• ˘Y∞´”°u\]o.

• ˙TÙh•´p ˘Yt± ˘Tt\Y˚Wd Li”©•d°u\]o.

• L¶Rl ◊jRLjßp G›’°u\]o.

˚LlTk’ Æ˚[VÙh” J⁄ A¶´p 6 ˙To

3 ˘Nh / 5 ˘Nh Æ˚[VÙh”

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘Nh•¤m 25 ◊s∞Ls ÿR≠p ˘Tt\ A¶

˘Yt±˘Yflm

3 ˘Nh”L∞p 2 ˘Nh”m, 5 ˘Nh”L∞p 3 ˘Nh”m ˘Tt\YoLs

˙TÙh•´p ˘Yt± ˘TflYo.

J≠˘T⁄d° RVÙ¨jRp

J⁄ G4 RÙ∞p/’i”fNÙoh ·m◊ Y•Æp —⁄h• J≠˘T⁄d° RVÙ¨dLXÙm. T˚N

˙Rnj’ JhP ˙Yi”m. Æ∞m˚T J˙W ˙TÙufl ˘Yh• AZœ T”jRXÙm. C≤

˙TÙh•´u ÿ•˚Y J≠ ˘T⁄d°´u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ·\h”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


PÙ™˙]Ù RVÙ¨lT’ GlT•?

J⁄ NÙoh ˙TlT¨p 8 x 4 ˘N.¡ A[Æp 28 ’i”Ls

˘Yh•˘V”dL˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’i”L∞¤m ˚UVjßp ˘NeœjRÙL

˙LÙ” ˙TÙP ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’i”L∞¤m PÙ™˙]ÙÆu

◊s∞Lfid˙LtT (0˛1, 0˛2, .... 6˛6 Y˚W) ’˚[´P ˙Yi”m.

SiToL∞Pm ˙LfieLs

Ko CWi•XdL Gi˚Ql Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p YÙd°VUÙLd ·\XÙm Gu\ L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p

Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’. AkRj ß\u œZk˚RLs ˘Ttfls[ÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. 11 ÿRp 50 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[j ’i”f ∫h•p G›ß J⁄

˘Th•´p ˙TÙ”eLs. ÿRp œ›Æ¤s[YoLs ˘Th•´≠⁄k’ J⁄ ’i”f∫h” ≈Rm G”dL

˙Yi”m. R]dœd°˚PjR Gi˚Qd œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p ·\˙Yi”m.Gßo œ›Æp

J⁄Y¨Pm ˙LhL˙Yi”m. AYo Gi G’ Gufl ·\˙Yi”m. N¨VÙLf ˘NÙu]Ùp CWiPÙY’

œ›Ætœ J⁄ ◊s∞. RY\ÙLf ˘NÙu]Ùp ÿRp œ›Ætœ J⁄ ◊s∞ G.LÙ: 25

Gi Gi Ah˚PLs

W˙Ux ˛ 5 JuflLfim 2 Tj’Lfim ßXLÙ ˛ 25

AqYÙfl Æ˚[VÙh” RÙPWh”m. A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim ß\u TtflÆhPÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß

˘NnR ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Gi G’ Gu\ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

10 EPu 6 ·h•]Ùp °˚Pdœm Gi

6 JuflLfim J⁄ Tj’m

16

20 ≠⁄k’ 4 I LØjR Gi

16 JuflLs

PÙ™˙]Ù Æ˚[VÙh”

Ko CWi•XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ K¨XdL Gi˚Qd LØlTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

˘Yt± Tt\Y˚W æoUÙ≤lT’ GlT•? Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm °˚Pdœm ◊s∞L∞p œ˚\kR ◊s∞Ls

˘Tt\Y˙W ˘Yt± ˘Tt\YoLs BYo.

Yœl◊ II


69

®Lr‹ ˛ 7

GeL AlTÙ ˛ AmUÙ

CqYX°u YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

R™r ˛ 10, 11, 13, 15, 16

„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 4, 5

Ck®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. AR]•lT˚P´p Æ]ÙdLs £X ˙LfieLs.

• R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim Æ”L˚R Æ˚[VÙh•p Gu˘]u] Æ”L˚RLs

˙Lh•⁄lTÙoLs?

Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ReLfidœj ˘R¨kR Æ”L˚RL˚[d ·\h”m. œZk˚RLs ·flm

Æ”L˚RL˚[ AlT•˙V J⁄ NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

• øeLs ·±V H˙R‡m J⁄ Æ”L˚R˚Vj R™rf˘NpÆŸm SiToLfim ˙LhPÙoL[Ù Gufl

TÙol˙TÙUÙ G]d·± TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. "GeL AlTÙ ˛ AmUÙ''.

TÙPlTœß A±ÿLm GqYÙ˘\pXÙm?

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m.

TPeL˚[ Etfld LY≤dLh”m.

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P ·\h”m.

øeLfim J⁄ ÿ˚\ TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙi©ŸeLs.

"SÙu ·flm Æ”L˚R TÙPlTœß´p Geœ Es[’ GuT˚Rj

˘RÙh”d LÙi©ŸeLs' Gufl ·fleLs.

YÙ£l◊ EjßLs TVuT”jßd œZk˚RL˚[ ˙U¤m ˙U¤m YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

G›’eLs

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y˚X˚Vl Tt±Ÿm, œZk˚RLfidœl ©•jR Y˚XL˚[l Tt±Ÿm LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


SÙu VÙo?

SÙu ˘R⁄‹dœs ÷˚ZkRÙp F˙W LULUdœm! ˛ ÈdLÙ¨

˘NnßL˚[ As∞j R⁄˙Yu SÙu ˛ ˘Nnßj RÙs ˙TÙ”Yo

·Æd·Æ A˚Zj’d ·˚P ®˚\˚V ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄˙Yu ˛ LÙnL± ÆVÙTÙ¨

SÙu YkRÙp Gu ©u]Ùp œZk˚RLs Y⁄YÙoLs ˛ Iv ÆtTYo

øeLfim Li”©•ŸeLs

A ZLÙ]

ÿ ßVYo ˛ AÿRÙ

RÙ •

L ]‹

Æ Wp ˛ LÆRÙ

RÙ [m

N u]p

© ˚Z ˛ N©RÙ

RÙ Y¶

X h” ˛ XRÙ

RÙ Wm

œ ˚P

ÿ h˚P ˛ œÿRÙ

RÙ ≠

£X ˘NÙtL∞p APe°´⁄dœm ˘TVoLs. œZk˚RLs AYoL∞u ˘TVoL˚[f ˘NÙtL∞u ÍXm

œ±l©Ph”m.

Yœl◊ II


71

®Lr‹ ˛ 8

˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ (L¶Rm)

TdLm 17 ˛ 22

Ck®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ L¶RlTœß TdLm 17

ß\dLh”m.


L¶Rm ˛ 8, 10, 11

˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs

SÙhLÙh•

ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls

SÙQVeLs

˙LÙÆp ß⁄ÆZÙ

SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jßd Li”©•dœm Cf˘NVpTÙ” ™Lf£\l◊˚PVRÙœm.

·hPp/LØjRp °¨˚VLs EhThP S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙ‘m

˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

ß⁄ÆZÙf Nk˚R

ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls, SÙQVeL˚[ A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs, "YœlT˚\´p J⁄ L˚P' Gu\ L⁄jßu

A•lT˚P´p ˘LÙ”dLp YÙeLp ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”TPh”m.

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ Li” ·\h”m.

SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jß ˙Yfl Gu˘]u] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpLXÙm?

SÙhLfim ˙RßŸm Li”©•jRp

SÙhLÙh•´p NUN’Wjßp Es[ SÙuœ GiL∞u £\l◊

˘Ys∞d°Z˚ULs Y⁄m SÙhLs

ARu £\l◊

Æ”ÿ˚\ ß]eLs

GiQ”dœLs

65

1312

18

18

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


L¶Rl◊jRLjß¤s[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]˚VŸm YÙ£d°u\]o

˛ TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn°u\]o

˛ æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.

Æ˚X ÆYWl Th•V˚Xl TÙoj’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœm æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœd œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLj æo‹

LÙQ˙Yi”m.

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙiTRtLÙLd œZk˚RLfidœ

Gu˘]u] ß\uLs ˙R˚Y?

RÙUÙLl ©Wf£˚]L˚[ YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[l ˘Ttfld ˘LÙsfiRp.

©Wf£˚]L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnV ÿ•°\’.

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV ÿ•°\’.

˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[f N¨VÙLf ˘Nn’ ˘TÙ’ÿ•‹L˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•°\’.

RÙu Li”©•jRYt˚\ ÆY¨dL ÿ•°\’.

˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙm

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf NnVh”m. C’ Y˚W œZk˚RLs Tt\ A˚P‹L˚[ Ußl¿”

˘NnV Cf˘NVpTÙ”Ls Efl’˚QVÙL A˚UŸm.

AXœ Ußl¿”

Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX°¤ÿs[ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[d œZk˚RLs GkR A[‹

A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R A±Y˙R AXœ Ußl¿” Bœm. CRtLÙL

AX°u ÿ•Æp ˘LÙ”j’s[ ˙LsÆL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm.

AXœ Ußl¿h•tLÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls L¶Rl◊jRLjßp

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls

˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm R≤jR≤l T´tf£jRÙ[ÙLd ˘LÙ”dL

˙Yi”m.

RW ®oQVd œ±l◊Ls A•lT˚P´p Ußl©P ˙Yi”m.

Ußl©hP ÆYWeL˚[ AqYl˙TÙ’ Lt©jRp ˚L˙Vh•p G›ß ˚YdL

˙Yi”m.

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ©uÚhPm (Feedback) A∞dL ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II


73

TÙPpTÙPpTÙPpTÙPpTÙPp

·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm·• B• U°r˙YÙm

˙RÙhPm SpX ˙RÙhPm ˛ Sm˚Uf

˘NÙdL ˚Ydœm ˙RÙhPm

·hPUÙL SÙÿm ˛ Ju\Ùnd

·• B”m ˙RÙhPm.

YiQ YiQ UXWÙp ˛ Sm˚U

U°Z ˚Ydœm ˘N•Ls!

ßu]j ßu]l TZeLs ˛ ˙U¤m

ßu]d ˘LÙ”dœm UWeLs!

˘LÙg—m °∞´u œW¤m ˛ L⁄e

œ´≠u C˚NŸm, APPÙ!

˘Sg˚N Asfi°\˙R! ˛ C˚R

®˚]dœm ˙TÙ˙R CuTm.

Th”l ˙TÙX AZLÙn ˛ ◊p

TPokß⁄dœm R˚W´p

Æh”l ˙TÙL U]˙U ˛ Cp˚X

™L‹m SpX ˙RÙhPm

˛ AZ. Ys∞VlTÙ.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


AXœ Ußl¿”

1. GeL Fo ˙TÙXÙœUÙ?

1. TÙP˚X YÙ£ŸeLs; JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’eLs.

U˚X´≠⁄k’ J›œ’ TÙo A⁄Æ ˛ Aßp

R˚X Ír°d œ∞dœ’ TÙo œ⁄Æ

LÙh”d œ´p TÙh” Ae˙L TÙ”’ ˛ AkR

TÙh”d ˙LtT ˙RÙ˚L U´p BhPm ˙TÙ”’.

œh•d œWeœ UWjß≤˙X RÙ‹’ ˛ AkR

—h•j R]j˚Rl TÙoj’ U]m œ∞⁄’

1. ..............................., ...............................

2. ..............................., ...............................

3. ..............................., ...............................

4. ..............................., ...............................

2. ˘RÙPof£VÙL Y⁄m GiL˚[ G›’eLs

3. Æ”ThP GiL˚[ G›’eLs.

••

4. RWlTh”s[ Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[ Y˚LlT”j’eLs.

°¨d˘Lh, LiQÙÍf£, ˘RÙh” Æ˚[VÙh”, ˙LÙ˙LÙ, LT•, LÙpTk’, TpXÙeœØ, ˘SÙi•

Æ˚[VÙh”, ˙LÙ≠dœi”.

˘TÙ⁄hLs TVuT”jß ˘TÙ⁄hLs TVuT”jRÙUp

Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh”

• •

• •

• •

• •

5. Fol˘TV¨¤s[ G›j’L˚[l TVuT”jßl ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœeLs

• ß⁄˘Sp˙Y≠ ˛

• LÙÆ¨lÈmTh•]m ˛

, , , , , , ,, , , ,39

13 23 43

48 58

Yœl◊ II


75

6. ©˚Z ß⁄jß G›’eLs

• RU˚Wl◊ U˚X ˘Yi”m

• ˙T¨V øfNs œ[m

7. J⁄ ˙U˚N´p 10 ˘Tu£pLs ≈Rÿs[ 4 TÙd˘Lh”Ls C⁄kR]. ˙U¤m 6 ˘Tu£pLs

B£¨˚V´u ˚L´≠⁄kR’. ˘UÙjRm ˘Tu£pLs GjR˚]?

8. YÙd°Vjßp G›’eLs

• Y˚[k’ ˘S∞k’

≈” SpX ≈”AXœ 2

Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ≈”Ls, AYt±u ˙R˚Y, Aeœs[ YNßLs,

≈”LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄sLs B°VYt˚\l Tt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙL

CqYX°¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YØYœd°u\].

Uh”UpX, Tp˙Yfl ©WÙ¶L∞u YÙØPeL˚[d LY≤dL CqYX°p

YÙnlT∞dLlTh”s[’.

GßolTÙodœm UÙØ Utflm „r®˚X´Vp ß\uL˚[

A˚PY’Pu AYWYo ≈h˚PŸm ©WÙ¶L∞u

YÙØPeL˚[Ÿm ˙S£dL‹m TÙ’LÙdL‹m ˙R˚YVÙ]

U]lTÙe˚Ld œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”Y’m

Cu±V˚UVÙRRÙœm.

1 ÿRp 99 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnV‹m

Aq˘YiLs CPm˘Tflm S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]Lfidœj RÙUÙLj

æo‹ LÙQ‹m ER‹m YiQm CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

œZk˚RL∞Pm ◊˚Rkß⁄dœm AZœQof£˚V ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW

YÙnlT∞dœm YiQm TPm Y˚WV‹m, YiQm æhP‹m,

˘TÙ⁄sLs LÙ°Rm TVuT”jß ≈” ˘NnV‹m YÙnl◊

YZeLlTh”s[’.

LÙX AhPY˚Q

AXœ 2 ˛ ≈” SpX ≈” (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)

AXœ 2 ˛ ≈” SpX ≈” (L¶Rm)


1. TÙ˚] ≈” 4

2. ◊ßV ≈h˚Pj˙R• 3

3. ˙R… LiP ≈” (L¶Rm) 4

4. ≈” SpX ≈” 2

5. æl˘Th• ≈” (L¶Rm) 4

6. ˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm 3

7. ˙LÙ≠dœi”Ls GjR˚]? 2

22 SÙhLs


˘UÙjRm 23 SÙhLs

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

78 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˘UÙØj ß\uLs

1. L˚R ˛ RÙUÙL YÙ£jRp

˛ YÙ£lT˚Rd ˙Lh”l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.

˛ LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Rm L⁄j˚Rd ·flRp.

2. TÙPp ˛ TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”Rp.

˛ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] TÙPp Y¨Ls ˙NojRp.

˛ ˘NÙtL∞u ˘TÙ⁄[±Rp/Gßof˘NÙp

Li”©•jRp.

˛ RÙUÙL ◊ßV YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœRp

Lt\p A˚P˚Y A˚PV....

1. Ck®LrÆp ◊˚Rk’s[ CWL£Vj˚Rd Li”©•dœm BoYj˙RÙ” ApX’ ˙RP˙XÙ”

RÙUÙL YÙ£dLj ÁiP ˙Yi”m.

2. RÙUÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ LÙiPÙoL[Ù ApX’ Li”©•jRÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±V ER‹m

Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙP ˙Yi”m.

3. RÙUÙL YÙ£j’d Li”©•dL CVXÆp˚X˘V≤p B£¨V˙WÙ/œZk˚R˙VÙ TÙPlTœß˚V

YÙ£dL ˙Yi”m.

4. ¡i”m ÿu]o G›l©V Æ]ÙdL˚[ G›l© Æ˚P ·fl°\ÙoL[Ù Gufl ˙NÙßdL

˙Yi”m.

5. TÙPlTœß˚V ÷‘°d LÙQ ER‹m ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßú L⁄j˚R/

®Lr˚Yl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”s[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

6. YÙ£l◊l˙TÙh• ˙TÙufl Tp˙Yfl EjßL˚[l TVuT”jßd œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l˚T

EflßlT”jR/˙UmT”jR ˙Yi”m.

7. ˘TÙ⁄s, Gßof˘NÙp, ˘NÙt˘\ÙPo ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TÙPlTœß´≠⁄k’ Li”©•dL

YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

8. TÙPlTœßú Es[PdLm ˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’⁄YÙdLm SPk’s[RÙ Gu\±V ER‹m

Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”l Tßp·\/G›R YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

9. œ±l©hP TÙPlTœßú YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l

˘Ttfls[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R Ußl¿” ˘NnRp ˙Yi”m.

10. AR]•lT˚P´p Lt\≠p ©u Re°V ®˚X´p Es[ œZk˚RLfidLÙ]

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j ßhP™h” S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jß A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim GßoTÙodœm

Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ A˚Pk’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II

79AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”


˘UÙØ

1. ≈”/·” Utflm ≈h”j˙RÙhPm RÙPoTÙ] YÙ£l◊l TœßL˚[j RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd

˙Lh” AYt±¤s[ L⁄j’/®Lr˚Yj Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs.

2. YÙ£jR/˙LhP TÙP˚Xl ˙TÙp ˙Yfl TÙPpLs E⁄YÙd°d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

3. TÙP¤dœ ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.

4. G∞V TÙPp Y¨L˚[f ˙Noj’l TÙP˚X ÿ›˚UlT”jßd ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

5. œ±l©hP Y˚L´p A˚UkR YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd°d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

6. œ±l©hP ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR YÙd°VeL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/

G›’°\ÙoLs.

7. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V YÙ£j’ œ±l©hP NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs.

8. G∞V T•YeL˚[ ®Wl◊°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

1. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’/˙S¨p TÙoj’m TX Y˚LVÙ] ≈”L˚[/©WÙ¶L∞u TXY˚LVÙ]

YÙØPeL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

2. CWi” ˘Yq˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ≈”L˚[ Jl©h” AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ Jtfl˚U

˙Ytfl˚UL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

3. ≈”/·” B°VYt±u ˙R˚YL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

4. ≈h•¤s[ YNßL˚[l Th•V≠h” ˙U¤m ˙R˚YlT”m YNßL˚[d Li”©•j’

G›’°\ÙoLs.

5. ≈” LhPj ˙R˚YlT”m ˘TÙ⁄sL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

6. ≈h”j ˙RÙhPjßu ˙R˚Y, A˚Udœm ÿ˚\, TVuLs B°VYt˚\l Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ•

G›’°\ÙoLs.

7. "Æ˚R ÿ˚[jRp' ˘RÙPoTÙ] G∞V ˘NVpßhPeL∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs; RÙeLs

EtfldLY≤j’ A±kR˚Y Utflm Li”©•jR A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[d œ±lTÙL

G›’°\ÙoLs.

L¶Rm

1. , , B°V Y•YeL˚[ C]m Li” Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

2. Tp˙Yfl Y•ÆVp Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” ˘Nn°\ÙoLs

3. CWi•XdL GiL∞u GiQ”dœL˚[ ÿ›˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

4. 1, 5, 10 B°V ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[ C]mLÙi°\ÙoLs; AYt±u Ußl˚Td LQd°h”d

·fl°\ÙoLs.

5. ÏTÙ´u Ußl˚T Gi¶¤m G›jß¤m G›’°\ÙoLs.

AXœAXœAXœAXœAXœ

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

80 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

6. œ±l©hP Ußl◊s[ ÏTÙ˚Vl Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ©¨j˘R›’°\ÙoLs.

7. L¶R YÙd°VeL˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.

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˙R… UÙ•≈h˚P SÙd°l TÙRp A˙R TÙp ≈” LhP ®˚]jRp Ah˚PL˚[l

TVuT”jß ≈” Lh”Rp.

UÙ• ≈h•u Í˚X´p ®tœm ˘TÙm˚U Yi•˚Vl TÙojRp˛˙R… ®_UÙ] ≈”

LhP ®˚]jRp ˛ œ⁄ÆŸm œ[ÆŸm ARtœ ERY ®˚]jRp ˛ TQm ˘LÙ”jRp ˛

˙Yfl TX⁄m ˙R…dœl TQm ˘LÙ”jRp ˛ TQm ˘LÙ”jRYoLfidœ CW∫’

˘LÙ”jRp

L˚RdL[m

Yœl◊ II

87AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ : 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y•Ym : TÙPp

„r®˚X´Vp : 4, 5

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

˙R… RÙu ˘Nu\ œ•˚N ≈h˚Pl Tt±l TÙ”Rp ˛ Ut\YoLfim AYWYo Re°V

≈”L˚[l Tt±l TÙ”Rp.

®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm : 4, 6, 2, 3 (32 ˛ 41)

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

œWeLiQ‡dœm ≈” LhP B˚N YkR’. æl˘Th•L˚[f ˙Noj’ ≈” LhPj

˘RÙPe°V’.

LÙLjßtœm œ⁄Ædœm TZm ßu] B˚N TZm YÙe°f NÙl©hP] NÙl©hP©u

Æ˚[VÙPj ˘RÙPe°].

®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ : 1, 4, 8 ˘UÙ.˘Y. Y•Ym : L˚R

„r®˚X´Vp : 6, 7

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

UÙ• ≈h•p Re°V ˙R… Aq≈h•¤s[ U¶˘UÙØŸm AÿR‡m A˚UjR

UÙ•≈h”j ˙RÙhPm Tt±d ·flRp.

®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

L¶Rm : 1, 8, 9 (42 ˛ 43)

L˚R˙VÙhPm :

AÿR‡dœm U¶˘UÙØdœm ˙TÙh• YkR’ ˛ VÙ¨Pm C⁄lT’ AßLm, GqY[‹

AßLm GuT˙R ˙TÙh• ˛ ˙TÙh•Ls SPkR].

ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹

""I˚V˙VÙ... U\k˙R ˙TÙnÆh˙Pu. ˘N•dœj RiΩo Ftflm ˙SWUÙ°ÆhP˙R!''

Gufl ˘NÙp≠ AÿRu K•]Ùu. AÿR˚]j ˘RÙPok’ U¶˘UÙØŸm K•]Ùs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

88 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛1

TÙ˚]≈”

÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙ”

˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NÙpXh˚PLs/ TP Ah˚PLs

≈”, ˙R…, £Xkß, œ⁄Æ, È˚], ·”, U˚Z, ˘Y´p, LÙtfl, œ∞o.

TPm (A) ˘NÙpXh˚P.

˘NVpÿ˚\

• RVÙ¨jR ˘NÙp/TP Ah˚Pj ˘RÙœl˚Tl ◊jRLjßtœs J∞j’ ˚Yj’d˘LÙsfieLs.

• EeLfidœd LÙhPl Tj’l TPeLs LÙi”Yk’s˙[u. A˚Y Gu]˘Yufl ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?''

Gufl ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLs F°j’d ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• ""SÙu TPeL˚[d LÙh”m˙TÙ’ VÙ⁄m EWdLf ˘NÙpXd·PÙ’. A˚]Y⁄m AYWYo

˙SÙh”l◊jRLj˚RŸm G›’˙LÙ˚XŸm G”j’d˘LÙsfieLs. SÙu TPeL˚[d LÙh”m

˙TÙ’ AYt±u TVoL˚[ G›R Yi”m. A˚]j˚RŸm VÙo N¨VÙL G›’°»oLs Gufl

TÙol˙TÙUÙ?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh”. ◊jRLjß¤s[ J⁄ TP Ah˚P˚V ™u]p ˙TÙp LÙh•

U˚\ŸeLs. œZk˚RLs, ""TÙodL ÿ•VÆp˚X'' Gufl ˘NÙu] ©u,''

• ""SÙu U’YÙL J⁄ RP˚YRÙu TP Ah˚P˚Vd LÙi©l˙Tu; øeLs TÙojR’ Gu]˘Yufl

G›ßd˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m'' Gufl ·±,

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ TPUÙLd LÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m;

• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo UÙt±f NLUßl¿” SPjR YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘RÙPo Æ]ÙdLs

• Cßp G˚R˘V˚Rl TÙojß⁄d∏»oLs?

• ≈h•tœm ·h•tœm Gu˘]u] ˙YflTÙ”Ls Es[]?

• ≈h•p VÙoVÙo C⁄lTÙoLs?

• ·h•p YÙrT˚Y G˚Y?

• U˚Z, ˘Y´p, LÙtfl, œ∞o B°VYt˚\ A‡TÆjß⁄d°»oL[Ù?

• CYt±tœm ≈h•tœm/·h•tœm HRÙY’ ˘RÙPo◊iPÙ?

TÙPYÙ£l◊

TÙPl◊jRLjß¤s[ TdLm 30˛32 TdLeL˚[d œZk˚RLs TÙodL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ˘RÙPok’

∏rY⁄m Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

• ÿu]o SÙm G›ßVYtfls G˚Y˘V˚Y Es[]?

• £Xkß Hu TVk’ ÆØd°\’?

• œ[Æ Hu TVk’ K”°\’?

• ˙R…Ÿm œ⁄ÆŸm Hu TVk’ K”°u\]?

• C˚Y˘VpXÙm Geœl ˙TÙn J∞k’s[]?

• Hu TÙ˚]dœs J∞k’s[]?

Yœl◊ II

89AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• È˚] Hu ˙LÙTlT”°\’?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

YÙ£dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

œZk˚RLs ·flm TßpL˚[d L⁄mTX˚L´p /NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

AYt˚\l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

YÙ£l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfim YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

TÙ˚] ≈”

• £Xkß, œ[Æ, ˙R…,œ⁄Æ B°V SÙuœm Geœ ˙TÙ´]?

• Gu] ˘NnR]?

• È˚] Hu ˙LÙTlT”°\’?

• È˚] Gu] ˘NnR’?

CqÆ]ÙdLfidLÙ] Æ˚P˚V ""VÙo ÿR≠p Li”©•d∏»oLs Gufl TÙol˙TÙUÙ?'' Gufl ˙Lh”

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• œZk˚R Tßp ·\Æp˚X˘V≤p ApX’ RY\ÙLd ·±]Ùp, ''SÙu YÙ£d°˙\u.

LY≤j’ ˙LfieLs Gufl ·±. YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs.

• Suœ YÙ£dœm œZk˚R Yœl©≠⁄kRÙp AkRd œZk˚Rdœ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Gu] SPkR’?

""Gu] SPkR’ Gufl GjR˚] T⁄dœd ·\ ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl Lh” Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm ®Lr˚Yd

·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd ∏rdLÙ‘m ÿ˚\L∞p SPjRXÙm.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙL øeLs ˙Lh” œZk˚RLs Tßp ·\ YÙnlT∞dLXÙm.

• œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[Ùd° Æ]Ù˛Æ˚Pl ˙TÙh•VÙL SPjRXÙm.

(˙U¤m Æ]ÙdL˚[ Adœ›dLs RVÙ¨j’ Æ]Y YÙnlT∞dLXÙm)

• CqÆ]ÙdLfidœ Æ˚P˘V›R YÙnlT∞j’ ˛ NLUßl¿” SPjRXÙm.

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”

TÙPl Tœß˚V YÙ£j’ Æ˚P LÙQ ER‹m AßL Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdL‹m, AR]•lT˚P´p

Æ]Ù˛Æ˚Pl ˙TÙh•Ÿm SPjRXÙm.

YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•

""Sm Yœl©p ™L Su\ÙL YÙ£lT’ VÙo Gufl Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m. GlT•d Li”©•dLXÙm?''

Gufl ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLs ·flm L⁄j’L˚[d ∏rdLÙ‘m Y˚L´p Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs.

• ßdLÙUÙp ßQ\ÙUp YÙ£jRp

• EQof£lÈoYUÙL YÙ£jRp

• ®fljRt œ±Lfid˙LtT ®fljß YÙ£jRp

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

90 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• ˘R∞YÙL EfN¨j’ YÙ£jRp.

••

Cdœ±l◊L∞uT• J⁄ œZk˚R YÙ£lT˚Rl ©\ œZk˚RLs Ußl©P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ÿRtLhPUÙL

ÿuY⁄m œZk˚RLfid°˚P˙V YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh• SPjRXÙm. ˘RÙPok’ øeLs ˙Rok˘R”dœm

œZk˚RLfim YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•´p Te˙LtœUÙfl TÙoj’d ˘LÙsfieLs.

LY≤ŸeLs

• TPj˚Rl TÙoj’d œZk˚RLs TßX∞dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R L.T/NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

• AYt˚\ YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

""C’ ˙TÙp ˘Y´p, U˚Z, LÙtfl B°Yt±≠⁄k’ TÙ’LÙlTÙL C⁄dL

Gu˘]u] ©WÙ¶Ls Gu˘]u] ÿu˙]tTÙh”Pu YÙØPeL˚[

A˚Uj’s[]?'' GuT˚R ÆNÙ¨j’ / TÙoj’ YWj Ái”eLs. A˚R,

""SÙu Li”©•jR˚Y''

Gufl „r®˚X´Vp T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p (Portfolio) EhT”jR

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnŸm ÿu, TÙPlTœßdœ ¡i”m A˚Zj’f ˘Np¤eLs.

• E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ÿR≠p Y˚X Lh•V’ VÙo?

• ""Gu] ˙Yi”m?'' Gufl £Xkß ˙LhP˘TÙ›’ œ[Æ TÙ•V˘Ru]?'' Gufl ˙Lh”d

œZk˚RLs,

""≈” TÙ˚] ≈”

U˚Z S˚]VÙ ≈”

SÙ‡m ·” LhP

SÙ• Ceœ Yk˙Ru''

GuT˚R YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ˘RÙPok’ œ⁄Æ, ˙R… B°V˚Y ˘NÙu] TßpL˚[

ÿ›˚UlT”jßd ·\/G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

CflßVÙL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

"T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p' (˘UÙØ) EhT”j’eLs.

ÿR¤m L˚P£Ÿm

• Cß¤s[ YÙd°VeL˚[ J⁄ œZk˚R YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs

• ""C’˙TÙp GjR˚] YÙd°VeL˚[ EeL[Ùp G›R ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh”d œZk˚RLs

·\/G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• ™L AßLUÙ] YÙd°VeLs G›ßV œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙhP U\k’ÆPÙæoLs.

• ≈h”l TÙPUÙL ˙U¤m YÙd°VeLs G›R YÙnlT∞j’ AYt˚\ AYWYo

""T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl©p'' EhT”jR YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Yœl◊ II

91AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

Li”©•ŸeLs

• CRtLÙ] Æ˚P˚Vd œZk˚RL˙[ Li”©•dLj Ái”eLs. TÙoj’/ÆNÙ¨j’ Ei˚U˚Vd

Li”©•dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• A˚R, „r®˚X´Vp T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ""Gu Li”©•l◊'' Gufl R˚Xl©h” G›R

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Y[⁄m ˘NÙp

• Cf NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. "≈h”l TÙPUÙLf NnVh”m.

• G›jßp ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ C˚R ÆP G∞˚UVÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d ˘LÙ”j’ G›R

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• ""™L AßLUÙL GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs Y˚W G›R ÿ•Ÿm?'' Gufl NYÙp Æh” "G›jßp'

ÿu˙]±V œZk˚RLfim Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf NYÙXÙLf ˘NnVj Ái”eLs.

œZk˚RLs G›ßV˚R Yœl©p YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

AYoLs YÙ£jR YÙd°VeL˚[l Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœl ©u ˙U¤m GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs G›R

ÿ•Ÿ˙UÙ AjR˚] YÙd°VeL˚[Ÿm G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

VÙo VÙo Y£lTÙoLs?

• Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚P ≈h”f ˘NVpTÙPÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• œZk˚RLs Èojß ˘NnR ClTh•Vp AYWYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p CPm ˘T\h”m.

• œZk˚RLfidœ Gl˘TÙ›˘RpXÙm ◊ßV Ei˚U ˘R¨°\˙RÙ Al˘TÙ›˘RpXÙm

ClT•Yj˚R ®Wl◊UÙfl Ái”eLs.

E⁄YÙœm L˚Rl◊jRLm

• £Xkß Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p Y˚X Lh•V’?

• œ⁄Æ Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?

• œ[Æ Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?

• ˙R… Hu E˚X ˚Ydœm TÙ˚]´p ·” Lh•V’?

• È˚] Hu TÙ˚] ≈h•tœ YkR’?

• ˙R… Gu] ˘NnR’?

• È˚] Gu] ˘NnR’?

• TÙ˚] Gu] B]’?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”, œZk˚RLs ·flm TßpL˚[f NÙoh•p G›’eLs.

C’ œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l◊j ß\˚]

Y[odL ER‹m ’˚QdL⁄ÆVÙœm

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

92 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

˘RÙPo Ußl¿”

C’Y˚W SPkR Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YÙ´XÙLd ∏rdLÙ‘m Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ SÙu GkR

A[Ætœl ˘Ttfls˙[u GuT˚Rd œZk˚RL˙[ —V Ußl¿” ˘NnV ER‹m T•Ym Ju˚\

Y•Y˚Uj’d ˘LÙ”eLs.

Su\ÙL KW[‹

Gu]Ùp RY±u± YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm

EQof£lÈoYUÙL YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm

N¨VÙ] EfN¨l˙TÙ” YÙ£dL ÿ•Ÿm

SÙu RY±u± G›’˙Yu

B£¨Vo —VUßl¿”

SÙu ˙S¨hP ©Wf£˚]Ls SÙu ˚LVÙiP EjßLs

• •• •• •• •• •

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊

˘UÙØ : 1. TÙPp (œ⁄Æ, ˙R…)

2. ÿR¤m L˚P£Ÿm

„r®˚X´Vp : 1. SÙu Li” ©•jR˚Y (YÙØPeLs)

Yœl◊ II

93AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 2

◊ßV ≈h˚Pj˙R•

®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs.

• E⁄i” E⁄i” K•V TÙ˚]≈h•tœ Gu] B]’?

Gufl ˙LfieLs, œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R AlT•˙V NÙoh•p G›’eLs. A˚Rj˘RÙPok’.,

• CkR Y¨ VÙo ·±V’?

• WÙÿ ˘NÙu] Y¨˚V YÙ£ŸeLs Gufl ·± YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

TP YÙ£l◊

œZk˚RLs CkR ®LrÆtLÙ] TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dLh”m.

• TPjßp Gu˘]u] E´¨]eLs Es[]?

• TÙ˚] ≈h•tœ Gu] B]’?

• œ⁄Æ Geœ AUok’s[’?

• UÙu Gu] ˘Nnß⁄dœm? ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.

• œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤j’ ®Lrf£L˚[d ·\h”m.

• œZk˚RLs ·flm A•lT˚P´p ®Lrf£L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’eLs.

TÙ˚]≈” E⁄iP’

E⁄i” E⁄i” ˘Nu\’

UWjßp ˙UÙßV’

TÙ˚] ≈” E˚PkR’

œ⁄Æ T\kR’

UWjßp AUokR’

˙R…Ÿm œ[ÆŸm

£XkßŸm ∏˙Z Æ›kR]

LÙVm ThP]

YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jßf NÙoh•p G›RlTh”s[ ®Lrf£˚Vd œZk˚RLs YÙ£dL

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

ARu©\œ ""øeLs ·±V ®Lrf£Ls N¨RÙ]Ù? Gufl TÙol˙TÙm'' G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœß˚V

YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

TÙPj˚R YÙ£jRp

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m. YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL˚[ YÙ£dL

˚YŸeLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

94 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

YÙ£l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ...

øeLs TX YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[lTVuT”jß YÙ£dL ˚YjæoLs. B]Ùp

J⁄ £X ©uRe°V œZk˚RLs YÙ£lT˙R´p˚X. Gu] ˘NnY’?

TÙPlTœß´p J⁄ Tœß˚V Uh”m G”eLs. AlTœß˚V øeLs

YÙ£dœm ˘TÙ›’ œ±l©hP ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

˘NÙtLs Li”©•dLj ˘R¨kR‹Pu £±V YÙd°VeL˚[d Li”©•dLf

˘NÙpX Yi”m. AqYÙfl T•lT•VÙL ©uRe°V œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l◊j

ß\˚] ˙UmT”jRXÙm.

TXRWlThP ≈”Ls

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ≈”L∞u TPeL˚[l TÙodLh”m. ARu©u J⁄ £X Æ]ÙdL˚[d

˙LfieLs.

AØdL AØdL G›Rh”m.

øeLs YÙ£dLf ˘NÙp¤m Tœß´p CPm˘Tflm ÿd°V ˘NÙtL˚[

L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYt˚\ Ju˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d

LÙh”eLs. Gu˘]u] ˘NÙtLs G›ßŸs˙[u Gufl J⁄ ÿ˚\

YÙ£j’dLÙh”eLs. GjR˚] ˘NÙtLs G›ßŸs˙[u G] CWiPÙY’

ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs. R˚Y G≤p YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jß

˙U¤m YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs.

""C≤ øeLs YÙ£dL ˙Yi”m. B]Ùp J⁄ ®TkR˚]. SÙu Jq˘YÙ⁄

˘NÙpXÙL AØl˙Tu. øeLs AØjR ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ YÙ£dL

˙Yi”m Gufl NÙp≠ Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙpXÙL AØj’d LÙi” YÙ⁄eLs.

œZk˚RLs YÙ£lT˚RdLi” BfN¨VU˚P≈oLs.

• EeLfidœl ©•jR ≈” G’? Hu? œZk˚RLs E˚WVÙPh”m.

• ""TPjßp 5 ≈”Ls RWlTh”s[]. Aßp J⁄ ≈” Uh”m œ›Æp ˙NWÆp˚X. GkR ≈”

Hu?'' Gufl ˙LfieLs œZk˚RLs £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Li”©•j’d ·\h”m.

