broc glass
DESCRIPTION
Brochure GlassTRANSCRIPT
ArchitecturalEnvelope Experts
Glass
Table of Contents
Company Introduction
Mission and Vision 1
Glass Division 2-4
History of Glass Making 5-6
Introduction to Heat-Treated Glass 7- 9
Summary of Cladtech International Fully Tempered (FT) Glass 10
Cladtech International Heat Strengthened (HS) Glass 11
Heat Soak Testing 12-13
Aesthetics:
Distortion and Colour Impressions 14-16
Cladtech International Sealed Insulated Glass Units 17-19
CTI – LAM Laminated Architectural Glass 20-26
Spandrel Glazing 27-29
Compliances and Standards 30-31
Performance Definitions 32-34
Glass Interior 35
Glass Workflow & Glass Machinery 36
Glass Projects 37
COMPANY INTRODUCTION
Cladtech International is the region’s leading building envelope specialist. Backed by Al Rajhi Holding, a
distinguished building solutions firm, we strive to provide our clients with comprehensive answers to their
needs.
Our vertically integrated business structure, including design, development and processing capabilities,
allows us to meet all your construction requirements. The Aluminium, Metals, Cladding and Glass divisions
offer a full range of services including the very best in customer care. No project is beyond our capacity
and we can respond to any challenge.
The company’s skilled craftsmen are capable of producing more than 600 bespoke, unitised wall panels
per day to the highest standard of quality. Using the latest technologies and techniques, they ensure that
Cladtech products continue to enjoy a reputation for excellence.
Line managers and quality control officials carefully check every step of the production process, making
certain your products arrive in perfect condition. Installation professionals are available to assemble them
into a customised whole.
Expert teams of engineers and consultants can enhance your project with unique integrated solutions
through value assessments and site management. Competitive pricing and built-in cost savings will
ensure the success of your venture in both the short and long term.
Cladtech. We are the solution.
GLASS FACTORY
1
MISSION AND VISION
MISSION
Our mission is to provide superior solutions for Architectural Curtain Walls and Metal Works through Research and Development, Innovative
Production Technology, State-of-the-Art equipment and highly motivated employees, thereby sustaining our profits and creating long term value
for our investors, business partners and employees.
VISION
Our vision is to become a regional leader in modern façade engineering, promote energy efficient and environment friendly façade construction,
whilst achieving added value to our customers and society.
2
The area designated for glass processing is approximately 11.700 m2.
The plant is equipped with well advanced and automated machinery for almost all glass processing requirements.
All processes are, in addition, computer controlled to guarantee high efficiency and quality and reduce handling of the glass
to a minimum level.
The equipment available includes the following:
DESCRIPTION MAX. CAPACITY
• Cuttingline 6,000mmx3,210mm
• Automaticfirstarris 2,500mmx4,500mm
• Temperingline 2,600mmx4,800mm
• Laminatingline 2,600mmx4,500mm
• HeatSoakTestingOven 3,000mmx5,000mm
• Doubleglazingline 2,500mmx4,500mm
• Integrateddoubleedger (drillingandwashing) 2,500mmx5,000mm
• Gemy9C (forpolishing) 2,000mmx3,000mm
• V+1250 (Forhorizontaldrilling) 2,000mmx3,000mm
• SB10 (forroundpolish) (Max2,000mmx3,000mm)
GLASS DIVISION
Each machine is equipped with automatic handling devices to maintain the highest quality.
Production capacity of Insulated Glazed Units is up to 40,000 sqm per month.
Tempering capacity is up to 90,000 sqm per month.
The glass plant has a reverse osmosis water treatment plant which allows the re-utilization of 80% of the water, reducing daily
consumption and providing quality water wash for high performance glass and, at the same time supporting the “environmentally friendly”
philosophy of the Company.
▲
3
FIRST ARRISINGAutomatic arrising of rectangles and shapes with straight edges.
Cup wheel technology for best arrising quality at low operating
costs. No contact with coated surface of low-E glass. Wide
application in tempered glass, laminated glass, and insulating
glass manufacturing.
GLASS MACHINERY
TEMPERING LINEThe UGC heating system incorporates a fast responding open
coil heater design. Individual turbocharger units located on the
outside of the heating chamber re-circulate oven air and provides
individual convention control for both glass surfaces, as the
radiant heating system deposits heat according to measured
pattern. Glass is heated very quickly but with a level of control that
provides exceptional glass quality.
HEAT SOAK TESTINGDuring the primary glass manufacturing process with the float
method some nickel sulphide inclusions can occur in the glass.
