busi potential africa
TRANSCRIPT
THE GREEN LAND OF MASSIVE RESOURCES,
THOUGH CALLED DARK CONTINENT DUE TO
IGNORANCE
DOING BUSINESS IN AFRICA - COMESA
THE DARK CONTINENT;
BUT
SPARKLING BRIGHTNESS
FOR
BUSINESS COMMUNITY
THE LAND WITH IMMENCE POTENTIAL
WHY SUB SAHARAN AFRICA ?WHY SUB SAHARAN AFRICA ?WHY SUB SAHARAN AFRICA ?WHY SUB SAHARAN AFRICA ?
• SURROUNDING SAHARA
• DISTINGUISHING FROM SAHARA
• CHANGE IN THE PERCEPTION.
• PRE-EMPT OTHERS
• PAST TREND OF OUR BUSINESS
• IGNORED REGION
PAST CREDENTIAL
• ORIGIN OF PEOPLE
• RECENTLY MIGRATED INDIANS
• KINGMAKERS IN MANY COUNTRIES
• BUREAUCRATES OF INDIAN ORIGIN
• RESPECT FOR INDIAN COMMUNITY
• FEQUENCY OF TRAVELLERS
INFORMATION
LOW PROGRESS
DICTATORSHIP
MACRO ECONOMICINSTABILITY
POOR LOGISTICS
CIVIL STRIFE
In the Past
• BARTHOCOMEO D12.
• VASCO DA GAMA.
• DAVID LIVINGSTONE.
• BRITISH RULES IN INDIA.
• OTHER EXPLORERS / MISSONARIES /BUSINESSMEN.
• CLOSENESS OF EUROPE.
In the PastIn the Past
WHAT IS THE POTENTIAL?
• 350 MILLION MARKET SIZE
• ROUGH DIAMONDS
• TIMBER
• ENDOWED WITH VAST NATURAL RESOURSES
• STEEL OF VARIOUS GRADES
• SUGAR CANE
• ACCESSIBILITY
AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICAABUNDANT RESOURCE
IMPORTS EXPORTSEDIBLE OIL
TEXTILE/MADE UPS
VEHICLES / PARTS
CHEMICALS
PHARMACEUTICALS
PREPARED FOODS
RICE
SHOES / LETHER GOODS
SPICES
IRON & STEEL
BREWERIES
MOLASSES
FRUITS/VEGETABLE
ELECTRICAL EQUIP.
ENGG. ITEMS
METALS
DOING BUSINESS WITH AFRICA
DOOR IS OPEN
FOR CHEMICALS, PHARMACEUTICALS AND
COSMETICS
BECAUSE PRODUCTS OF INDIAN ORIGIN
COULD BE ADAPTABLE.
WESTERN IS SO EXPENSIVE
EFFECTS AND END RESULTSEFFECTS AND END RESULTSEFFECTS AND END RESULTSEFFECTS AND END RESULTS
LIMITED DEVELOPMENTS PAYMENT PROBLEMS
NO FDI
LAKE OF TRADE FOCUS
HIGH RISK LEVELS
CORRUPTIONS
THE SCOPE , HOPE AND IMPORTANCETHE SCOPE , HOPE AND IMPORTANCETHE SCOPE , HOPE AND IMPORTANCETHE SCOPE , HOPE AND IMPORTANCE
MAJOR PORTION OF THE DIAMOND MINED HERE.