œZk˚R 1 : CWiPÙY’ ≈” (°Qfl Es[’)

œZk˚R 2 : UW≈” (H˚]V ≈”Ls R˚W´p Es[])

œZk˚R 3 : ÿRp ≈” (A”dœ UÙ• ≈”)

œZk˚R 4 : Íu\ÙY’ ≈” (◊˚LdœZÙn Ei”)

œZk˚RLs £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p GkR ≈h˚P ˙Yi”UÙ]Ù¤m ·\h”m. B]Ùp AYoLs

·flm LÙWQm N¨VÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II

95AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

ARu ©u Tp˙Yfl ≈”L∞u TPeLs Jh•V NÙoh˚Pj ˘RÙeL Æ”eLs. œZk˚RLs AYt˚\l

TÙoj’ £\l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jRh”m.

Y˚LlT”j’Y’ GqYÙfl?

• YNßL∞u A•lT˚P´p

• ˘T¨V’/£±V’ A•lT˚P´p

• ®\eL∞u A•lT˚P´p...

˙YflTÙ” Gu˘]u]?

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. J⁄ œ›Ætœ UÙ•≈” Guflm A”jR œ›Ætœd œ•˚N

≈” Guflm ˘TV¨”eLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ReLs œ›Æu ˘TV¨u A•lT˚P´p £\l◊L˚[d

·\h”m.

œ•˚N ≈” UÙ•≈”

• K˚X ˙YnkR’ • LÙu°√h ≈”

• ≈h•‡s œ∞of£VÙL C⁄dœm • TÙ’LÙl◊ AßLm

• Lh”YRtœf ˘NX‹œ˚\‹ • YNß AßLm

•

YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”j’eLs

""TPTP'' G]d œ⁄Æ £\L•jR’. Gu‡m UÙß¨˚Vl ˙TÙufl RWlTh”s[ H˚]VYt˚\d

œZk˚RLs YÙd°Vjßp RÙUÙLl TVuT”jRh”m.

""NXNX'' Gufl ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”jßd ·\h”m.

""NXNX ˘Y]j RiΩo K•V’

LiQÙ• T[T[ ˘Y] ™u≤V’

°¨_Ù LXLX ˘Y]f £¨jRÙs

UWjß≠⁄k’ °˚[ NPNP ˘Y] J•kR’.

Gßof˘NÙtLs

RWlTh”s[ ˘NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof˘NÙtL˚[l TÙPlTœß´≠⁄k’ œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’

G›R˙Yi”m. øeLs £X ˘NÙtL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs AYt±tLÙ] Gßof

˘NÙtL˚[d ·\h”m. Gßof˘NÙp ·flm œZk˚R´u ˘TV˚W AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p

G›’eLs. Cflß´p AYoL˚[l TÙWÙhP U\YÙæoLs. ™L‹m G∞˚UVÙL Gßof˘NÙp Li”©•dœm

˘NÙtL˚[ ˙LfieLs.

(G.LÙ)

˙U˙X ˛ ∏˙Z

œh˚P ˛ ˘Sh˚P

˘T¨V’ ˛ £±V’

£¨l◊ ˛ A›˚L

G∞˚U ˛ L•]m

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

96 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

ARu ©u TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Gßof˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

£¨jR’ x A›R’

G›kR’ x Æ›kR’

˙U” x Ts[m

UÙh•d ˘LÙi˙PÙm x Rl©j˙RÙm

©¨kRÙoLs x ˙NokRÙoLs

U°rf£V˚PkR’ x Y⁄jRU˚PkR’

˘RÙPok’ ˘NÙpXÿ•ŸUÙ?

J⁄ ˘NÙp˚Xl TVuT”jßj ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\u °˚PlTRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

RWlTh”s[’. Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P J⁄ Æ˚[VÙhPÙL SPjRXÙm. œZk˚RL˚[ C⁄ œ›dL[ÙdœeLs.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm J⁄ ˘TVo SpœeLs (G.LÙ) RÙU˚W, ˙WÙ_Ù

øeLs J⁄ NÙp˚Xj Rok˘R”eLs (G.LÙ) "TÙ˚]' œZk˚RLs "TÙ˚]' Gu\ NÙp≠tLÙ] RÙP˚W

˘NÙpX ˙Yi”m.

øeLs ˙Lhœm œ› Uh”˙U Tßp ˘NÙpX˙Yi”m.

AkRdœ› N¨VÙ] ˘RÙP˚Wf ˘NÙu]Ùp AkR ˘NÙp≠tLÙ] ˙Yfl ˘RÙP˚W A”jR œ›

˘NÙpX˙Yi”m.

AqYÙfl UÙ± UÙ±j ˘RÙP˚Wd Li”©•j’d ·\˙Yi”m.

GkRd œ› ˘NÙpXÆp˚X˙VÙ A”jR œ›Ætœ 5 ◊s∞Ls.

˘NÙp RÙU˚W (œ›) ˙WÙ_Ù (œ›)

TÙ˚] UiTÙ˚] E˚PkR TÙ˚]

˘T¨V TÙ˚] £±V TÙ˚]

Kh˚PlTÙ˚] x

(5 ◊s∞Ls)

CqYÙfl ©\ ˘NÙtLs TVuT”jßŸm ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdLf ˘NnŸeLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘RÙPok’ ˘NÙpX ÿ•ŸUÙ? ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m.

Gu] ˙Yi”m?

TÙ˚] ˙Yi”m

Gu] TÙ˚]?

Ui TÙ˚]

Gu] Ui?

L∞ Ui

Gu] L∞?

LRL∞

Gu] L˚R?

A±‹d L˚R

Gu] A±‹?

B\±‹

Gu] Bfl?

TÙXÙfl

Gu] TÙp?

........................

..........................

Yœl◊ II

97AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 3

˙R… LiP ≈”


≈” SpX ≈”

SÙu Y£dœm ≈”

Nu]p Es[ ≈”

YÙNp Es[ ≈”

˘Y´p A•jRÙp LÙdœm

U˚Z ˘TnRÙp R”dœm

≈” SpX ≈”

SÙu Y£dœm ≈”!

• Cl TÙP˚Xl TÙ”eLs. ˘RÙPok’,

• ""EeLs ≈” GqYÙ˘\pXÙm EeLfidœ ER‹°\’?

• øeLs Gl˙TÙRÙY’ ≈”Lh• Æ˚[VÙ•V’ EiPÙ.....?'' ˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”

LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

• ˙R…, L]‹ LiP ≈” GjR˚LV’?

• AkR ≈h•p A˚Uk’s[ A˚\Ls G˚Y˘VpXÙm...?... Gufl ˙Lh”dLXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

GiQÙUp G›RXÙm

, , I ˙TÙu\ E⁄YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ˙R… ≈” E⁄YÙd° C⁄d°\’. Gufl ˘NÙp≠

Aßp Es[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ±l©hP Y•Yÿm GjR˚] ≈Rm Yk’s[’ Gufl Li”©•j’ G›R

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

ÿd˙LÙQeL˚[l TVuT”jß...

• J⁄ N’W Y•ÆXÙ] LÙ°Rj˚R G”j’d GpXÙd œZk˚RLfidœm ˘LÙ”eLs.

• A˚R NU A[ÆXÙ] 8 ÿd˙LÙQeL[ÙL ˘YhP ER‹eLs.

• Amÿd˙LÙQeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

SÙu Y˚WkR ≈”

• Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈” Y˚WŸm ˙SÙdœPu Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.

• , , B°VYt±u Ik’ Ah˚PLs ≈Rm œZk˚RLfidœ YZeœeLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

98 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• AqYh˚PL˚[l TVuT”jß ≈”Ls Y•Y˚UdLh”m.

• ˘RÙPok’m C’˙TÙu\ Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jßd œZk˚RLs TÙPË≠p ≈” Y˚WVh”m.

• RÙm Y˚WkR ≈h•u TPeLfidœ YiQm æhPh”m.

• Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß Y˚WVlThP £X UÙß¨L˚[d œZk˚Rdœ A±ÿLm NnŸeLs...

• PÙu˛ °WÙm TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞dLXÙm ApXYÙ...!

Æ˚[VÙh” Yi•dœ YiQm æhPXÙm

• Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

• J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo UÙt± NLUßl¿” ˘NnVh”m.

, , B°V Y•YeLfidœl TÙPl◊jRLjßp LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ TÙufl YiQm æhPh”m.

Y•YeLs Y˚Wk’ YiQm æh• U°Zh”m...!

Y•ÆVp Y•YeL˚[ ˙YflT”jßV±Rp, L⁄ÆL˚[l

TVuT”j’m ß\u, —jRUÙL‹m AZLÙL‹m TPm Y˚WŸm

ß\u ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnV˙Yi”m.

≈h˚P ÿ›˚UVÙdLXÙm.

A[‹˙LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß ˙LÙ”Y˚WYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

• ≈h•u TPj˚R ÿ›˚UVÙdœeLs

• TPjßp RWlTh”s[ £Yl◊ ®\l◊s∞L˚[ A[‹ LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß C˚Qj’ ≈h•u

Jq˘YÙ⁄ TÙLj˚RŸm Y˚WdL‹m

• ·”Rp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SpL ˙Yi”m.

• ÿ›˚UVÙ] ≈” Y˚WV ER‹eLs. Y˚Wk’ ÿ•jR©u AYWY⁄dœ Æ⁄lTUÙ] ÿ˚\´p

YiQm æhP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ÿ›˚UlT”jß YiQm æh•V œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙh”eLs.

A[‹ LÙ˚Xl TVuT”jß LÙ”Ls SWÙL Y˚WYRtLÙS ß\˚] Ußl¿” NnV Yi”m.

J∞kß⁄lT’ VÙo...?

12 ÿRp 34 Y˚WŸs[ CWh˚P GiL˚[ C]m Li” G›RYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘NnRYRtœ ÿu "Jt˚\ CWh˚PVÙ' Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ SpX’ ApXYÙ....!

CWi”˙To ≈Rÿs[ œ›YÙdœeLs... œ±l©hP Gi¶d˚LŸs[ ÿj’L˚[ UÙt± G”dLh”m.

Yœl◊ II

99AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• CWi” ≈Rm Es[ ÿj’dL[ÙLl ©¨j’ ˚YdLh”m.

• Jufl ≈Rm YkRÙp Jt˚\ Gi Guflm ¡Rm YWÆp˚X˘V≤p CWh˚P Gi Guflm

Li”©•dLh”m.

• Æ˚[h•u Cflß´p Jt˚\ Gi Utflm CWh˚P GiL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jRh”m (50 Y˚W)

˘RÙPok’ TÙPË≠p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiL∞p 12 ÿRp 34 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙLd

Li”©•j’ C˚QdLh”m. J∞kß⁄lT˚R A˚PVÙ[m LÙQh”m.

G]’ LÙ°R ≈”

TÙPË≠p ˘LÙ”j’s[’ ˙TÙufl NUN’W Y•ÆXÙ] TX YiQd LÙ°ReL˚[lTVuT”jß ≈”

RVÙ¨dLl T´t£ ˘LÙ”eLs.

Y•ÆVp Y•YeLs TVuT”jß ≈” E⁄YÙdœm Cf˘NVpTÙh•p L˚X ˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆ´u

ß\uLs J⁄e°˚QdLlTh”s[].

G4 RÙ∞u TÙßV[‹ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.

L¶Rl◊jRLm TdLm 28 Æ¤s[ TPj˚Rl ˙TÙufl UPd° ≈” E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

YÙNp, _u]p Y˚Wk’ ®\m SpL˙Yi”m.

TÙPl◊jRLjßp œ±l©hP CPjßp A˚R JhP ˙Yi”m.

◊jRLj˚R J⁄Y⁄d˘LÙ⁄Yo ˚LUÙ±l T¨˙NÙßdL ˙Yi”m

AYWYo E⁄YÙd°V ≈h˚Pl TÙPl ◊jRLjßp Jh•˚YdLh”m, LR‹ Nu]p TÙu\˚Y Y˚WYRtœ

ERY U\dL ˙YiPÙm. HWÙ[UÙ] ≈”Ls E⁄YÙd°d LÙh£dœ ˚YdL‹m ERYXÙm ApXYÙ?

≈” LhPXÙm

Tj’ ÏTÙn Utflm J⁄ ÏTÙn B°VYt±u ˘RÙ˚L LÙ‘m ˙SÙdLjßu A•lT˚P´p

YZeLlTh”s[ Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Ußl©”Y’ GqYÙfl?

Y•Yjßu N¨VÙ] ˙RÙt\m

ÿ›˚U

AZœ

Tj’L˚[Ÿm JuflL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ GiLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

˘UÙjR ÏTÙn Li”©•dL £WUm HtThP œZk˚RLs EiPÙ? Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙnLfim

SÙQVeLfim ˘LÙ”j’ AYoLfidœ GqYÙfl ERYXÙm?

Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls

• NÙoh TVuT”jß Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls, RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm 10 Tj’ ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls °˚PdL

˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

100 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

+ 56

˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p J⁄ ÏTÙ´u œ›dL˚[Ÿm RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs. Jufl ÿRp 10 Y˚WŸs[

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘RÙœl◊m Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm °˚PdœUÙfl TÙoj’d ˘LÙsY’ SpX’.

B£¨˚V : ˘NÙp¤eL ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?

œZk˚RLs : ºfNo ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?

B£¨˚V : 56

œZk˚RLs œ±l©hP ˙SÙh”L˚[ Gi¶t˙LtT G”j’ ˚YdLh”m.

˘RÙPok’ TÙPË≠p Es[ ˘NVpTÙh•tœ YØ SPj’Y’ £\kR’.

• TÙPË≠p Es[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

• ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTßp ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.

• Tj’ÏTÙn = 10 +10 +10 + 10 + 10 +10 + 10 = 70 Ï

5 J⁄ ÏTÙn = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5

7 0 +

5

7 5

Gu\ ÿ˚\´p CXœYÙLf ˘NnYRtœ ERYXÙm ApXYÙ?

CW∫’ ˘LÙ”dLXÙm

CW∫ßtœ 56 ÿRp 61 Y˚W RÙPof£VÙL Gi YZeLh”m. ≈”LhP TQm LÙ”jRYoLfidœ CW∫’

A∞lTRtœ YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs. ÏTÙ´u Ußl˚T Gi¶¤m G›jß¤m G›Rh”m.

Ut\ Su˘LÙ˚PLs

ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”dLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lhœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˘TÙ⁄h” Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’.

+

+

Yœl◊ II

101AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

+

+

+

• ˙TÙu\ TX YØL∞¤m Y¨˚NlT”jR ER‹eLs.

• ÿu˙T RVÙo ˘NnR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”dL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ?

˙SÙh”L[ÙdLXÙm.

GiL˚[l ©¨j’ G›’YRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’. Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn

˙SÙh”dL˚[l TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh•˚]f ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\L∞p C˚Rl ©¨j’ G›R CV¤m ApXYÙ?

ÿu]˙W SÙm RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˚YjR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß 15, 35, 45, 20, 30, 40

B°V GiL˚[Ÿm ©¨j’ G›R ER‹eLs.

YiQm æhPXÙm

œZk˚RLs Æ⁄lTUÙ] ÿ˚\´p YiQm æhPh”m. £\lTÙL YiQm æh•V œZk˚RL˚[l

TÙWÙh”eLs.

Y•ÆVp Y•YeLfidœ YiQm æh• AZœ T”j’YRtLÙ] Cf ˘NVpTÙ” L˚XdLt\¤dLÙ]

YÙnl◊ Es[˚YVÙœm.

• R≤jR≤VÙL YiQm æh”°u\]o

• œ›Æp ˘Y∞´”°u\]o

• œ›Æp ™L AZLÙL YiQm æh•V’ VÙo?

L˚XdLpÆ ˛ )RW®oQVdœ±l◊Ls E⁄YÙd° Ußl¿” ˘Nn’ ©uÚhPm (Feedback) SpœRp

˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

102 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 4

≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R ®Lr˚Yf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj˘RÙPok’,

• ˙R… RÙu Nu\ œ•˚N ≈h˚PlTt± Gu˘]u] TÙ•´⁄dœm Gufl LfieLs. œZk˚RLs

·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. AR]•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• œZk˚RLs TÙP˚X K¨⁄ ÿ˚\ ˘U¸]UÙL YÙ£dLh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ SÙu ˘NÙp¤m

Y¨˚V ÿR≠p YÙ£lT’ VÙo? Gufl ˙Lh”,

˛ SÙuLÙY’ Y¨

˛ B\ÙY’ Y¨

Gufl ˘NÙp¤eLs. œZk˚RLs AqY¨L˚[ YÙ£j’d LÙi©dLh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ ""SÙu

˘NÙp¤m ˘NÙp˚Xd Li”©•j’ A’ GjR˚]VÙY’ Y¨´p Ei” Gufl ˘NÙpX ÿ•ŸUÙ? Gufl

NYÙp Æh” œZk˚RLs TÙP˚X YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ((G.LÙ) A˚\Ls, ˙LÙXm, LßWYu)

œZk˚RLs TÙP˚Xj RÙUÙL J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£jR©u.

• TÙP˚X C˚NŸPu TÙ”eLs

• œZk˚RLs R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m TÙPh”m.

• ¡i”m ¡i”m Y⁄m ˘NÙtLs G˚Y?

• SÙu ·flm TÙPp Y¨L˚[d Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

• SÙu ·flm L⁄j’s[ Y¨L˚[d Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”

LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

• ©•jR Y¨˚VŸm ARu LÙWQj˚RŸm ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TÙP≠u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• VÙo Re°´⁄dœm ≈” EeLfidœ ™L‹m ©•jR’?

˛ TPjßu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLs ·\h”m.

˛ LÙWQj˚R Æ[dL ˙Yi”m.

• ˘LÙ— Ru ≈h˚Pl Tt±f ˘NÙu]Ùp GlT•f ˘NÙp≠´⁄dœm?

CqÆ]Ù œZk˚RL∞u £kR˚]˚Vj Ái”YRtœ Uh”˙U. ˘LÙ— Geœ Reœ°\’?

˘LÙ—Ætœ ≈” EiPÙ ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

G]’ ≈”

Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnV ˙Yi”m. RLYp ßWh”R≠u BWmTd LhPUÙœm.

œZk˚RLs RU’ ≈h˚Pl Tt±j RLYp ßWhPh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ R]’ SiT≤u ≈h˚Pl

Tt±j RLYp ßWh• CWi˚PŸm Jl©h”l TÙodLh”m.

Yœl◊ II

103AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

˙R˚Y Gu]?

œZk˚RLs UÙ•≈” LhPj˙R˚YVÙ] TÙ⁄hL˚[ YhP™Ph”m. Al˘TÙ⁄∞u R˚Y˚VlTt±d

LXk’˚WVÙPh”m. ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.

K˚X ≈” UÙ•≈”

œZk˚RLs K˚X≈”, UÙ•≈” LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l Th•V≠Ph”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

104 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

æl˘Th• ≈”

˘NVpY¨˚N

®Lr‹ IkßtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

Æ˚[VÙh” ≈”

œZk˚RLs æl˘Th•L∞u A”dœL˚[ Gi¶ ˙SÙdLh”m. Ikßu UPeœL[ÙLd ·h• Æ˚P

Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.

5 +5 + 5+ 5+ 5 = 25

5 + 5 =10 10 + 5 = 15 15 + 5 = 20 20 + 5 =25

5 +5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 25

10 + 10 + 5 = 25

Gu\YÙfl TX YØL∞¤m Æ˚P Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.

5 5

5 5 10

5 5 5 15

5 5 5 5 20

5 5 5 5 5 25

5 5 5 5 5 5 30

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 35

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 40

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 50

˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p 5 u A”dœL˚[ G›ß Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y¨˚N´¤m Es[ Ik’L∞u ˘RÙ˚L LÙQf

˘NnVXÙUpXYÙ....!

Yœl◊ II

105AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

GjR˚] æl˘Th•Ls...?

œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y¨˚N´¤m Es[ æl˘Th•L˚[Ÿm ·hPh”m.

10 + 10 + 10 +10 +10 = 50

50 + 5 = 55

10 u UPeœL˚[ A±V ER‹m AhPY˚Q˚Vd L⁄mTX˚L´p Y˚WŸeLs, œZk˚RLs

UPeœL˚[d ·h• G›Rh”m.

10 10

10 10 20

10 10 10 30

10 10 10 10 40

10 10 10 10 10 50

10 10 10 10 10 10 60

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 70

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 80

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 90

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100

˘UÙjRm GjR˚]...?

˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚P LÙiTRtœ ER‹eLs. UÙß¨˚Vl ˙TÙu\ HWÙ[m L¶Rl

©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙQ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

˙LÙ≠ Æ˚[VÙh”

J⁄ NÙoh•p/R˚W´p ∏rdLiPYÙfl GiL˚[ G›’eLs. œZk˚RLs Ntfl ÁWjß≠⁄k’ CWi”

˙LÙ≠L˚[ GiLs ¡’ ≈Nh”m. ˙LÙ≠Ls Æ›kR GiL∞u ·h”j ˘RÙ˚L˚Vd LQd°Ph”m.

11 12 13 14

24 23 22 21

31 32 33 34

41 42 43 44

GiQ”d˚Ll Tt±V A±‹, GiQ”d˚L

ÿ›˚UlT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\u Ußl©PlTP

˙Yi”m

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

106 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

TZm YÙeLXÙm

ÿu˙T RVÙo ˘Nn’˚YjR Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jßl TÙPË≠p Es[

˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

¡Rm GjR˚]?

Ko CWi•XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ CWi•XdL Gi˚Qd LØdœm J⁄ÿ˚\ Ceœ

YZeLlTh”s[’. ˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚P LÙQ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

T J

5 9

5 5

0 4

50 + 9 ˛

50 + 5

0 + 4

LØjRp L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs A˚PYRtœj R˚PVÙL ®tœm ˘NVpL˚[ U]ßp ˘LÙi”

˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YØSPjR Yi”m. ·hPp LQdœL˚[f £\lTÙLf NnVd·•V œZk˚RLs ·P

LØjR≠p ©uRe° C⁄lT’ LØjR≠u A•lT˚P Ei˚UL˚[lTt±l TÙ’UÙ] A±Æu˚U˙V!

˘T¨V ·hPjßp C⁄k’ £±V ·hPeL˚[ G”j’ UÙtflYRtLÙ] HWÙ[m T´t£Ls YZeœY’

SpX’.

£Wh˚PLs GjR˚]?

CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp ß\˚] EflßlT”jR Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

T J

2 3 23 = 20 + 3 +

1 4 14 = 10 + 4

3 7 30 + 7 = 37

Ui◊h”

CWi” GiL˚[ Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’ ·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•dœm ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’.

21 = 20 + 1 = 10 + 10 +1

16 = 10 + 6 =

Gu\ ÿ˚\´p GiL˚[l©¨j’ Jufl Tj’ TÙu\Yt±u Ußl©t˙LtT GiL˚[ Jl◊˚U Nn’

·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. Cq˘YiL˚[l TVuT”jßj ˘RÙ˚L LÙQ‹m

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

T J

2 1 + 20 + 1

1 6 10 + 6

3 7 30 + 7 = 37

©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u,

˘NVp°\u GuT˚Y Ußl©PlTP

˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II

107AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

¡ß GjR˚]?

CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjRp ß\˚] Eflß˘NnV Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

T J

3 7 30 + 7 ˛

7 0 + 7

3 0 30 + 0 = 30

CWi•XdL Gi‘Pu K¨XdL Gi˚Qd ·h”m˙TÙ’m LØdœm˙TÙ’m CXdLeL˚[ N¨VÙ]

ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs GuT˚R Eflß˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

≈”LhPÙUp

œZk˚RLs TPjßp Es[ LtL˚[ Gi¶ G›Rh”m.

T J

2 3 20 + 3

3 6 30 + 6

5 9 50 + 9 59

˙YflThP ÿ˚\L∞p Æ˚PLÙQ ER‹eLs.

1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W

GiY¨˚N˚VŸm GiLfidœ C˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo©˚]Ÿm A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’. ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A˙R T• ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

6 16 26 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 96

7 17 27 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 97

9 19 29 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 89

10 20 30 .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... .......... 100

˙TÙu\ GiL˚[ ®Wl◊YRtœm ER‹eLs.

GjR˚] ÿ˚\

C’ GiL∞u CPUßl◊ (Tj’Ls, JuflLs) ˙YflT”jßV±V‹m Bœm.

GiL∞u £\l◊Ls LiP±YRtœUÙ] ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˘NVpTÙ˙P Bœm.

• 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚W G›’m ˘TÙ›’ 7 Gu\ Gi Y⁄m GjR˚] GiLs Es[]?

• œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙL G›R˙Yi”m.

• œ›Æp ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.

• J⁄e°˚QdL ˙Yi”m.

• Yœl©p ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.

• B£¨Vo NÙoh•p J⁄e°˚QdL ˙Yi”m.

• AYt±p Tjßu CXdLjßp 7 Y⁄m GiLs G˚Y?

• R≤jR≤VÙL G›R ˙Yi”m.

• Juflm Tj’m CXdLeL∞p 7 Y⁄m GiLs G˚Y?

• Li”©•j’ G›R˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

108 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

U¶fNhPm

GiL∞u CPUßl˚Tl Tt±j ˘R∞YÙL A\ık’ ˘LÙsYRtœ U¶fNhPeLs ERÆVÙL C⁄dœm

Gu\ Li˙QÙhPjßp Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ce˙L ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. U¶fNhPm Utflm ÿj’L˚[l

TVuT”jßf £X GiL˚[ E⁄YÙd°d LÙi©j’m E⁄YÙdLf Nn’m TÙ’UÙ] T´t£Ls A∞jR

©u◊ ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙLf ˘NnV YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

L¶Rl ˘Th•CkRf NVpTÙh•tLÙLj RVÙWÙdœm Gi Ah˚PL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RL∞u

L¶Rl ˘Th•´p ˙Nol¿oL[pXYÙ?

U¶fNhPm E⁄YÙdœY’ GlT•?

YœlT˚\´p LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs

1. YÙ˚ZjRi˚P ˘Yh•˘V”eLs. J˙W ø[jß¤s[ 2

Dodœf£L˚[ Aßp œjß ˚YŸeLs.

2. ˘RoUÙd ˙LÙ≠p Dodœf£L˚[ AUojß ˚Yj’m U¶fNhPm

E⁄YÙdLXÙm.

3. LÙ°R Pm[˚W LÆrj’˚Yj’ ARu ¡’ Dodœf£˚V SÙh•Ÿm

U¶fNhPm E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ?

L¶Rl◊jRLjßp TdLm 40 Cp Es[ GiL˚[ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”j’Rp.

• Gi G’ G] G›’°u\]o

• A”jR Gi˚Q U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”j’°u\]o.

• L¶Rl ◊jLjßp Y˚WVlTh”s[ U¶fNhPjßp ÿj’Ls Y˚W°u\]o. GiL˚[

G›’°u\]o.

ÿj’ Y˚WVXÙm

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiLfidœ HtT ÿj’L˚[ Y˚WVh”m.

˘RÙ˚L LÙQXÙm

Tj’ Jufl ˙TÙu\Yt±u ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTRtœ U¶fNhPj˚Rl TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ ˙YflThP

YiQjßp Es[ ÿj’dL˚[l TVuT”j’Y’ SpX’.

U¶fNhPm TVuT”jß CWi” GiL∞u ˘RÙ˚L LÙiTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

• 3 U¶fNhPeL˚[ ˙U˚N ˙Up ˚YŸeLs.

• ÿRp U¶fNhPjßp 12 Gu\ Gi˚Q J›eœT”jRd ·fleLs.

• J⁄ œZk˚R J›eœ T”jRh”m.

• ÿRp CWi” U¶fNhPeL∞u ˘RÙ˚L˚V Íu\ÙY’ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœ T”jRd

·fleLs,.

• ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ œZk˚R J›eœT”jRh”m.

• GiL˚[ UÙt±Ÿm C’˙TÙp ˘NnVh”m (¡ß YWÙR˚Y)

• A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ L¶jl◊jRLm TdLm 41 Cp Es[ U¶fNhPjßp J›eœT”jß

GiL˚[Ÿm AYt±u ˘RÙ˚L˚Vd Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

Yœl◊ II

109AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 6

˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm

®Lr‹ BfldLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·flRp Yi”m. A˚Rj RÙPok’ œZk˚RLfiPu

E˚WVÙ”eLs. E˚WVÙP¤dœl ©\œ TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dLh”m. TPjßu

A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.

TPm 1

• TPjßp Es[YoLs VÙo VÙo?

• AYoLs Gu] ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?

• AYoLs ®tT’ Ge˙L?

TPm 2

• AÿRu Gu] ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùu?

TPm 3

• TPjßp øeLs Gu˘]u] TÙod°u»oLs? œZk˚RLs TPj˚R Etfl˙SÙd°d ·\h”m.

TPYÙ£l©tœl ©u...

• TPj˚Rl TÙojæoL[pXYÙ? TÙPlTœß´p G˚RlTt±V ®Lrf£Ls C⁄dœm? F°j’d ·\

ÿ•ŸUÙ Gufl ˙LfieLs. TPj˚Rd œZk˚RLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ ·Pl TÙojR ©u ®Lrf£L˚[d

·\h”m.

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. NÙoh•p G›RlTh”s[˚Rd œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m.

øeLs ·±V’ N¨RÙ]Ù G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.

YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l

TVuT”jß A˚]j’d

œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm YÙ£dL

˚YŸeLs

Gu ≈h”j˙RÙhPm

œZk˚RLfiPu AYoLs ≈h•¤s[ ˙RÙhPj˚Rl Tt± E˚WVÙ”eLs.

Gu˘]u] E˚WVÙPXÙm?

˙RÙhPjßp Gu˘]u] T´o ˘Nn’s«oLs?

Èk˙RÙhPUÙ/LÙnL±j˙RÙhPUÙ?

ø Gu˘]u] ˙Y˚XLs ˘NnYÙn?

E]dœl©•jR È/LÙnL±/TZm G’?

Æ˚R ˙NL¨l◊

• œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m LÙnL±L∞u Æ˚RLs ˘LÙi” YWf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

110 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

• RÙeLs ˘LÙi”YkR Æ˚RL˚[ J⁄ ©[Ùv•d ˚T´p Ch” ARu ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.

Ts∞´p J⁄ LÙnL±j˙RÙhPm

œZk˚RLs ˘LÙi” YkR LÙnL± Æ˚RL˚[f ˘N•fNh•´p Sh” ˚YdLh”m.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘N•fNh•´¤m Æ˚R´u ˘TV˚W G›Rh”m.

• ß]ÿm RiΩo Ft±l TÙ’LÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• ÿR≠p ÿ˚[jR’ G’ GjR˚] SÙs, GuT˚Rl Tß˙Yh•p œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TÙPj˚R YÙ£jR©u œZk˚RLfiPu TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ]ÙdL∞u A•lT˚P´p

LXk’˚WVÙ”Ls.

Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs

œZk˚RLs YÙ£l©p LY]m ˘N¤jRYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’.

• ˘RÙeœm ˙RÙhPm A˚UdL AÿRu ˘NnR ˘NVpL˚[j R≤jR≤VÙL YÙ£j’d

Li”©•dLh”m. œ±l˙Th•p Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m.

• SiToLfiPu ˚L UÙ± T¨˙NÙßdLh”m.

• œ›Æp ˘Nufl RÙeLs G›ßV˚Rl T¨˙NÙßdLh”m

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ˘Y∞´Ph”m.

• A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdœeLs

NÙoh•p £X ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’eLs. œZk˚RLs Af˘NÙtLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘RÙPo E⁄YÙdLh”m.

G.LÙ.

˙RÙhPm

≈h”j ˙RÙhPm Èk˙RÙhPm

˘RÙeœm˙RÙhPm LÙnL±j˙RÙhPm

œZk˚RLs YhPUÙL EhLÙW Yi”m. GiLh˚PL˚[ E⁄h• Æ˚[VÙP Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m

R]dœd °˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[d œ±j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ —tflm ÿ•Y˚PŸm˙TÙ’

˘Yt±˘Tt\Yo VÙo Gufl œZk˚RL˙[ ·\h”m.

°˚PjR ◊s∞L˚[f N¨VÙLd œ±d°u\]WÙ GuT˚Rd LY≤dL ˙Yi”m.

Æ˚[VÙh•u Æßÿ˚\L˚[ ÿu]˙W ·\˙Yi”m. CqÆ˚[VÙh•tœl ©u

L¶Rl◊jRLjß¤s[ TdLm 11, 12 C¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j RÙUÙL˙Y ˘NnVh”m.

WÙ¶Ÿm œZk˚RLfim

CqÆ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[PVÙ”Y’ GqYÙfl GuT’ TÙPl◊jRLjßp RWlTh”s[’. CqÆ˚[VÙh•u

˙SÙdLm CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p GiLs E⁄YÙdœY’m J⁄ Gi¶u CPUßl˚T YflT”jß

A±Y’m Bœm.

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs Æ˚[VÙh•u YÙ´XÙL Eflß NnVh”m. CPUßl©u A•lT˚P´p

GiLs E⁄YÙdœm˘TÙ›’ ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi L⁄j˚R EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II

111AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 7

˙LÙ≠dœi”Ls GjR˚]?

®Lr‹ HØtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs.

˙LÙ≠Ls GjR˚]?

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m. ˙YflThP ÿ˚\´p Æ˚PLÙQ ER‹eLs.

2 3 + 20 + 3

1 6 10 + 6

3 9 30 + 9 = 39

48 Gu\ Gi˚Ql TXÿ˚\L∞p ©¨j’ G›Rh”m.

G˚Y ˙NokRÙp?

38 If —t±¤m ˘LÙ”j’s[ Gi ˙_Ù•L˚[d ·hPh”m. Æ˚P 38 Y⁄m ˙_Ù•L∞≠⁄k’ 38 I

C˚QdLh”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˙_Ù•VÙLd ·h•]Ùp ˙TÙ’UpXYÙ?

·”Rp VÙ⁄dœ?

CWi” GiL˚[d ·h•l, ©u Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’, ·”Rp œ˚\‹ Li”©•lTRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m

3 Tj’dLs + 4 JuflLs

30 + 4 34


3 Tj’dLs + 1 Tj’ + 2 JuflLs


40 + 2 = 42

Gi A”dœL˚[ ÿ›˚UVÙdLXÙm.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ A”d°¤m GiLfidœ C˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•dLh”m.

• œZk˚RLs —VUÙLd Li”©•dLh”m.

• Li”©•jR Ejß˚V Æ[dLh”m.

• ™L‹m ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.

48

10 +38 40 + 8

20 + 28 30 + 18

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

112 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

U¶fNhPjßp GiLs

• U¶fNhPjßu ÿj’Lfid˙LtT GiL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

• ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ GiLfidœ HtT U¶fNhPjßp ÿj’L˚[ Y˚WVh”m.

AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls


10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

˙TÙu\ Ah˚PL˚[d œZk˚RLs ERÆŸPu RVÙ¨j’d˘LÙsfieLs.

CYt˚\l TVuT”jßl Tp˙Yfl Æ˚[VÙh”Ls ÍXm GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdLXÙm.

˘NÙp¤eL ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m?

B£¨˚V J⁄ œ±l©hP Gi˚Qf ˘NÙpX œZk˚RLs Gi Ah˚P˚Vl TVuT”jß Gi˚Q

E⁄YÙdLh”m.

40 + 3 = 43

50 + 8 = 58

60 + 7 = 67

Gi Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh” ˛ 2

˙TÙu\ Ah˚PL˚[ Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm J⁄ ˘RÙœl◊ ≈Rm °˚PdœUÙfl œZk˚RLs ERÆŸPu

RVÙo ˘Nn’ ˘LÙsfieLs. ˘NÙp¤eL, ˘NÙp¤eL GjR˚] ˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ TX EjßL˚[Ÿm

TVuT”jß GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdœm Æ˚[VÙh” Æ˚[VÙP ER‹eLs.

1 Tj’ 2 Tj’dLs 3 Tj’dLs 4 Tj’dLs 5 Tj’dLs

6 Tj’dLs 7 Tj’dLs 8 Tj’dLs 9 Tj’dLs

1 Jufl 2 JuflLs 3 JuflLs 4 JuflLs 5 JuflLs

6 JuflLs 7 JuflLs 8 JuflLs 9 JuflLs

6 Tj’dLs 3 JuflLs63 = -

Yœl◊ II

113AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

CPUßl◊l ˘Th•

CWi” CXdL GiL˚[lTt±V A±˚Y EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL ˙UtLiP ÿ˚\´p CPUßl◊l

˘Th•˚Vl TVuT”jßj ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZeLXÙm ApXYÙ?

Tj’ Jufl

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

114 AXœ 2 : ≈” SpX ≈”

AXœ Ußl¿”

2. ≈” SpX ≈”

1. TÙP˚X ÿ›˚Ul T”j’eLs. .

≈” SpX ≈”

SÙu Y£dœm ≈”

˘Y´≠≠⁄k’ LÙdœm

SÙu E\eœm ≈”

................................................................

................................................................

................................................................

................................................................

2. TÙ¤Æu ˚L´p 7 Tj’ ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Lfim 8 J⁄ ÏTÙn SÙQVeLfim C⁄kR]. AYu

˚L´≠⁄k’ ˘UÙjR ÏTÙn GqY[‹? Gi¶¤m G›jß¤m G›’eLs.

Gi¶p G›jßp

ÏTÙn

3. N¨VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄m ˘NÙtL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄j’eLs.

LßWYu ˛ T•dL

®X‹ ˛ „¨Vu

T´X ˛ NkßWu

4. , , , TÙu\ Y•YeL˚[l TVuT”jß J⁄ ≈h•u TPm Y˚Wk’ YiQm æh”eLs.

Cflß´p ø TVuT”jßV GjR˚]? GjR˚]? GjR˚]? GuT˚R Gi¶

G›’eLs?

5. œ•˚N ≈h•tœm A”dœUÙ• ≈h•tœÿs[ ˙YflTÙ”L˚[ G›’eLs.

œ•˚N ≈” A”dœUÙ•≈”

• •• •• •

6. 1 ÿRp 99 Y˚WŸs[ GiL∞p Ju\Ùm CXdLjßp 7 Y⁄m GiL˚[ G›’eLs. GjR˚]

GiLs Es[]?

7. ≈h” LhPj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TVoL˚[ G›’eLs.

œ•˚N ≈” ˛ , ,

UÙ• ≈” ˛ , , ,

8. YÙd°Vjßp G›’eLs

"T[T['

Yœl◊ II

115AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu

Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙PuAXœ 3

£fl YVß≠⁄k˙R œZk˚RLfidœj R≤STo —jRm, —tfll◊\ —jRm

˙TÙu\Yt±u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚R A±YfljR ˙Yi•Ÿs[’. ARtœ

ER‹m ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

R≤STo —jRm, —tfll◊\ —jRm, —jR™u˚UVÙp HtT”m ˙SÙnLs,

˙SÙnLs TWl◊m E´¨]eLs ˙TÙu\˚Y Tt±V L⁄j’⁄YÙœm

YiQm TÙPlTœßŸm ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[].

100 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[l TVuT”jß Y⁄m

·hPp, LØjRp °¨˚VLs ˘NnV‹m,

A˚YVPe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l ©WfNı˚]dœj æo‹

LÙQ‹m, Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹Ls TVuT”jß

A[dL‹m, L¶R Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th”d

L¶Rd L⁄j’L˚[ A±k’ ˘LÙs[‹m ER‹m

ÆRjßp CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL...

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs ˛ L˚R, œ±l◊

˘UÙØjRı\uLs : J⁄˚U, Tu˚U, LÙXeLs, YÙd°Vjßp

A˚UjRp, Gßof˘NÙp

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

116 AXœ 3 : Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu

LÙX AhPY˚Q

AXœ 3 ˛ Eu˚]ÆPUÙh˙Pu (R™r ˛ „r®˚X´Vp)

AXœ 3 ˛ A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (L¶Rm)


1. Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu 3

2. A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (L¶Rm) 2

3. I˙VÙ! Gu] SPdœm? 3

4. Nj’Q‹ (L¶Rm) 1

5. LQd˘L”l◊ (L¶Rm) 1

6. F˚WÆh˙P ’Wj’˙Yu! 3

7. YNkRm YkR’ 3

8. L˚Pdœ (L¶Rm) 2

9. T´t£jRÙs (L¶Rm) 1

19 SÙhLs


˘UÙjRm 20 SÙhLs

Yœl◊ II



˘UÙØ

1. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£j’/YÙ£lT˚Rd ˙Lh” Aßp CPm˘Ttfls[ L⁄j˚RŸm

®Lr˚YŸm ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ARu A•lT˚P´p S˚P˘Tflm LXk’˚WVÙPpL∞p Teœ

˘LÙi” Rm L⁄j˚Rj ˘R∞YÙL G”j’˚Wd°u\]o.

2. LÙX ˙YflTÙh˚P EQoj’m YiQm ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙd° G›’°\ÙoLs.

3. ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ T•Yj˚R ®Wl◊°\ÙoLs. AR]•lT˚P´p S˚P˘Tflm LXk’˚WVÙP≠p

Te˙Ltfl R]’ L⁄j’L˚[d ·fl°u\]o.

4. J⁄˚U Tu˚U ˙YflTÙh˚P EQoj’m ˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±k’ YÙd°VeL˚[

ÿ›˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

5. JjR K˚NŸ˚PV ˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±°\ÙoLs. A’ ˙TÙX ˙Yfl ˘NÙtL˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

6. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’ L˚R˚Vd LiP±k’ Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs.

7. Bm/Cp˚X Gu\ Tßp Y⁄YRt˙Lt\ Æ]ÙdL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

9. œ±l©hP YÙd°V A˚Ul©uT• YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

10. ""Em'' TVuT”jß CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[ C˚Qj’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

11. ""A' Uh”m ˙NokRÙp E⁄YÙœm Gßof˘NÙtL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

12. ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] J≠j ’˚Qdœ±¬”Ls ˙Noj’l ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙd° G›’°\ÙoLs.

L¶Rm

1. ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l Tj’Ls Utflm JuflL∞u œ›dL[ÙL J›eL˚Ud°u\]o.

2. 100 dœ ∏˙ZŸs[ GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N/C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›’°u\]o.

3. CWi•XdL GiL˚[ Gi Æ[dL ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs.

4. Ko Gi¶≠⁄k’ Ut˘\Ù⁄ Gi˚Qd LØdœm ÿ˚\L˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

5. ·hPp, LØjRp NVpTÙ”Ls APe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙi°u\]o.

6. GiL˚[l TVuT”jßl Tp˙Yfl Gi A”dœL˚[ E⁄YÙdœ°u\]o.

7. ÁWj˚RŸm, ø[j˚RŸm Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹L˚[d ˘LÙi” A[d°u\]o.

8. C⁄ CPeLfidœ C˚P˙V Es[ ÁWeL∞p AßL ÁWj˚RŸm œ˚\kR ÁWj˚R

Jl◊˚UlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

9. Ae∏L¨dLlTPÙR A[‹˙LÙ≠u A•lT˚P´p ø[j˚R F°j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

1. —jRUÙL C⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m GuT˚Rl Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

2. B˙WÙd°Vjßtœ FflÆ˚[Ædœm E´¨]eL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

3. A˚Y GqYÙ˘\pXÙm æeœ ˘Nn°u\] Gufl ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


4. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’m LXk’˚WVÙ•Ÿm —jRUÙ] ≈” GlT• C⁄dL ˙Yi”m G]

˘TÙ’ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄°u\ÙoLs.

5. ˘TÙ’ —LÙRÙWm ˙TQ ˙Yi•Vßu ˙R˚Y˚V G”j’˚Wd°\ÙoLs.

6. —tfll◊\j˚Rj Án˚UVÙL ˚Yjß⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m GuT˚R

Th•V≠”°u\ÙoLs.

7. —tfll◊\j Án˚U ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NVpL∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.

L˚XdLpÆ


2. TPjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.

L˚XdLpÆ

Yœl◊ II


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Yœl◊ II


®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1®Lr‹ ˛ 1

CkR F¨p Gp˙XÙ˚WŸm L•dœm Gu]Ùp, AY˚] Uh”m L•dL ÿ•VÆp˚X˙V!''

˙LÙTjßp ˘LÙ— LjßV’. ""GeL[Ù¤m RÙu!'' DŸm, G≠Ÿm ˘LÙ—Æu ˙LÙTjßp

Teœ ˘LÙiP]. VÙo AYu? AYu RÙu B]kRu. Hu AY˚]d L•dL

ÿ•VÆp˚X?.........

R™r ˛ Eu˚] ÆP UÙh˙Pu (52-˛57)

®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2

B]kRu —jRjßp Uh”UpX; T•l©¤m ˘Lh•dLÙWu. Kn‹ ˙SWeL∞p L˚R

◊jRLeLs YÙ£lTÙu. Auflm AqYÙ˙\ ËXLjß≠⁄k’ ˘LÙi” YkR L˚Rl

◊jRLj˚R YÙ£dLj ˘RÙPe°]Ùu.

L¶Rm˛ A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (44˛49) (UWLR SÙh•u AWNu)

®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3

B]kRu L˚Rl ◊jRLm YÙ£j’d ˘LÙi•⁄lT˚Rd LiP ˘LÙ—‹dœd ˙LÙTm

R˚Xd˙L±V’. ""Cufl Eu˚] Gu] ˘Nn°˙\u TÙo!'' U]ßtœs NYÙp ÆhP’.

Ru SiToL˚[j ßWh•V’. AYoLs A˚]Y⁄m B]kR≤u ≈h˚P ˙SÙd°

T˚P˘V”jR]o.

R™r ˛ I˙VÙ! Gu] SPdœm?

®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4

UflSÙs Ts∞´p YÙ£l◊ ˙SWm. B]kRu Ru ˚T´≠⁄kR ""A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp...''

L˚Rl ◊jRLj˚R G”jRÙu. A[‹dœ ¡±f NÙl©hP LÙWQjRÙp UWLR SÙh” AWNo

˙SÙn Yk’ C\k’ ˙TÙ] L˚R˚V YÙ£j’ ÿ•dL‹m UßV EQ‹dLÙ] U¶

A•dL‹m N¨VÙL C⁄kR’. ""Cufl UßV EQ‹ Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm''? VÙ£jRYÙ˙\

G›kRÙu B]kRu.

L¶Rm˛ Nj’Q‹ (50)

L˚RdL[m

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5

UßV EQ‹dœl ©u SiToLs A˚]Y⁄m YœlT˚\´p ·•]o ÿu]˙W

æoUÙ≤jRT• B£¨V⁄Pu Nok’ Ts∞dœ A⁄°p Es[ ≈”LfidœNÛ —tfll◊\f

—jRm ˘RÙPoTÙ] LQd˘L”dLf ˘Nu\]o.

L¶Rm˛ LQd˘L”l◊ (51)

®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6

Ts∞´≠⁄k’ ≈” ß⁄m©V B]kRu LÙnfNXÙp Ts∞dœ YWÙR R]’ SiTu

˘NpY˚Rl TÙodLf ˘Nu\Ùu. SiT≤u SXm ÆNÙ¨j’ Æh” ≈h•tœ YkRÙu.

CW‹ NÙl©h”Æh”l T”jRÙu. UflSÙs....

R™r ˛ F˚W Æh˙P ’Wj’˙Yu! (64˛67)

®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7

U⁄j’YU˚]´≠⁄k’ ≈” ß⁄m©V B]kR˚]d LÙQ SiToLs Ykß⁄kR]o.

AmUÙ AYoLs A˚]Y⁄dœm Røo YZe°]Ùo. SiToLs LÙnfNp YkR LÙWQm

˙LhLj˘RÙPe°]o.

R™r ˛ YNkRm YkR’ (68˛72)

®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8®Lr‹ ˛ 8

SiToLs RÙm ˙Ut˘LÙiP æoUÙ]jßuT• —tfll◊\j˚Rf —jRm ˘NnV

BVjRUÙ´]o. ARtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ YÙeœYRtLÙLd L˚Pdœf

˘Nu\]o.

L¶Rm˛ L˚Pdœ.... (52˛54)

®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9®Lr‹ ˛ 9

SiToL∞u ≈h˚Pl ˙TÙX —tfll◊\ÿm —jRUÙ]’. AR]Ùp B]kR‡m

SiToLfim B˙WÙd°VUÙL YÙrkR]o. ˘LÙ—‹m SiToLfim AkR F⁄dœj

ß⁄m© YW˙Y´p˚X.

L¶Rm˛ T´t£jRÙs (55˛58)

Yœl◊ II


®Lr‹ ˛1

Eu˚] ÆPUÙh˙Pu...

CkR ®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls.

˘UÙØ ˛ 1, 2, 3, 4

„r®˚X´Vp ˛ 1

TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸm ÿu...

œZk˚RL˙[! EeLfidœ Gu˘]u] Æ”L˚RLs R¨Ÿm? ·”Rp Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P NÙpY’

VÙo Gufl TÙol˙TÙm G] Æ]Æ J⁄ £X Æ”L˚R ˙LfieLs.

F⁄d˘LpXÙm PÙdPo

F£ ˙TÙ”m PÙdPo

˙SÙ˚Vl TWl◊m PÙdPo

˛ VÙo AkR PÙdPo?

˘LÙ—˚Yl Tt±V J⁄ L˚R ·\h”UÙ G]d ·± ®Lr‹ 1 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R —˚YTPd·fleLs.

• ˘LÙ—, D, G≠... B°VYt±tœ B]kRu ¡’ Hu ˙LÙTm?

• B]kR˚] Hu L•dL ÿ•VÆp˚X?

TXÆR LsÆLs Lh” LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. VÙo ·±V’

N¨ G]l TÙol˙TÙm G]d ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

• YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞u A•lT˚P´p YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLs L˚RlTœß˚Vl ◊¨k’s[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄h”

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. AR]•lT˚P´p ˙U¤m £X ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

U≤R‡dœ ˙SÙn TWl◊m E´¨]eL∞P™⁄k’ RtLÙj’d ˘LÙsfim ÆØlTQo‹ C⁄dœUÙfl

LXk’˚WVÙPp A˚UVh”m.

Li”©•ŸeLs

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ Æ”L˚RLfidœd œZk˚RLs LXk’˚WVÙ• Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

˙U¤m G≠, TÙm◊, Íh˚PlÈf£, ˙Tu ˙TÙu\ U≤R‡dœj æ˚U ˘NnŸm E´W]eLs Æ˚PVÙL

Y⁄m Æ”L˚RLs E⁄YÙd° YWd ·fleLs. Æ”L˚R UXWÙL YœlTıp Y∞´P ÿVt£ NnŸeLs.

—jRUÙL C⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnYÙn?

—jRUÙL C⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.

œZk˚RLs ·±VYt˚\l T—mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYtfls N¨VÙ]Yt˚\j ˙Rok˘R”j’ ""R≤

STo —jRm' Gu\ R˚Xl©p NÙoh•p G›ß Yœl©p UÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m. G›Rh”m.

ß]ÿm L˚Pl©•d°\ÙoL[Ù G]d LY≤dL ˙Yi”m.

G›’eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙ” C\kRLÙXj˚RŸm GßoLÙXj˚RŸm A±V ˚YlTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. UÙß¨˚Vl

˙TÙX UÙt± G›Rd ·fleLs. ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙPÙL C\kRLÙX ˘NÙp Ju˚\ øeLs ·fleLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


œZk˚RLs GßoLÙXj˚Rd œ±dœm ˘NÙp˚Xd ·\h”m. C˚R˙V œZk˚RL˚[ C⁄ œ›dL[Ùd°

Æ˚[VÙPf NnVXÙm. ®˚\V UÙß¨L˚[l T—mTX˚L´p AhPY˚QlT”j’eLs. œZk˚RL˚[j

R≤VÙL‹m œ›dL[ÙL‹m YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs. œ±l˙Th•p œ±dLh”m.

SÙu ß]ÿm ˘NnY’

œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLl T•Yj˚R ®Wl© ◊s∞L˚[ A∞dLh”m. T•Y UÙß¨˚V NÙoh•˙XÙ/

L⁄mTX˚L´˙XÙ G›ß Æ[dL Yi”m. œZk˚RLs RÙu Tt\ UÙjR ◊s∞L∞u A•lT˚P´p

R]’ R≤ STo —jRj˚R EQok’ ˘LÙs[ YÙnlTÙL C’ A˚UŸm.

GjR˚] ˘NÙtLs

C\e°]Ùu, ˘RÙhPÙu, ˚YjRÙu ˙TÙu\ C\kR LÙXj˚Rd œ±dœm ˘NÙtL˚[l ˙TÙufl

TÙPlTœß´p ¡Rm Es[ C\kRLÙXf NÙtL˚[d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y LiP±Vh”m. œZk˚RLs

·flm˘TÙ›’ B£¨Vo L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’Rp AY£Vm. A˚]j’f ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm LiP±kR

©u ARu GßoLÙXj˚R EQoj’m ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RL∞Pm ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

SÙ‡m SÙeLfim

J⁄˚U, Tu˚U Æ[dL ER‹m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. œZk˚RLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ• Æ˚P LiP±V

ER‹eLs. RÙUÙL˙Y G›Rh”m. œZk˚RL˚[ C⁄ œ›dL[Ùd° J⁄˚U Tu˚U Æ˚[VÙh˚P

Æ˚[VÙPXÙm. AßL ◊s∞Ls ˘Tt\ œ› ˘Yt± ˘Tt\’.

LiP±ŸeLs

Ag—, Tg—, œg—

˘LÙgNm, RgNm, TgNm

˙UtLiP ˘NÙtL∞u J≠ Jtfl˚U˚Vd œZk˚RLs LiP±k’ ·\h”m. ÿRp G›j’L˚[

UÙt±]Ùp J≠ UÙ\ÙUp C⁄dœm ˙Yfl ˘NÙtL˚[ ·\h”m.

UÙß¨Ls

LPp, UPp

L˚P, Y˚P, T˚P

RhPm, ThPm, YhPm, LhPm.

¡sTÙo˚Y Æ]ÙdLs

• B]kR≤u A˚\ GlT• C⁄kR’?

• ˘LÙ— B]kR˚]d L•lT’ Cp˚X Hu?

• B]kRu GqYÙfl C⁄lTÙu?

• Áe° G›kR B]kRu ˘NnR ˘NVpLs Gu˘]u]?

˙TÙu\ ¡sTÙo˚Y Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”l Tßp G›Rf ˘NnŸeLs.

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ (Port Folio)

• Æ”L˚R UXo

• C\kRLÙXm ˛ GßoLÙXm ˘NÙtL∞u AhPY˚Q

• SÙu ß]ÿm ˘NnY’ ˛ Èojß ˘NnR T•YeL∞u ˘RÙœl◊

• J⁄˚U, Tu˚U AhPY˚Q.

Yœl◊ II


®Lr‹ ˛ 2

A[‹dœ ¡±]Ùp (L¶Rm)

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l Tj’dLs Utflm JuflL∞u œ›dL[ÙL J›eL˚Ud°u\]o.

®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L⁄j’ UÙ\ÙUp —˚YTPd ·fleLs. L˚Rd ·t˚\d

·±d L¶Rl TÙPl ◊jRLjßu Íu\Ùm AX˚L A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.

GjR˚] UÙmTZeLs?

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙiTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm

• UÙmTZl ©Wf£˚]˚Vd œZk˚RLs YÙ£d°u\]o.

• ˘RÙPok’ B£¨Vo ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh°u\Ùo.

• ©Wf£˚]˚V YÙ£jR ˘TÙ›’ Gu] ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiºoLs?

• œZk˚RLs ·\h”m LXk’˚WVÙPp YÙ´XÙL J⁄e°˚Ql◊

Tj’dLs Utflm JuflL[ÙL UÙt±d ·h”Y˙RÙ LØlT˙RÙ G∞RÙ]’ Gu\ L⁄j˚R G”j’˚Wdœm

˘NVpTÙPÙœm. WÙ_ÙÆtœ YkR CWi” ·˚P UÙmTZeLs. Ju±p 60 Ut˘\Ùu±p 30. 10 ≈Rÿs[

œf£dLh”Ls TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs. ©u Re°V œZk˚RLs G∞ßp ◊¨k’

˘LÙs[ YÙnlTÙL A˚UŸm. œZk˚RLs ◊ßV ÿ˚\´p Æ˚P Li”©•jß⁄kRÙp L⁄mTX˚L´p

˘Nn’LÙhPd ·fleLs. œ±l˙Th•p œ±j’ ˚YdLh”m.

©Wf£˚]˚V ˘Y∞´”Y’ GqYÙfl GuT˚R Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]´u

Ru˚Ud˙LtT B£¨Vo æoUÙ≤dL˙Yi”m. ©Wf£˚]˚V NÙoh•p G›ß˙VÙ,

Æ[d°d ·±˙VÙ œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL YÙ£j˙RÙ LiP±VXÙm. Gu\Ù¤m SU’

CXh£Vm œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’ LÙi” æo‹ LÙQ˙Yi”m GuT˙R.

CRtœ ERYm ÆRjßp ©Wf£˚]˚V ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m. ©WfN˚]˚V

˘Y∞´hP©u ·flYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls LÙ”dL Yi”m. RWlTh”s[ ÆTWeLs

Gu]˘YuT˚R œZk˚RLs ·\‹m G›R‹m YÙnl◊Ls ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.

˙R˚Y˘V≤p TœlTÙn‹ Æ]ÙdLs LhL Yi”m. œZk˚RL∞u £kR˚]dœj

RPeLp HtTPÙRYÙfl Æ]ÙdLs LhT’ SpX’. RÙPok’, æo‹ LÙiT’ GqYÙfl

GuT˚Rd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLd Li”©•j’ ·\ ˙Yi”m. C˚R YœlT˚\´p

LXk’˚WVÙP ˙Yi”m.

Gu˘]u] ˘NnRÙp Æ˚P°˚Pdœm GuT˚Rj æoUÙ≤jR ©u]˙W ˘NV≠p

D”TP ˙Yi”m. ˘RÙPok’ °¨˚VL∞u ˙YflThP YØÿ˚\Ls LXk’˚WVÙP

˙Yi”m. LÙXl ˙TÙd°p J⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœ ˘UÙjRUÙLj æo‹LÙ‘m ß\u

œZk˚RLfidœd °˚PdL ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p L⁄ÆLs

◊∞Ve˘LÙh˚PLs

œf£dLh”Ls

UgNÙ• ÿj’Ls

Gi Ah˚PLs

˙LÙ≠d œi”Ls

C≤l◊ TXLÙWm

Cf˘NVpTÙh•tLÙL 9 LÙ°RjRh”Ls, Jq˘YÙ⁄ Rh•¤m Tj’≈Rÿs[ ◊∞Vÿj’dLs/

˘Sp≠dLÙnLs ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. ˘Sp≠dLÙnL˚[ Xh”L[ÙLd L⁄Rf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

œZk˚RL∞p J⁄Y˚] WÙ_ÙYÙLj ˙Rok˘R”eLs.

S•l©u YÙ´XÙL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs.

• LÙ˚X 4 Rh•p Es[ GpXÙ Xh”L˚[Ÿm 5 Y’ Rh•p C⁄kR 6 Xh”L˚[Ÿm NÙl©hPÙo

G≤p LÙ˚X´p WÙ_Ù NÙl©hP’ GjR˚] Xh”Ls?

• LÙ˚X´p Íu\ÙY’ Rh•≠⁄k’ Íufl Xh”Lfim ÿRp CWi” Rh•≠⁄k’ A˚]j’

Xh”L˚[Ÿm NÙl©hPÙp ˘UÙjRm GjR˚] Xh”Ls?

•˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLfidLÙ] Æ˚P˚Vd œZk˚RLs S•j’l TÙoj’d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ®˚XLs

©Wf£˚]˚V ˘Y∞´”Rp

R≤jR≤VÙLl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ·flRp

◊¨kR LÙ¨VeL˚[ ˘Y∞´”Rp

˙R˚YVÙ] ÆTWeLs ˙NL¨jRp

æo‹ LÙ‘m YØLs æoUÙ≤jRp

©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘Rp. œ±jRp

˘TÙ’ÿ•‹ E⁄YÙdœRp (Æ˚P)

R]’ ÿ•‹m YØŸm Æ[dœRp

—V Ußl¿” NLUßl¿” ˘Nn°u\]o.

Yœl◊ II


YÙ˚ZlTZm

˙LNY‡m WÙÿ‹m LÙi” YkR TZeLs TPUÙLd LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. A˚R AlT•˙V Gi¶l

TÙoj’ G›’UÙfl œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs Gi¶ G›Rh”m.

• AßLl TZeLs ˘LÙi” YkR’ VÙo ? GjR˚] AßLm? Lh”L˚[l TVuT”jß Æ˚P

LÙQ ER‹eLs. Dodœf£dLh”L˚[l TVuT”j’eLs.

·h• G›’˙YÙm

Gi UÙ˚X˚Vl Èojß ˘Nn’ ·hP˚X EflßlT”j’m ˘TÙ⁄h”d ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[f

˘NVpTÙPÙœm. ·h”Yßp ©uRe°V œZk˚RLs ◊∞Vÿj’L˚[l TVuT”jßd ·hPh”m. GkRd

œ› ÿR≠p Gi UÙ˚X RVÙo ˘Nn°\’. ˙TÙh•VÙL SPjRXÙUpXYÙ....

˙U¤m £X Gi UÙ˚XLs œ›dLfidœ ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m. œ›Æ]o RÙUÙL˙Y LiP±Vh”m.

™L‹m ˙YLUÙL, N¨VÙLf ˘NnR œ›Æ]˚Wl TÙWÙh”eLs.

C˚Ql˙TÙm

TÙPlTœß´p Es[ Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P ÿu A‡TYeL∞u A•lT˚P´p ARÙY’. Tj’dLs

Utflm JuflL[Ùd°d ·h•Ÿm LØj’m Æ˚P LÙQh”m. £fl £fl Æ]ÙdL∞u YØ˙V

YØSPjßPXÙUpXYÙ? N¨VÙ] Æ˚P˚Vl ˘Tu£XÙp ˙LÙ•h” C˚QdLd ·fleLs.

16 + 12 32 + 44 79 - 20 39 ˛ 11 98 ˛ 22 35 + 24

28 59 76

B£¨V⁄dœ

GpXÙd œZk˚RL[Ù¤m ©Wf£˚]˚V Æ[dL ÿ•kRRÙ?

GlT•d Li”©•lT’ GuT˚R A˚]YWÙ¤m ·\ ÿ•kRRÙ?

©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnVd œZk˚RLfidœ GqYÙfl

ERÆ…oLs?

æo‹ LÙiTßp œZk˚RLfidœ HtThP £WUm Gu]?

°WÙUm HtThP œZk˚RLfidœ GqYÙfl ERÆ ˘NnæoLs?

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 3

I˙VÙ! Gu] SPdœm?

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (˘UÙØ)

• TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d L˚R˚Vd LiP±k’ Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°u\]o

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls („r®˚X´Vp)

• Sm B˙WÙd°Vjßtœ æeœ ˘NnŸm E´¨]eL˚[l Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs.

• E´¨]eLs GqYÙ˘\pXÙm æeœ ˘Nn°u\] Gufl ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs

• TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d LXk’˚WVÙ• —jRUÙ] ≈” GlT• C⁄dL ˙Yi”m Gu\ ˘TÙ’

ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 3 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd·fleLs. AR]•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLfiPu

E˚WVÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs TPdL˚R˚V EtfldLY≤j’d L˚R ·\ ÿVXh”m. AYoL[’

Etfl˙SÙdœRp ß\u Y[W ER‹m £fl £fl Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TPdL˚Rl Tœß˚Vd œZk˚RLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiPÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±k’ ˘LÙs[ CkRd

LXk’˚WVÙPp ˙LsÆLs Cf˘NVpTÙh•p ˙LhLlTh”s[’. ˙LsÆL˚[ Jq˘YÙu\Ùnd

˙LfieLs. ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ÿR≠p YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. ˙LsÆL˚[Ÿm TßpL˚[Ÿm

AqYl˙TÙ’ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. YÙ£dLf ˘NnŸeLs. Cflß´p œ±l˙Th•p G›Rh”m.

L˚R ˘NÙp¤eLs:

L˚RdL[jßu ˘RÙPof£VÙL Y⁄m ClTPdL˚R´˚]d œZk˚RLs œ›Æp ·\h”m.

LXk’˚WVÙPp L˚R˚V ÿ›˚UVÙdL œ›dLfidœ ER‹UpXYÙ? Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ReLs

E⁄YÙd°V L˚R˚Vd ·\h”m. £\lTÙLd L˚R ˘NÙu] œ›˚Yd œZk˚RL˙[ Li”©•dLh”m.

˙Yfl VÙo ? VÙo?

≈h•p Es[ A˚]j’ EVı¨]eL∞u ˘TVoL˚[Ÿm ·\f ˘NÙp¤eLs. œZk˚RLs ·flY˚R

L⁄mTX˚L´p Th•V≠”eLs. AYoLs RY\ ÆhP˚R OÙTLlT”jß ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW £fl £fl

˙LsÆLs ˙LfieLs. E´¨]eL∞u Th•V≠≠⁄k’ AhPY˚Q˚Vj RÙUÙL ®WlTh”m.

æ˚U ˘NnVÙR E´¨]eLs æ˚U ˘NnŸm E´¨]eLs

G’ SpX ≈”?

Íufl TPeL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RLs Etfl˙SÙdLh”m. E]dœl ©•jR ≈” G’? ˙LsÆ ˙Lh”d

LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. —jR˙U B˙WÙd°VUÙ]’ Gu\ L⁄j˚R Y≠Ÿflj’m ÆRUÙL E˚WVÙPp

A˚UVh”m.

Yœl◊ II


TÙPlTœß´p LÙ”dLlTh”s[ LsÆ˚Vd Lh”m LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. SpX ≈h˚Pd œZk˚RLs

LiP±k’ ·\h”m. Ut\ ≈”Ls SpX ≈PÙL UÙ\f ˘NnV ˙Yi•V A±‹˚WL˚[d œZk˚RLs

·\h”m.

Gu ≈h•p

≈h•p LÙQlT”m æeœ ˘Nn°u\ E´¨]eL˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ•d L⁄mTX˚L/NÙoh•p

Th•V≠”eLs ARu Y¨˚NlT• YÙ£j’ Gu ≈h•p Ei”/ Cp˚X Gu\ ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙh˚P

A˚PVÙ[m CPh”m.

CYoLs ˙T£]Ùp

G≠, ˘LÙ—, D ÿR≠V] ReL˚[l Tt±Ÿm ReL[’ ˙SÙn TWl◊m ˘NV˚Xl Tt±Ÿm ˙T£]Ùp

GlT• C⁄dœm? LXk’˚WVÙPp.

• ˘LÙ— Ge˘LpXÙm ÿh˚P´”m?

• ˘LÙ—Æu EQ‹ Gu]?

• ˘LÙ— Geœ Y£d°\’?

• ˘LÙ—Æ]Ùp TW‹m ˙SÙnLs Gu˘]u]?

• D Ge˙L Y£d°\’?

•••

Gu ˘TVo ˘LÙ—. CWjRm G]’ Æ⁄lTUÙ] EQ‹. SÙu ø¨p

ÿh˚P´”˙Yu. U˙X¨VÙ, ˘Peœ, VÙ˚]dLÙp, £dœu œ≤VÙ

B°V ˙SÙnL˚[l TWl◊˙Yu.

Gu ˘TVo D A—jRUÙ] CPeL∞p Y£l˙Tu. ß\k’ ˚YjR

TiPeL˚[j ßu˙Tu. LÙXWÙ, ˙TÙu\ ˙SÙnL˚[l TWl◊˙Yu

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 4

Nj’Q‹

®Lr‹ 4 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs...

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (L¶Rm)

·hPp, LØjRp, ˘NVpTÙ”Ls APe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.

C’ CWi” CXdL GiL˚[ A•lT˚PVÙLd LÙi” ·hPp, LØjRp NVpTÙ”L˚[ S˚Pÿ˚\l

©Wf£˚]˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo◊T”jß Æ[dœm ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl◊d œZk˚RL∞u Gi¶d˚L G›ßV NÙoh Yœl©p ˘RÙeLÆP ˙Yi”m.

£fl £fl Æ[dLeLs A∞j’d œZk˚RLs —VUÙL S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙQ ER‹eLs.

EeLs Ts∞´p ÿh˚P, TZm ˘LÙ”dœm ß]eL∞p Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs.

L¶Rl ◊jRdRß¤s[ Th•V˚X YÙ£d°u\]o. ÿRp Th•V˚Xl TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn°u\]o.

Th•V≠⁄k’ Gu˘]u] LÙ¨VeLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•Ÿm? œZk˚RLs LiP±kR LÙ¨VeL˚[d

·\h”m.

Th•Vp TœlTÙn‹

J⁄ Th•V˚X GqYÙfl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnY’?

Th•V≠p GjR˚] LhPeLs Es[]?

Jq˘YÙ⁄ LhPjß¤m Gu˘]u] ÆYWeLs RWlTh”s[]?

Jq˘YÙ⁄ LhPjßp RWlTh”s[Yt˚\d ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?

Th•V≠≠⁄k’ SUdœd °˚PjR ÆTWeLs Gu˘]u]?

œZk˚RLs Th•V˚Xl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnVh”m

Th•V˚Xj R≤jR≤VÙL ®WlTh”m

œ›Æp ˘Y∞´Ph”m

œ›Æp Ußl¿” ˘NnVh”m

˙Uu˚U T”jRh”m

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m Yœl©p ˘Y∞´Ph”m.

B£¨Vo Th•V˚X J⁄e°˚QdLh”m.

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

LQd˘L”l◊


• ·hPp, LØjRp, ˘NVpTÙ”Ls APe°V S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.

• ®Lr‹ 5 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs.

• AhPY˚Q˚Vf NÙoh•p G›ß YœlT˚\´p ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs.

• AhPY˚Q´p Æ˚PLÙQ ˙Yi•V ·hPp, LØjRp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs

RÙUÙL˙Y Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.

• AhPY˚Q˚Vl TÙoj’ GkRd œ› AßLUÙ] SToL˚[f NkßjR’ G]d ·\h”m.

Yœl◊ II


®Lr‹ ˛ 6

F˚WÆh”j ’Wj’˙Yu


• Bm/Cp˚X Gu\ Tßp Y⁄YRtœ Ht\ Æ]ÙdL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

• œ±l©hP YÙd°V A˚Ul©uT• YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°u\ÙoLs

• ""Em'' TVuT”jß CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[ C˚Qj’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (EVS)• ˘TÙ’ —LÙRÙWm ˙TQ˙Yi•Vßu AY£Vj˚R G”j’˚Wd°\ÙoLs.

L⁄jRXœ 6˛dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. TÙPlTœß´p

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ TPeL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd°l TPjßp C⁄lT’ VÙo VÙo G]d ·\h”m.

E˚WS˚PlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs œ›YÙL‹m R≤VÙL‹m YÙ£dLh”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙiPÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄h”d

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

Gßof˘NÙp G›’eLs

• TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m ˙YflTX ˘NÙtLfidLÙ] Gßof ˘NÙp˚Xd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLd

Li”©•dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• œ›dL∞˚P˙V Gßof˘NÙp ˙TÙh• SPj’eLs.

• ˘NÙp Ah˚PLs, C˚Ql◊ Ah˚PLs TVuT”jßd Lt\p NVpTÙh˚P Eflßl T”j’eLs.

Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdœeLs.

• SÙu ˙Lhœm ˙LsÆLfidœ Bm ApX’ Cp˚X GuflRÙu Tßp ·\˙Yi”m G]d

œZk˚RL∞Pm ·±d ∏rdLÙiT’ ˙TÙX Æk˚RVÙ] Utflm S˚Lf—˚YVÙ] Æ]ÙdL˚[d

˙Lh” Æ˚[VÙ”eLs.

ERÙWQm

• G≠dœ HlTm Y⁄m (Bm, Cp˚X)

• VÙ˚]dœh• B˚P A¶Ÿm (Bm/Cp˚X)

• œß˚W ÿh˚P C”m (Bm, Cp˚X)

C’ ˙TÙufl TÙPl◊jRLjßp Y⁄m ˙LsÆLfidœm Æ˚P Li”©•j’d œZk˚RLs ·\h”m.

GjR˚] ˘NÙtLs?

œZk˚RL˚[d œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨ŸeLs. ˙SÙn ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[ G›Rf ˘NÙp¤eLs. GkRd

œ› ˙SÙn ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[ AßLm G›ß]ÙoL˙[Ù AYoL˚[l TÙWÙhP ˙Yi”m.

Gu] ˘NnŸm?

œZk˚RL˚[ UßV EQÆtœl ©u Ts∞˚Vf —t±d LÙi©ŸeLs. AYoLs Ts∞˚Vf —t±TÙojR

˙TÙ’ AYoLs LiP LÙh£L˚[d œZk˚RLs ·\d L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs, œZk˚RL∞u

Etfl˙SÙdœRp ß\˚] Ußl©”eLs.

C˚Qj’ G›’eLs

"Em' ˙Noj’ G›’˙YÙm G]d·±f ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPeœeLs. C’˙TÙufl ˙Yfl £X ˘NÙtLs

˘LÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs ˙U¤m £X ˘NÙtLs Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 7

YNkRm YkR’


˘UÙØÆ˚[VÙh•p Te˘L”j’l ◊ßV ˘NÙtL˚[ E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (EVS)

• —tfll◊\j˚Rj Án˚UVÙL ˚Yjß⁄dL Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m GuT˚Rl

Th•V≠”°\ÙoLs. A’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˘NVpL∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 7 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±l TÙPlTœß˚Vj ˘RÙPeœeLs.

• TÙPlTœß˚V Suœ YÙ£j’d LÙh”eLs.

• ˘TÙ⁄s ◊¨ŸUÙfl ˘R∞YÙL Æ[d°d ·fleLs.

• œZk˚RL˚[d œ›YÙL‹m, R≤VÙL‹m YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

˘NVpTÙh”l Tœß´p Y⁄m ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RL∞Pm LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. ˙SÙn

YkRRtLÙ] LÙWQm, ˙SÙn YkR ˙TÙ’ A˚PkR ’uTm, œQUÙL ˙Ut˘LÙiP ˘NVpLs

B°VYt˚\l Tt±V ReL[’ A‡TYj˚Rf ˘NÙpXd œZk˚RLfidœ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Gu] ˘Nn≈oLs?

• œZk˚RL˚[d œ›dL[ÙdœeLs.

• œ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙ•d ˙LsÆLfidœ Æ˚P LÙQh”m.

• £\lTÙLj æo‹ ·±V œ›Æ]˚Wl TÙWÙh”eLs.

• TßpL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’ ˘Y∞´”eLs.

˘UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh”

G›R ÿ•ŸUÙ? SÙu Li”©•jR’, NÙtLs E⁄YÙdœeLs TÙu\ UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh” NVpTÙ”Ls

ÍXUÙLd œZk˚RLs A±kR ◊ßV ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm, YÙd°VeL˚[Ÿm R≤VÙL˙YÙ/œ›dL∞˙XÙ

E⁄YÙd° ˘Y∞´Ph”m.

®Lr‹ ˛ 8

L˚Pdœ

®Lr‹ 8 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L⁄j’ UÙ\ÙUp —˚YTPd ·fleLs. LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœl

©u TÙPlTœßdœ ÷˚ZŸeLs.

L˚P´p

C’ CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjRp NVpTÙPÙœm. 10˛dL∞u œ›dL[Ùd°d LØdœm G∞V ÿ˚\˚V

A±ÿLlT”j’eLs. C’˙TÙX ®˚\V ˘NVpTÙ”Ls œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd°f ˘NnV

YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. U]dLQdLÙLd ·\‹m T´t£ A∞ŸeLs.

˙UtLiP ˘NVpTÙh˚Pl ˙TÙX˙Y LhPeL˚[ ®Wl◊˙YÙm Gu\ ·hPp ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm

GiUÙ˚X E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm Gu\ LØjRp ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

Yœl◊ II


Æ[dœUÙfl EiPÙdLXÙm

• Æ[dœUÙfl EiPÙdœYtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] Dod°p œf£L˚[ ÿRp SÙ˙[ œZk˚RL∞Pm

˘LÙi” YWf ˘NÙp¤eLs. AYoLs ˘LÙi” Y⁄m Dod°p œf£L˚[j ReL[’ œ›Ætœ

˘LÙ”dLh”m.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm ReLs œ› Efll©]oLs ˘LÙi” YkR Dod°p œf£L˚[ ReL[’

˙SÙh•p Tj’dL∞u Lh”L[ÙL‹m, JuflL[ÙL‹m AhPY˚Q´h”d œ±j’ YdLh”m.

• ReLs œ›Æ]o ˘LÙi”YkR Dod°pL∞u ˘UÙjR Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•dLh”m.

• 100 Dod°pLs ˙NokRÙp/Æ[dœUÙo Lh”. GkRd œ›Æ]o AßL Æ[dœUÙfl Lh”

EiPÙd°V’ Gufl Li”©•j’l TÙWÙh”eLs.