VAST TIMBER RESOURCE. FERROUS AND NON FERROUS METAL. CASHEW PRODUCTION ALL THE MINERALS ARE AVAILABLE. MANY PORTS IN OPERATION
LIMITATIONS FOR BUSINESSLIMITATIONS FOR BUSINESSLIMITATIONS FOR BUSINESSLIMITATIONS FOR BUSINESS
MANY ARE LANDLOCKED
MANY ARE LANDLOCKED
PAYMENTSLACK OF
CONFIDENCE
HIGH IMPORTDUTIES
SYSTEMS , NOT EFFECTIVE
MANIPULATIONAT ALL LEVELS
INDIA – SUB SAHARAN AFRICAINDIA – SUB SAHARAN AFRICAINDIA – SUB SAHARAN AFRICAINDIA – SUB SAHARAN AFRICA
CLOSE AND CORDIAL NRI CONTRIBUTION
BAD MEMORIES TOO GROWING RAPIDLY
DIPLOMATIC REP. PROMOTION ON BOTH SIDES
BUSINESS POTENTIAL FOR INDIABUSINESS POTENTIAL FOR INDIABUSINESS POTENTIAL FOR INDIABUSINESS POTENTIAL FOR INDIA
• AFRICA IS THE SECOND LARGEST CONTINENT IN AREA AND THE THIRD LARGEST IN POPULATION
• VERY RICH IN NATURAL RESOURCES
• HUGE SHORTAGE OF SKILLED MANPOWER
• VERY POOR IN MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY
• MANY REGIONAL TRADE ARRANGEMENTS
• SUCCESSFUL INDIAN BUSINESS COMMUNITY
EXCLUSIVELY FOR INDIAEXCLUSIVELY FOR INDIA
• MANY ECONOMIES ARE GROWING AND LIBERALISED
• INDIA HAS 4.08% OF TOTAL EXPORTS IN SSA AND IMPORTS FROM SSA CONSTITUTES 3.18% IN 2001
• DIRECT SHIPMENTS TO MANY PORTS IN AFRICA
• SOFTWARE AVAILABLE TO TRANSLATE ENGLISH INTO MANY AFRICAN LANGUAGES
• AFRICA’S SHARE IN WORLD TRADE IS 1.87%
• SSA’S SHARE IN AFRICA IS 70%
POTENTIAL FOR INDIAPOTENTIAL FOR INDIAPOTENTIAL FOR INDIAPOTENTIAL FOR INDIA
• DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICALS & FINE CHEMICALS
• COSMETICS / TOILETRIES ETC.
• INORGANIC / ORGANIC / AGRO CHEMICALS
• RESIDUAL CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCTS
FOCUS AREAS IN FOCUS SSAFOCUS AREAS IN FOCUS SSAFOCUS AREAS IN FOCUS SSAFOCUS AREAS IN FOCUS SSA
NIGERIA S. AFRICA
MAURITIUS KENYA
ETHIOPIA TANZANIA
GHANA
69% OF INDIA – AFRICAN EXPORTS CONCENTRATE ON THE ABOVE
BROAD ITEMS OF EXPORTS TO SSABROAD ITEMS OF EXPORTS TO SSABROAD ITEMS OF EXPORTS TO SSABROAD ITEMS OF EXPORTS TO SSA
• DRUGS & PHARMACEUTICALS
• FINE CHEMICALS
• COTTON YARN, FABRICS & MADEUPS
• MANUFACTURE OF METALS
• TRANSPORTS EQUIPTS
• RICE
• IRON AND STEEL
BROAD ITEMS OF IMPORTSBROAD ITEMS OF IMPORTSBROAD ITEMS OF IMPORTSBROAD ITEMS OF IMPORTS
• PETROLEUM, CRUDE & OTHERS• GOLD & SILVER• PEARL & PRECIOUS STONES• INORGANIC CHEMICALS• COAL & COKE• WOOD & WOOD PRODUCTS• COTTON-RAW & WASTE• CASHEW• RAW FOR FERTILIZER
INDIA’S PORDUCT FOCUSINDIA’S PORDUCT FOCUS
DRUGS & PHARMACEUTICAL
CHEMICALS
MACHINERY &INSTRUMENTS
TRANSPORTEQUIPMENTS
TELECOM SERVICES
INFORMATIONTECHNOLOGY
SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA SALIENT FEATURESSOUTH AFRICA SALIENT FEATURES
• THE LAND OF DIAMONDS / METAL /MINERAL SOURCES.
• 45% OF TOTAL ELECTRICITY OF AFRICA CONSUMED.
• 45m. MARKET SIZE WITH HIGH PURCHASING POWER.
• 3% OF INDIAN POPULATION HAVING REPRESENTATION OF 13% IN MINISTRY.
• MANY SUCCESS STORIES AFTER 1994.
MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS
• TRADE PARTNERS:USA, UK, FRANCE, JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, CHINA
• LIFTED SURCHARGES FOR THE PAST 5 YEARS
• CAPACITY OF IMPORTS $46b• PAYMENT TERMS: 90-120 days D/A• PROMOTION THROUGH T.V. NEWSPAPER,
RADIO, MAGAZINES.• DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION ON THE
UPWARD GROWTH
EXPORTS FOR SUCCESS IN SOUTH AFRICAEXPORTS FOR SUCCESS IN SOUTH AFRICAEXPORTS FOR SUCCESS IN SOUTH AFRICAEXPORTS FOR SUCCESS IN SOUTH AFRICA
• DRUGS,PHARMACEUTICALS & FINE CHEMICALS
• INORGANIC / ORGANIC / AGRO CHEMICALS
• DYES / INTERMEDIATES & COAR TAR CHEMICAL
• COSMETICS / TOILETRIES ETC.
MAURITIUS SALIENT FEATURESMAURITIUS SALIENT FEATURESMAURITIUS SALIENT FEATURESMAURITIUS SALIENT FEATURES
• FREE MARKET ECONOMY• A DYNAMIC PRIVATE SECTOR• MODERN INFRASTRUCTURE• POLITICAL STABILITY• MARKET FRIENDLY POLICY• HIGH LITERACY RATE• SUCCESS OF FREEPORT, OFFSHORE AND
BANKING OPERATIONS
MAURITIUS
• THE ISLAND IS EQIVALENT TO TWO SUBURBS OF MUMBAI IN POPULATION
• HIGHLY LITERATE, WELL PLANNED, STRUCTURED AND SYSTEMATIC BUSINESS COMMUNITY.
• INCLINED TO BE IN THE FOREFRONT IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS AMONGST ALL THE COMESA NATIONS.
• COMMON LINGUAL AND SAFE BUSINESS CENTRE FOR INDIANS
CURRENT TREND
• LOW INFLATION @ 6.5%• MANUFACTURING AND TOURISM OFFSET
THE LOSS DUE TO SUGAR• SIX LAKH TOURISTS PAID VISIT AND SPENT
10 DAYS AVERAGE• REGIONAL TRADE IS ON FAST GROWTH• MASSIVE INVESTMENT IN THE FREEPORT• STRATEGICALLY LOCATED FOR
CHANNELISING SHIPMENTS
INDIA & MAURITIUS
• AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENT IN AUGUST 1982
• INDIA TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION SCHEME 1999.
• INDIA IS THE LARGEST EXPORTER TO MAURITIUS
• AJANTA PHARMA, ARVINDOVERSEAS, INDIAN OIL CORPORATION, LIC, TCIL, SBI, BOB HAVE VENTURED ALREADY
MAIN ITEMS WITH MAURITIUS
• YARN, GARMENTS AND FABRICS• PHARMACEUTICALS / DISPOSABLES• ENGINEERING ITEMS• CERAMIC TILES / HARDWARE• MOPEDS• JEWELLERY• SEAFOOD• SPICES• PLASTIC ITEMS
MAURITIUS CURRENT DEVELOPMENTMAURITIUS CURRENT DEVELOPMENT
• BALANCED INCENTIVES TO INVESTORS• INDIAN IT GIANTS ENTER THROUGH
MAURITIUS TO OTHER SSA• MAURITIUS PLAYS A LEAD ROLE IN MANY
INTIATIVES• PEACEFUL, COMFORTABLE AND KNOWN
CENTER FOR BUSINESS
TANZANIATANZANIA
• UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA IN EAST AFRICA IS THE LARGEST ONE COMBINED SIZE OF FRANCE, GERMANY, AUSTRIA, AND SWISS – A MILLION SQ,KMS 53000 SQ KMS WITH INLAND WATER
• VAST RESERVES OF IRON ORE,COAL, URANIUM,PHOSPHATES, N. GAS, DIAMONDS AND GOLD
• FAST GROWING INDUSTRIAL SECTOR WITH 27%.• IDEAL LOCATION TO START BUSINESS• DAR ES SALAM KNOWN FOR THEIR EXISTENCE
FOR LONG
TANZANIA
• MAIN PORTS: ZANZIBAR AND DAR A SALAM• IMPORTS CROSSED $2.5b• SINGLE COLUMN TARIFF APPLICABLE.• HIGH GRANDS FROM U.N.• USUAL TERMS OF PAYMENT 60-90 L/C