• C˙R ˙TÙufl TÙPl◊jRLjßp Y⁄m ˘NVpTÙh˚PŸm ˘NnV ˚YŸeLs.

100 TXÆRm

• œZk˚RLs œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨j’ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm 100 ≈Rÿs[ 1 œf£dLh” ˘LÙ”dL

˙Yi”m.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ReLfidœd °PjR Lh”L˚[ 2 TœßL[ÙLl ©¨j’ Gi¶ ˙SÙh•p

G›Rh”m.

• C˙R ˙TÙp 5, 6 ÿ˚\L∞p ˘Nn’ TÙodLh”m AYt˚\ ˙SÙh•p G›R ˚YŸeLs.

• œZk˚RLfidœ Suœ ◊¨ŸUÙfl Æ[dLm ˘LÙ”j’ CkRf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf˘NnV ˚YŸeLs.

• C≤ 100 I GqYÙ˘\pXÙm Gi Æ[dL ÿ˚\´p G›RXÙm Gu\ NVpTÙh˚P G∞˚UVÙL

˘NnYÙoLs ApXYÙ?

·h”˙YÙm

• ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ÿd˙LÙQjßp Es[ Í˚XL∞p H˙R‡m C⁄ Í˚XL∞p Es[

GiL˚[d ·h• Æ˚P LÙQ ˙Yi”m.

• CqYÙfl A”jR”jR Í˚XL∞p Es[ C⁄ GiL˚[d·h• Æ˚P Li”©•dL YŸeLs.

• C’ ·hP˚X EflßlT”jRd ˘LÙ”dLlThP ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

®Lr‹ ˛ 9

T´t£jRÙs

®Lr‹ 9 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±l T´t£jRÙ∞¤s[ L¶RlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs,œZk˚RLs

T´t£jRÙ˚[j RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m, Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u A•lT˚P´p Ußl¿” ˘NnŸeLs.


• 1 ÿRp 5 Y˚WŸs[ GiLs G›ßV Gi Ah˚PL˚[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm ˘LÙ”dL

˙Yi”m.

• Aß≠⁄k’ A”jR”j’s[ CWi” Gi Ah˚PL˚[l TVuT”jß CWi” CXdL GiLs

EiPÙdLh”m.

• °˚PjR CWi” CXdL GiL∞p ˘T¨V Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V Gi˚Qd LØdL ˚YŸeLs:

Æ˚P 9 Y⁄m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


• C˙R TÙp Yfl A”jR”j’s[ GiL˚[l TVuT”jßd LØj’l TÙodLh”m Al˙TÙ’m

Æ˚P 9˛RÙu Y⁄m Gu\ R≤jRu˚U˚V EQWf ˘NnŸeLs.

• C˙R˙TÙp 6, 7, 8, 9 ˙TÙu\ Gi Ah˚PL˚[l TVuT”jßd ·”Rp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘Nn’

TÙodLh”m.

Ah˚P Æ˚[VÙh”

• 1, 2,3 Gu\ Gi Ah˚PLs GpXÙd œ›Æ]⁄dœm ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.

• AYt˚\l TVuT”jß CWi” CXdL GiLs E⁄YÙdLh”m.

• œZk˚RLs E⁄YÙd°V CWi” CXdL GiL∞p ˘T¨V Gi, £±V Gi Li”©•j’d

LhPeL∞p G›R ˚YŸeLs.

• GpXÙ CWi•XdL GiL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙL G›Rh”m.

• œ›Æp ˘Y∞´Ph”m; NL Ußl¿” ˘NnVh”m.

• H˙R‡m GiLs Æ”Th”s[]YÙ? Æ”TPÙUp GqYÙfl G›’Y’?

• ÿR≠p 10 Cp BWm©lT’, ARu ©u 20 Cp BWm©lT’, Cflß´p 30 Cp BWm©lT’

Gu±q˚YÙfl G›R ˙Yi”m.

• ÿu·h• RVÙWÙd°V GiQh˚PLs TVuT”jß œ›Æp GiLs E⁄YÙdœ°u\]o.

• œZk˚RLs —V Ußl¿” ˘NnVh”m.

• ™Lf£±V Gi˚QŸm ™Ll ˘T¨V Gi˚QŸm G›’°u\]o.

• œ›Ætœd °˚PjR GpXÙ CWi” CXdL GiL˚[Ÿm £±V Gi¶≠⁄k’ ˘T¨V Gi

Gu\ ÿ˚\´p Y¨˚NlT”jßd LhPeL∞p G›R ˚YŸeLs.

˘Nn’ TÙol˙TÙm

œZk˚RL∞u ·hPp, LØjRp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ EflßlT”j’m ˘TÙ⁄h” GiT•L˚[

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TPeLfidœ Ht\YÙfl Y•Y˚Uj’d˘LÙsfieLs.

• EeLs ≈”L∞p HRÙY’ Y[ol◊l ©WÙ¶L˚[ Y[olT’ EiPÙ...?

• AYt±tœ Gu] ˘TVo ˚Yj’s«oLs....?

• ≈h•p Y[odœm T\˚YLs G˚Y...?

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

TX T\˚YL∞u ˘TVoL˚[d ·flm ˙Y˚[´p ˙LÙØú ˘TV⁄m YW YÙnl◊ EiPpXYÙ...?

Cufl SÙu J⁄ ˙LÙØú L˚R ˘NÙpXl ˙TÙ°˙\u Gufl ˘NÙp≠d ∏rdLÙ‘m L˚R˚V

Æ¨‹T”jßd ·fleLs.

Ko F¨p LÙØ Jufl Y£jRp ARtœf £X œg—Ls... LÙØdœf £X LÙ’˚U U¶Ls °˚PjRp

˛ YÙ⁄eLs œg—L˙[... SÙm ˙LÙ’˚U˚Vd œjß UÙYÙdLXÙm. RÙnd ˙LÙØ A˚ZjRp SÙeLs

Æ˚[VÙPl TÙ°˙\Ùm. œg—Ls UfljRp.. YÙ⁄eLs œg—L˙[ SUdœ NlTÙjß RVÙo NnVXÙm

˛ RÙnd˙LÙØ A˚ZjRp AmUÙ SÙeLs Æ˚[VÙPl TÙ°˙\Ùm œg—Ls UfljRp... NlTÙjßú

UQm YWp.. œg—Ls K•Y⁄Rp... AmUÙ T£d°\˙R... E˚ZdLÙRY⁄dœ EQ‹ GlT•d°˚Pdœm..?

RÙnd˙LÙØ ÆWh”Rp... œg—Ls HUÙk’ ˙TÙRp....

RÙnd˙LÙØ ˘NnR’ N¨RÙ]Ù...?

œZk˚RLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

C’˙TÙu\ J⁄ ˙LÙØú L˚R TÙPË≠p Es[’ YÙ⁄eLs TÙodLXÙm Gufl ˘NÙp≠

TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm ApXYÙ?

C’˙TÙufl ˙Yfl L˚R˙VÙ, TÙP˙XÙ °˚Pl©u ÷˚Z‹f ˘NVpTÙPÙLl TVuT”jßd ˘LÙs[XÙm.

L˚RdL[m

®Lr‹ ˛ Ju±u L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R

Æ¨j’d·±l TÙPj˚Rj ’YeL‹m.

Yœl◊ II


TP YÙ£l◊.

Big picture, UQpRPm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\j RVÙo ˘NnRYoLs A˚Rl TVuT”jßŸm, AqYÙfl RVÙo

˘NnŸm „Zp CpXÙR YœlT˚\L∞p TÙP Ë≠p Es[ TPeL˚[l TVuT”jßŸm TP YÙ£l˚T

SPjRXÙm.

• TPYÙ£l◊, TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸm BoYj˚Rj Ái”YRÙL A˚UV ˙Yi”m.

• TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m L⁄j’Ls Æ˚PVÙL Y⁄m Æ]ÙdL˚[j RVÙo ˘NnY’ £\lTÙL

C⁄dœm.

• A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• TPjßp GjR˚]d ˙LÙØdœg—Ls Es[]?

• ÿu]Ùp K”m ˙LÙØdœg£u YÙ´p C⁄lT’ Gu]?

• A˚Rl TÙPXË≠p C⁄k’ Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

• CkRd œ”mTjßu R˚XÆ VÙo?

• ˙LÙØLfim œg—Lfim Hu ·hPUÙLd ·• ®t°u\]?

• A˚Y LXk’˚WVÙ”Y’ G˚RlTt± Gufl TÙPË≠p C⁄k’ Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ..?

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs..

Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˙LsÆdœm Æ˚P LÙiTRtœl TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d Li”©•dL ER‹eLs.

YÙ£l◊d LhPeLs

• TP YÙ£l©≠⁄k’ FLYÙ£l©tœm FL YÙ£l©≠⁄k’ YÙ£l©tœm œZk˚RL˚[ YØSPjR

˙Yi•V’ AY£VUpXYÙ?

• œZk˚RL˚[f —VUÙL YÙ£dL‹m, ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dLf ˘NnV‹m RœkR EjßL˚[l

TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• øeLs £X ˘NÙtL˚[d ·\d œZk˚RLs Li”©•j’ YhP™Ph”m. ˘Ys˚[d˙LÙØ,

œg—Ls, Ui◊›, ∏f ∏f ∏f, LÙd LÙd, LÙd TÙu\ NÙtL˚[ CRtLÙLl TVuT”jRXÙm.

• R≤STo YÙ£l◊, œ› YÙ£l◊, øeLs J⁄ ˘NÙp˚X YÙ£dLd œZk˚RLs ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m

˘NÙp˚X YÙ£jRp ˙TÙu\ EjßL˚[Ÿm TVuT”j’Y’ SpX’.

• ˘RÙPok’ øeLs UÙß¨ YÙ£l◊ SPj’Y’ SpX’.

• øeLs YÙ£dœm ˘TÙ›’ œZk˚RLs ˙Lh” YÙ£dœm YÙnl˚TŸm E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m.

• ˙Utœ±l©hP YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[j ˘RÙPok’ TÙPlTœß´u Cflß´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[

Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”Y’ SpX’.

• YÙ£l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœj R≤dLY]m ˘N¤jR ˙Yi”m.

• £\lTÙL YÙ£dœm œZk˚RL˚[l TVuT”jßf NL YÙ£l◊ (Peer group reading) SPj’Y’m

YÙ£l˚T ˙UuT”jR ER‹UpXYÙ...!

◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YÙ´XÙL.

˘NÙp¤eLs

• Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Gh”m ˙SÙdœP˙] CqÆ]ÙdLs Ceœ ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙÆtœl ©u‡m AYWYo Rm L⁄j˚Rd ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• N¨VÙ] Tßp YWÙR R⁄Qjßp A’ RÙPoTÙ] ’˚Q Æ]ÙdLs Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙP˚X

YØSPjRXÙm.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


• A˚]Y⁄m LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• ˙R˚YVÙ] CPeL∞p R˚X´h” øeLs £fl Æ[dLeLs ˘LÙ”lT’ £\kRRpXYÙ!

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• Ts∞ú YhPÙWjßp Æ˚[Ÿm ˙Y[ÙiTóL∞u J⁄ Th•V˚X øeLs ÿu·h•˙V

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• R≤STo G›’Rp. Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m RÙm G›ßV˚Rd ·\ A˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p/NÙoh•p

J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›R ˙Yi”m. Cflß´p œZk˚RLs G›ß G”dL ˙Yi”m. CkR

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ÿu≤˚X´p ˙Th• LÙQ˙YÙ LXk’˚WVÙP˙YÙ YÙnl◊ E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ!

Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp

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Y¨˚N´˙X Y¨˚NlT”jR ER‹eLs.

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• L⁄m◊, HXm, SpX™[œ, Ru˚], R´˚X, LÙl©, TÙu\ Y[Ùi˚UL∞p £X UÙt\eLs

Es[].

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˘NVpTÙ” ˘LÙ”dLXÙm ApXYÙ?

Gi ˘TVoLs

Ju\Ùm Yœl©p JuflÿRp Tj’Y˚W Gi‘⁄dL˚[ G›jßp G›RlTZ° C⁄dLXÙm. CWiPÙm

Yœl©p ËflY˚W G›R YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. ClTÙPjßp C⁄T’ Y˚W G›jRÙp G›R

YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. CRtLÙL C⁄T’ Y˚W G›ßV ˘NÙpXh˚PL˚[Ÿm Gi Ah˚PL˚[Ÿm

TVuT”jRXÙm.

Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs

• £fl YÙd°VeL˚[f —VUÙL YÙ£jRp

• YÙ£jR YÙd°VeL∞u L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[p

• ◊¨k’ LÙiP L⁄j’Lfidœ HtT YÙd°VeL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp TÙu\ ß\uLs T\˙Y

Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

Yœl◊ II


˘LÙdLWd˙LÙ ˙LÙØ

˘LÙi˚Pf ˙NYp ˙LÙØ

LÙ˚X ˙SWm ·‹m

Li ÆØdLf ˘NÙp¤m

œl˚T ˙Uh˚Pd °[flm

˘LÙjß C˚W˚Vj ßu‡m

œg˚Nl ©•dL Y⁄m

L›˚Ld ˘LÙjß ÆWh”m

Gu\ Y¨˚N´p ÿ›˚UVÙdL ER‹eLs.

• N¨VÙ] Y¨˚N˚Vd Li”©•dLf £fl£fl Æ]ÙdLs ˘RÙ”dLXÙm.

• R≤SToT˚Pl◊ ˛ œ›Æp Teœ˚YjRp

˘NÙp≠l TZœeLs

X, [, Z, W, S ˙TÙu\Yt±u RY\Ù] EfN¨l©u LÙWQUÙL Y⁄m G›j’l ©˚ZL˚[d œ˚\dL‹m,

N¨VÙ] EfN¨l◊l T´t£dLÙL‹m Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

TÙPË≠p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ ˙TÙu\ ˘NÙp Ah˚PL˚[l TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙPÛ˚Pf

˘NnV‹m, N¨VÙ] TÙ⁄s A±kRÙp Uh”˙U N¨VÙL EfN¨dL CV¤m. G]˙Y Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙp≠u

˘TÙ⁄˚[Ÿm œZk˚RLfidœ Æ[dL ˙Yi”m.

TVuT”j’eLs

˘UÙØjß\u Y[odœm ˙SÙdœP˙] CkRf ˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

Íh˚P Íh˚PVÙnj RÙ≤VeLs,

œ˚X œ˚XVÙn YÙ˚ZdLÙn

œ˚X œ˚XVÙn ßWÙh˚Nl TZm

œ˚X œ˚XVÙn C[øo

œ˚X œ˚XVÙn ˘SÙeœ

˘LÙj’d ˘LÙjRÙn AY˚WdLÙn

˘LÙj’d ˘LÙjRÙn ◊∞VeLÙn

˘LÙj’d ˘LÙjRÙn ¿uv.

˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d Li”©•j’ YZeLXÙm ApXYÙ!

Gßof ˘NÙtLs

˘UÙØjß\u Y[odœm ˙SÙdœPu Cf ˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

A›R’ x £¨jR’

LY˚XlThP’ x U°rf£ A˚PkR’

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


• ˘Ys˚[d ˙LÙØdœ

Tj’dœg—Ls.

• Tj’dœg—Lfim Tj’-

ÿh˚PLs ChP].

• ÿh˚PL∞≠⁄k’ Ëfl

œg—Ls ˘Y∞YkR]

˙ L Ù Ø d L ” m T j ß p

˘UÙjRm 111 ˙To

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Gßof˘NÙp ALWÙß Y•Y˚UdL ER‹eLs.

Evolving text E⁄YÙdLm ˛ ˙LsÆLs

? ˘Ys˚[d˙LÙØdœ GjR˚] œg—Ls?

? Tj’d œg—Lfim GjR˚] ÿh˚PLs ChP]?

? ÿh˚PL∞p C⁄k’ GjR˚] œg—Ls ˘Y∞YkR]?

? ˙LÙØdœ”mTjßp ˘UÙjRm GjR˚] ˙To?

? œg—Ls Hu A›R]?

? Cflß´p ˙LÙØd œ”mTm Gu] ˘NnVj æoUÙ≤jR’...?

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLfidœ Æ˚PVÙL Y⁄m Tœß˚V G›Rf

˘Nn’ Evolving text E⁄YÙdœeLs.

Portfolio (T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl©tœ)

• YhPÙWjßp Æ˚[Ÿm T´oL∞u AhPY˚Q.

• ˙Y[Ùi ˙Y˚XL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß G›ßV’.

• TÙP˚X Y¨˚NlT”jßV’

• Evolving text

Teacher Feedback

• YœlT˚\f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SPjßV˙TÙ’ Gßo˘LÙiP ©Wf£˚]Ls.

••••

• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLs Gßo˘LÙiP ©Wf£˚]Ls

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• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ SÙu ˘NnR EP]• ERÆLs.

••••

Yœl◊ II


• ˙U¤m ˘R∞‹ ˘T\ ˙Yi•V (SRG, CRC) ©Wf£˚]Ls.

•••••

L˚R˙SWm ˛ Lt\p A˚P‹

TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d L˚R˚Vd ·fl°\ÙoLs

˘NVpY¨˚N

E˚Zl©u ˙Uu˚U˚V EQoj’m ˘TÙ⁄h” CdL˚R Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’!

L˚Rf—⁄dLm

YNkRLÙXm YkR’ ˛ Gflm◊Ls KnÆu± C˚W ˙R”Rp ˛ ˘Yh”d°∞Ls B•Ÿm TÙ•Ÿm ˙SWm

˙TÙdœRp. Gflm◊Ls A±‹˚W ·\p, ˘Yh”d°∞Ls ˙L≠ ˘NnRp... Gflm◊Ls ˘RÙPok’ C˚W

˙NL¨jRp˛U˚ZdLÙXm YkR’. Gflm◊Ls ˙NL¨jR EQ˚Y Ei‘Rp. ˘Yh”d°∞Ls HUÙk’

˙TÙRp, T£VÙp ’•jRp.

• TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dL YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m

• £fl, £fl Æ[dLeLs ·flY’ SpX’.

• Tœßd L˚R˚Vd·± ¡ßd L˚R˚V ÿ›˚UVÙdL‹m ˘NÙpXXÙm.

• L˚R˙VÙhPm ·flm R⁄Qjßp £fl £fl Æ]ÙdLs ˘LÙ”j’d L˚R˚V ÿ›˚UVÙdL

ERYXÙm.

• Cflß´p øeLs œWp Ht\j RÙr‹P‡m ÿLTÙY˙RÙ”m L˚R˚Vd ·\XÙm.

• ˘RÙPok’ Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm AYWYo ˘NÙkR S˚P´p L˚R˚Vd ·\ YÙnlT∞dL

˙Yi”m.

• £\lTÙLd L˚R ·±V œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙhPXÙm ApXYÙ?

• C’ TÙu\ TPdL˚RL˚[f NL¨j’j RÙPo NVpTÙPÙLl TVuT”j’Y’ œZk˚RL∞u

L˚R ˘NÙp¤m BoYj˚RŸm ß\˚]Ÿm Y[odL ER‹m.

TPdL˚RL∞u

˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdLf

˘NÙpXXÙm ApXYÙ?

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛2

RÙYWeLs £¨jR] (R™r)


G∞V L⁄j’d LÙo˚YVÙ] YÙd°VeL˚[ YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[l ◊¨k’ LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙP≠p,

Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.


£X RÙYWeL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° AYt˚\ UWm ˘N•, ˘LÙ• G] Y˚LlT”j’°u\]o.

˘NVpY¨˚N

®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jßp C⁄k’ Æ[d°d·±l TÙPlTœß˚Vj ’YeLXÙm

ApXYÙ!

• ˙LÙØd œ”mTm ÆYNÙVm ˘NnVj æoUÙ≤jR’ ApXYÙ...!

A˚Y Gu˘]u] ÆYNÙVm ˘Nnß⁄dœm...?

G]d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs!

• Ei˚U´p ˙LÙØ Gu˘]u] ÆYNÙVm ˘NnR’ ˘R¨ŸUÙ Gufl ˘NÙp≠TÙPlTœßdœs

÷˚ZVXÙm....

TP YÙ£l◊

• TPjßp Es[ RÙYWeLs G˚Y?

• GjR˚] LÙnL±f ˘N•Ls TPjßp Es[]?

• ˙LÙØŸm œg—Lfim Gu] ˘Nn°u\]?

• UWm Y[ok’ ®tTRtœd LÙWQm Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm...?

• UWjßp Tt±l TP⁄m ˘LÙ•ú ˘TV˚Wl TÙPlTœß´p C⁄k’ Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ?

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”l TP YÙ£l◊ SPjR ER‹eLs, TPYÙ£l©≠⁄k’ YÙ£l©tœf ˘NpXd

·•V EjßL˚[d L˚Pl©•lT’ SpX’.

YÙ£l˙TÙm

SÙu NÙp¤m NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dL ÿ•ŸUÙ Gufl Lh”l TÙPlTœß´p Es[ £X NÙtL˚[d

·fleLs. œg—Ls, œ”œ”, TPTP, œg—, ˙LÙØdœg—, ™[œd ˘LÙ•, UWeLs, ˘N•Ls, ˘LÙ•Ls,

I˙VÙ, TÙYm, NXNX, BaÙ˛ ˙TÙu\ ˘NÙtL˚[ CRtLÙLj ˙Rok˘R”dLXÙm.

˘RÙPok’ œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vf —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m. TXÆRUÙ] YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l

TVuT”jß ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dL YÙnl˚T E⁄YÙdœeLs.

˙N... ˙N... YÙ£l◊, Æh” Æh” YÙ£l◊ ˙TÙu\ EjßL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRXÙm. Cflß´p B£¨Vü

UÙß¨ YÙ£l◊d LhPÙVm C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

˘NVpTÙ”L∞u YØ˙V ˛ ˘NÙp¤eLs

• ÿRu˚Ud Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[ Gh”m ˙SÙdœPu LXk’˚WVÙ”YRtLÙL˙Y Cd˙LsÆLs


• ˙TÙ’UÙ] ˙SWm G”j’d LXk’˚WVÙP ˙Yi”m.

• Ts∞ Y[ÙLm, Ts∞ú —tfll◊\jßp Es[ UWm ˘N• ˘LÙ•L˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙ‘m

˘NVpTÙh•˚]Ÿm C˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊T”jßf ˘NnVXÙm.

Yœl◊ II


Y˚LlT”j’eLs

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T”j’YRtLÙL˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh” Es[’.

• œZk˚RLs AYWY⁄dœj ˘R¨kR TZeL∞u LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoL˚[f ˘NÙpXh”m/

G›Rh”m.

• L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.

• LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoLfidœ ˙S˙W UWm, ˘N•, ˘LÙ•, Gufl G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

™[LÙn ˛ ˘N•

UÙeLÙn ˛ UWm

SpX™[œ ˛ ˘LÙ•

RdLÙ∞ ˛ ˘N•

LjR¨ ˛ ˘N•

YÙ˚Z ˛ UWm/˘N•

˘Yi˚P ˛ ˘N•

ÈN¶ ˛ ˘LÙ•

C’ TÙu\ L⁄mTX˚L´p G›ßV LÙnL±Ls Utflm TZeL∞u TVoL˚[Ÿm Noj’l Th•V˚X

ÿ›˚UVÙdLh”m.

Cflß´p HRÙY’ Ik’ RÙYWeL∞u TVoL˚[l TÙPËp LÙ”dLlTh”s[ LhPeL∞p G›ß]Ùp

˙TÙ’m.

˙TÙ’UÙ]’ ˛ TVuT”j’eLs

˘UÙØd·flLs Utflm ˘UÙØjß\˚] Y[odœm ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. C’˙TÙu\ A”dœj˘RÙPo Utflm CWh˚Pd°[ÆL˚[ YÙd°Vjßp A˚Uj’d

·\ ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Y•Y˚Uj’d ˘LÙ”dLXÙm ApXYÙ?

˙LÙØdœg—Ls œ”œ” G] K•]

T\˚YLs "TP TP' G]l T\kR]

RiΩo "NXNX' G] K•V’

LUXÙ "LXLX' G]f £¨jRÙs

LiQÙ• "T[T[' G] ™u≤V’

Yi• "LPLP' G] K•V’.

C⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s

˘UÙØjß\u Y[odœm ˙SÙd°p Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

˘LÙ• ˛ UWjßp TP⁄’ ˘LÙ•

LmTjßp T\dœ’ ˘LÙ•

Ëp ˛ ’¶˚Vj ˚RdL ER‹Y’ Ëp

TÙPm T•dL ER‹Y’ Ëp

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


A˚\ ˛ ≈h•p C⁄lT’ A˚\

Lu]jßp A˚\Y’ A˚\

˘NÙp¤eLs

œZk˚RL∞u Y∞¬h”j ß\˚] Y[odœm SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m AYWY⁄dœ Æ⁄lTUÙ] ÿ˚\´p ˘RÙP˚W ÿ›˚UlT”jRh”m.

J⁄Yo ·±V˚Rl ©uTt±d ·\ÙUp TÙoj’d ˘LÙsY’ SpX’.

Jl©”eLs

UWm ˘N•, ˘LÙ• ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Etfl ˙SÙd° AYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LiP±k’ £\l◊L˚[

Y¨˚NlT”j’m ˙SÙd°p Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.

C’ ˙TÙufl ˙Yfl ˘N•L˚[Ÿm UWeL˚[ŸmÛ TVuT”jß AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”dLXÙm

ApXYÙ!

RdLÙ∞f˘N• ˛ UÙUWm

™[LÙnf ˘N• ˛ T˚]UWm

ÈN¶d˘LÙ• ˛ BXUWm

˘Yi˚Pf ˘N• ˛ ˘Ru˚]UWm

˙TÙ’UÙ]Y˚W ˙S¨p LÙ‘m ˘N•L˚[ Jl◊˚U ˘NnY’ £\kR’

LjR¨f˘N• TXÙUWm

£±V’ ˘T¨V’

LÙn £±V’ LÙn ˘T¨V’

œh˚PVÙ]’ EVWUÙ]’

˘NÙp¤eLs

œZk˚RL∞u A‡TYj˚Rl T°ok’˘LÙsfim ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd


AYWYo A‡TYj˚Rf ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

ß⁄jß G›’eLs

œZk˚RL∞Pm LÙ‘m G›j’l ©˚Z˚Vf N¨ NnŸm SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

Cf NVpTÙh•˚] UÙß¨VÙL G”j’d LÙi” AqYl˙TÙ’ C’ TÙu\ NVpTÙ”Ls YZeœY’

SpX’.

L˚R˙SWm

• œWp Ht\ RÙr‹P‡m ÿLTÙYj ˙RÙ”m.

L˚R˚Vd ·fleLs

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p L˚R˚Vd ·\h”m.

• Ts∞ ËXLjßp Es[ TPdL˚RLs, £flYo L˚RLs, ˙TÙu\Yt±≠⁄k’ G∞˚UVÙ]

L˚RL˚[j ˙Rok˘R”j’d œZk˚RLfidœ YÙ£dLd ˘LÙ”eLs.

• ˙SWm °˚Pdœm˙TÙ˘RpXÙm L˚R ˘NÙpYRtœ U\dLUÙhºoLs ApXYÙ?

• L˚R ˙Lhœm BoYm E˚PV œZk˚RL∞u ˘UÙØjß\u Y[⁄m GuTßp IV™p˚X.

• L˚R ˘NÙpYRtœ ÿuY⁄m œZk˚RL˚[ FdLlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II


• Su\ÙLd L˚R ˘NÙp¤m œZk˚RLs ˙Yfl Yœl◊L∞p C⁄kRÙp AYoL˚[Ÿm

TVuT”jRXÙm.

• œflkRL”Ls ÍXm L˚RL˚[d œZk˚RLfidœd LÙi©j’d L˚R¡’ BoYj˚Rj

ÁiPXÙm.

L˚R´p BoYj˚Rj Ái”YRtLÙL SÙu ˘NnR ˘NVpTÙ”Ls.

œflkRL”L˚[l TVuT”jß˙]u

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


˙R˚YVÙ] Lt\p

L⁄ÆLs

• œf£dLh”Ls

• ˘TÙ⁄hLs

• Gi Ah˚PLs

®Lr‹ ˛ 3

ÈdL˚[j ˙R•

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

100 ÿRp 999 Y˚WŸs[ Íu±XdL GiL˚[ G›R‹m, ·\‹m ˘Nn°u\]o.

®Lr‹ 3 CtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R EeLs Æ⁄lTjßt˙LtT L⁄j’ UÙ\ÙUp ·\ ˙Yi”m.

L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±V ©u]od L¶Rl TÙPl◊jRLjßu SÙuLÙm AX˚L A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.

100 u œ›dL[Ùd° Gi‘Y’ G∞˚U Gu\ L⁄j’ °˚Pdœm ÆRjßp Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’.

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TPeL˚[ Etfl LY≤dLh”m.

AR]•lT˚P´p AYoLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs

• TPjßp Gu˘]u] TÙod°u»oLs?

• G˚Rl TÙoj’d˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?

• Gu] ˙T£d˘LÙs°\ÙoLs?

• J⁄ ·˚P´p GjR˚] ÈdLs ˙Yi”m?

•Tjßu UPeœL˚[d ·\ ˚YjR ©u]o TÙPlTœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd ˘LÙ”dLXÙm.

TPjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ ˙TÙp ·˚PLs TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnVXÙm.

SÙeLs GjR˚] ˙To ˘NÙp≈oL[Ù?

400 200 500300 100

100 ÿRp 500 Y˚WŸs[ GiLs G›RlTh”s[ Ah˚PL˚[ ˙U˚N ¡’ ˚YdL‹m. J⁄ œ›

˙LsÆ˙LhPp. SÙeLs 100 ≈Rm 4 œ›dLs Gi GjR˚]? A”jR œ› Gi Ah˚PL˚[l

TVuT”jßf N¨VÙ] Gi˚Q A”d° ˚Yj’d ·hPh”m. (100, 100, 100, 100 = 400). Cq˘YÙ⁄ C⁄

œ›Æ]⁄m UÙ± UÙ± Æ˚[VÙ”Rp. øeLs œZk˚RLs ·flm GiL˚[f NÙoh•p G›R Yi”m.

C’ GiQ”dœLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. 100

ÿRp 900 Y˚WŸs[ GiQ”dœLs A±ÿLm

˘NnVlT”°\’. YÙ£d°u\]o; G›’°u\]o.

• R≤jR≤VÙL GiQ”d˚L ÿ›˚UVÙdœ°u\]o.

• ˘Y∞´”°u\]o

• B£¨Vo NÙoh•p G›’°\Ùo.

100 ÿRp 900 Y˚WŸs[

GiL˚[ YÙ£dœm TÙ›’ J⁄

Ëfl 100 CWi ËflLs 200, Íufl

ËflLs 300................... JuT’ ËflLs

900 Gufl YÙ£j’ ˘Y∞´Pd

œZk˚RLfidœj ˘R¨kß⁄dL

˙Yi”m. JuT’ ËflLs

˘RÙs[Ù´Wm Gufl YÙ£lT’

A’ B´Wjßu A⁄°¤s[

Gi GuTRÙXÙœm.ËflL∞u UPeL˚[ G›R‹m YÙ£dL‹m

˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’j R∞‹, Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp

GuT˚Y Ußl¿” ˘NnVlThP ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II


UÙ˚X ˙LÙdLXÙm

Tjßu A”dœL˚[d œZk˚RLs A±kß⁄d°\ÙoLs. UÙ˚X´u TPj˚Rf NÙoh•p Y˚Wk’ Yj’d

˘LÙi” C⁄ œ›Æ]¨˚P˙V ˙TÙh• SPjRXÙm. GkRd œ›Æ]o Æ˚WÆp UÙ˚X˚Vl Èojß

˘NnRÙoLs? UÙ˚X Lh”YRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ÈdL˚[ ÿRXÙY’ Li”©•jR œ›Æ]˚Wl

TÙWÙh”Rp.

CkRf ˘NVpTÙh•p A˚]j’d œZk˚RL∞u TeL∞l˚T Eflß ˘NnV Gu]

Ejß˚V ˙Ut˘LÙs≈oLs?

ÈdLs C˚PlTRtœf £WUm G≤p Tß¤dœ GkRl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l

TVuT”j’≈oLs?

Ë±‡˚PV‹m Tjß‡˚PV‹m œ›dL˚[f ˙Noj’ Íu±XdL GiLs

E⁄YÙdœm ˘NVpTÙh•p Gu˘]u] UÙt\eLs ˘NnVXÙm?

Èd˙LÙXm A˚Ul˙TÙm

TÙPlTœß´p RWlTh”s[ LhPjßtœs YWd·•V GiL˚[ ®WlT ˙Yi”m.

100 + 10 = 110

100 + 20 = 120

CqYÙfl 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 Y˚W´XÙ] GiL˚[ G›ß ARu £\l◊jRu˚UL˚[d ·\ ˚YjRp.

Ë±‡˚PV‹m, Tjß‡˚PV‹m Gi Ah˚PLs TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ˚YdLXÙm.

SÙÿm UÙ˚X Lh”˙YÙm,

œZk˚RL˚[l Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] ÈdLs ˘LÙi” YWf ˘NÙp¤Rp. œ›dL[ÙLl ©¨jRp. AYWYo

œ›Æ¤s[ ÈdL˚[ ®\eL∞u A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jR YjRp. Tjßu œ›dL[ÙL BdœRp.

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æ]⁄m UÙ˚X Lh”Rp. Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙ˚X Lh”YRtœm TVuT”jßV ÈdL∞u

Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•j’ G›R ˚YjRp.

ÈdLs °˚PdLÆp˚X˘V≤p ™hPÙn RÙsLs, YiQdLÙ°ReLs B°VYt˚\l TVuT”jß È

UÙ˚X LhPXÙm ApXYÙ? Tjßu UPeœLs, Tjßu ·hPpLs ˙TÙu\Ytfls ß\u˘T\j ˘RÙPo

˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZeœY’ SpX’.

Gi˘LÙ•

Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®Wl◊˙YÙm

10, 20, 30, ....., ......

40, 50, ......, ........

C’ ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙ”jR ©u]o TÙPl◊jRLjß¤s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs

RÙUÙLf ˘NnV EtNÙLlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

UÙmTZeLs GjR˚]?

100 1 = 101

100 2 = 102

LÙ°Rjßp UÙmTZeL∞u Y•YeL˚[ ˘Yh• G”j’ Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ˚YdLXÙm.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


Gi ˙RÙWQm

˙RÙWQeL∞p Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®WlT ˚YjRp.

Gi Ah˚PLs TVuT”jß Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P ˘NnV

˚YdLXÙm. ËflPu Jufl ˙Nodœm˙TÙ’ 101, ËflPu

CWi” ˙Nodœm ˙TÙ’ 102. CqYÙfl GiLs 101, 102, 103,

104, 105, ..... GuTR˚]d œZk˚RLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsfiUÙfl

Tp˙Yfl ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”dLXÙm.

C˚Rl˙TÙufl Gi ˙RÙWQm

E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙUÙ?

Ah˚P, Ëp ˙TÙu\˚Y TVuT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ?

L˚X, ˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆ YÙnl◊Ls J⁄e°˚QkR ÿ˚\´p SpL

˙Yi”m.

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©u TÙLUÙL Ußl©”R¤m ˙Yi”m.

Yœl©¤s[ GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim

GpXÙ LhPeL˚[Ÿm N¨VÙL G›ß

ÿ›˚UVÙdL ÿ•kRRÙ? 110 GuT˚R

GjR˚] ˙To N¨VÙL G›ß]ÙoLs?

LiP±kR Ejß˚Vd ·±]ÙoL[Ù? 101

Cp 1 GuT˚R Ju±u CXdLjß¤m

110 Cp 1 GuT˚R Tjßu CXdLjß¤m

G›ß]ÙoL[Ù?

SiToLfim ÈdLfim

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” To ≈Rÿs[ œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. CWi” œ›Æ]⁄dœm J⁄ Ah˚Pl˘Th•

≈Rm ˚YdL ˙Yi”m. AqYh˚Pl ˘Th•´p ËflLs, Tj’Ls, JuflLs Gufl G›ßV

GiQh˚PLs C⁄dL ˙Yi”m. øeLs œ±l©hP J⁄ Gi˚Qf ˘NÙpX CWi” œ›Æ≠⁄k’m

J⁄Yo ≈Rm K• Yk’ AkR Gi˚Q A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtLÙ] GiQh˚PL˚[ G”j’ Gi˚Qd

·\ Yi”m (G.”) 112 Gu\ Gi˚Q øeLs ·flm TÙ’ œZk˚RLs 1 Ëfl, 1 Tj’, 2 JuflLs Gu\

GiQh˚PLs G”j’ 112 Gufl ·\ ˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl Æ˚[VÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPok’ Æ˚[VÙ•V

©u]o TÙPlTœß´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RÙUÙL ˘NnV YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

TPeLs, œf£dLh”Ls, Æ˚RLs, ÿj’dLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”jß HWÙ[UÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

˘LÙ”l¿oLs ApXYÙ?

GiLs E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm

TPjßp LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ TÙu\ , , Y•YeL∞p GiQh˚PLs RVÙ¨j’ Yj’

Íufl Ah˚Pl˘Th•dœs Ch” YdL Yi”m. YhPjßp 100 Lfim N’Wjßp 10 u UPeœLfim

ÿd˙LÙQjßp K¨XdL GiL˚[Ÿm G›R ˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RLfidœm Íufl CXdL

GiL˚[ E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls LÙ”dL Yi”m. œZk˚RLs ·flm GiL˚[f NÙoh•p

G›R ˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II


10030 4 134

100 70 7 177

AqYÙfl NÙoh•p G›ßV GiL∞p T¨V Gi, £±V Gi Li”©•lTRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls LÙ”dL

˙Yi”m.

˘Lh•VÙ] Ah˚P/NÙoh G”eLs

£±V YhPjßp ˘Yh•˘V”eLs ˛ 20

N’Wjßp ˘Yh•˘V”jR˚Y ˛ 45

ÿd˙LÙQjßp ˘Yh•˘V”jR˚Y ˛ 45

AYt±p GiLs G›’eLs

YhPm ˛ 100

N’Wm ˛ 10, 20, 30, ..., 90 Y˚W

ÿd˙LÙQm ˛ 1, 2, 3, .... 9 Y˚W

Ah˚PLs E⁄YÙdLd œZk˚RL˚[l TVuT”j’eLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 4

˘N•´p At◊Rm Li˙Pu

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• TÙP˚X ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.