CREDIT• CURRENCY MADE CONVERTIBLE IN 1996• TANZANIANS – POLITE, HELPFUL AND WARM
PEOPLE• BUSINESS DEALS: HAVE PATIENCE &
FLEXIBILITY
PRODUCTS FOR TANZANIAPRODUCTS FOR TANZANIA
• DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICALS & FINE CHEMICALS
• DYES /INTERMEDIATES & COAL TAR CHEMICALS
• INORGANIC / ORGANIC / AGRO CHEMICALS
• COSMETICS / TOILETRIES ETC• PAINTS / ENAMELS /VARNISHES ETC
KENYAKENYAKENYAKENYA• BORDERED BY ETHIOPIA & SUDAN,
SOMALIA & INDIAN OCEAN• KENYAN AIRWAYS – REGULAR FLIGHTS
TO MANY COUNTRIES• 6 LAKHS INDIAN POPULATION AND KEY
PLAYERS IN KENYA• VAST RESOURCES, SAFARIES, SUPER
MARKETS ETC• BANK OF BARODA SETUP FIRST
OVERSEAS BRANCH IN KENYA WHICH WAS GREAT SUCCESS STORY
EXPORTS TO KENYAEXPORTS TO KENYA
• DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICALS & FINE CHEMICALS
• INORGONIC / ORGANIC/ AGRO CHMICALS.• PAINTS / ENAMELS / VARNISHES ETC• DYES / INTERMEDIATES & COAL TAR
CHEMICALS• COSMETICS / TOILETRIES ETC• RESIDUAL CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCTS
KENYA -
ESTABLISHED INDIAN STRONGHOLDESTABLISHED INDIAN STRONGHOLD
CLOTHING
CLOTHING
& TEXTILES
& TEXTILES
ELECTRICAL
ELECTRICAL
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
CANNEDCANNED
FOODSFOODS
PRINTING
PRINTING
&&PUBLISHING
PUBLISHING
TRANSPORT
TRANSPORT
EQUIPMENT
EQUIPMENT
PHARMA
PHARMA
DRUGSDRUGS
BAKERYBAKERY
PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
PLASTICPLASTIC
& RUBBER
& RUBBER
KITCHENKITCHEN
ITEMITEM
PROMOTIONAL ADVANTAGES
• FREQUENCY OF LINERS AND FLIGHTS• PROXIMITY TO US• SURROUNDED BY MANY LANDLOCKED
COUNTRIES.• CONSUMPTION PATTERN AS GOOD AS
SOUTH AFRICA• INVITATION FOR BUSINESS DEALS
APPRECIATED• PROMOTION THROUGH AGENTS
NIGERIASALIENT FEATURES
NIGERIASALIENT FEATURES
• HUGE POTENTIAL : HUMAN, FOREST AND TRADE
• INDIANS PROSPERED IN NIGERIA
• VIOLENCE LEVEL IS ON DECLINE
• CROSS BORDER TRADE WITH NEIGHBOURS
EXPORT POTENTIAL IN NIGERIAEXPORT POTENTIAL IN NIGERIA
• DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICALS & FINE CHEMICALS
• INORGANIC / ORGANIC/ AGRO CHMICALS• PAINTS / ENAMELS / VARNISHES ETC• DYES / INTERMEDIATES & COAL TAR
CHEMICALS, COSMETICS / TOILETRIES • RESIDUAL CHEMICAL & ALLIED
PRODUCTS
EXPORTS TO GHANAEXPORTS TO GHANA
• DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICALS & FINE CHEMICALS• INORGANIC / ORGANIC/ AGRO CHMICALS• PAINTS / ENAMELS / VARNISHES ETC• DYES / INTERMEDIATES & COAL TAR CHEMICALS• COSMETICS / TOILETRIES ETC
ETHIOPIAETHIOPIAETHIOPIAETHIOPIA
• BORDERED BY RED SEA, KENYA, SOMALIA, DJTBOUTI AND SUDAN
• 90%OF THE POPULATION DEPENDS ON AGRICULTURE
• 60% OF EXPORT EARNINGS OF CAFFEE• IMMENSE HYDRO ELECTRIC POTENTIAL• HUGE UNTAPPED POTENTIAL
EXPORTS TO ETHIOPIAEXPORTS TO ETHIOPIA
• DRUGS, PHARMACEUTICALS & FINE CHEMICALS.• COSMETICS / TOILETRIES ETC.• INORGANIC / ORGANIC / CHEMICALS.