• ˘UÙØf˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 4 tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·\p.

GkRu ˙RÙhPl È˙Y

Eu˚] Jufl ˙Lh˙Tu

GkRu ˙RÙhPl È˙Y!

Tf˚Nf ˘N•´p CjR˚] SÙs

T’e° øŸm Ge°⁄kRÙn?

LÙt±p J∞´p SÙ≤⁄k˙Ru

Ui¶p ø¨p SÙ≤⁄k˙Ru

GpXÙm Ju\Ùnf ˙NokR’˙U

ÈYÙn SÙ‡m UXok˙R˙]!

AmUÙ AlTÙ ˙TÙp SÙ‡m

AZLÙnl ©\k’ C⁄d°u˙\u

Tf˚Nf ˘N•´p ©\k’m ˛ ø

Tf˚Nl ÈYÙn H≤p˚X?

Tf˚Nl ÈYÙn SÙ≤⁄kRÙp

VÙodœm TÙodL ÿ•VÙ˙R!

YiQm YÙNm C⁄lTR]Ùp

Yi”dœ YØŸm ˘R¨°\˙R!

• Gu\ TÙP˚X CWÙLj˙RÙ” K¨⁄ÿ˚\ TÙ•dLÙh”eLs.

• C’˙TÙu\ RÙYWeL˚[l Tt±V TÙPp TÙPlTœßdœs Ei” TÙ• U°r˙YÙUÙ Gufl

˘NÙp≠l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm.

Yœl◊ II


• TÙP˚Xl TÙ”m˙TÙ’ L˚Pl©•dL Yi•V LhPeL˚[d L˚Pl©•j’ ®Lr˚Y YØSPjßf

˘Np≈oLs ApXYÙ!

• R≤VÙLlTÙ”Rp, œ›YÙLl TÙ”Rp, ˙Nok’ TÙ”Rp ˙TÙu\˚Y S˚P˘Tfl°\˘Rufl

EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

• A˚]Y⁄dœm AYWYo L⁄j˚Rd ·\ YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

• ˘N•L˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° AYt±u R≤j Ru˚UL˚[d LiP±V‹m BoYj˚R HtT”j’m

ÆRm ’˚Q Æ]ÙdL˚[Ÿm EhT”jßd˘LÙs[XÙm.

• ˙R˚YVÙ] ˙SWeL∞p £fl Æ[dLeLs ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m!

˘NÙp¤eLs

ÈdL∞u R≤jRu˚UL˚[ A±k’˘LÙsYRtLÙL˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

„¨VLÙkß´u R≤jRu˚ULs

„¨Vu˙TÙX LÙh£V∞dœm

Gl˙TÙ’m „¨V˚] ˙SÙd°j ß⁄m©´⁄dœm.

„¨VLÙkßdœ Uh”UpX UgNs YiQlÈdLs TXYt±tœm „¨V˚]

˙SÙd°j ß⁄m◊m œQm Ei”.

RÙU˚WlÈÆu R≤jRu˚U

RÙU˚W C˚X´p RiΩo JhPÙ’

RÙU˚W LÙ˚X´p UX⁄m; UÙ˚X´p

CRrLs Jufl ˙N⁄m œQm ˘LÙiP’.

RÙU˚W TX YiQeL∞p Ei”.

Ap≠lÈdLs ˘Yi˚UVÙ]˚Y. A˚Y

RÙU˚W˙TÙufl LÙh£V∞jß•‡m UÙ˚X´p

UXWk’ LÙ˚X´p ·m◊m

Ru˚U E˚PV˚Y.

LY≤ŸeLs

RÙYWeL∞u C˚XL∞u R≤jRu˚UL˚[ Etfl˙SÙdœYRtLÙLf ˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ


Ts∞ Y[ÙLjßp Es[ ˘N•L∞u C˚XL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° AYt±u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d ·\‹m

G›R‹m YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• ÷≤ ·o˚UVÙ]˚Y

• KWm TtLs ˙TÙu\˚Y

• ÷≤ ÿh˚P Y•YUÙ]˚Y

•••

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

• ˘Tu£p ET˙VÙ°j’ C˚X Af— RVÙo ˘NnRp

• ©Wx, YiQm TVuT”jß C˚X Af— RVÙo ˘NnRp

• C˚XL˚[l TVuT”jß C˚X BpTm RVÙo ˘NnRp (B£¨V¨u ERÆŸPu)

Li”©•ŸeLs

J˙W ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄m ˘NÙtL˚[l TÙPlTœß´p C⁄k’ Li”©•dœm ˙SÙdœP˙] Cf˘NVpTÙ”


TÙPlTœß˚V ¡i”m YÙ£dLj ÁiP‹m CjR˚L˚V ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ER‹UpXYÙ?

BoYj˙RÙ” ˛ SÙhPm ˘LÙi”

EhLÙok˙Ru ˛ AUok˙Ru

Y[UÙn ˛ ˘NØlTÙn

UflT•Ÿm ˛ ¡i”m.

C’ ˙TÙufl ˘TÙ⁄s Li”©•dœm ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ A•dL• S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ?

Gßof˘NÙp ·fleLs

˘UÙØjß\˚] ˙UmT”j’m ˙SÙdLj’Pu Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

˘UpX ˛ Æ˚WYÙL

˙Nok’ ˛ ©¨k’

A⁄°p ˛ ÁWjßp

—⁄e°V ˛ Æ¨kR

TPj˘RÙœl◊ RVÙo ˘NnVXÙm

ÈdLs, C˚XLs, LÙnLs, TZeLs ˙TÙu\˚Y ˘RÙPoTÙ]’m ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘RÙPoTÙ]’UÙ]

Tjß¨˚L, œZk˚R UXoL∞p Y⁄m TPeL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ BpTm RVÙo ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

˘NnßLs ˙NL¨dLXÙm

˘RÙhPÙp YÙ•, RÙU˚W, „¨VLÙkß, ˙TÙufl R≤jRu˚ULs Es[ ˙Yfl TX RÙYWeLfim

EiPpXYÙ?

A˚Y RÙPoTÙLl Tjß¨˚LL∞p Y⁄m NnßL˚[j ßWh• Yœl◊ A[ÆXÙ] RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdL

ER‹eLs.

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©tœ

C˚X Af—Ls

˙NL¨l◊Ls

G›j’f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

Yœl◊ II


50 52 54

71 73 75

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

L˚Pdœf ˘Np˙YÙm

œZk˚RLs A˚PV ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• CWi” CXdL GiL˚[l Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[d°d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

• Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß ÆtL‹m, YÙeL‹m ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 5 CtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p/TÙPl Tœß´¤s[

TPeL∞u A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs

• £u‡ ™u‡Æu ˙RÙhPjßp Gu˘]u] LÙnL±Ls Æ˚[kß⁄dœm?

• EeLs ≈h•p ˙RÙhPm EiPÙ?

• øeLs LÙnL±Ls T´o ˘Nnß⁄d°»oL[Ù?

• Gu˘]u] LÙnL±Ls EeLs F¨p Æ˚[Ÿm?

• Æ˚[kR LÙnL±L˚[ Gu] ˘Nn≈oLs?

• LÙnL±d L˚Pdœf ˘Nu±⁄d°»oL[Ù?

• Gu˘]u] LÙnL±L˚[l TÙojß⁄d°»oLs?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs. ©u]o £u‡‹m, ™u‡‹m

LÙnL±Ls Æt\˙TÙ’ °˚PjR ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TÙodLXÙUÙ G]d˙Lh” "L˚Pdœf ˘Np˙YÙm'

Gufl TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

AR]•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs.

• ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TÙojß⁄d°\ÙoL[Ù?

• Gu˘]u] ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls ˘R¨Ÿm?

• ˘TÙ⁄hLs YÙeL L˚Pdœf ˘Nu±⁄d°»oL[Ù?

• ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß´⁄d°»oL[Ù?

• œZk˚RLs TÙojR ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙQ ˚YjRp.

• ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[d LÙi©jRp.

Æ˚[VÙh” ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”L˚[l TVuT”jß YœlT˚\´p L˚P, ÆVÙTÙ¨, LÙnL±Ls ÆtLf

˘Nu\YoLs (£ufl, ™u‡) ˙TÙu\ A˚Ul˚T E⁄YÙd° Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnV ˚YŸeLs.

A˚]j’ œZk˚RLfidœm YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

C’˙TÙu\ HWÙ[UÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[d œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”l¿oLs ApXYÙ?

£iPu G≠´u NÙhPm

˙Utœ±l©hP’ TÙu\ NVpTÙ”L˚[d LÙ”jR ©u]o TÙPlTœß´¤s[ NVpTÙh˚Pj RÙUÙL

˘NnYRtLÙ] YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RLs ·flm EjßL˚[ Ußl¿”

˘NnV˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


AflY˚P

150 ÿRp 160 Y˚WŸs[ GiL˚[ G›’YRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. C’˙TÙu\

HWÙ[UÙ] ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙ”l¿oLs ApXYÙ?

150 ÿRp 5 Cu UPeœL˚[ G›’YRtœ A”jR NVpTÙh˚Pl TVuT”jR Yi”m. C’ TÙu\

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Y•Y˚Uj’ Jt˚\ Gi, CWh˚P Gi, Ikßu UPeœ B°VYt˚\ 200 Y˚W

G›ßl TZL YÙnl◊ E⁄YÙdœ≈oLs ApXYÙ?

Ju±t˘LÙufls[ ˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•jRp, Ejß˚Vd

·flRp GuTYt˚\ Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

GiÈdLs

ÿu]Ùp, S”Æp, ©u]Ùp Y⁄m GiL˚[d

Li”©•j’ G›’YRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. L⁄mTX˚L/NÙoh•p C’˙TÙu\

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZe°d œZk˚RL∞u

GiQ±˚Y Y[odL CV¤UpXYÙ?

˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m Íufl GiL˚[d LiP±YRtLÙ]

ß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

Íu]Ùp G’? ©u]Ùp G’? S”Æp

G’? LiP±YRtLÙ] NVpTÙ”L˚[

Æ˚[VÙhPÙL‹m SPjRXÙm. ˘Yt±

˘Tt\Y˚Wd Li”©•lTRtLÙ]

RkßWm Gu]?

LhPeL˚[ ®Wl◊˙YÙm

·hPp AhPY˚Q´u —⁄dLm ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. CqYhPY˚Q˚V œZk˚RL˙[

ÿ›˚UVÙdL YÙnlT∞dL ˙Yi”m. CqYhPY˚Q˚Vl TVuT”jß 10 Y˚W´XÙ] ·hPp

YÙnlTÙ”L˚[ A˚PVÙ[m LÙQ CV¤m. TÙPË≠p LÙ”dLlTh”s[’ TÙufl HWÙ[UÙ] RÙPo

˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”lT’ SpX’.

1 ÿRp 10 Y˚W´XÙ] GiL˚[d ·h• J⁄ ·hPp YÙnlTÙ”

RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœm YÙnl◊ RWlTh”s[’. C˚Rl TVuT”jßd

·hPp Li”©•dœm Æ˚[VÙh˚P SPjRXÙm. C⁄Yo ˙Nok’

Æ˚[VÙ”m Æ˚[VÙh”. G”j’dLÙhPÙL J⁄Yo 6, 4 Gufl ·flm

˘TÙ›’ A”jRYo 10 Gufl ·\˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl 5 ˙LsÆLs

ÿ•Y˚PŸm ˘TÙ›’ GpXÙm ·±VY⁄dœ 5 ◊s∞Ls. AkR

·hPp Ei˚UL˚[ AqYl˙TÙ’ œ±l˙Th•p G›R˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II


®Lr‹ ˛ 6

˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘Nn˙YÙm

®Lr‹ 6 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”

œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs.

• £u‡, ™u‡ Gu] ÆYNÙVm ˘NnRÙoLs?

• UWf∫≤d °ZeœL˚[ GqYÙfl ÆYNÙVm ˘NnR]o?

• UWf∫≤f ˘N• TÙojß⁄d°»oL[Ù?

•••

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚] RÙPoTÙ] LQdœLfidœj æo‹ LÙiTRtœ HWÙ[UÙ] RÙPo NVpTÙ”Ls

˘LÙ”dL Yi”m. TÙPl◊jRLjßp Es[’ TÙufl CWi” CXdL GiL˚[d ·h”m TÙ’ Ju\Ùm

CXdLjßp Ufl ·hP¤dœ EhThP˚Y, TjRÙY’ CXdLjßp Ufl ·hP¤dœ EhThP˚Y

˙TÙu\˚YLfidœ HWÙ[m ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”l¿oLs ApXYÙ?

C’˙TÙufl LØjR≠¤m HWÙ[UÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.

34 30 + 4

28 20 + 8

.............. 50 + 12

50 + 10 + 2 = 62

34 -˛ 30 + 4 ˛

7 7

20 + 10 + 4 ˛

7

20 + 14 ˛

7

20 + 7

27

£pX˚\ UÙt± NnŸm LQdœL∞p, UgNÙ• ÿj’dLs, Æ˚RLs, œf£Ls, U¶fNhPm, CPUßl◊l

˘Th• ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”jß AßLUÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”lT’ SpX’.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 7

˘U›œ˙TÙu\ YÙ˚Z

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (R™r)

• E˚WVÙPp Y•Æp A˚UkR YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V YÙ£j’d L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙs°\ÙoLs

• ˘UÙØÆ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.


RÙYWeL∞u TVuL˚[l Th•V≠h” AYt±u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd ·fl°\ÙoLs.

˘U›œ ˙TÙu\ YÙ˚Z Gu\ ®LrÆtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs.

T˚]UW˙U T˚]UW˙U

Hu ©\kRÙn T˚]UW˙U!

SÙu ©\kR LÙWQj˚R

SÙhPÙ˙W ˘NÙp¤°˙\u

(Gu\TÙP˚X •l BLl TVuT”j’Rp)

C’˙TÙu\ SUdœ Su˚U R⁄m GjR˚] UWeLs Es[]?

LXk’˚WVÙ”Rp

Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm AYWYo L⁄j’L˚[d ·\ YÙnlT∞jRp

C’˙TÙufl SUdœl TVuR⁄m YÙ˚Z˚Vl Tt±V TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm ApXYÙ?

TP YÙ£l◊

• TPjßp Es[’ VÙWÙL C⁄dœm? AYoL[’ TVoL˚[l TÙPlTœß´p C⁄k’ Li”©•dL

ÿ•ŸUÙ?

• AYoLs Gu] ˘Nn’˘LÙi•⁄d°\ÙoLs?

• ˘U›œYojß˚Vl Tt± TÙPjßp Y⁄m Tœß˚Vd Li”©•ŸeLs.

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ÍXm TP YÙ£l˚Tj Ái•l TP YÙ£l©≠⁄k’ TÙP YÙ£l©tœf

˘NpXXÙm ApXYÙ!

YÙ£l˙TÙUÙ?

• YÙ£l◊d LhPeL˚[l TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• Tp˙Yfl EjßL˚[l TVuT”jß ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dLj ÁiP ˙Yi”m.

• ˘U›œYojß, YÙ˚ZUWm, E⁄° E⁄°, ˙TÙ’m ˙TÙ’m, ˙TÙu\ £X YÙoj˚RL˚[d

Li”©•j’ YhP™P YÙnlT∞dLXÙm.

¡i”m YÙ£lTRtLÙ] £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LhLXÙm.

˘U›œYojßdœm YÙ˚Zdœm Es[ Jtfl˚ULs G˚Y...?

˘NÙp¤eLs

ÿRu˚Ud Lt\p A˚P˚Y Gh”YRtœj ’˚Q◊¨Ÿm LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’YRtœ Ht\Ùt˙TÙX

Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙYÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs

• ˙TÙ’UÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm ˘LÙ”eLs.

Yœl◊ II


• ˙R˚YVÙ] CPeL∞p £fl Æ[dLeLs ˘LÙ”dLXÙm.

• A˚]Y⁄m LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m

RÙYWeL∞u Y⁄jRm

UÙß¨˚Vl TÙufl G›R YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m. G›ßV˚R YœlT˚\´p

Teœ ˚YdLh”m. LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœm UÙt\jßtœm ©u ¡i”m AYWYo G›ßV˚R ˙UmT”jß

G›Rh”m.

Th•V≠”eLs

EQYÙLl TVuT”m RÙYWlTœßL˚[ A±k’˘LÙsfim ˙SÙdLj’Pu Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ


• EQYÙLl TVuT”m RÙYWeL˚[d œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m G›ßV˚Rd ·\d·\ øeLs J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›R˙Yi”m.

• J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›ßV˚Rl TVuT”jßl TÙPË≠p Es[ AhPY˚Q˚V ÿ›˚Ul T”jR

ER‹eLs.

• AYWYo ÿ›˚UlT”jßV ©u Yœl©p ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

œZk˚RL∞u ˘UÙØjß\˚] Y[odœm ˙SÙd°p Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

• AYWYo A‡TYj˚Rf ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• EeLfidœ HRÙY’ A‡TYm C⁄kRÙp A˚Rf ˘NÙp≠j ˘RÙPeLXÙm ApXYÙ?

• A˚]Y⁄m Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

ß⁄jß G›’eLs

’˚Q G›j’Ls J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”Ls ˙TÙu\Yt±˚]d ˚LVÙfim˙TÙ’ HtT”m ©˚ZL˚[d

œ˚\lTRtLÙL˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

• C’˙TÙu\ AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ Y•Y˚Uj’d ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m!

G›’eLs

œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m. L⁄mTX˚L/NÙoh•p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.

˙U˙X X ∏˙Z

Es˙[ X ˘Y∞˙V

ÿu]Ùp X ©u]Ùp

TdLjßp X ÁWjßp

˙Uh•p X Ts[jßp

Li”©•ŸeLs

J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[l TVuT”j’Yßp ß\u˘Tflm ˙SÙdœP˙] CfN˘VpTÙ” Ceœ


Y Z ˛ YÙ˚Z

U W e L ˛ ÿ⁄e˚L

T ] ˛ T˚]

L W ˛ ∏˚W

R ˚ ] ˛ ˘Ru˚]

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


C˙R G›j’dL˚[l TVuT”jß ˙Yfl J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs

E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ?

Y Z ˛ ÆØ, YØ

T ] ˛ È˚], TÙ˚]

L W ˛ ∏¨, L¨

TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnRp

œZk˚RLs —VUÙLl TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnVh”m.

AYWYo ®˚\‹ ˘NnR˚R YÙ£j’/TÙ•d LÙhPh”m.

J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›ßd œ›lTÙPp E⁄YÙdL‹m ˘NnVXÙm ApXYÙ?

®Lr‹ ˛ 8

œh• VÙ˚]ú YÙ˚Zj˙RÙhPm

œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Ti•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• SÙsLÙh•´p Es[ Tp˙Yfl GiQ”dœL∞u ˘RÙPo˚Td Li”©•j’ Æ[d°d

·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs

®Lr‹ 8 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YPd ·\p. AR]•lT˚P´p Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”d

œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙPp SPjR ˙Yi”m.

SÙsLÙh•´p Be°X UÙRj˚R A±ÿLlT”jR Cf˘NVpTÙ” Ceœ YZeLlTh”s[’.

°Z˚ULs, ˙Rß, GiLfidœ C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊, GiQ”dœLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\

A±ÿLlT”jR‹m. CjR⁄Qjßp R™r SÙhLÙh•˚VŸm, UÙReL˚[Ÿm ®˚]‹ ·\ U\k’

ÆPÙæoLs.

SÙsLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jßf ˘NnV ˙Yi•V AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls.

• R]’ ©\kR SÙ˚[d Li”©•jRp

• ß⁄ÆZÙdL˚[d Li” ©•jRp

• Æ”ÿ˚\ SÙhL˚[d Li” ©•jRp

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRÿm ˘RÙPeœm ÿ•Ÿm °Z˚UL˚[d Li”©•jRp

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRjß¤s[ SÙhL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•jRp.

• R˚XYoL∞u ©\kR SÙ˚[d Li”©•jRp.

GiQ”dœLs Li”©•l˙TÙm

SÙhLÙh•´p ˙RßLs Y¨˚NVÙL G›ß GiQ”dœLs E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

2015 •NmTo UÙR SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’

• OÙ´tfld °Z˚Uú ˙RßL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m.

• ßeLh °Z˚Uú ˙RßL˚[ G›Rh”m.

˙RßLfid°˚P˙VŸs[ £\l◊ Gu]?

£\l◊L˚[d LiP±°u\]o; G›’°u\]o; ·fl°u\]o.

Yœl◊ II


˘RÙPok’ L¶Rl◊jRLjß¤s[ ©\ Æ]ÙdLfidœm Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

• ˘Y∞´”Rp

OÙ´tfld°Z˚U´u ˙RßLs 7 ≈Rm ·• Y⁄°u\]

ßeLh °Z˚U´u ˙RßLfim 7 ≈Rm ·• Y⁄°u\]

©\ SÙhL∞¤m ˙RßLfim 7 ≈Rm ·• Y⁄°u\]

GuT˚R SÙhLÙh•´≠⁄k’ ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’ SÙhL˚[Ÿm ˙Rß˚VŸm

LiP±YRtLÙ] ß\˚] Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

œZk˚RLs J⁄ SÙhLÙh• E⁄YÙdLh”m. A˚Rl

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœlTÙd° Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


˘SpÆYNÙVm

L˚[ G”jRp

EWm C”Rp

øolTÙnf—Rp

EZ‹ ˙Y˚X

LÙYp LÙjRp

Lßo AfljRp

AXœ Ußl¿”

1. œ›Æp ˙NWÙR˚Rd Li”©•j’ YhP™”.

1. Up≠jR˚Z, ◊ß]Ù, ∏˚W, LjR¨dLÙn

2. ˘Yi˚P, LjR¨, ™[LÙn, LÙWh

3. ÈN¶, ◊P˚X, ˘Ys[¨, UÙeLÙn

2. ˘NÙt „¨V˚]l TVuT”jßl TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnL

˙LÙØ Jufl YV≠˙X

EZ‹ ˙Y˚X ˘NnR’!

YV≠p ø˚Wl TÙnf£˙V

Æ˚RŸm Su\Ùn Æ˚RjR’!

....................................................................................

....................................................................................

....................................................................................

....................................................................................

3. GjR˚] ÆjßVÙNm ˘NÙpXÿ•Ÿm?

RdLÙ∞f˘N• UÙUWm

• •• •• •• •• •

Yœl◊ II


150 140

160

130 120

110

160

.....................

.....................................

................................................

...........................................................

110

100 40 3 172

100 50 8 115

100 20 4 143

100 70 2 158

100 10 5 124

55

55 + 5 +

+ +

4. Æ”ThP GiL˚[ ®Wl◊L

5. ˘TÙ⁄j’L

6. Æ˚P LÙi˙TÙm

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


56

30 + 27

21 + 35

25 + 22

23 + 33

45 + 11

34 + 24

7. N¨VÙ] ˙_Ù•˚V C˚QdL‹m

8. ©˚Z˚Vj ß⁄jß G›’eLs

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178 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

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ÆWh”Y’ GlT• G] B˙XÙ£jR]o. Cflß´p A˚Y J⁄ æoUÙ]m G”jR]

L¶RlTœß : LÙ” GeL[’ ≈” (L¶Rm)

TdLm 87˛90

®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2®Lr‹ ˛ 2

B]Ùp LÙh•≠⁄kR UÙPl◊\Ù Uh”m TVk’ S”e°V’. ™L‹m TVkR œQÿ˚PV

UÙPl◊\Ù LÙh˚P Æh”f £±’ LÙXm SÙh•p Y£dLj æoUÙ≤jR’. A’ T\k’

T\k’ SÙh•tœs YkR’. I˙VÙ! TÙYm. SÙh•tœsfim UÙPl◊\Ù‹dœ J⁄ BTj’

˙SokR’. Gu] SokR’ R¨ŸUÙ? C˙RÙ! UÙPl◊\Ù˙Y EeL∞Pm SPkR L˚R˚Vd

·flm. ˙LfieLs.

TÙPlTœß : YÙ]m Gu ˚URÙ]m.

®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3®Lr‹ ˛ 3

LÙ≠p A•ThP UÙPl◊\Ù SÙi• SÙi•f Nu\’. ""I˙VÙ'' Y≠d°\˙R Gu Y≠

æW SÙu Gu] ˘Nn˙Yu, U]ßtœs UÙPl◊\Ù A›R’. YØ˙V Y⁄TYoL∞Pm

R]’ ˙YR˚]˚Vd ·±V’. AYoLs Gu] Tßp ·±V’. AYoLs Gu] Tßp

·±´⁄lTÙoLs? UÙPl◊\Ù Gu] ˘NnR’?

TÙPlTœß : YØ Jufl ˘NÙp¤eLs.

L˚RdL[m

®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4®Lr‹ ˛ 4

UÙPl◊\Ù˚Yf —Uk’ ˘LÙi” Bh”dœh• Y≤RÙÆu ≈h˚P ˙SÙd°f ˘Nu\’.

Al˙TÙ’ LÙh•≠⁄kR °∞ AqYØ˙V T\k’ YkR’. Bh”dœh•´u ˙Up

UÙPl◊\Ù NpY˚Rd LiP °∞ T\k’ Yk’ T£V’. °∞˚Vd LiP UÙPl◊\Ù‹dœ

A[Yt\ U°rf£ HtThP’. LÙh•u ÆTWeL˚[d °∞´P™⁄k’ Lh”j R¨k’

˘LÙiP’. °∞ Gu] ˘NÙp≠´⁄dœm?

L¶RlTœß (TdLm 91˛96)

N˚UVX˚\ E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm

Yœl◊ II

183AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7®Lr‹ ˛ 7RÙu YÙrkR LÙh•tœf NpX UÙPl◊\Ù B˚NlThP’. Y≤RÙÆPm Ru B˚N˚Vd

·± A‡Uß ˙LhP’. LÙVm Suœ œQUÙ]©u ˙TÙLXÙm Gufl Y≤RÙ

L⁄˚Q˙VÙ” ·±]Ùs. UflSÙs LÙ˚X´p A˚]j’ ÆXeœLfidœm EQY∞j’d

˘LÙi•⁄kRÙs. R]’ ˘NpX Bh”dœh•dœ EQ‹ ˘LÙ”dLj ˙R•]Ùs.

Bh”dœh•˚V Geœ˙U LÙQÆp˚X. Y≤RÙ‹dœ AZ˚L A›˚LVÙL YkR’.

Y≤RÙ Y⁄jRlT”Y˚Rd LiP UÙPl◊\Ù‹m Y⁄kßV’. Bh”dœh•˚Vd

Li”©•dLTÛ ◊\Ù ERÆ ˘NnR’. UÙPl◊\Ù GqYÙfl ERÆ´⁄dœm?

TÙPlTœß : Ge˙L Gu ˘NpXdœh•?

ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹ÿ•‹SÙhLs SLokR]. Y≤RÙÆu ≈h•p ÆXeœLfim T\˚YLfim U°rf£VÙL

C⁄kR]. UÙPl◊\ÙÆu LÙVm ÈWQUÙLd œQUÙ°V’. LÙh•tœl ˙TÙL Æ⁄m©V

UÙPl◊\Ù˚Y Y≤RÙ‹m Ut\ ÆXeœLfim U°rf£˙VÙ” YZıV‡l© ˚YjR]o.

®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5®Lr‹ ˛ 5Bh”dœh• UÙPl◊\Ù˚Yf —UkRT• J⁄ YØVÙL Y≤RÙÆu ≈h˚P A˚PkR’.

Y≤RÙÆu ≈” TÙolTRtœ ™L‹m AZLÙL C⁄kR’. Y≤RÙ T\˚YL˚[Ÿm

ÆXeœL˚[Ÿm S£lTYs. ™L‹m AuTÙ] œQÿ˚PVYs. AYs UÙPl◊\ÙÆu

LÙVjßtœ U⁄kßhPÙs. C⁄Y⁄dœm Y´\ÙW EQ‹ ˘LÙ”jRÙs. UÙPl◊\ÙÆu

U]m U°rkR’. C˙RÙ Y≤RÙÆu ˘T⁄˚U˚Vl TÙ”m UÙPl◊\ÙÆu TÙPp....

TÙPlTœß : Y≤RÙÆu ≈”

®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6®Lr‹ ˛ 6SÙhLs ˘Nu\] UÙPl◊\ÙÆu LÙp Ntfl œQUÙ]’. Y≤RÙÆu ≈h•p UÙPl◊\Ù

Nk˙RÙ`UÙLl ˘TÙ›˚Rd LØjR’. J⁄ SÙs LÙh˚Pd LÙYpLÙdœm L›œ

YhPU•jRT• C⁄kR’. Al˙TÙ’ L›œ Y≤RÙÆu ≈h•≠⁄dœm UÙPl◊\Ù˚Yl

TÙojR’. EP˙] T\k’ ∏˙Z C\e°V’. L›œm ◊\Ù‹m J⁄Y˚W J⁄Yo SXu

ÆNÙ¨j’d LÙiP]o. LÙh•p SPkR NmTYeL˚[d L›œ UÙPl◊\ÙÆPm ·±V’.

L›œ Gu˘]u] ˘NÙp≠´⁄dœm?

L¶Rl Tœß (TdLm 97 ˛ 100) : ÁWjßp

YœlT˚\dœf ˘Np¤mÿu...

œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚Rj Ái”m ÆRjßp TÙPjß˚] YØSPjRl

TÙPËp, B£¨Vo T‡Yp B°VYt˚\ K¨⁄ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d ˘LÙsY’

SpX’.


˙Yi”m.

˙R˚YVÙ] ’˚QdL⁄ÆL˚[ ÿu]˙W RVÙ¨j’ ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

NÙoh•p G›R˙Yi•V TœßL˚[ ÿu ·h•˙V G›ß YdL Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

184 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

®Lr‹ ˛1

LÙ” GeL[’ ≈” (L¶Rm)

Ck®LrÆu YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Yi•V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N´p G›’°\ÙoLs.

• ˘T¨V CWi•XdL Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V CWi•XdL GiL˚[d LØd°u\ÙoLs.

• ·h•]Ùp ˘RÙ˚L 50 YWd·•V GiL˚[d Li”©•j’d ·h”°\ÙoLs

• GiL˚[ C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›’°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 1 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·±l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVXÙm.


• L¶Rl◊jRLm TdLm 87 Cp Es[ TPj˚R Etfl ˙SÙdLd ·fleLs.

• T\˚YLfim ÆXeœLfim ·hPm ˙Nokß⁄lT’ Hu?

• £eLWÙ_Ù A˚YL∞Pm Gu] ·±´⁄lTÙo?

• œZk˚RLs F°j’d ·\h”m.

• ReL[’ FLm N¨RÙ]Ù Gu\±V L¶Rl Tœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m.

• ReL˚[l TÙ’LÙdL £eLWÙ_Ù Li”©•jR YØ Gu]?

œZk˚RL∞u ©WßT≠l◊.

LQd˘L”l◊

C’ GiL˚[ HflY¨˚N´¤m C\eœ Y¨˚N´¤m G›’YRtLÙ]f ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

L¶Rl◊jRLjßp TdLm 87 Cp Es[ Th•V˚X EtfldLY≤dLh”m. Th•V≠≠⁄k’ Gu˘]u]

ÆTWeL˚[d LiP±VXÙm? R≤jR≤VÙLd Li”©•dLh”m.

• ÆTWeLs LiP±V £WUm HtT”m œZk˚RL∞Pm £X Æ]ÙdLs ˙LhLXÙm.

• ·• ®tœm ÆXeœL∞p VÙ˘WpXÙm LÙYpLÙWoLs B°´⁄lTo?

• LÙYpLÙWÙoLs BLj RVÙWÙ] E´¨]eL∞u Gi¶d˚L J˙W ˙TÙp Es[RÙ?

• ™L‹m œ”Rp G’?

• ™L‹m œ˚\‹ G’?

• LiP±kRYt˚\d œ›Æp ˘Y∞”°u\]o.

A˚Rj RÙPok’ HflY¨˚N´p E´¨]eL∞u TVoL˚[ Y¨˚NVÙL G›Rh”m. NLUßl¿” NnR

©u ˘Y∞´Ph”m.

LÙh•p LÙYpLÙWoLs

CWi•XdL GiL∞≠⁄k’ K¨XdL GiL˚[d LØlTRtLÙ] NVpTÙPÙœm (Ufl J›eœ T”jR¤dœ

EhThP˚Y)

• LÙYpLÙWoLs BLj RVÙWÙ]’ ÆXeœLs Uh”UÙ?

• T\˚YLfim LÙYpLÙWoLs BYßu ˙Uu˚U Gu]?

LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

LÙYp LÙdLj RVÙWÙ]YoL∞u Th•V≠p C⁄k’ RœßVÙ] SToL˚[ £eLWÙ_Ù ˙Rok˘R”jRÙo.

AkRl Th•V˚Xl TÙ⁄eLs G]d ·± A”jR NÙoh˚P UÙh”eLs. ÿRp NÙoh•p LÙYp LÙdL

Yœl◊ II

185AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

RVÙWÙ] £eLeLs 30. Aß≠⁄k’ ""LÙYp LÙdL ˙RoYÙ] £eLeLs 18. CqYÙfl GpXÙ

E´¨]eL˚[Ÿm Jl◊˚U ˘Nn’ TÙodLd ·fleLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ C]jß¤m LÙYp LÙdLj

RVÙWÙ]˚YL∞p C⁄k’ ˙RoYÙ]˚YL˚[d LØjRÙp ¡ß Es[˚Y °˚Pdœm ApXYÙ?

Ko CWi•XdL Gi˚Q ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ CWi•XdL GiQÙp LØdL ˙Yi”m. CRtœ GiL˚[

Tj’dL[ÙL‹m JuflL[ÙL‹m UÙt± G›ßd LØjRÙp ˘NVpTÙ” G∞˚UVÙLf ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm

ApXYÙ?

GiL˚[ Jl¿” Nn’ Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp, Th•VpTœlTÙn‹ NnYRtLÙ] ß\u,

Th•V˚X ÿ›˚UVÙdœRp ˙TÙu\˚Y Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

J⁄e°˚Ql◊

30 ˛ 20 + 10 ˛ 30 ≠⁄k’ 10 I LØjRÙp 20

18 10 + 8 30 ≠⁄k’ 8 I LØjRÙp 12

10 + 2 = 12

T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©tœ....

C˚Rl TÙu\ S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]L˚[j RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd° Æ˚PLÙQh”m. T˚Pl©u RÙœlTÙL

C˚R Ußl©P ˙Yi”m.

Ju\ÙLf ˘NpTYoLs

C⁄ GiL˚[d ·h•]Ùp Æ˚P 50 YW Yi”m. Cf˘NVpTÙh•˚]l ◊¨V YdL C⁄ GiL˚[d

·h•]Ùp 10 YW Yi”m G]d ·±, G∞V NVpTÙh˚P ÿR≠p YœlT˚\´p SPj’eLs. ©u]o

Æ˚P 50 YWd·•V TÙPl◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs.

N˚UVp NnYRtLÙLj Ro‹ NnVlThP E´¨]eL∞u Gi¶d˚L APe°V Th•V˚X NÙoh•p

G›ß Yœl©p UÙh”eLs. GiL∞u Ußl©t˙LtTl T¨V Gi £±V Gi LiP±k’ œZk˚RLs

C\eœ Y¨˚N´p G›Rh”m.

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚].

ÿRp SÙs N˚UVp ˙Y˚X ˘NnRYoL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚VŸm CWiPÙm SÙs Æ\œ ˘TÙfldLf

˘Nu\YoL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚VŸm œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLd œ±l˙Th•p Nn’ Li”©•dLh”m.

• ©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnYRtœ ER‹m Gu˘]u] Æ]ÙdLs ˙LhLXÙm?

• Æ\œ ˘TÙfldLf ˘Nu\ UÙuLs GjR˚]?

• ˘UÙjR UÙuLs GjR˚]?

• N˚UVp ˙Y˚X ˘NnR UÙuL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•jR’ GqYÙfl?

• ˘RÙPok’ N˚UVp ˙Y˚X ˘NnR S¨L∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”©•d°u\]o. L¶Rl

◊jRLjßp G›’°u\]o.

LØjRp ˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’j˘R∞‹, Æ˚P Li”©•jRRu Ejß˚Vd ·flRp,

©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\u ˙TÙu\˚Y Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

186 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

®Lr‹ ˛ 2

YÙ]m Gu ˚URÙ]m


1. TPeL˚[l TÙoj’d L˚R˚Vd LiP±k’ Rm ˘NÙkR S˚P´p ·fl°\ÙoLs. R˚Xl˚T

G›’°\ÙoLs.

2. T\˚YL˚[l Tt±j RUdœj ˘R¨kR L⁄j’L˚[f ˘NÙkR S˚P´p G›’°\ÙoLs.

3. LXk’˚WVÙP≠p LXk’ ˘LÙi” ReL[’ L⁄j’L˚[ G”j’˚Wd°\ÙoLs.

4.. ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßd œ±l©hP YÙd°V A˚Ul©uT• YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙL

E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

5. L⁄j’Lfidœ HtTd L˚R˚V Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls (L˚XdLpÆ)

◊s∞L˚[ C˚Qj’l TPm Y˚W°\ÙoLs, ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh”°\ÙoLs.

• ˘NpXl ©WÙ¶Ls VÙ˙W‡m Y[olT’iPÙ?

• UÙPl◊\Ù˚Yl TÙojR’ EiPÙ ˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh” LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

ARu ©u ®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. ©\œ ""YÙ]m Gu URÙ]m''. TÙPlTœß´u

E˚WS˚PlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙh•d œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm YÙ£dL YŸeLs. ©uY⁄m TPdL˚R˚Vd

œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y œ›dL∞p YÙ£dLh”m.

L˚R ˘NÙp¤eLs

Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m L˚R˚VŸm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] R˚Xl˚TŸm ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. £\kR œ›˚Y,

œZk˚RLfim ˙Nok’ ˙Ro‹ ˘NnVh”m TÙWÙh”dL˚[d ·fleLs.

Gu˚]l Tt±...

T\˚YLs ReL˚[l Tt±d ·±]Ùp Gu]˘YpXÙm ·±´⁄dœm? LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. ARu©u

◊\Ù ·±VRu UÙß¨˚Vl ◊jRLjßp YÙ£dLh”m. U´p, °∞ Gu] ·±´⁄dœm G] Yœl©p

˘TÙ’YÙLd LXk’˚WVÙ• J⁄ £X L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs EQWh”m. ARu A•lT˚P´p

R≤jR≤VÙL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnVh”m. ˙U¤m ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙPÙL VÙ˚], œWeœ, È˚]

˙TÙu\˚Y Gu] ·±´⁄dœm Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙL G›Rh”m.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TÙPl◊jRLjßp Es[ ˙LsÆL˚[ Yœl©p ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs. Yœl©p ©u

Re°V œZk˚RLs ÿR≠p Tßp ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs. LXk’˚WVÙP≠p A˚]Y˚WŸm Teœ T\f

˘NnŸeLs.

G›’eLs

˘NÙtLs APe°V NÙoh˚P Yœl©p UÙh”eLs. UÙu ˙YLUÙL K”m YÙd°V UÙß¨˚Vd

L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. UÙß¨˚Vl TÙufl NÙoh•p Es[ NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙd°VeL˚[

E⁄YÙdLd ·fleLs.

Yœl◊ II

187AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

Y˚WŸeLs

TÙPl◊jRLjßp Es[ ◊s∞ Y˚WTPj˚Rl Tu£XÙp ÿR≠p Y˚WVh”m. TP Gp˚XL˚[ Y˚WkR

©u TPeLfidœ HtTl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ®\m ˘LÙ”dLh”m. °˚WVÙu ˘Tu£XÙp ®\m ˘LÙ”lT’

£\lTÙ]RÙL C⁄dœm.

G›’eLs

C’ L˚R˚V Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’m NVpTÙPÙœm. Cf˘NVpTÙh•tœ ÿuTÙLl TPdL˚R YÙ£l˚T

¡i”m J⁄ ÿ˚\ EflßlT”j’Y’ SpX’. TPdL˚R˚V Suœ ◊¨kR œZk˚RVÙp Uh”˙U L˚R´u

L⁄j’ EQok’ Y¨˚NlT”jR ÿ•Ÿm. ˘LÙ”j’s[ L˚R YÙd°VeL˚[ YÙ£j’d LÙh•V ©u

œZk˚RL˚[j R≤jR≤VÙL Y¨˚NlT”j’UÙfl ·fleLs.

®Lr‹ ˛ 3

YØ Jufl ˘NÙp¤eLs


• L˚RlTÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m, œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs/S•j’m


• „Z¤dœ Ht\YÙfl E˚WVÙP˚Xl Èojß ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

• R]dœl©•jR ˘NpXl©WÙ¶˚Vl Tt±d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.


• E´¨]eL˚[ AYt±u CPm˘TV⁄m Ru˚Ud˙LtT Y˚LlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

• E´¨]eL∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[ AhPY˚QlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 3 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. UÙPl◊\Ù TÙ”m L˚RlTÙP˚X CWÙLj˙RÙ”

TÙ•dLÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLs EeL˚[j ˘RÙPok’ TÙPh”m. L˚RlTÙPp NÙoh˚P Yœl©p

UÙh”eLs.

œZk˚RLs EWdL YÙ£dLh”m. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim TÙP˚X YÙ£d°u\]WÙ GuT˚R ÿR≠p

Eflß ˘NnŸeLs. ARu ©u]o œ›dL[Ùd°l TÙP¤dœl Tp˙Yfl ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙPd ·fleLs.

£\kR ˘Uh˚Pj ˙Ro‹ ˘NnŸeLs.

˙U¤m ClTÙP˚X SÙPL Y•Æp SPjR‹m ˘NnVXÙm. ÿVufl TÙ⁄eLs. A˚R ≈•˙VÙ G”j’

TÙXo N˚T´p Gp.£.• l˙WÙ_dPo ÍXm ß˚W´”eLs. S•jR œZk˚RL˚[l ˘T⁄˚UV˚PVf

˘NnŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

TÙPlTœß´p LÙ”dLlThP LsÆL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm LfieLs. œ›dL∞p Es[ œZk˚RLs

LXk’˚WVÙ•l Tß¤˚WdLh”m. ©uRe°V ®˚X´p Es[ œZk˚RL˚[ ÿR≠p ·\f NnŸeLs.

CRu ÍXm AYoLs Ru]m©d˚L ˘TflYÙoLs ApXYÙ?

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

188 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

G›’eLs

""◊\Ù T—˚Yl TÙojR’

AR≤Pm GlT• YØ ˙Lh•⁄dœm?

T— Gu] Tßp ·±´⁄dœm?''

Yœl©p Es[ œZk˚RL˚[j R]dœl ©•jR R]’ SiT‡Pu ˙_Ù• ˙NWd ·fleLs. Gp˙XÙ⁄m

˙_Ù• ˙NokR ©u]o ˙_Ù•L∞p J⁄Yo ◊\ÙYÙL‹m Ut˘\Ù⁄Yo T—YÙL‹m TÙÆdLd ·fleLs.

◊\ÙÆu ˙LsÆdœl T— Tßp ·flm E˚WVÙPp ˘NVpTÙh˚P A˚]j’ ˙_Ù•Lfim S•dLh”m.

GiQt\ ÿ˚\VÙ] E˚WVÙPp YÙd°VeLs °˚PdœUpXYÙ? C≤ E˚WVÙP˚Xl Èojß NnY’

G∞˚UVÙL C⁄dœUpXYÙ? œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y ˙SÙh”◊jRLjßp E˚WVÙPp G›Rh”m. ©\œ

◊jRLjßp Èojß ˘NnVh”m.

VÙo VÙo?

Y≤RÙ˚Yl TÙodL VÙo VÙo Ykß⁄lTÙoLs? L˚Rú A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL˚[ F°j’

E´¨]eL∞u TVoL˚[d ·\f NnŸeLs. A˚R Y¨˚NVÙLd L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYoLs

·\ÙUp ÆPlThP E´¨]eLs H˙R‡m C⁄kRÙp øeLs ˙Noj’ G›R‹m.

Cl˘TÙ›’ Y≤RÙ˚Yl TÙodL YkRYoL∞u Th•Vp L⁄mTX˚L´p RVÙo. A˚Rl TÙoj’

CPl˘TVof£ú A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”jßd LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚Vd LXk’˚WVÙ•l

Èojß ˘NnVXÙm ApXYÙ?

Èojß ˘NnŸeLs

B£¨Vo RÙu LÙi” YkR VÙ˚], B˚U ÿR˚Xú TPeL˚[ Yœl©p JhP YŸeLs. GpXÙd

œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm Etfl ˙SÙdLd ·fleLs. AYoLs ®˚]dœm £\l◊L˚[d ˙LfieLs.

LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. AYoLs ·\j RY±V £\l◊L˚[d œ±l◊Ls ·flYRu A•lT˚P´p ˘Y∞d

˘LÙQ⁄eLs. AhPY˚Q˚Vl Èojß ˘NnVd œ›dLfidœ YØ LÙh”eLs.

Gu ˘NpXl ©WÙ¶

Gu ˘NpXl ©WÙ¶ G’ ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

U´p

A’ GlT• C⁄dœm ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

TPm LÙi©jRp

Hu ©•dœm ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

AZLÙL C⁄dœm,

SU’ CkßVÙÆu ˙R£Vl T\˚Y U´p. A’ ˙RÙ˚L Æ¨j’ B”Y’ Li˘LÙs[Ùd LÙh£... Gufl

B£¨Vo R]dœl ©•jR H˙R‡m J⁄ ˘NpXl©WÙ¶ Tt±d ·± ARtLÙ] LÙWQj˚RŸm Æ[dL

˙Yi”m. œZk˚RLs ·\ ®˚]dLd ·•V/G∞V ©WÙ¶ú ˘TV˚W øeLs ERÙWQUÙLd ·\ÙUp

C⁄lT’ SpX’. ˙U¤m øeLs ·±V ˘NpXl©WÙ¶ Tt±V L˚R˙VÙ —˚YVÙ] RLYpL˙[Ù,

®Lrf£˙VÙ C⁄kRÙu ·\ ˙Yi•V’ AY£Vm.

Yœl◊ II

189AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

®Lr‹ ˛ 4

N˚UVX˚\ E⁄YÙdœ˙YÙm


• Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p ø[j˚R A[d°\ÙoLs, G›’°\ÙoLs.

• GiL˚[l Tj’dL[ÙL‹m, JuflL[ÙL‹m ©¨j’j ˘RÙ˚L LÙi°u\]o.

®Lr‹ 4 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±d L¶RlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. UÙß¨VÙ] N˚UVX˚\d

·Pj˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p Y˚WŸeLs. N˚UVX˚\ LhP JhPLf£Æe°, ÿVp, °∞ C˚Y LÙi”

YkR Lm◊L˚[l TÙoj’l ˘T¨V Lm©tœ 1 A˚R ÆPf £±V Lm©tœ 2, 3 G] Gi ˘LÙ”dLf

˘NÙp¤eLs. F°lTRtLÙL Íufl £±V’m T¨V’UÙ] Uh˚PL˚[˙VÙ,œf£dLm◊L˚[˙VÙ G”j’

Yk’ LÙi©dLXÙm.

ø[m Li”©•dLXÙm

Ae∏L¨lTPÙR A[‹L˚[d ˘LÙi” F°j’ ø[j˚R A[dœm ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. Cßp ˚L, LÙp,

Lm◊ B°V] ET˙VÙ°j’d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f NnV Yi”m. RYfl S⁄m

CPeL˚[f —h•d LÙh• YØSPjßPp Yi”m. C≤f NÙi, A•, ÿZm TÙu\ Ti˚PV A[‹Ls

Tt±V A±‹ œZk˚RLfidœ A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs.

ø[m RÙi”m ˙TÙh•

Ts∞ URÙ]jßtœd œZk˚RL˚[ A˚Zj’f Nufl Ae˙L˙V Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’Rp SpX’.

ø[m RÙi”m CPjßp œZk˚RLs Æßÿ˚\L∞uT• K• Yk’ ø[m RÙiPh”m. ø[j˚R A[dL

H˙R‡m J⁄ œf£˚V A[‹˙LÙXÙLl TVuT”j’eLs. œZk˚RLs Ru‡˚PV’m 3 SiToLfi˚PV

A[‹L˚[d œ±l˙Th•p œ±j’ ˚YdLd ·fleLs.

Æ\œd Lh”Ls

C’ CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP˚X A•lT˚PVÙL LÙiP NVpTÙPÙœm. CWi•XdL GiL˚[d

·hP ÿR≠p AYt˚\ 10 dL[ÙL‹m JufldL[ÙL‹m ©¨j’ ©u]od ·h•]Ùp G∞RÙL C⁄dœm.

CRu A•lT˚P´p TÙPl◊jRLjßp ·\lTh”s[ NVpTÙ”L˚[ SPj’Rp Yi”m. CWi•XdL

Gi ·hP˚X EflßlT”jRd ·”Rp ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi”m.

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

Y≤RÙÆu ≈”

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• J≠j’˚Qd œ±¬”L˚[l TVuT”jßl ˘TÙ⁄[˚UkR ˘NÙtL˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.

• ˘UÙØ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th” C˚Qf˘NÙtL˚[d LiP±k’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 5 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·± TÙPp Tœß˚Vj ˘RÙPeœeLs. TÙPp G›ß YkR NÙoh˚P

Yœl©p UÙh•l TÙP˚X WÙLj˙RÙ” TÙ•dLÙh”eLs. œZk˚RL˚[Ÿm ˘RÙPok’ TÙPd ·fleLs.

TÙP˚X A˚]j’d œZk˚RLfim ˘TÙ⁄fiQok’ YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs. L•]UÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d

L⁄mTX˚L´p G›ß ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dLd ·fleLs. ©u]o œ›Æ]o ˘UhP˚UdLh”m.

ReL[’ ◊ßV ◊ßV ˘Uh”L∞p TÙP˚Xl TÙ•d LÙhP YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

190 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

˘NÙp¤eLs.

TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. TÙP≠p GjR˚] ©WÙ¶Ls

Y⁄°u\] G]d ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ˙U¤m YÙ£dLh”m. YÙ£l˚T EflßlT”jR C’

ER‹UpXYÙ? ©uRe°V œZk˚RL˚[d L⁄jßp ˘LÙsfiRp SpX’.

GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs?

˘LÙ”dœm ø˚Wd œ•dœm

ÿLj˚Rl TÙoj˙R £¨dœm

Gu\YÙfl dœm Gufl ÿ•Vd·•V/YWd·•V YÙd°VeL˚[ G›’m NVpTÙPÙœm. ÿR≠p ""dœm''

G] ÿ•Ÿm ˘NÙtL˚[d œZk˚RLs ·\ øeLs L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. ©u]ol ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]

YÙd°VeL˚[ Af˘NÙtL∞p C⁄k’ E⁄YÙdLXÙm ApXYÙ?

UÙß¨Ls

1. G]dœm E]dœm

Gp˙XÙodœm RiΩo ˙Yi”m

2. Ch•≠dœm Nh•≤dœm Ni˚P Yk’fNÙm

Tp¤l ˙TÙ] RÙjRÙ‹dœm TÙh” Yk’fNÙm

Li”©•ŸeLs

""dœm'' G] ÿ•Ÿm C˚Qf NÙtL˚[l TÙP≠p C⁄k’d Li”©•dL ·fleLs. NÙoh˚Pl TÙoj’d

œZk˚RLs G›Rh”m. ˙Yfl C˚Qf ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm Li”©•dLh”m. ˙U¤m C’ ˙TÙu\ ˘UÙØ

Æ˚[VÙh”Ls øeLs ˘LÙ”dLXÙm. G›j’, YÙ£l◊l T´t£˚V CRu ÍXm Eflß ˘NnV CV¤m.

®Lr‹ ˛ 6

ÁWjßp

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• CWi” CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPj ˘RÙ˚L˚V F°j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs,

• N¨VÙ] Æ˚P˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”d°\ÙoLs.

• RY\Ù] Æ˚PdLÙ] LÙWQj˚Rd LXk’˚WVÙ•d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 6 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·± L¶Rl Tœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs. C’ CWi” CWi•XdL

GiL˚[ U]dLQdLÙLf ˘NnŸm ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. GiL∞u Ußl˚T EQok’ F°j’d ·\f

˘NnŸeLs. G∞˚UVÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\d LQdœL˚[ U]dLQdLÙLd ˙Lh”d œZk˚RL˚[ Æ˚P

·\f NnŸeLs. C˚Rd œ›f NVpTÙPÙL‹m Nn’ N¨VÙL Æ˚P ·±V œ›dLfidœl ◊s∞Ls

YZe°l ˙TÙh• U]lTÙu˚U˚V HtT”jßd L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p BoYj˚R HtT”jRXÙm.

G’ N¨? Li”©•l˙TÙm

15 Gu\ Gi‘Pu 6 Gu\ Gi˚Qd ·h•V Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\Ls TÙPl◊jRLjßp LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

œZk˚RLfidœ GkR ÿ˚\ G∞˚UVÙ]˙RÙ A˚Rl ©uTt\h”m.

Yœl◊ II

191AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

®Lr‹ ˛ 7

Ge˙L Gu ˘NpXdœh•?


• TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’ CPm Ttfls[ ©WÙ¶L∞u TVoL˚[d LiP±k’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

• ≈h•p Y[odœm E´¨]eL˚[ A˚Zdœm ÿ˚\Ls Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙ”°\ÙoLs/

G›’°\ÙoLs.


• LÙh•p ≈h•p Y£dLd·•V E´¨]eL˚[ Y˚LlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 7 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. ˘RÙPok’ TÙPlTœßVÙL Y⁄m L˚RlTœß˚V

E´˙WÙhPÿPu ·fleLs. J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙh•V ©u YÙ£l◊ EjßL∞uT• œZk˚RL˚[

YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs. L•]UÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d L⁄mTX˚L´p G›ß´h” YÙ£dLd ·fleLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cßp Y⁄°u\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RLfiPu LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs. LXk’˚WVÙP≠p

A˚]Y˚WŸm Teœ ˘T\f ˘NnŸeLs. TÙPlTœß˙VÙ” LXk’˚WVÙP˚Xj ˘RÙPo◊lT”j’eLs.

G›’eLs

TÙPlTœß´p Gu˘]u] ©WÙ¶Ls Yk’s[]? œZk˚RLs œ›dL[ÙLl TÙPlTœß˚V Suœ

YÙ£j’ ©WÙ¶L˚[d Li”©•j’d œ±l˙Th•p G›Rh”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m RÙm G›ßV˚Rd

·\ øeLs YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs. Ut\ œ›Æ]o Æ”ThP˚Rf ˙Noj’d ˘LÙs[h”m.

Y˚LlT”j’eLs

TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m ©WÙ¶Ls G˚Y G]d œZk˚RLs LiP±k’ Th•Vp ChPÙoLs ApXYÙ?

ARu A•lT˚P´p AYt˚\d LÙh•p YÙrT˚Y, ≈h•p Y[olT˚Y Gufl œZk˚RL˙[

Y˚LlT”jRh”m. CR≠⁄k’ LÙh•p YÙrT˚Y AßLUÙ? ≈h•p Y[olT˚Y AßLUÙ? G]d

Li”©•j’d ·\h”m.

GlT•f ˘NÙp≠´⁄lTÙu?

C’ œZk˚RL∞u YÙØPf „ZpL∞u A•lT˚P´p SPjR ˙Yi•V ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. SÙm SU’

≈h•p Y[odœm E´¨]eLfidœ EQ‹ A∞l˙TÙUpXYÙ? A˚R GqYÙfl A˚Zj’ EQ‹

A∞l˙TÙm? Gu˘]u] ·± A˚Zl˙TÙm? LsÆLs Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙPp SPj’eLs. AYoLs

·flm YÙd°VeL˚[d L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. ©u]o AYt±p ˙R˚YVÙ] YÙd°VeL˚[

Uh”m ˙Noj’d œ±lTÙLl ◊jRLjßp ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ LhPeL˚[l Èojß˘NnVd ·fleLs.

SÙu E⁄YÙd°V ˘NÙtLs

˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ G›j’dLfidœ UÙß¨˚Vl TÙufl TÙ⁄jRUÙ] J≠j’˚Qdœ±¬”Ls Ch”

◊ßV ˘NÙtL˚[ E⁄YÙdLd œZk˚RL∞Pm ·fleLs. œZk˚RLs ˘NÙtLs E⁄YÙd° LhPeL∞p

G›Rh”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

192 AXœ 5 : ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

AXœ Ußl¿”

5. ·• YÙ›’ Ce˙L!

1. N¨VÙ]Yt˚\d ˙LÙh•h” C˚QŸeLs

VÙ˚] ˛ Su±

UÙu ˛ ˙Tf—

U´p ˛ ÿh˚P

œ´p ˛ KhPm

SÙn ˛ SP]m

œß˚W ˛ ˘LÙm◊

°∞ ˛ TÙh”

˙LÙØ ˛ RkRm

2. ∏rdLÙ‘m ˘NÙtL˚[ YÙd°Vjßp TVuT”jß G›’eLs

(B˚U, UÙPl◊\Ù, Gflm◊, BTj’, ÿVp)

(E.m) SÙu Bt±p B˚U˚Vl TÙoj˙Ru)

3. ∏rdLÙiTYt˚\j RÙYWm EiT˚Y, UÙ™Nm EiT˚Y G] Y˚LlT”j’eLs.

(£eLm, A¶p, S¨, Gflm◊, TÙm◊, ◊≠, T⁄k’, œWeœ, £flj˚R, S¨, VÙ˚], JhPLm, ÿR˚X)

4. LÙh•p YÙrT˚Y ˘NÙt„¨V˚]l Èojß ˘Nn

5. Y≤RÙ R]’ ≈h•p 26 ÆXeœ˚[Ÿm 36 T\˚YL˚[Ÿm TÙNUÙL Y[oj’ YkRÙu G≤p

˘UÙjRm GjR˚] E´¨]eL˚[ Y≤RÙ Y[od°\Ùs?

6. BXUWjßp AUokß⁄kR UÙPl◊\Ù. AmUWjßp AUokß⁄kR T\˚YL˚[ Gi¶l

TÙojR’

°∞ ˛ 17

LÙLm ˛ 25

˘LÙdœ ˛ 44

U´p ˛ 8

◊\Ù ˛ 65

L›œ ˛ 12

CYt˚\ HflY¨˚N, C\eœY¨˚NL∞p G›’eLs.

◊≠LÙh•p YÙrT˚Y

Yœl◊ II

193AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z

A±ÆVp T¨˙NÙR˚]L∞p BoYm HtT”j’m Y˚L´¤m, Au\ÙPm

S˚P˘Tflm £X ®Lr‹L∞p A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[l TœjR±Ÿm

ÆRjß¤m CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’. U˚Z ˘TnŸm ÿ˚\, øo

®˚XLs, øo YÙr E´¨]eLs. RiΩo UÙN˚PRp, Y\h£, RiΩo

Rh”lTÙ” ˙TÙu\˚Y CqYX°p EhT”jRlTh”s[].

L˚R, TÙPp, Æ[dLdœ±l◊ TÙu\ UÙØ Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs

CqYX°p RWlTh”s[].

RiΩ¨u ˘LÙs[[‹, Au\ÙPj ˙R˚Y, £dL]UÙLj

RiΩ˚Wl TVuT”j’Rp, RiΩo Rh”lTÙ”

B°VYt±u YØ˙V LÙs[[˚Y F°jRp, A[jRp,

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙQp (Ufl J›eœ

T”j’R¤dœ EhThP CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp,

LØjRp, B°V˚Y EhT”m )L¶Rj ß\uL˚[

ÿu≤fljßd L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Y•Y˚UdLlTh-

”s[].

UkßWU˚ZAXœ 6

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

194 AXœ 6 : UkßWU˚Z

LÙX AhPY˚Q


1. £fl ’∞ ˘T⁄˘Ys[m (L¶Rm) 2

2. UkßW U˚Z 3

3. œl©jRiΩ¨u Æ˚X 3

4. ÿ°˙X ÿ°˙X L⁄ÿ°˙X 2

5. ˙Y≤tLÙXm (L¶Rm) 2

6. YÙr‹dœ Y[m 3

7. œ[m Sm YÙrÆtœ Y[m 3

AXœUßl¿” 1 SÙs

˘UÙjRm 20 SÙhLs

Yœl◊ II



˘UÙØ

1. YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V YÙ£j’ Aßp APe°Ÿs[ A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[f —V

Li˙QÙhPjßp Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

2. J⁄ ˘TV¨p Es[ ˘NÙtL˚[l ©¨j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

3. L⁄jßtœm RÙ[jßtœm HtTl TÙPp Y¨L˚[ ®˚\‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

4. J⁄ L˚Rú ÿtTœß˚V YÙ£j’l ©tTœß˚V ÿ›˚U ˘NnLı\ÙoLs.

5. TÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.

6. TÙP≠p L⁄j˚Rf ˘NÙkRS˚P´p ˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.

7. SÙ ©\r, SÙ˘S°r T´t£L∞p HtT”°\ÙoLs.

8. J˙W ˘TÙ⁄s R⁄m NUÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

9. ÆØl◊Qo‹ HtT”j’m ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs RVÙo ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

10. ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

11. ˘RÙPoL˚[l TVuT”jß ®Lr‹L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.

12. Y[⁄m YÙd°Vm G›’°\ÙoLs.

13. Íufl ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙd°VeLs G›’°\ÙoLs.

14. ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

1. A±ÆVp ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˙NÙR˚]L˚[ YÙ£j’m Etfl ˙SÙd°Ÿm LiP˚PkR L⁄j’L˚[


2. G∞V ˙NÙR˚]Ls ˘Nn’ LiP˚PkR L⁄j’L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

3. U˚Z ˘TnY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

4. RiΩü E˚\ÆPeL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

5. U˚ZdLÙXjßtœm ˘Y´pLÙXjßtœm Es[ £\l◊L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

6. øo ®˚XLs UÙN˚PYRÙp HtT”m ©WfNı˚]L˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

7. øo ®˚XL∞p Y£dœm E´¨]eL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

8. RiΩ¨p Írœm Utflm ™Rdœm ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d LiP˚Pk’ AhPY˚Q ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

L¶Rm

1. TÙjßWeL∞u ˘LÙs[[‹L˚[ F°j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

2. F°j’d ·±V A[˚YŸm Ei˚UVÙ] ˘LÙs[˚YŸm ’p≠VUÙLl T¨˙NÙßd°\ÙoLs.

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CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP˚X Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

• œZk˚RLs AYWYo Æ⁄m◊m ÿ˚\´p ˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnVh”m.

F°lTRtLÙ] ß\˚]Ÿm A[jRp ˘NV˚XŸm B£¨Vo Ußl©P

˙Yi”m.

Yœl◊ II


• Cflß´p Æ˚PLi”©•jR YØÿ˚\L˚[d ·\h”m.

AlTÙÆtœ 1 8 Rm[o + 10 + 8

A±YZ°dœ 1 2 Rm[o 10 + 2

3 0 20 + 10 30

AmUÙÆtœ 1 8 Rm[o 10 + 8

AiQ≤tœ 1 2 Rm[o 10 + 2

3 0 20 + 10 30

˘UÙjRm 60 Rm[o

AlTÙÆtœ 1 8 + 10 + 8

AmUÙÆtœ 1 8 10 + 8

20 + 16

20 + 10 + 6

30 + 6 = 36

A±YZ°dœ 1 2 + 10 + 2

AiQ‡dœ 1 2 10 + 2

20 + 4 24

˘UÙjRm 3 6 + 30 + 6

2 4 20 + 4

50 + 10 = 60

˙YflThP ÿ˚\´p LQdœL˚[ A‘L ER‹eLs.

18 +

12

30 +

12

42 +

18

60

10 + 8

10 + 2

20 + 10 = 30 + 30 + 0

12 10 + 2

40 + 2 42 + 40 + 2

18 10 + 8

50 + 10 = 60

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


SÙuœ CWi•XdL GiL˚[Ÿm Y¨˚NVÙL G›ßd ·h”Y’ CWiPÙm Yœl◊ œZk˚RL˚[l

˘TÙfljRY˚W Ntfld L•]UÙ] Ju\Ùœm, CWi” CWi” GiL[ÙLd ·hP ER‹eLs.

G]’ ≈h•p

Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄˚PV ≈h•¤m TVuT”j’m RiΩü A[˚Yj ˙RÙWÙVUÙL G›ßd ·hPh”m.

• R]’ SiToL∞u ≈h•p TVuT”j’m RiΩü A[˙YÙ” Jl©h”l TÙodLh”m.

• ·”Rp RiΩo TVuT”j’TYoL˚[Ÿm œ˚\YÙ] RiΩo TVuT”j’TYoL˚[Ÿm Li”

©•dLh”m.

• ™L‹m ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs

RiΩü TVuTÙ”

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˙SÙd°p Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

Ufl J›eœT”j’Rp Y⁄m LQdœL∞p U¶fNhPm CPUßl◊l Th• TÙu\Yt˚\l TVuT”jß

G∞V ÿ˚\´p ˘NnV ERYXÙm ApXYÙ!

LQdœ ˛ 1

≈h” ET˙VÙLm ˛ 4 6 +

LÙnL±j˙RÙhPjßtœ 3 6 40 + 6 +

30 + 6

70 + 12

70 + 10 + 2

80 + 2

82

L¶Rm 2

≈h”l TVuTÙh•tœ 3 3 30 + 3

5 8 50 + 8

80 + 11

80 + 10 + 1

91

˙TÙufl G∞V ÿ˚\´p ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

C’˙TÙufl HWÙ[m ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YZe° CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP≠p ß\u Y[W

ER‹eLs.

RÙUÙLl ©Wf£˚]˚Vl TœlTÙn‹ NnRYo GjR˚] To?

N¨VÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”jRYoLs GjR˚]˙To?

N¨VÙ] Æ˚P Li”©•jRYoLs GjR˚] ˙To?

Yœl◊ II


®Lr‹ ˛ 2

UkßW U˚Z

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

• YÙ£l◊lTœß˚V YÙ£j’ Aßp APe°Ÿs[ A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[f —V Li˙QÙhPjßp

Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

• J⁄ ˘TVof ˘NÙp≠p Es[ C⁄ ˘NÙtL˚[l ©¨j’d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

• L⁄jßtœm RÙ[jßtœm HtTl TÙPp Y¨L˚[ ®˚\‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

• A\ıÆVp ˘RÙPoTÙ] ˙NÙR˚]L˚[ YÙ£j’m Etfl˙SÙd°Ÿm LiP˚PkR L⁄j’L˚[


• G∞V ˙NÙR˚]Ls ˘Nn’ LiP˚PkR L⁄j’L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

• U˚Z ˘TnY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 2 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd

L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’ ˘Y∞´”eLs

A±YZ°´u B£¨Vo Nn’LÙh•V’ TÙu\ J⁄ NÙR˚]˚V SÙu EeLfidœf Nn’ LÙhPh”UÙ

Gufl ˙Lh”j ˘RÙPdLf ˘NVpTÙh•tœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

• J⁄ LiQÙ• Rm[¨p RiΩo G”j’d˘LÙsfieLs.

• Rm[¨u Æ∞m©p J⁄ Lh•VÙ] Ah˚P˚V ˚YŸeLs.

• Es[e˚LVÙp Ah˚P˚V AUojßl ©•ŸeLs.

• Rm[˚Wj R˚X ∏ZÙLj ß⁄l◊eLs.

• AqYÙfl ß⁄l◊m ˙TÙ’ Ah˚P˚Vd LY]UÙL A›jßl ©•jß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

• Ah˚P˚V AUojßl©•jß⁄dœm ˚L˚V ˘U’YÙL UÙtfleLs.

• Cl˙TÙ’ Ah˚P Rm[˙WÙ” Jh•l©•jß⁄dœm

• R˚X∏ZÙ] Rm[¨p C⁄k’ RiΩo ≈rY’m Cp˚X.

• Rm[¨p Es[ C˚P˘Y∞ Ah˚P˚V ˙Up ˙SÙd° C›d°\’.

• ˘Y∞´p Es[ LÙtfl Ah˚P˚V ˙Up ˙SÙd°j Rsfi°\’.

TÙPlTœß´p ˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm UkßW U˚Z ˘NVpTÙ” ˙TÙX —˚YTPf ˘Nn’ LÙh”eLs.

TÙPËp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

C’˙TÙu\ J⁄ T¨˙NÙR˚] A±YZ° œZk˚RLfidœf ˘Nn’ LÙh•]Ùs. AYs ˘Nn’LÙh•V

T¨˙NÙR˚] TÙPlTœß´p ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. YÙ⁄eLs, YÙ£dLXÙm GuÛfl ˘NÙp≠l

TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m

• ¡i”m YÙ£dLj Ái”YRtLÙ] K¨⁄ Æ]ÙdLs ˘RÙ”dLXÙm.

• TÙPlTœß´p "A±YZ°' Gu\ ˘NÙp GjR˚] ÿ˚\ Y⁄°\’.?

• CYoLs ˘NÙu] Tß˚Xd Li”©•j’ YÙ£dLÿ•ŸUÙ?

˙U¨ ˘N¸™VÙ A°XÙ

• U˚Z Gu\ ˘NÙp GjR˚] ÿ˚\ Yk’s[’?

• RÙu YÙ£j’l ◊¨k’˘LÙiP˚R ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• YÙ£l◊d LhPeL˚[d L˚Pl©•j’ YÙ£dLf ˘NnŸeLs.

• Cflß´p UÙß¨ YÙ£l◊ SPj’Y’ SpX’.

• ˘U¸] YÙ£l˚Tl ˙TÙX˙Y EWdL YÙ£l©tœm ˙TÙ’UÙ] YÙnl◊d ˘LÙ”lT’ SpX’.

˘NÙp¤eLs

• ˙LsÆL˚[ Jq˘YÙu\ÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

• ˙TÙ’UÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.

• E˚WVÙP≠p A˚]Y⁄m Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• L⁄j’dL˚[ Teœ˚YlT’ LXk’˚WVÙPp Su\ÙL S˚P˘Tflm ˙Y˚[´p Uh”˙U. C˚R

U]ßp ˘LÙi” ˘NVpTÙh˚P YØSPjR ˙Yi”m.

• TÙPlTœß´p Es[ UkßW U˚Z ˙NÙR˚]˚V øeLs YœlT˚\´p ˘Nn’ LÙh”eLs.

• ˘S°Ød œl©ú A•lTÙLjßp RiΩo Æ›YRtLÙ] ’˚[Ls A˚Uj’d˘LÙs[

˙Yi”m.

• Í•dœ Ntfld ∏ZÙL J⁄ ’˚[ Ch”d˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

• J⁄ TÙjßWjßp RiΩo G”j’ ˘S°Øœl©´p ®˚\jR ©u Í•VÙp ÍP ˙Yi”m.

• Í•dœd ∏˙Z Es[ ’˚[˚Vd Lh˚P ÆWXÙp A›jßl ©•dL ˙Yi”m.

• Lh˚P ÆW˚Xj R[oj’m˙TÙ’ RiΩo ˘LÙh”m. Lh˚P ÆW˚X A›j’m˙TÙ’ RiΩo

˘LÙhPÙ’.

• TÙPlTœß´p ˘NÙpXlTh”s[ EjßL˚[l TVuT”jßf ˙NÙR˚]˚Vf ˘Nn’LÙhP‹m.

E±g— œZ˚Xl TVuT”jß...

• £X E±g— œZÙú S”lTÙLjßp œiÂ£VÙp ’˚[ ˘Nn’ ˚YŸeLs.

• £X E±g— œZÙnL∞p ’˚[´P ˙YiPÙm.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm J⁄ E±g— œZÙ˚Vd ˘LÙ”j’ AYWYo RiQô TÙh•≠p C⁄k’

RiΩ˚Wd œ•dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

• £XWÙp Uh”˙U RiΩ˚Wd œ•dL CV¤m.

• LÙWQm Gu]? LXk’˚WVÙP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

’˚[ YØVÙLd LÙtfl Eh◊œYRÙp

RiΩo œ•dL CV¤Yßp˚X.

Yœl◊ II


LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs

œ[m œh˚P, Bfl, H¨, ˙TÙufl È™´p Es[ A˚]j’l˘TÙ⁄hL∞¤m Es[ RiΩo ˘Y´≠u

LÙWQUÙL BÆVÙ°\˘Ruflm, BÆ Á£, ◊˚L TÙu\˚Y Nok’ ULUÙL UÙfl°\˘Ruflm, ULm

œ∞of£V˚Pk’ U˚Z Tn°\’ GuflUÙ] L⁄j’ YWjRdL ÆRjßp E˚WVÙP˚X YØSPjßf NpX

˙Yi”m.

˘Nn’TÙ⁄eLs

• TÙPlTœß´p ˘NÙpXlTh”s[’ ˙TÙufl ˙NÙR˚]˚Vf ˘NnŸeLs

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄dœm RU’ L⁄j’dL˚[ ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs

• C˚P´˚P˙V £fl Æ]ÙdLs ˘RÙ”j’d L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞d˘LÙQW ÿVX˙Yi”m.

Rm[⁄dœ ˘Y∞˙V Es[ LÙtfl Rm[¨p Rh”m˙TÙ’

AdLÙt±¤s[ øWÙÆ œ∞ok’ Rm[¨u ˘Y∞lTdLjßp

øojßY˚XLs E⁄YÙ°u\]. Sm˚Uf —t±¤ÿs[ LÙt±p øWÙÆ

APe°Ÿs[’ Gu\ Ei˚U˚V Æ[dL Cf˙NÙR˚] ER‹m

®˚]jR‹Pu

• œZk˚RL∞u LXk’˚WVÙPp ß\˚] Y[odL‹m AYoL∞u LtT˚]j ß\˚]l T⁄dL‹m

C’˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ER‹UpXYÙ?

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m Ru L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs

• A˚]Y⁄m LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”j’eLs.

Ju±p CWi”

£X ˘TVof ˘NÙtLs CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[ Es[Pd°V˚Y GuT˚R EQojR˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’.

A±YZ° = A±‹ + AZ°

L˚XVW£ = L˚X + AW£

LiU¶ = Li + U¶

˘NÙtL˚[l ©¨j˘R›’m ˙SÙd°p YZeLlThP ˘NVpTÙ” C’. J⁄ ˘TV¨p Es[ CWi”

˘NÙtL˚[ G›ß]Ùp ˙TÙ’UÙ]’.

˘NpXlTÙi• œh•WÙ_Ù TÙpTÙi•

UÙ¨ÿj’ A±‹Uß ÿj’dLÙ˚[

ÿj’U¶ ÿj’f˘NpYm ÿj’UÙ¨

˘Yt±˙Yp SÙLWÙ_u ˘NpXÿj’ TÙi•f˘NpÆ

˙TÙu\ ˘TVoL˚[Ÿm œZk˚RLs ·flm ˘TVoL˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’j ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙdœeLs.

GlT• A’ GlT•?

TÙPp Y¨L˚[ ®˚\‹ NnYRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’. U˚Z RÙPoTÙ] NÙt„¨Vu

E⁄YÙd°V ©u Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’Y’ œZk˚RLfidœ ERÆVÙL C⁄dœm.

œZk˚RLs ERÆŸPu ˘NÙt„¨V˚] Æ¨‹T”jR ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


• —VUÙL G›Rh”m.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m RÙu G›ßV˚R YÙ£dLh”m.

• £X ˙LsÆLs ÍXm ˙UmT”jR ER‹eLs.

• ˙UmT”j’Rp Gu\ ˘TV¨p œZk˚RL∞u T˚Pl©p C˚Pf ˘N⁄Lp SPdLÙUp TÙoj’d

˘LÙsY’ SpX’.

• Cflß´p T˚Pl◊l ˙T˚Z´p ˙NolTRtLÙLf ˙NL¨j’d ˘LÙsfieLs.

L˚R ˙SWm

L˚R˚Vd œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m.

¡ßdL˚R˚V —˚YTPf ˘NÙpX YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

L˚R˚Vd œWp Ht\j RÙr‹Pu ÿLTÙYj˙RÙ” C≤˚UVÙLd ·fleLs.

®Lr‹ ˛ 3

œl©j RiΩ¨u Æ˚X ˛ L¶Rm

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• RiΩo Æ˚Xdœ YÙeœY’ RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙQp (Ufl J›eœ

T”j’R¤dœ EhThP ·hPp, LØjRp ˛ CWi•XdLm)

®Lr‹ Íu±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’ YÙ£j’f —˚YTPf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

A±YZ° L˚P´p C⁄k’ RiΩo TÙh•p Æ˚Xdœ YÙe°]Ùs. øeLs Gl˙TÙRÙY’ RiΩo

Æ˚Xdœ YÙe°V’ EiPÙ?