AND1. PRIMARY & SEMI FINISHED IRON & STEEL.2. PLASTIC & LINOLEUM PRODUCTS.3. MACHNIERY & INSTRUMENTS.4. MANUFACTURES OF METALS.5. TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT.6. PAPER / WOOD PRODUCTS.7. MANMADE YARN, FABRICS, MADEUPS.8. ELECTRONIC GOODS.9. GLASS / GLASSWARE/ CERAMICS / REFRACTORIES / CEMENT.10. RUBBER MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS EXCEPT FOOTWEAR.11. RMG COTTON INCLUDING ACCESSORIES.12. TOBACCO UNMANUFACTURED.13. RICE ( OTHER THEN BASMATI ).14. LEATHER GOODS.
MADAGASCAR
• (COMOROS REPUBLIC AND ISLAND OF MAYOTTE)– LIBERALISED IMPORT SYSTEM
INTRODUCED– FRANCS / DOLLARS TRANSACTED– IMPORT DUTY RANGING FROM 0 – 30%– DEMAND EXISTING FOR ESSENTIAL
ITEMS– DIRECT SHIPMENT AVAILABLE– SIGNIFICANT TRADE FLOW FROM
NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES
MAJOR CHALLENGES AND RISKSMAJOR CHALLENGES AND RISKSMAJOR CHALLENGES AND RISKSMAJOR CHALLENGES AND RISKS
PAYMENT
CARGO MOVEMENT
NO RIGHT INFORMATION
BANKING PRACTICE
POLITICAL RISK
HIGH DUTY
CORRUPTION
BUSINESS PRACTICESBUSINESS PRACTICES
DIRECT EXPORTS
THROUGHAGENTS
WITHOUTAGENTS
THROUGHTENDER
BENEFITS : RISKS :
THROUGH LOCAL PARTNERTHROUGH LOCAL PARTNER
EXCLUSIVE 100% OWNERSHIP
J.V PARTNER
RISKS :BENEFITS :
MANUFACTURING IN SSAMANUFACTURING IN SSA
SUPPLYRAW MATERIAL
ADD VALUE
SEND TO OTHERSSA COUNTRIES
BENEFITS : RISKS :
MANUFACTURING & TRADEMANUFACTURING & TRADE
MANUFACTURING OF
FEW RANGES
TRADING OF
FEW RANGES
ESTABLISH BRAND NAME
BENEFITS : RISKS :
COVER RETAIL OUTLETSCOVER RETAIL OUTLETS
SEND ASSORTED PRODUCT RANGES
DISTRIBUTE ONLY TO RETAIL OUTLET
BENEFITS : RISKS :
OPERATE THROUGH FREE PORTOPERATE THROUGH FREE PORTOPERATE THROUGH FREE PORTOPERATE THROUGH FREE PORT
STOCK THE GOODS
DESPATCHTO
DESTINATIONS
COLLECTMONEY
BENEFITS : RISKS :
GENERAL BUSINESS PRACTICESGENERAL BUSINESS PRACTICES
• L / C IS UNATTRACTIVE
• CREDIT REPORT DOES NOT GIVE TRUE PICTURE
• BIG PLAYERS KEEP LOW PROFILE
• CHINA EXPANDS IN A BIG WAY
• NO UNIFORM BUSINESS DEALS
• THEY TEST OUR PATIENCE
HOW TO DO BUSINESS WITH THEM
STAGE -1: PROSPECT RIGHT PERSON WITH MONEY / WILLINGNESS / MERIT / CONTACT
STAGE -2: INVITE TO INDIA TO UNDERSTAND MORE & EVALUATE.