LXk’˚WVÙPp

J⁄ £X⁄dœ YÙnl◊

˘RÙPok’ A±YZ° 2 TÙh•p œ•RiΩo YÙe°]Ùs. ARu Æ˚X Gu] Gufl ˙Lh”l

TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

J⁄ TÙh•≠u Æ˚X ˛ 20 Ï

2 œl©´u Æ˚X ˛ 20 Ï+

20 Ï

40 Ï

AlTÙ ˘LÙ”jR ÏTÙn ˛ 100

RiΩo YÙe°V’ ˛ 40 Ï

¡ß 60 Ï

U˚Z

C•

˘Ys[m

˙ULmLÙtfl

™u]p Á\p

YÙ]Æpœ∞o

Yœl◊ II


œl©j RiΩo

Ufl J›eœT”jR¤dœ EhThP CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjR˚X EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’

76 ˛ - 60 + 16 ˛

17 10 + 7

50 + 9 = 59

Gu\ ÿ˚\´p A˚]j’f ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim ˘NnV ER‹eLs.

®Lr‹ ˛ 4

ÿ°˙X ÿ°˙X L⁄ÿ°˙X

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

• TÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’lTÙ”°\ÙoLs.

• TÙP≠u L⁄j˚Rf ˘NÙkRS˚P´p ˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.

• SÙ©\r SÙ ˘S°r T´t£L∞p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.

• J˙W ˘TÙ⁄s RWd·•V NUÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

• U˚Z ˘TnY’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs

• RiΩ¨u E˚\ÆPeL˚[d ·fl°u\]o.

®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd

L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’ YÙ£j’f —˚YVÙL ˘Y∞´”eLs

Lu]e L⁄jR U˚Z

LÙÌu±l ˘TnŸ U˚Z

Cu]e L⁄dœR•

DNÙ] Í˚X´˙X!

™u‡R• YP°Zd˙L

ÿZeœR• LP˙XÙWm

©\l©hP ˙SW˘UpXÙm

˙TŸR• ˙TU˚ZŸm!

˙ULk ßWfiR•

™u≤⁄h”d LmÿR•

R˚X˙V S˚]ŸR•

RgNUjRd ·˚W´˙X!

˛ LÆOo. UÙ. YWRWÙ_u

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


• U˚Z ˘RÙPoTÙ] H˙R‡m J⁄ TÙP˚X CWÙLj˙RÙ” TÙ”eLs.

œZk˚RLs ˙Nok’ TÙPh”m.

• C’˙TÙu\ U˚Z ˘RÙPoTÙ] TÙP˚X A±YZ° TÙ•]Ùs. SÙÿm TÙ•lTÙol˙TÙUÙ

Gufl ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs A˚Zj’f ˘Np¤eLs

˘UhP˚UdLXÙm

• TÙP˚Xj R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙPh”m.

• UÙß¨VÙLl TÙ•dLÙh”eLs.

• ˘UhP˚UlTRtœ £.Bo.£ Utflm Gv.Bo.¥ L∞u ERÆ˚VŸm SÙPXÙm ApXYÙ!

• Su\ÙLl TÙ”m œZk˚RL˚[l TÙWÙh”eLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs


• ˙TÙ’UÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm ˘LÙ”lT’ SpX’.

• A˚]Y⁄m E˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”jR ˙Yi”m.

• LXk’˚WVÙPp S˚P˘T\j ’˚Qd˙LsÆLfim ˙LhLXÙm ApXYÙ?

• U˚Z GqYÙfl E⁄YÙ°\’ Gu\ ˙LsÆdœd œZk˚RLs ReLs L⁄j’L˚[d ·\h”m.

• U˚Z˘TnYRu/E⁄YÙYRu ©u]¶´¤s[ A±ÆVp Ei˚UL˚[ Æ[dœeLs.

• ˙ULjßPm Gu˘]u] ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh¿oLs Gu\ Æ]ÙÆtœd œZk˚RLs LtT˚]ŸPu

Tßp ˘NÙpXh”m.

GjR˚] ˙LsÆLs

• TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’ HWÙ[m ˙LsÆLs E⁄YÙdL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• øo®˚XLs VÙ˚Y?

• U˚X´p C⁄k’ ≈›m˙TÙ’ RiΩ¨u ˘TVo Gu]?

• Ftfl øo GqYÙfl E⁄YÙ°\’?

• Ui¶p Æ›m U˚Zøo Geœ ˘Np°\’?

• Ts[m TÙoj’j ˙ReœYRu ˘TVo Gu]?

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs

• ˙LsÆLs E⁄YÙdLm ˘NnYRtLÙ] LXk’˚WVÙP˚X YZıSPjßf ˘NpX U\dLUÙhºoLs

ApXYÙ?

˘NÙp≠lTÙ⁄eLs

• SÙ©\r SÙ ˘S°r T´t£dLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL‹m N¨VÙ] EfN¨l◊P‡m ˘NÙpXh”m .

• £\lTÙLf ˘NÙpXYoL˚[l TÙWÙh”eLs.

Yœl◊ II


˙RÙ˚N ˙RÙ˚N

˙NÙ[j ˙RÙ˚N

—h˘P”jRl

Tj’j ˙RÙ˚N

VÙ⁄RfN

NhP

GeL RÙjRÙ

RfN NhP

YÙ˚ZlTZm

U˚Z´p Y›d°d

˘LÙZ ˘LÙ›jR’

SÙkRÙu ˘LÙlTiPÙ

SpXÿj’l ˙TWiPÙ

˘Ys∞l ©Wm˘T”j’

˘Y˚[VÙP YÙWiPÙ

• ˙TÙu\ ˘RÙPoL˚[Ÿm ˘NÙp≠l TZLh”m

˙Yfl˘TVo ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m.


• £fl £fl Æ]ÙdLs ˙Lh”l ©uRe°V œZk˚RLhœ ER‹eLs.

˙ULm ˛ ÿ°p

YÙ]m ˛ BLÙVm

„¨Vu ˛ LßWYu

®XÙ ˛ NkßWu

LPp ˛ BØ, NÿjßWm

˘NÙp¤eLs

• œ[eL˚[ Etfl ˙SÙdœm BY˚Xj ÁiP˙Y Cf˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

• LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs, A˚]Y⁄dœm L⁄j’L˚[d ·\ YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

˙Y≤tLÙXm (L¶Rm)

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

• SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jßd L¶R Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p HtT”Rp.

• SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TVuT”jß Jq˘YÙ⁄UÙRjßu SÙhL˚[ Gi¶ Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp.

• S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœf —VUÙLj æo‹LÙi°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 5 dLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’ YÙ£j’f —˚YTP ˘Y∞´”eLs.

U˚Z SÙhLÙh•

• SÙhLÙh•˚V Etfl ˙SÙd° U˚Z˘TnR’m ˘Y´p A•jR’UÙ°V SÙhL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m

LÙiTRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL SÙhLÙh•˚V Etfl˙SÙdLh”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


• U˚Z ˘TnR, ˘TnVÙR SÙhL˚[ Gi¶ G›Rh”m.

• _¯u UÙRjßp Es[ ˘UÙjR SÙhL˚[ Gi¶ G›Rh”m.

• —VUÙL U˚ZdLÙXiPo E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs.

SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’d Li”©•dLXÙm

SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’ _]Y¨ ÿRp •NmTo Y˚WŸs[ Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙRjß¤ÿs[ SÙhL˚[ Gi¶

Li”©•lTRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

• œZk˚RL˚[f £fl œ›dL[ÙdL‹m

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm 2015˛16 SÙhLÙh•˚Vd ˘LÙ”dL‹m

• SÙhLÙh•˚Vl TÙoj’ UÙReLs Utflm SÙhL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd œ±l˙Th•p G›Rh”m.

• Kq˘YÙ⁄ œ›‹m ˘Y∞´Ph”m

• NÙoh•p G›ßV Th•V≠p UÙRm/SÙhL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚V B£¨V⁄m G›R ˙Yi”m.

• œZk˚RLs —VUßl¿” ˘Nn°u\]o. œ±j’˚Yd°u\]o.

Th•V≠≠⁄k’ RLYp ßWh”Rp, Th•V≠”Rp GuT˚Y Ußl©P

˙Yi”m.

2016 _]Y¨ UÙR SÙhLÙh•˚V ˘Y∞´”eLs. L¶Rl◊jRLjßp TdLm 110 Cp Es[˚Rl ˙TÙufl

®Z≠h”d LÙi©dL ˙Yi”m. ®Z≠hP GiL˚[ Í˚Xdœ Í˚XVÙdœ·h•l TÙodLh”m.

3 + 11 = ...................

4 + 10 = ..................

£\l◊L˚[ Li”©•d°u\]o.

C˚Rl ˙TÙufl 2016 ©lWY¨ UÙR SÙhLÙh•´p œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL ®\™h” GiL˚[d

·h•lTÙod°u\]o. £\l◊L˚[d LiP±°u\]o.

˘TÙ’ÿ•˚Y Nu\S˚PYRtLÙ] ß\˚] Ußl¿” NnV Yi”m. ®\™hP

SÙhLÙh•˚V T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©u TÙLUÙL Ußl¿” ˘NnV ˙Yi”m.

˘Y´pLÙXm

LØjRp ˘RÙPoTÙ] S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˙SÙd°p Cf ˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’.

Y¨˚N´p ®tTYoL∞u Gi¶d˚L = 45

A±YZ°´u AmUÙ ®tT’ = 27

˙U¤m RiΩo °˚PdL ˙Yi•VYoLs 45 ˛

27

45 40 + 5 ˛ 30 + 15 ˛

27 20 + 7 20 + 7

10 + 8 = 18

˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\´p G∞˚UVÙLf ˘NnV ER‹eLs

Yœl◊ II


T J T J

4 5 ˛ 3 15

2 7 2 7

1 8

Gu\ ÿ˚\´¤m ˘NnV ERYXÙm ApXYÙ!

˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm

S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]L∞p ·”Rp ß\u ˘TflYRtLÙL Cf ˘NVpTÙ” YZeLlTh”s[’.

3 5 ˛ 30 + 5 ˛ 20 + 15 ˛

1 9 10 + 9 10 + 9

10 + 6 = 16

1 3 + 10 + 3 +

4 7 40 + 7

50 + 10 60

7 2 ˛- 70 + 2 -˛ 60 + 12 -˛

5 4 50 + 4 50 + 4

10 + 8 = 18

4 3 ˛- 40 + 3 -˛ 30 + 13 -˛

1 8 10 + 8 10 + 8

20 + 5 -- 25

2 5 ˛ 20 + 5 ˛ 10 + 15 ˛

1 7 10 + 7 10 + 7

0 + 8 = 8

T J

©vLh YÙe°V’ 3 8 Ï 30 + 8 +

TZm YÙe°V’ 1 4 Ï 10 + 4

˘UÙjRm 5 2 40 + 12 = 52

L˚PdLÙW≤Pm ˘LÙ”jR’ = 6 0 Ï ˛ 60 + 0 ˛

BLf˘NX‹ = 5 2 Ï 50 + 2

¡Rm 8 Ï 50 + 10 ˛

50 + 2

0 + 8

8 ÏTÙn ¡Rm °˚Pdœm.

• Gi A”d˚L ®WlTXÙm, J∞kß⁄lT’ VÙo ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf

˘NnVh”m

• RÙu Æ˚PLiP±kR ÿ˚\˚Vd ·\h”m.

• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.

• £\lTÙLf ˘NnŸm œZk˚RLfidœ ˙U¤m ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ YZeœeLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 6

YÙr‹dœ Y[m

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

• ÆØl◊Qo‹ HtT”j’m ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs RVÙo ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

• ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

• ˘RÙPoL˚[l TVuT”jß ®Lr‹L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

• U˚ZdLÙXjßtœm ˘Y´pLÙXjßtœm Es[ £\l◊L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs.

• øo ®˚XLs UÙN˚PYRÙp HtT”m ©Wf£˚]L˚[d ·fl°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ B±tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jßp

C⁄k’ YÙ£j’f —˚YTP ˘Y∞´”eLs.

YÙr‹dœ Y[m

• TÙPlTœß˚Vd œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m.

• ¡i”m YÙ£lTRtLÙ] EjßL˚[l TVuT”j’eLs.

• UÙß¨VÙL YÙ£j’dLÙh”eLs.

• YÙ£l◊d LhPeL˚[d L˚Pl©•dL U\dLUÙhºoLs ApXYÙ!

˘NÙp¤eLs

• œ[m UÙ—T”Rp ˘RÙPoTÙ] L⁄j’ E⁄YÙœm ÆRjßp E˚WVÙP˚X YØSPjßf ˘NpY’

SpX’.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ Æ]ÙÆtœm ˙TÙ’UÙ] ˙SWm ˘LÙ”eLs.

• A˚]Y⁄m Te˙Lt°\ÙoLs G] EflßlT”j’Y’ SpX’.

˙YflTÙ”

U˚ZdLÙXjßtœm ˘Y´pLÙXjßtœm Es[ ˙YflTÙh˚P Y¨˚NlT”j’YRtLÙL Cf˘NVpTÙ”

YZeLlTh”s[’.

ÆØl◊Qo‹

øo®˚XL˚[ UÙ—T”j’Rp ˘RÙPoTÙL YÙd°Vm A˚UdL Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pl TVuT”jRXÙm

ApXYÙ!

• Bt±p YÙL]eL˚[d L›‹Rp

• øo ®˚XL∞p ˙LÙØd LØ‹L˚[ ≈—Rp

• øo ®˚XL∞u A⁄°p UX_Xm LØjRp

• øo ®˚XL∞u A⁄°p œl˚T ˘LÙh”Rp

• øo ®˚XL∞p NÙdL˚P LXjRp

˙TÙu\ œ±l◊L∞u A•lT˚P´p YÙd°VeL˚[ E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs.

Yœl◊ II


ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs

• £X ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeL˚[d œZk˚RLfidœ A±ÿLm ˘NnŸeLs TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m

ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeL˚[ G”j’ G›Rh”m.

• —VUÙL ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdLh”m

• Yœl©p ˘Y∞´Ph”m


˘LÙhPÙ˙R! ˘LÙhPÙ˙R!

œl˚T˚V Bt±p ˘LÙhPÙ˙R!

L›YÙ˙R! L›YÙ˙R!

YÙL]eL˚[ Bt±p L›YÙ˙R!

≈NÙ˙R! ≈NÙ˙R!

˙LÙØd LØ‹L˚[ œ[jßp ≈NÙ˙R!

TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm

øo®˚XL˚[l TÙ’LÙl˙TÙm

˙TÙu\ ÿjß˚W YÙd°Vm RVÙo ˘NnV ER‹eLs

LY˚X ˙YiPÙm

UÙß¨˚Vl ˙TÙufl YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs

®Lr‹ ˛ 7

œ[m Sm YÙr‹dœ Y[m

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

• ˘RÙPoL˚[l TVuT”jß ®Lr‹L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.

• Y[⁄m YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

• Íufl ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

• ˘TÙ⁄s ˘TÙßkR Æ]ÙdLs E⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

• øo®˚XL∞p Y£dœm E´¨]eL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”j’°\ÙoLs

• RiΩ¨p Írœm, ™Rdœm ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d LiP˚Pk’ AhPY˚Q ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ HØtLÙ] ˛ L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd L˚RdL[jß≠⁄k’

YÙ£j’f —˚YTP ˘Y∞´”eLs.

TÙPlTœßdœs

• TÙPlTœß˚Vd œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m.

• YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[Ÿm LhPeL˚[Ÿm L˚Pl©•dL U\dLUÙhºoLs ApXYÙ!

• UÙß¨ YÙ£l◊f ˘NnY’ EfN¨l◊ £\lTÙL A˚UV ER‹m.

˘NÙp¤eLs


• ˙TÙ’UÙ] LÙX AYLÙNm ˘LÙ”eLs.

• A˚]Y⁄m LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Te˘L”dL YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• ’˚Q Æ]ÙdLs ˙LhL‹m £fl Æ[dLeLs ˘LÙ”dL‹m U\dL UÙhºoLs ApXYÙ!

AZLÙ] LÙh£

• UÙß¨ ˙TÙufl YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs.

• —VUÙL G›Rh”m.

• YœlT˚\´p ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.


A’˙TÙX C’˙TÙX

• TÙPlTœß˚V ¡i”m YÙ£j’d Li”©•j’ G›R Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m.

• ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dL ER‹eLs

Am◊ ˙TÙX TÙnkR’ ˛ ¡u

£˚X ˙TÙX ®u\’ ˛ ˘LÙdœ

ÿj’l˙TÙX C⁄lT’ ˛ RiΩo

Th”l ˙TÙp C⁄lT’˛ ◊p˘Y∞

Ju±≠⁄k’ Ut˘\Ùufl

• J⁄ YÙd°Vjßp ÿ•Ÿm NÙp˚Xl TVuT”jß A”jR YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙL Y[⁄m

YÙd°VeLs E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs.

œ[dL˚W´p J⁄ ˘LÙdœ

˘LÙd˚Ll TÙojR’ B˚U

B˚U´u A⁄°p ¡u

¡≤u SiTu Si”

Si•u LÙpLs Gh”.

Yœl◊ II


UÙN˚PVÙUp C⁄dL

• øo ®˚XLs UÙN˚PVÙUp C⁄dLd L˚Pl©•dL Yi•V L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs NÙp¤m

ÆRjßp E˚WVÙP˚X YØSPjßf ˘NpY’ SpX’.

œZk˚RLs —VUÙL G›Rh”m.

YœlT˚\´p LXk’˚WVÙPER‹eLs.

L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›’eLs.

©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs

GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs

—VUÙL YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙdL ER‹eLs

HWÙ[m ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ” YZeL U\dLUÙhºoLs ApXYÙ?

©WÙ¶L˚[d Li”©•ŸeLs

• œZk˚RLs —VUÙL YÙ£dLh”m.

• ©WÙ¶L˚[d Li”©•j’ YhP™Ph”m.

• £fl£fl œ±l◊Ls Sp°l ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.

• YhP™hP ˘TVoL˚[ G”j’ G›Rh”m.

Li”©•ŸeLs

LÙnL±Ls °ZeœLs, œZk˚RLfidœl TZdLUÙ] ˙Yfl£X ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jß

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnŸeLs

• J⁄ TÙjßWjßp RiΩo Yj’d˘LÙi” ÍrœUÙ, ™RdœUÙ Gufl Lh” Æ˚P ·\f NnV

˙Yi”m.

• ˘RÙPok’ œZk˚RL∞u ÿu≤˚X´p RiΩ¨p Ch” EtfldLY≤dL YÙnlT∞dL

˙Yi”m.

˘Nn’ TÙ⁄eLs

œiÂ£L˚[ Jq˘YÙu\ÙL C⁄eLs.

• Jq˘YÙ⁄ œiÂ£˚V C”m˙TÙ’m œZk˚RLs Jufl CWi” Gufl GiQh”m.

CflßVÙL GjR˚] œiÂ£Ls G]d ·\h”m.

GjR˚] YÙd°VeLs?

• œZk˚RLs —VUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

• YœlT˚\´p ˘Y∞´P YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

• L⁄mTX˚L´p J⁄e°˚Qj’ G›RXÙm

• AßLUÙ] YÙd°Vm E⁄YÙd°VYoL˚[l TÙWÙhPXÙm ApXYÙ!

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


AXœ Ußl¿”

AXœ 6 UkßWU˚Z

YÙ£l˙TÙm Li”©•l˙TÙm

U˚X´p U˚Z ˘TnR’

UWm ˘N•Ls S˚]kR]

RiΩo ßWiP’

U˚X´p C⁄k’ A⁄Æ TÙnkR’

˘Ys[m ˘T⁄°V’

Bfl ®˚\kR’

œ[m œh˚P °Qfl GpXÙm

®˚\kR]

Cflß´p

Btfl øo LP≠p LXkR’

LPp £¨jR’

YÙ£l◊lTœß´p Y⁄m øo ®˚XL∞u ˘TVoL˚[ YhP™” (5 ◊s∞Ls)

J⁄ ˘TV¨p Y⁄m CWi” ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’ (5 ◊s∞Ls)

• L˚Xf ˘NpÆ

• C˚NVÿRu

• LVp ÆØ

• Èe˙LÙ˚R

• ˘Yt± UÙ\u

RiΩof ˙N™l◊ ˘RÙPoTÙ] Íufl ÿjß˚W YÙd°VeLs RVÙo ˘NnL (3 ◊s∞Ls)

UÙß¨ : ≈QÙdLÙ˙R ≈QÙdLÙ˙R

RiΩ˚W ≈QÙdLÙ˙R

Yœl◊ II


UÙß¨˚Vl ˙TÙufl Y[⁄m YÙd°Vm RVÙo ˘NnL (5 ◊s∞Ls)

œ[dL˚W´p BXUWm

BXUWjßp œ⁄Æd·”

œ⁄Æd·h•p ÿh˚PLs

ÿh˚P´u ®\m ˘Ys˚[

˘Ys˚[ ®\jßp ˘LÙdœ

˘LÙd°u ˙U˙X £h”dœ⁄Æ

œ[j’ ø¨p Tf˚Nj RY˚[

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˘NÙt„¨V˚]l TVuT”jßl TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘NnL (5 ◊s∞Ls)

U˚Z

C•

œ[m

UWm¡u

˘LÙdœ È

C˚XYVp

™u]p

U˚Z U˚Z YkR’

Ui‘m DWm B]’

U˚Z U˚Z YkR’

œ[m œh˚P ®˚\kR’

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œ›Æp ˙NWÙR˚R YhP™” (2 ◊s∞Ls)

Up≠˚L ÿp˚X ˙WÙ_Ù RÙU˚W

SÙn È˚] T— RY˚[

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


RœkRA˚PVÙ[m C”L

• ˘Y´p LÙXeL∞p œ[eL∞p AßLUÙ] RiΩo C⁄dœm

• ˙ULjßp øWÙÆ APe° Es[’

• YÙ]jß≠⁄k’ VÙ˙WÙ RiΩ˚W FtflY˙R U˚Z

• U˚Z ˘TnVd œ∞okR LÙtfl AY£Vm

• UWm Y[ojRÙp U˚Z ˘T\XÙm

• A±YZ° J⁄ YÙ∞´≠⁄k’ ˘Ru˚]dœ 13 Ll RiΩ⁄m YÙ˚Zdœ 12 Ll RiΩ⁄m

UÙUWjßtœ 15 Ll RiΩ⁄m Ft±]Ùs. YÙ∞´p RiΩo æokR’. AlT•VÙ]Ùp AkR

YÙ∞´p GjR˚] Ll RiΩo C⁄kR’?

• 1 ≠hPo RiΩo TÙh•≠p GjR˚] Rm[o RiΩo ˘LÙsfim?

SÙu F°jR’ N¨VÙ] A[‹

• A±YZ° L˚P´p C⁄k’ 20 ÏTÙn Æ˚XŸs[ 3 RiΩo TÙh•pLs YÙe°]Ùs. AY[’

˚L´p 50 ÏTÙn ˙SÙh” J]Aflm 20 ÏTÙn ˙SÙh” Juflm C⁄kR’. AlT•VÙ]Ùp

L˚PdLÙWo A±YZ°dœ GjR˚] ÏTÙn ¡Rm R⁄YÙo?

Yœl◊ II

223AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

œZk˚RL∞u Y[of£dœm, B˙WÙd°Vjßtœm ™L‹m AY£VUÙ]’

EQ‹. T⁄mTÙXÙ] œZk˚RLs ’¨R EQ‹ Y˚LL˚[Ÿm SÙfldœj

æ≤L˚[Ÿ˙U Æ⁄m◊°u\]o. ARu æ˚UL˚[Ÿm ARu

Æ˚[‹L˚[Ÿm A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtœ ˙Yi• CqYXœ


EQÆu ÿd°Vj’Ym, ⁄£, Ei‘m˙TÙ’

L˚P©•dœm —LÙRÙWl TZdL YZdLeLs, EQÆtLÙLj

RÆdœm UdLs, EQ‹ RVÙo ˘NnŸm ÿ˚\Ls

˙TÙu\Yt˚\l Tt± L⁄j’⁄YÙœm YiQm

TÙPlTœßŸm ˘NVpTÙ”Lfim Y•Y˚UdLl-

Th”s[].

˘TÙ⁄hL∞u G˚P˚V F°j’d ·\‹m, ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls,

SÙQVeLs TVuT”jß Y⁄m S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]Lfidœj

æo‹ LÙQ‹m, L¶Rjßp BoYm E⁄YÙdœm L¶R

Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”Th” L¶Rd L⁄j˚R Eflß ˘NnV‹m

ÆRjßp CqYXœ ’˚Q◊¨°u\’.

CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL....

TÙPpLs, Æ”L˚RLs, SÙhœ±l◊, ˘NÙp Æ˚[VÙh”Ls, L˚R

®Lr˚Y Y¨˚NlT”j’Rp, N˚UVp œ±l◊Ls ˙TÙu\˚Y

Es[].

T£j’l ◊£AXœ 7

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

224 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

LÙX AhPY˚Q


1. aÙn Gu] —˚Y! (L¶Rm) 3

2. ⁄£˚V Uh”m TÙodLÙ˙R 3

3. Æ˚X´pXÙf NÙlTÙ” 3

4. UßVZL≤u SÙhœ±l◊ 3

5. ¡]Ù UÙ™ YkR ˙TÙ’ 4

6. BaÙ! Gu] —˚Y 2

18 SÙhLs


˘UÙjRm 19 SÙhLs

Yœl◊ II

225AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£


˘UÙØ

1. TÙP¤dœj R≤VÙL‹m. œ›YÙL‹m ˘UhP˚Uj’l TÙ”°\ÙoLs.

2. G∞V Æ”L˚RLfidœ Æ˚P G›’°\ÙoLs.

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NÙlTÙh” Y˚LLs œ\ıj’d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

A±YZLu Gu\ œZk˚R´u RY\Ù] EQ‹lTZdLjRÙp AY‡dœ Gu]YÙ´tfl TÙodLXÙUÙ

Gufl TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£ŸeLs. TÙPlTœß´p Y⁄m TÙP˚X WÙLj’P‡m, RÙ[j’P‡m ®fljß

◊¨ŸmT• YÙ£ŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

• ˙LsÆL˚[ Jq˘YÙu\ÙLd ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

• œZk˚RLs £kßlTRtœj RœkR LÙX ˙SWm ˘LÙ”eLs .

• LXk’˚WVÙP≠p A˚]Y⁄m Teœ˘LÙsfim ÆRm TÙodL ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

234 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

• L⁄j’Ls Teœ˚YlT’ LXk’˚WVÙPp Su\ÙL S˚P˘Tflm TÙ’RÙu. C˚R U]ßp LÙi”

˘NVpTÙh˚P SPjR ˙Yi”m.

TÙ”eLs

TÙP˚X WÙLj’P‡m RÙ[j’P‡m TÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLs W£dœm ÆRjßp WÙLm C⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

• TÙP˚Xd œ›YÙLl TÙP˚YŸeLs.

• R≤VÙLl TÙP˚YŸeLs.

• TX CWÙLjßp TÙP˚YŸeLs.

Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m?

Cf˘NVpTÙ” EQ‹ Ei‘m —LÙRÙWl TZdL YZdLj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’. EQ‹ Ei‘m

ÿ˚\´u —LÙRÙWl TZdLYZdLeL˚[d LXk’˚WVÙ• Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P SPj’eLs.

• ˚LL˚[ Gl˘TÙ›˘RpXÙm L›Y ˙Yi”m?

• NÙl©”m ÿu Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m?

• NÙl©”m˙TÙ’ GqYÙfl NÙl©P ˙Yi”m?

• NÙl©hP©u Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ˙Yi”m ˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”d LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

Æ˚P Gu]?

Yœl©p œZk˚RLfidœj ˘R¨kR Æ”L˚R Ju˚\f ˘NÙp≠d ˘LÙi” Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj

˘RÙPeœeLs. œ›YÙLl ©¨j’m SPjRXÙm. T•l©p ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ CXœYÙ]

Æ”L˚RLs ˙LfieLs. Gp˙XÙ⁄m ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Teœ˘LÙsfiUÙfl TÙoj’d ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

• AßLUÙ] Æ”L˚RL˚[f ˙NL¨dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

G›’eLs

˙YL˚Yj’m, ˙YL˚YdLÙU¤m Ei‘m TX LÙnL±Ls Es[] GuT˚R A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtLÙL

Cf˘NVpTÙ” RWlTh”s[’.

œZk˚RLs LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoL˚[d ·\h”m AYoLs ˘NÙp¤m LÙnL±L∞u ˘TVoL˚[d

L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. AYt±p N˚Uj’f NÙl©”m LÙnL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m CPf

˘NÙp¤eLs. ARu©u ◊jRLf ˘NVpTÙPÛ•˚]j RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m.

ÆNÙ¨ŸeLs

L⁄mTX˚L´p G›RlTh”s[ LÙnL±L∞u Th•V≠≠⁄k’ NÙmTÙo YdLl TVuT”m LÙnL±Ls

G˚Y G] œZk˚RL∞Pm ˙LfieLs. N¨VÙ]Yt˚\d œ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙ•d Li”©•j’

˘Y∞´Ph”m. ReLs œ› G›ßV’ N¨RÙ]Ù GuT˚Rl ˘Tt˙\Ù¨Pm ˙Lh” YWh”m.

TÙ• W£dL...

C’ TÙ•U°rYRtLÙL Uh”˙U ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’. TÙP˚X WÙLj’P‡m, RÙ[j’P‡m

TÙ•dLÙh”eLs. œZk˚RLfim TÙPh”m.

• TÙP˚Xl TXÆR WÙLjßp TÙPh”m.

• œ›YÙLl TÙP ˚YŸeLs.

• ˙Yfl WÙLjß¤m œZk˚RLs TÙ”YRtœ ER‹eLs.

Yœl◊ II

235AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

®Lr‹ ˛ 3

Æ˚X´pXÙf NÙlTÙ”

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

• L˚Rú EhL⁄j˚R Eh˘LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙP≠p Teœ˘LÙi” L⁄j˚Rf ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs.

• Lt\ ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jß G∞V YÙd°VeL˚[j RÙUÙÙL G›’°\ÙoLs.

• L˚Rú L⁄j’dL˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ®Lrf£L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß G›’°\ÙoLs.

• L˚Rú EhL⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” LXk’˚WVÙ• ˙LsÆLfidœ Tßp G›’°\ÙoLs.

• œ±l◊Lfidœ HtT N¨VÙ] ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•j’ G›’°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 3 tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YPd ·fleLs.

EQ˚Y ≈QÙdLd·PÙ’. GjR˚]˙VÙ U≤RoLs J⁄ ˙Y˚[ EQ‹·P °˚PdLÙUp T£VÙp

YÙ”°\ÙoLs. AYoL∞u ®˚X˚V Gi¶ ≈QÙdœm EQ‹L˚[ A’˙TÙu\YoLfidœ LÙ”dœm

U]lTÙu˚U Y[W ˙Yi”m Gu\ ˙SÙdLjßp ClTœß ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[’.

• C’ ˘RÙPoTÙ] L˚RL˚[ B£¨Vo ÿu ·h•˙V ˙NL¨j’d ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.

• L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·±d˘LÙi” UßVZLu Gu\ £flYu Ceœ Gu] ˘Nn°\Ùu Gufl

TÙodLXÙUÙ? G]d ˙Lh”d˘LÙi” TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

Cf NVpTÙ” ÍXm œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l◊j ß\u AßL¨dœm ApXYÙ? L˚RlTœß´˚] 2 ApX’

3 ÿ˚\ YÙ£dLh”m. œ›YÙLd LXk’˚WVÙPp S˚P˘T\h”m. ¡i”m ¡i”m YÙ£dL ˚Yj’,

LXk’˚WVÙ•V œZk˚RL∞Pm £X ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙LfieLs. ©u Re°V œZk˚RLs ·flYRtœm

YÙnl◊Ls ˘LÙ”eLs. GpXÙd œZk˚RLfim Teœ˘TflUÙfl TÙoj’d˘LÙsY’ AY£Vm.

˙LsÆŸm Tß¤m

CkRf ˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RL∞u ˙LsÆ ˙Lhœm ß\˚]Ÿm ARtœl Tßp ˘NÙp¤m ß\˚]Ÿm

Y[odœm ˙SÙdLj’Pu E⁄YÙdLlThP’.

œZk˚RL˚[ CWi” œ›dL[ÙdL‹m. J⁄ œ› ˙LsÆ ˙LhL A”jR œ› Tßp ˘NÙpXh”m. ©u

J⁄ œ› Tß˚Xf ˘NÙpX A”jR œ› Tß¤dœj RœkR ˙LsÆ˚Vd Li”©•dLh”m. AßL

˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”dL U\dL ˙YiPÙm.

Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs

CkRf ˘NVpTÙ” YÙ£l◊j ß\˚] Y[olTRtœm, L⁄j’L˚[ A±k’ ˙LÙo˚YlT”j’YRtœm

A˚UdLlThP’.

TÙPlTœß˚V ¡i”m J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£dLf NÙp¤eLs. ©u C˚P´˚P˙V £X LfieLs. L˚Rú

ÿd°V L⁄j’L˚[d œZk˚RLs ·\h”m. AYoLs ·flY˚Rd L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.

L⁄mTX˚L´p G›RlTh”s[˚R YÙ£j’d L⁄j’L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jRf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

236 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

G›’eLs

TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. œZk˚RL∞Pm £X ˙LsÆLs ˙LfieLs.

• UßVZL≤u AlTÙ LY˚XlTPd LÙWQm Gu]?

• VÙ⁄dœ UßVZL≤u AlTÙ EQ‹l ˘TÙhPXeL˚[d ˘LÙ”jRÙo?

C≤ TÙPlTœß´p Es[ Æ]ÙÆtœ Æ˚P Li”©•j’ G›R ˚YŸeLs.

A’ Gu]?

œ±l◊L˚[d ˘LÙi” ˘NÙtL˚[d Li”©•dœm J⁄ Æ˚[VÙh”.

CWi” œ›dL[ÙdœeLs. ÿRp œ› œ±l◊L˚[d ·\h”m. Ut\ œ› Li”©•dLh”m (E.m)

Yi•p Ei”, Ri•p Cp˚X

L˚P´p Ei”, L˚R´p Cp˚X

Y˚P

C’ ˙TÙu\ ·”Rp Æ]ÙdL˚[d œZk˚RL˙[ Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m. ER‹eLs.

®Lr‹ ˛ 4

UßVZL≤u SÙhœ±l◊

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

• ®Lr‹L˚[j ˘RÙPo◊T”jß SÙhœ±l◊ G›’°\ÙoLs.

• RY\Ù] ˘NÙtL˚[f N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\´p G›’°\ÙoLs.

• L˚R´u L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” U]˚Rj ˘RÙhP ®Lrf£L˚[ G›’°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X CVp

• ÿ˚\VÙ] EQ‹l TZdLeL˚[d œ±j’ A±°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ UßVZL≤u

SÙhœ±l˚Td œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m. SÙhœ±l©u A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RLs Au\ÙP ®Lr‹L˚[

SÙhœ±lTÙL G›Rh”m.

G›’eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙ” ÿ˚\VÙ] EQ‹l TZdL YZdLeL˚[Ÿm —LÙRÙWl TZdLeL˚[Ÿm L˚P©•lTRtLÙL

A˚UdLlThP’.

• Gu˘]u] EQ‹ Ei°»oLs?

• Cufl Gu] NÙl©hºoLs?

• AÿRu EQ‹ EiQÆp˚X. C’ N¨RÙ]Ù?

• ˚L L›YÙUp EQ‹ EiP’ VÙo?

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙LfieLs.

Yœl◊ II

237AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

ClTœß œZk˚RLs ÿ˚\VÙ] EQ‹lTZdLj˚R ©uTt\‹m, ÿ˚\VÙ] —LÙRÙWl

TZdLYZdLeL˚[d L˚P©•dL‹m. AqYÙfl L˚P©•dLÙÆhPÙp ˙SÙnLs Y⁄m Guflm A±k’

˘LÙsYRtœUÙL A˚UdLlThP’.

˘NÙp¤eLs

YÙ£l◊jß\˚] Y[olTRtœm L⁄j’L˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ARtœj RœkRÙt ˙TÙp Tßp

˘NÙpYRtœm Cf˘NVpTÙ” A˚UdLlThP’. œZk˚RL˚[ 2 ApX’ 3 ÿ˚\ YÙ£dL˚YŸeLs.

©u ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”j ˘RÙPeœLs. œZk˚RLs Li”©•dLh”m. AYoLfidœ ER‹eLs.

G›’eLs

SÙhœ±l◊ G›’m˙TÙ’ LY≤dL ˙Yi•V˚Y

• SÙfim ˙RßŸm

• £fl £fl YÙd°VeLs

• G∞V S˚P

• Y¨˚N ÿ˚\´p Au˚\V ÿd°V ®Lr‹Ls

• L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹

ß⁄jß G›’eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙ” ˘NÙpY[j˚R ˙UmT”j’YRtLÙL A˚UdLlThPRÙœm. ˙U¤m G›j’l ©˚ZLs

HtTPÙUp C⁄dL C’ ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹m.

C˚Rd œ›dL∞Pm ˘NÙp Æ˚[VÙh”l ˙TÙp ˙Ut˘LÙs[XÙm.

Aßp £X G›j’Ls Uh”˙U RY\ÙL A˚Uk’s[]. A˚Rf N¨VÙL G›R ˚YŸeLs.

UÙß¨.

UuœPm ˛ UiœPm

T˚QU\m ˛ T˚]UWm

C’ ˙TÙu\ AßL ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ ˘LÙ”eLs. œZk˚RLfidœ EtNÙLUÙL C⁄dœUpXYÙ?

ÿ•‹ Gu]?

Cf˘NVpTÙ” J⁄ L˚R´p œZk˚RLL∞u U]˚Rj ˘RÙhP ®Lr‹L˚[ G›’YRÙœm.

Y¨VYoLfidœ ER‹m U]®˚X, —]Ù™, ◊Vp ˙TÙu\ ®Lr‹L∞p ≈”, E˚P CZk’ ®t˙TÙ¨u

L˚RL˚[Ÿm. ARu ®Lr‹L˚[Ÿm œ±jR L˚RL˚[j R•d Li”©•j’d ·fleLs. AYoLfidœ

GqYÙfl ERYXÙm Gufl ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·\h”m. ARu ©u TÙPf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ G›R

˚YŸeLs. Aßp AYoL∞u ˘NÙkR ÿ•‹L˚[Ÿm G›R˚YŸeLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

238 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

3

54

2 6 1

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

¡]Ù UÙ™ YkR ˘TÙ›’ (L¶Rm)

Lt\p A˚P‹Ls

˘UÙØ

• ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u G˚P˚V F°j’f ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs/G›’°\ÙoLs.

• L¶Rm ˘RÙPoTÙ] Gi Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.

• ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls TVuT”jß S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi°\ÙoLs.

®Lr‹ 5 dLÙ] L˚R ®Lr˚Yf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. .ClTœß CWi” Ci•XdL GiL∞u ·hPp,

LØjRp Gi A”dœLs Èojß ˘NnRp ˘RÙPoTÙL‹m CYt˚\ EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL‹m

A˚UdLlTh”s[’.

¡]Ù UÙ™˚Vl TÙojR UßVZLu Gu] ˘Nnß⁄lTÙu G]l TÙodLXÙUÙ Gufl TÙPlTœßdœs

˘Np¤eLs.

L¶R Uu\eL∞p C’ ˙TÙu\ Gi A”dœLs Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙP YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs.

UkßW ÿd˙LÙQm

Cf˘NVpTÙ” œZk˚RLfidœ BoYj˚RŸm NYÙ˚XŸm HtT”j’m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

• G]’ ˚L´p 21 UgNÙ• ÿj’Ls Es[]. AYt˚\ ÿd˙LÙQjß¤s[ £fl YhPeL∞p

˚YdL ˙Yi”m. B]Ùp J⁄ ®TkR˚]. Jq˘YÙ⁄ TdLjß¤s[ Íufl GiL˚[d

·h•]Ùp 9 °˚Pdœm ÆRm ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

• œZk˚RL˚[f £fl œ›dL[ÙdœeLs.

• R˚W´p ÿd˙LÙQÿm YhPeLfim Y˚WV ˙Yi”m.

• 21 UgNÙ• ÿj’Ls Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Ætœm ˘LÙ”dL˙Yi”m.

• ÿR≠p Li”©•jRd œ› G’?

• LiP±kR ÿ˚\˚Vd L¶Rl ◊jRLjß¤s[ LhPeL∞p G›R ˙Yi”m.

CkRf NVpTÙh•p EtNÙLUÙLl Te˘L”jR’ VÙo VÙo? C˚Rl˙TÙu\

©\ YÙnl◊Ls Li”©•j’d ˘LÙ”jæoL[Ù?

Yœl◊ II

239AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

CkR Gi A”dœL∞u £\l◊ Gu]?

• œ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙ•d Li”©•dLh”m

• C’ ˙TÙu\ Gi A”dœLs E⁄YÙdœYRtœd œZk˚RL˚[j RVÙWÙdœeLs.

• AYoLs ÿ›˚UVÙd°V Gi A”dœL˚[ GkR ÿ˚\´p NnRÙoLs G] ÆY¨dL YÙnl◊d

˘LÙ”eLs.

• ˙U¤m TX Gi A”dœL∞u UÙß¨L˚[ SRG, DRG TÙu\ CPeL∞p LXk’˚WVÙ•d Li”

©•j’d œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”eLs, CqYÙ\Ù] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls L¶R BoYj˚R Y[odL

ER‹m ApXYÙ?

GiL∞u WL£Vm

CWi•XdL GiL∞u LØjRp ˘NVpTÙh˚P Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙL A˚UdLlThP’. ˘RÙPok’Y⁄m

CWi•XdL GiL˚[ G›ß ©u AYt˚\ UÙt± G›’eLs. ©u ˘T¨V Gi¶≠⁄k’ £±V

Gi˚Qd LØj’f ˘NnV ˚YŸeLs.

• ÿu TÙPeL∞p LØjR’ ˙TÙu\ ÿ˚\L∞p LØdL‹m

• ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs

• AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘NnV ◊ßV EjßL˚[ CRC, SRG ´p LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

¡]Ù UÙ™ YkR˘TÙ›’...

C’ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm. Cßp CWi•XdLd ·hPp, LØjRp

˘NVpTÙ”Ls Eflß ˘NnYRtLÙLd ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].

˘NVpÿ˚\

T J

Tk’ ˛ 2 8 20 + 8

LÙo ˛ 2 5 20 + 5

5 3 40 + 13 53

˘UÙjRÆ˚X = 72

100

2515

5 12 2010

35

6040

1 2 3 4 5

3 5 7 9

8 16

24

• AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls SRG, CRC L∞p LXk’˚WVÙ•d œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”eLs.

• L¶R Uu\eL∞p ˙TÙh•Ls SPj’eLs.

• ˙Yfl GiL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jß CqYÙ\Ù] LQdœLs ˘NnYRtœ ER‹eLs.

• ©uRe°V œZk˚RLfidœ ER‹eLs.

GiQ”d˚L ÿ›˚UVÙdœ˙YÙm

C’ K¨XdL CWi•XdL ·hPp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls EflßlT”j’YRtLÙL A˚UdLlThP’. CqYÙfl

LQdœLs ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ œZk˚RLfidœd LQd°u ¡’ BoYm HtT”m ApXYÙ?

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

240 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

+ 10 20 30 40 50

75 85 95 105 115 125

30 40 50 60 70 80

25 35 45 55 65 75

95 105 115 125 135 145

12 22 32 42 52 62

˙U¤m C’ ˙TÙu\ LQdœL∞u ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ AßLf ˘NVpTÙPÙL A∞ŸeLs.

A˙R ˙TÙp GpXÙ GiL˚[Ÿm ·h•d LhPeL˚[ ®WlTf ˘NÙp¤eLs.

CWi” ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Æ˚X = 53

˘TÙm˚U´u Æ˚X = 72 -˛ 53

70 + 2 ˛

50 + 3 60 + 12 ˛

50 + 3

10 + 9 = 19

˘TÙm˚U´u Æ˚X = 19

CWi•≠⁄k’ 3 I LØdL ÿ•VÙ’. AR]Ùp 70 p 1 Tj˚R

G”j’ 2 EPu ˙N⁄eLs Cl˙TÙ’ 12 °˚PdœUpXYÙ?

• œ›f ˘NVpTÙPÙL‹m ˘LÙ”dLXÙm.

• LQd˚L ÿR≠p ˘NnR œ›˚Yl TÙWÙh”eLs.

• AßLf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Li”©•dL ER‹eLs. .

TZdL˚P´p

Cf˘NVpTÙ” CWi•XdL GiL∞u ·hP˚X EflßlT”j’YRtLÙLd ˘LÙ”dLlTPÙRÙœm

• ÿu]Ùp Es[ ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u A•lT˚P´p CdLQd˚Lf ˘NnV ˚YdL ˙Yi”m.

¡ß GqY[‹?

Cf˘NVpTÙ” CWi” CXdL GiL∞u ·hP¤m, 3 CXdL GiL∞u LØjR˚XŸm Eflßl

T”j’YRtLÙL A˚UdLlThPRÙœm.

1 ˙Ld°u Æ˚X 95 ÏTÙn

2 ˙Ld°u Æ˚X 95 + 95

90 + 5

90 + 5

180 + 10 100 + 80 + 10 = 190

2 ˙Ld°u Æ˚X = 190

Yœl◊ II

241AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

L˚P´p ˘LÙ”jR ˙SÙh”Ls

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¡ß GjR˚]

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10

100 + 100 -˛

100 + 90

0 + 10

= 10

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LØjRp ˘NVpTÙ”

˘LÙ”jR ÏTÙn 50 ˛ 40 + 10 --˛

˙Røo A⁄kßV’ 28 20 + 8

20 + 2 = 22

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YÙ˚Zdœ˚X´p LÙnLs

C’ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

10 ≈Rm Es[˚Y 9 ∫l◊Ls

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1 ∫l◊ 6 LÙnLs Es[’ = 6 LÙnLs

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¡ß GjR˚]?

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90 + 6 ---˛

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70 + 0

Æ˚X Li”©•T˙TÙm

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A⁄i YÙe°V’

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˘UÙjRm 95 ÏTÙn

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

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Cßp ∫≤ú Æ˚X ˘LÙ”dLÙRRÙp A¨£ú Æ˚XŸm ˙LÙ’˚Uú Æ˚X˚VŸm ·h• ˘UÙjR

Æ˚X´≠⁄k’ LZıj’d Li”©•dL ˙Yi”m.

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• E˚WVÙP≠u L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” ˙LsÆLfidœ Æ˚P ˘NÙp°\ÙoLs.

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LXk’˚WVÙ”Rp.

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• UßVZLu AY]’ AmUÙÆtœ Gu˘]u] ERÆLs ˘NnRÙu?

• øeLs AmUÙÆtœ EQ‹ N˚UdL ER‹≈oL[Ù?

˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆLs ˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs ˘Np¤eLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

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N˚UVp œ±l◊

• ≈h•p N˚UVp ˘NnŸm˙TÙ’ TÙojR’ EiPÙ?

• AmUÙ N˚UlTRtœ Gu˘]u] TVuT”j’YÙoLs?

• HRÙY’ EQ‹ N˚UdLj ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

G]d ˙Lh”f ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPeœLs

˙Røo RVÙ¨dœm ÿ˚\˚Vl˘Tt˙\Ù¨Pm ˙Lh” YWf˘NÙp¤eLs.

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• G›Rf ˘NÙp¤eLs

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• œ›Æp N¨VÙ] ÿ˚\˚V G›ßV’ VÙo?

G]d Li”©•dLf ˘NÙp¤eLs

• L˚P£VÙL øeLs ˙Røo RVÙ¨dœm ÿ˚\˚V G›ß Yœl©p ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs.

Yœl◊ II

243AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

Gu N˚UVp

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˘LÙ”eLs. ©u œZk˚RL˚[ G›R˚YŸeLs.

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• ˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙPÙL ˙Yfl J⁄ N˚UVp œ±l◊ G›ßYWf ˘NÙp¤eLs

L˚RYÙ£l◊ (RdLÙ∞, ˘YeLÙVm, œf£Iv)

˘LÙ”jß⁄dœm L˚R˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs, œ›dL∞p RÙeLs YÙ£jR L˚R˚Vf —˚Y

TPd ·\h”m, YœlT˚\´p œZk˚RLs L˚R ·flY’ TÙp ·\f NÙp¤eLs. L˚P£VÙL B£¨Vo

L˚R˚Vf —˚Y˙VÙ”m, L⁄j’j˘R∞‹P‡m ®fljß, ÿLTÙY˚]ŸPu, RœkR K˚NŸPu

œZk˚RLfidœd ·fleLs.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

244 AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

AXœ Ußl¿”


UÙß¨ : UÙXÙ Ge˙L ˘Np°\Ùs?

UÙXÙ Ts∞dœf ˘Np°\Ùs

• WÙLYu ≈h”lTÙPm ˘NnRÙ]Ù?

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AYu LQdœ ˘Nn’ ˘LÙi•⁄d°\Ùu

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2. G›j’dL˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jßl ◊ßV ˘NÙtLs LiP±ŸeLs

∞dRLÙ ˛

¶NÈ ˛

[¨s˘Y ˛

e◊XPnLÙ ˛

RL¨j ˛

3. N˚UVp œ±l◊ G›’eLs

H˙R‡m Ju˚\l Tt± N˚UVp œ±l◊ G›’eLs.

4. N¨VÙ]Yt±tœ A˚PVÙ[m C”eLs

• ß]k˙RÙflm œ∞l˙Tu

• ˘N⁄l◊ A¶k’ SPdL UÙh˙Pu

• Gf£˚Xd LiP LiP CPjßp ’l◊˙Yu

• LÙnL±Ls EQÆp ˙NodL UÙh˙Pu

• YÙWm J⁄ ÿ˚\ SLm ˘Yh”˙Yu

5. RWlTh”s[ EQ‹l TÙ⁄hL˚[ BÆ´p YL˚Yj’ EiT˚Y, Gi˘Qn´p TÙ¨j’

EiT˚Y G] Y˚LlT”j’eLs

Ch≠, ÿfldœ, AßWNm, C•VÙlTm, ¥˙X©, ◊h”, È¨, ˘LÙ›dLh˚P

Yœl◊ II

245AXœ 7 : T£j’l◊£

6. U¶´Pm AlTÙ 100 ÏTÙn ˙LÙ”j’ 1 °˙XÙ ∫≤Ÿm 1 °˙XÙ T⁄l◊m YÙe°YWf ˘NÙu]Ùo.

L˚Pdœf ˘Nu\ U¶ Æ˚XlTh•V˚Xl TÙojRÙu.

Æ˚XlTh•Vp

˘TÙ⁄s Æ˚X

UgNs 70 ÏTÙn

T⁄l◊ 78 ÏTÙn

Gi˘Qn 130 ÏTÙn

∫≤ 36 ÏTÙn

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Li”©•ŸeLs

7. A”jR Gi˚Q G›RXÙUÙ?

5, 10, ........, ........, 25, ........

1, 2,3, 5, ........, ........, 21

50, ........, 40, ........, ........ 25

8. WÆ TZdL˚Pdœf ˘Nu\Ùu. ˚L´p CWi” 50 ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls ˚Yjß⁄kRÙu. 5 ÏTÙn

Ußl◊s[ 2 Tu£¤m 32 ÏTÙn Æ˚XŸs[ L¶Rl˘Th•Ÿm LÙo TÙm˚UŸm YÙe°]Ùu

L˚PdLÙWo ˘UÙjRm 85 ÏTÙn G]f ˘NÙu]Ùo. ˘TÙm˚Udœ GjR˚] ÏTÙn Æ˚X G]d

Li”©•dLXÙUÙ?

B£¨Vo T‡Yp

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˘S¨Np, UÙN˚PRp, NÙ˚XÆßLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\lTt± Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m

A±kß⁄dL ˙Yi”m.

TXRWlThP YÙL]eLs, G∞V NÙ˚X ÆßLs, TVQ A‡TYm

˙TÙu\˚Y A±k’ ˘LÙsYRtœ ER‹m ÆRjßp L˚R, TÙPp, TVQ

A‡TYm YÙ´XÙL CqYXœ Y•Y˚UdLlTh”s[’.

·hP≠u —⁄dL˙U ˘T⁄dLp GuT˚R A±k’

˘LÙsfim ÆRjßp 2, 5, 10 ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l Tp˙Yfl

œ›dL[Ùd° AR]•lT˚P´p Y⁄m S˚Pÿ˚\l

©Wf£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙ‘m HWÙ[UÙ] NVpTÙ”Ls

CqYX°p RWlTh”s[].

CqYX°u YÙ´XÙL....

˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeLs : L˚R, TÙPp, TVQ A‡TYm

˘UÙØjß\uLs : RÙPo E⁄YÙdœRp, C˚Qf NÙtLs G›’Rp

L¶Rm : 2, 5, 10 L∞u ˘T⁄dLp

Èm Èm Yi•AXœ 8

Yœl◊ II

247AXœ 8 : Èm Èm Yi•

LÙX AhPY˚Q


1. J⁄ TVQ A‡TYm 4

2. ÈmÈm LÙo 4

3. Èm Èm LÙ¨u Y⁄jRm 3

4. —t\XÙÆu ˙TÙ’ 4

5. AßNV Yi• 3

6. AßNV Yi•´p At◊Rl TVQm 2

AXœ Ußl¿” 1

˘UÙjRm 21 SÙhLs

B£¨Vo T‡Yp



˘UÙØ

1. TPeL˚[ Etfld LY≤j’ ®Lr˚Y ÿ›˚UVÙdœ°\ÙoLs.

2. TPdL˚RL˚[ Etfl˙SÙd° ˘NÙkRS˚P´p L˚R˚V ÿ›˚U ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

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4. L⁄j’ ÿ›˚U˙VÙ” RÙ[jßt˙LtTl TÙP˚X ®˚\‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

5. ˘UÙØjß\u ˘Y∞lT”m ÆRjßp T˚Pl◊L∞p Te˘L”d°\ÙoLs.

6. Au\ÙP ®Lr‹L˚[ Y¨˚NlT”jß SÙhœ±l◊ G›’°\ÙoLs.

7. RÙu TVQm ˘NnR A‡TYj˚Rf —˚YTPf ˘NÙpX‹m G›R‹m ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

„r®˚X´Vp

1. TXÆRUÙ] ˙TÙdœYWj’ UÙodLeL˚[l Tt±d ·fl°\ÙoLs.

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3. ˙TÙdœYWj’ Æßÿ˚\L˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

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Jl◊˚U ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.

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7. ˙TÙdœYWj’f £u]eL˚[ Æ[dœ°\ÙoLs.

L¶Rm

1. ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[d œ›dL[Ùd° 2, 5, 10 u ˘T⁄dLp °¨˚VLs ˘Nn°u\]o.

2. ÏTÙn ˙SÙh”Ls SÙQVeLs TVuT”jß S˚Pÿ˚\l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙi°u\]o.

3. 2, 5, 10 u ˘T⁄dLp YÙnlTÙ”L˚[d ·hP≠u A•lT˚P´p RÙUÙL E⁄YÙdœ°u\]o.

Yœl◊ II


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E˚WVÙ”eLs.

Tj’dL∞u œ›dLs.

œZk˚RLs Tj’dL˚[d œ›dL[Ùd° Gi¶d·flY˚R Ju\Ùm Yœl©p Lt±⁄lTRÙp TÙPl◊jRLf

˘NVpTÙ” TdLm 124 Cp Y⁄m Th•V˚Xj RÙUÙL ÿ›˚UVÙdLh”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’

œZk˚RL∞Pm AlTh•V≠u A•lT˚P´p E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• ÿRp Y¨˚N´p GjR˚] Tj’dLs? ˛ 2

2 Tj’dLs 20 2 x 10 = 20

• CWiPÙm Y¨˚N´p GjR˚] Tj’dLs? = 3

3 Tj’dLs 30 3 x 10 = 30

• JuTRÙm Y¨˚N´p GjR˚] Tj’dLs? - 10

10 u 10 œ›dLs = 100 ARÙY’ 10 x 10 = 100

Gu±qYÙfl ·hP≠u —⁄dL˙U ˘T⁄dLp GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m.

L¶RlTÙPp

Tj˚R CWi” RP˚Y ·h•]Ù¤m

Tj˚R CWiPÙp ˘T⁄d°]Ù¤m

Æ˚P Jufl RÙu Rm© ˛ BaÙ

Æ˚P Jufl RÙu Rm©

Tj˚R Íufl RP˚Y ·h•]Ù¤m

Tj˚R Íu\Ùp ˘T⁄d°]Ù¤m



.....................................................................................

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10 Cu 3 œ›dLfim 5 œ›dLfim 2 œ›dLfim ˙NokRÙp 30 + 50 +20 = 100

˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ÿ˚\´p 10 Cu 10 œ›dLs ˙NokRÙp 100 GuT˚R Æ[dL ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


CWi•u œ›dLs

˘RÙPof£VÙ] ·hP˙X ˘T⁄dLp, Gu\ L⁄j’ ˘Y∞´”YRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

˘T⁄dL≠u £u]ÿm ˘T⁄dLp £u]m G›ßV˚R YÙ£lT’m Cf ˘NVpTÙh•u YÙ´XÙL

A±ÿLlT”jRlTh”s[’.

œZk˚RLs TVQm ˘Nn’ YÙL]m G’?

L¶Rl◊jRLm TdLm 124 °e°¶ •WÙYpv Gu\ Tœß˚V YÙ£d°u\]o. TPj˚R Etfld

LY≤d°u\]o. ˙LsÆLfidœ Æ˚P Li”©•j’l TÙPlTœß´¤s[ LhPeL∞p G›’°u\]o.

˘RÙPof£VÙ] ·hP≠u YÙ´XÙL Ju\Ùm Yœl◊d œZk˚RL∞u Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li”

©•d°u\]o.

4 RP˚Y 2 I ·h•]Ùp 8

4 x 2 = 8

4 ˘T⁄dLp 2 NUm 8

CWi˚P SÙuœ RP˚Y ·h•]Ù¤m

CWiPÙp SÙu˚L ˘T⁄d°]Ù¤m



UÙß¨ ˙TÙufl G›’eLs

Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf NnV Yi”m. Up ·\lThP NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs

GkR A[‹ Eflß ˘Nn’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R Ußl©P Cf ˘NVpTÙ” EeLfidœ ER‹m.

©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœl ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l TVuT”jß

10 u œ›dLs 2 u œ›dLs ˘NVpTÙ” SpœY’ £\kR’

CkRl ©Wf£˚]˚V GqYÙfl ˘Y∞´PXÙm?

L¶Rl ˘Th•˚V CjR⁄Qjßp GqYÙfl TVuT”jRXÙm? æl˘Th•d

·”Ls C⁄d˚LL[ÙL‹m æl˘Th•d œf£L˚[d œZk˚RL[ÙL‹m

LQdLÙd°Ÿm Cf NVpTÙh˚Pf NnVXÙm ApXYÙ? YœlT˚\´¤s[

C⁄d˚LL˚[Ÿm TVuT”jRXÙm ApXYÙ? Jq˘YÙ⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹

LÙ‘m ˘TÙ›’ œZk˚RLs AqYl˙TÙ’ ˘T⁄dLp Ei˚UL˚[d

œ±l˙Th•p œ±dLh”m.

Yœl◊ II


˘T⁄dL≠u L⁄j˚Rl TVuT”jß CWi•XdL GiL˚[ Æ[dœYRtLÙ] ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

• 18 I Tp˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p Æ[d° G›ßV˚R B£¨Vo ˘Y∞´P ˙Yi”m.

2 + 2 + 2 + 2 +2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 9 RP˚Y 2

9 x 2 2 ≈Rÿs[ 9 œ›dLs

18

• Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm LXk’˚WVÙP˙Yi”m.

• 10, 14 Gu\ GiL˚[ C˚Rl ˙TÙufl G›R˙Yi”m.

• ˘T⁄dLp L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p Æ[d° G›ßV˚Rl T¨˙NÙßj’ Gi G’ Gufl œZk˚RLs

Li”©•d°u\]o.

• R≤VÙL G›’°u\]o.

• œ›Æp Ußl©”°u\]o.

Gi G’ Gufl Yœl©p ·fl°u\]o; G›’°u\]o.

®Lr‹ ˛ 2

ÈmÈm LÙo

®Lr‹ CWi•tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rd ·fleLs. ®LrÆu A•lT˚P´p LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

YÙ£l◊

• Èm Èm LÙo Hu ÿfNkß´p ®t°\’?

• TPjßp ÈmÈm LÙo G’?

• TPjßp Gu˘]u] YÙL]eLs Es[]?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLfid˙LtTd œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤j’d ·\h”m.

TPdL˚R

œZk˚RLs TPdL˚R˚Vj RÙUÙL YÙ£dLh”m. œZk˚RLs GkR A[‹ YÙ£j’s[ÙoLs GuT˚R

A±V TPdL˚R´u A•lT˚P´p TÙPlTœß´¤s[ "˘NÙp¤eLs' Gu\ ˘NVpTÙh•p Y⁄m

Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs. ARu©u]o øeLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ L˚R˚Vd ·fleLs.

L¶Rd L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p GiL˚[ Æ[d° G›ßV NÙoh L¶R Í˚X´p

˘Y∞´”eLs.

L¶Rjßu L⁄j’j ˘R∞‹, Gi Æ[dLm ˙TÙu\˚Y B£¨Vo Ußl¿” ˘NnV

˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


Y¨˚NlT”j’eLs

TPdL˚R˚V YÙ£jR ©u]o ®Lrf£L˚[d œZk˚RLs Y¨˚NlT”jß GiLs ˙TÙPh”m.

L˚R´u Y¨˚N C˙RÙ!

1. ÈmÈm Yi• ThPQm TÙodLf ˘Nu\’.

2. Yi•´≠⁄k’ ®˚\Vl ◊˚L ˘Y∞YkR’.

3. LÙ˚[Yi• Íd˚Ll ˘TÙjßV’.

4. NÙ˚XLs Nkßl©p £Yl◊ Æ[dœ G¨kR’.

5. ÈmÈm Yi• ®tLÙUp ˘Nu\’.

6. ÈmÈm Yi•˚Vl ©\ Yi•Ls ßh•].

7. ˙TÙdœYWj’d LÙYXo ATWÙRm ÆßjRÙo.

˙YflTÙ” Gu]?

œZk˚RLs ÈmÈm Yi•˚V EtfldLY≤dLh”m. ARu ®˚\ œ˚\L˚[d ·\h”m. œZk˚RLs

RÙu TÙojR/R]dœl ©•jR Yi•ŸPu Jl©Ph”m.

SÙu TÙojR Yi• ÈmÈm Yi•

Kh”So ˙Yi”m RÙ]ÙL K”m

SpX Yi• Kh˚P Yi•

◊˚L AßLm YWÙ’ ◊˚L ®˚\V Y⁄°\’

LiQÙ• E˚PVÆp˚X LiQÙ• E˚Pk’s[’

œZk˚RLs ·flY˚Rf NÙoh•p G›’eLs, ˙UmT”jR¤dœl ©\œ œZk˚RLs TÙPl◊jRLjßp

G›Rh”m.

RÙUÙL G›R˙Yi•V˚Y

• G˚Rdœ±dœm?

• G’ N¨?

• G›’eLs

˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m. G›’YRtœ ˙TÙßV ˙SWm YZeL

˙Yi”m. ©u Re°V œZk˚RLfidœf £\l◊dLY]m ˘N¤jR˙Yi”m.

˘TÙ⁄s G›’eLs

NÙ˚X A˚PVÙ[eLs Es[ NÙoh˚P ˘Y∞´”eLs. œZk˚RLs A˚PVÙ[eL˚[Ÿm ARu

˘TÙ⁄˚[Ÿm YÙ£j’l TÙodLh”m. Aß≠⁄k’ TÙPlTœß´¤s[ NÙ˚X A˚PVÙ[eL∞u TÙ⁄s

Li”©•j’ G›Rh”m.

Yœl◊ II


®Lr‹ ˛ 3

ÈmÈm LÙ¨u Y⁄jRm

®Lr‹ Íu±tLÙL L˚R˙VÙhPj˚R —˚YTPd ·fleLs. L˚R˙VÙhPjßu A•lT˚P´p

œZk˚RLfiPu E˚WVÙ”eLs.

• ÈmÈm Yi•˚Vl ©\ YÙL]eLs ßh•V’ Hu?

• ÈmÈm LÙo Gu] ˘NnR’?

• ÈmÈm LÙo Ge˙L ˘Nu\’?

• ÈmÈm LÙ˚Wl ©u ˘RÙPokR’ VÙo? Hu?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flm Tß˚Xf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. øeLs ˘NÙu]’

N¨RÙ]Ù Gufl TÙol˙TÙm G]d˙Lh”l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZŸeLs.

YÙ£l◊

œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤dLh”m.

• ÈmÈm LÙo Geœs[’?

• ˘TgN™u Ge˙L´⁄d°u\Ùo?

• TPjßp ˘UÙjRm Es[ Yi•Ls GjR˚]?

• ˘TgN™u G˚Rf —h•dLÙh”°u\Ùo?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs TPj˚Rl TÙoj’d ·\h”m

YÙ£jRp

TÙPlTœß˚V øeLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£j’d LÙi©ŸeLs. ARu©u œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m.

YÙ£l©u A•lT˚P´p "˘NÙp¤eLs' ˘NVpTÙh•p Y⁄m Æ]ÙdL˚[d ˙LfieLs.

Y˚WŸeLs

TÙPl◊jRLjßp Y˚Wk’s[ LÙ˚Wl˙TÙufl TPm Y˚WVh”m. ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æhPh”m.

Y˚WkR TPj˚Rl T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p ˚YŸeLs. N¨VÙL Y˚Wk’ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] YiQm æh•V

œZk˚RL˚[l TÙWÙhP U\YÙæoLs.

YkR YÙL]m?

NWdœk’, YÙÚoß, U˚XŸk’, ’sfik’, RÙ≤ Gufl L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs. C˚Y Gu] Gufl

˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs Tt˙\ÙoL∞P˙UÙ ©\ B£¨VoL∞P˙UÙ LhP±k’ Yk’ ·\h”m. ÿR≠p

A˚]j’f ˘NÙtL˚[Ÿm Li”©•j’d ·flm œZk˚R˚Vl TÙWÙhP ˙Yi”m.

NWdœk’ ˛ XÙ¨

YÙÚoß ˛ ÆUÙ]m

U˚XŸk’ ˛ Àl

’sfik’ ˛ ˙UÙhPÙoYi•

RÙ≤ ˛ Bh˙PÙ

˙T⁄k’ ˛ Tv

™ßYi• ˛ ˚Nd°s

øeL[ÙL C⁄kRÙp...

Cf˘NVpTÙh•p œZk˚RLs R]’ LtT˚]d˙LtT G›Rh”m. G›j’l©˚ZLs, L⁄j’l©˚ZLs

C⁄kRÙp —h•dLÙi©dL ˙Yi”m.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


®Lr‹ ˛ 4

—tflXÙÆu ˙TÙ’

®Lr‹ SÙu°tLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs.

A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ "J⁄ TVQ A‡TYm' L¶Rl Tœß´¤s[ ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘RÙPeLXÙm.

™hPÙn YÙeLXÙm

• ßp]Ù‹m 3 SiToLfim

• ˘UÙjRm 4 ˙To

• 2 ™hPÙn ≈Rm YÙe°]o

• ˘UÙjR™hPÙnLs 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 4 x 2 = 8• J⁄ ™hPÙ´u Æ˚X = 2 ÏTÙn

• 8 ™hPÙnL∞u Æ˚X = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 x 2 = 16 ÏTÙn

C˚Rl˙TÙu\ ˙U¤m TX L¶Rl ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVpTÙ”Ls Sp°d œZk˚RL∞u

©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\˚] Y[ojR ˙Yi”m.

CkR J⁄ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]˚V —VUÙL YÙ£j’l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ æo‹

LiPYoLs GjR˚] ˙To?

AYoLfidœ £WUm HtThP’ Gl˙TÙ’?

£WUm HtThPYoLfidœ øeLs A∞jR ERÆ Gu]?

˙Røo L˚P´p

Cf ˘NVpTÙh˚P YÙ£j’d œZk˚RLs RÙUÙLf ˘NnVh”m

J⁄ ˙U˚N ˛ 5 SÙtLÙ≠Ls= 5

CWi” ˙U˚NLs ˛ 5 SÙtLÙ≠Ls= 5 + 5 = 10

Íufl ˙U˚NLs - 5 SÙtLÙ≠Ls = 5 + 5 + 5 = 15

SÙuœ ˙U˚NLs ˛ 5 SÙtLÙ≠Ls = 5 + 5 + 5 +5 = 20

TXLÙWeLs TXRWm

C’ J⁄ S˚Pÿ˚\l©Wf£˚]VÙœm. œZk˚RLs ARtœj æo‹ LÙQ˙Yi”m. œZk˚RLs Jq˘YÙ⁄

T•VÙLd °¨˚V ˘NnV˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ T•´¤m œZk˚RLfidœj ˙R˚YVÙ] œ±l◊Ls SpL

˙Yi”m.

J⁄ ˙Ld°u Æ˚X = 2 ÏTÙn

4 ˙Ld°u Æ˚X = 4 x 2 = 8 ÏTÙn

CkR CPjßp œZk˚RLs ÿRu ÿR≠p ·hPp Y•Ym G›RÙUp ·hP≠u —⁄e°V Y•YUÙ]

˘T⁄dL˚X ˙SW•VÙL G›’°u\]o.

Yœl◊ II


™⁄LdLÙh£ NÙ˚X´p

CkR ˘NVpTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs YÙ£j’j RÙUÙLj æo‹ LÙQ˙Yi”m.

°∞Ls GjR˚]?

·hP≠u A•lT˚P´p ˘T⁄dLp YÙnlTÙh˚Pd œZk˚RLs RÙUÙL E⁄YÙd° G›Rh”m. G›ß

ÿ•jR ©u œZk˚RLs A˚R TÙWÙUp NÙpXh”m. T⁄dL≠u Æ˚P CWi” CWiPÙLd ·”Y˚R

Lh•dLÙh”eLs.

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20

SÙeLs GjR˚] ˙To?

Cf˘NVpTÙh•p 5 x 2 GuT’m 2 x 5 GuT’m J˙W Æ˚P˚VjR⁄m GuT˚Rl ˘TÙ⁄hLs, TPeLs

YÙ´XÙL Eflß ˘NnV˙Yi”m.

ShNjßW Æ˚[VÙh”

L˚X ˘NVpÿ˚\dLpÆ J⁄e°˚QdLlTh”s[ ˘T⁄dLp ˘NVpTÙPÙœm.

• ShNjßW Æ˚[VÙh” B£¨Vo A±ÿLlT”j’°\Ùo.

• L¶Rl Tœß´¤⁄k’ Æ˚[VÙh•u Æ[dLdœ±l˚Tj R≤VÙL YÙ£d°u\]o, Æ˚[VÙ”m

ÿ˚\˚V A±°u\]o.

• ShNjßW Æ˚[VÙh•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ]’ Gu]?

• GiLh˚P ShNjßWj˚R A˚PVÙ[lT”jR Stampit (Vegitables)

• YhPm Y˚WYRtLÙ] Y˚[Vp.

L¶RlTœß TdLm 133 Cp Es[˚Rl˙TÙufl Efll©]oL∞u ˘TVo G›ß ShNjßWm Y˚Wk’

˘T⁄dLp Y•Ym G›ß v˙LÙo Li” ©•d°u\]o. œ›Æp Yt± Tt\Y˚Wd Li”©•d°u\]o.

®Lr‹ ˛ 5

AßNV Yi•

®Lr‹ IkßtLÙ] L˚R˙VÙhPj˚Rf —˚YTPd ·fleLs. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’

• ˘TgN™˚]f —Uk’ ˘LÙi” ÈmÈm LÙo Ge˘LpXÙm ˘Nu\’?

• ÆUÙ]j˚Rl TÙojR ÈmÈm LÙo ˘T⁄Íf— ÆPdLÙWQm Gu]?

˙TÙu\ Æ]ÙdL˚[d LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ·flm Tß˚Xf NÙoh•p G›’eLs. A˚Rj RÙPok’

œZk˚RLs TÙPlTœß˚Vj ß\dLh”m.

J⁄ ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙQ Tp˙Yfl YØÿ˚\Ls A∞lTRu YÙ´XÙLd

œZk˚RLs ˘Tflm ˙Uu˚ULs Gu˘]u]?

• R]’ £kR˚] ÿ˚\/˘NV≠u ˙Uu˚U/ œ˚\TÙ” ˙TÙu\˚Y A±V

ÿ•°\’.

• Ru]m©d˚L Y[o°\’.

• J⁄ ©Wf£˚]˚V UÙflThP ÿ˚\L∞p TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnV‹m N¨VÙ]

ÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok˘R”dL‹m œZk˚R˚Vj ß\]Ù∞ Bdœ°\’.

B£¨Vo T‡Yp


TP YÙ£l◊

œZk˚RLs TPj˚R EtfldLY≤j’ Aß¤s[ ®Lrf£L˚[d ·\h”m. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’

TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£dLh”m.

YÙ£l◊

TÙPlTœß˚V œZk˚RLs J⁄ ÿ˚\ YÙ£dLh”m. øeLs TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£j’d LÙi©ŸeLs.

YÙ£l©p ©u Re°V œZk˚RL˚[ YÙ£l◊ Ejß´u A•lT˚P´p YÙ£dL ˚YŸeLs.

˘NÙp¤eLs

YÙ£l◊l Tœß˚V Suœ ◊¨k’s[ÙoL[Ù GuT˚R A±V Æ]ÙdLs ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLfiPu

LXk’˚WVÙ”eLs.

TÙ”eLs

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ TÙPp Y¨L˚[ Uh”m J⁄ NÙoh•p G›ßj ˘RÙeLÆ”eLs. TÙP¤dœd

œZk˚RLs ˘UhP˚Uj’d œ›YÙL‹m R≤VÙL‹m TÙPh”m.

TÙPp G›’eLs

ÈmÈm LÙo TÙ•V TÙPp G›’eLs

Gu\ ˘NVpTÙh•p...

AZLÙ C⁄dœeL! ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˛ AkR

¡uLs økßf ˘NpY’ ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL!

AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ! ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˛ ™Rk’

™Rk’ LlTp ˘NpY’ ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................

TÙPp Y¨L˚[d œZk˚RL˙[ G›Rh”m

SÙm GßoTÙolT’

N≠f—l ˙TÙf—eL! ˘WÙmT N≠f—l ˙TÙf—eL!

R˚W´p K• K• ˘WÙmT N≠f—l ˙TÙf—eL!

B˚NVÙ C⁄dœeL! ˘WÙmT B˚NVÙ C⁄dœeL!

LP≠p ™Rk’ ˘NpX B˚NVÙ C⁄dœeL!

TÙPp E⁄YÙdœRp/ÿ›˚UlT”j’eLs

˘TÙm˚U/Y˚[Vp ˛ ˚L´p

˘LÙ¤— ˛ LÙ≠p

CkR ˙_Ù• ˘NÙtL˚[l TVuT”jßŸm AZLÙ C⁄dœeL! ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL TÙPp Y¨L˚[

TVuT”jßŸm TÙPp E⁄YÙd°d œZk˚RLs TÙP YÙnlT∞ŸeLs.

Yœl◊ II


AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˛ ˚L´p

C⁄dœm ˘TÙm˚U ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL

AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL ˛ LÙ≠p

C⁄dœm ˘LÙ¤— ˘WÙmT AZLÙ C⁄dœeL

B˚N Gu]?

TÙPlTœß´¤s[ Æ]ÙdL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm ˙LfieLs. œZk˚RLs ReLs Æ⁄lTj˚Rf

—RkßWUÙLd ·\h”m. LÙWQj˚RŸm AYoLs ·\˙Yi”m.

CW‹ ˛ TLp

LÙXj˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV C˚Qf˘NÙtLs

CW‹ ˛ TLp

LÙ˚X ˛ UÙ˚X

U˚Z ˛ ˘Y´p

„” ˛ œ∞o

Jl©”eLs

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