STAGE -3: TRIAL ORDER WITH COMMITMENT
STAGE -4: MAKE OUR PRESENCE IN SSA
STAGE -5: BUILD ONE OR TWO PLACES STRONG – THEN SPREAD
MARKET APPROCH
TRADE FAIRS/ EXHIBITIONS
BUYER / SELLERMEET
CATALOGUE SHOW
NEVER,EVER SHIP THE GOODS WITHOUT ECGC COVER (ATLEAST RESTRICTED ) TO SAFEGUARD OURSELVES
HIGH DEMAND ITEMS AND METHOD OF OPERATION
• GOVT. PROCUREMENT : BEST ROUTE TO ENTER
• FOOD, HEALTH & SAFETY ON PRIORITY.• IMPORT LICENSE NOT REQUIRED FOR MANY
ITEMS.• BEST CENTRE TO START LABOUR
INTENSIVE ITEMS• BILL BOARDS / POSTERS / NEWSPAPER /
T.V./ RADIO WITH WESTERN TOUCH
MARKET APPROACH
TRADETRADEFAIRS /FAIRS /EXHIBITIONSEXHIBITIONS
DELEFATIONDELEFATION
DIRECT DIRECT VISITVISIT
TRADE TRADE BODIESBODIES
FREE FREE PORTPORT
AN OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW THE PRODUCTS AND AN OPPORTUNITY TO SHOW THE PRODUCTS AND GAUGE THEIR INTERESTGAUGE THEIR INTEREST
STRATEGIES AND MARKET APPROACH IN COMESA
Option 1Option 1
Indian ManufacturerIndian ManufacturerIndian ManufacturerIndian Manufacturer
Appoint localAppoint localagentsagentsAppoint localAppoint localagentsagents
AAAA BBBBCCCC
DISTRIBUTORSDISTRIBUTORS
OPTION 2
Indian ManufacturerIndian ManufacturerIndian ManufacturerIndian Manufacturer
Regional representativeRegional representative(Principals)(Principals)Regional representativeRegional representative(Principals)(Principals)
Market Market 11 Market Market 11
MarketMarket22MarketMarket22
Market Market 11 Market Market 11
Option 3
Indian ManufacturerIndian ManufacturerIndian ManufacturerIndian Manufacturer
Tender Tender SpecialistSpecialistTender Tender SpecialistSpecialist
PrivatePrivateDistributorDistributorPrivatePrivateDistributorDistributor
Govt.Govt.SupplySupplyGovt.Govt.SupplySupply RetailRetailRetailRetail
OPTION 4OPTION 4 Indian CompanyIndian CompanyIndian CompanyIndian Company
Partial Manufacturing CenterPartial Manufacturing CenterPartial Manufacturing CenterPartial Manufacturing Center
Import from IndiaImport from IndiaImport from IndiaImport from India Manufacture ItemsManufacture ItemsManufacture ItemsManufacture Items
Have the Market ControlHave the Market ControlHave the Market ControlHave the Market Control
OPTION 5OPTION 5Indian Company with BrandIndian Company with BrandIndian Company with BrandIndian Company with Brand
Regional strong marketing groupRegional strong marketing groupRegional strong marketing groupRegional strong marketing group
Exclusive Tie - upExclusive Tie - upExclusive Tie - upExclusive Tie - up
Just FacilitateJust FacilitateJust FacilitateJust Facilitate
OPTIONOPTION 6 6
Indian ManufacturerIndian ManufacturerIndian ManufacturerIndian Manufacturer
Well established marketing Co.Well established marketing Co.Well established marketing Co.Well established marketing Co.
Do contract manufacturing on his brandDo contract manufacturing on his brandDo contract manufacturing on his brandDo contract manufacturing on his brand
Don’t bother what he does.Don’t bother what he does.
FUNDAMENTAL POLICIES FOR CLINCHING BETTER DEALS
• DON’T BE A SHEEP; BE A TIGER• ONE STRENGHT SHOULD BE POWERFULL:
SOURCING / SELLING• REMOVING TRADER’S ATTITUDE• CAUTION ALWAYS ON TERMS• ALL THE PROMISES NOT TO BE TAKEN• EVERYONE SAYS WITH INDIAN
EXPERIENCE: BUT NOT TRUE• EVERY BUYER PRIORITISE HIS SAFETY
ONLY.