Variations in temperature increase the possibility of a spontaneous
breaking of the pane after tempering when nickel sulphide is
present thus causing potential damage to people and property. In
order to reduce the risk of spontaneous breakage, the tempered
glass should undergo theHeatSoakTestprocess.
The glass is maintained at a 290˚C temperature for a fixed period
in order to accelerate the development of NiS inclusions during
the test and cause breakage prior to delivery and installation.
▲
4
INSULATING GLASSHigh-tech and most advanced technology for insulated glass.
Capacity approx. 1500 sqm per day.
LAMINATING LINEQuality architectural laminated glass machine. Provides
high quality and durable laminated and multi-laminated
glass with high productivity.
GLASS MACHINERY
▲
EDGE – WORKING LINESProviding consistent quality and high productivity.
CUTTING-LINEThe glass cutting table is a high precision, high speed, low noise, batch
production machine used for cutting straight and random shaped
lines on flat glass. The CAD-CAM software, with its powerful shape
compiling feature and optimization program, allows you to design your
desired shapes easily and quickly. The high-grade servomotors and
high-precision transmission modules are used to increase the quality
of glass shape.
5
Polychrome glass vase, about 5 inch long in the form of a fish.
Eighteenth Dynasty, from Tel-el-Amarna, Egypt.
The technology of glass-making goes back a long way to ancient
Egypt, Phoenicia and Mesopotamia and has developed to become
one of the fundamental contributors to civilised life as we know it
today.
Contemporary architectural design demonstrates an on-going
love affair with glass which provides transparency, daylight and a
view of the world beyond pane. Glass protects us from the effects
of short-term changes in the weather as well as the longer-term
changes in the climate itself. Glass is a basic element of modern
life and its potential is being constantly expanded by progressive
architects and structural engineers. The limits of imagination in
glass design and function have not yet been reached.
HISTORY OF GLASS - MAKING▲
The manufacture of window glass is a thousand years old dating
from earliest Gothic cathedrals and has evolved from a hand-made
material to one which can be mass-produced on a prodigious
scale.
6
▲
When correctly installed in suitable frames, glass is one of
the most durable of all building materials and, if unbroken,
will go on to perform it’s protective role indefinitely.
Cladtech International Glass are proud to make a valuable
contribution to this on-going story.
The “Crown” process up to 1850Surfaces not flat and parallel.
The “Cylinder” process up to 1910.Surfaces not flat and parallel
The “Drawn Sheet” process 1910 - 1970.Surfaces not flat and parallel.
The “Polished Plate” process 1850 - 1965. Both surfaces flat and parallel.
No distortion. Intensive machining and labour inputs.
The “Float” Process remains virtually unchanged in principle since 1962. Surfaces flat and parallel. Natural Physical process. Minimal Labour. No machining.
7
ORIGIN DESCRIPTION %
MINEDOR
QUARRIED MATERIALS
ManufacturedMaterial
By-ProductMaterial
Silica(Si) 72
Limestone(CaCO3) 9
Dolomite(MgCO3) 4
Others 1
SodaAsh(Na2O) 14
CleanScrap(Cullet) upto20%byVolume
■
WHAT IS GLASS?
COMPOSITIONOFCOMMERCIALQUALITYWINDOWGLASS
SODA-LIME GLASS
8
Primary float glass, as manufactured, is a glass which is totally free
from stress which is known as “ANNEALED” condition.
This allows it to be easily cut, drilled and edge-worked. However,
annealed glass cannot be used as a structural material and has
extremely limited resistance to high wind-load, dead-load or to
severe solar exposure. Furthermore, when broken, annealed
glass is a lethal material which can cause severe or fatal injury.
Question: how can these limitations be overcome? Answer: by
heat-treatment in a modern horizontal roller furnace to induce
additional properties into the annealed glass which will make
it suitable for use in contemporary design including structural
silicone curtain wall systems and all forms of bolted frameless
glazing. How Is This Done?
IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF ANNEALED GLASS
When loaded, in any circumstance, annealed glass will deflect
causing the face # 1 to develop a level of compressive stress
while face # 2 is now in tension. As the load increases, the tensile
stress in face # 2 also increases. Since glass is very strong in
compression, but weak in tension, the face # 2 surface will soon
reach it’s tensile stress limit and the glass will break. All stress
forces will be relieved and the result is a potentially dangerous
fragmentation. Annealed glass cannot therefore be used for
frameless glazing and is restricted for use only in areas which have
no legal requirement for safety glass.
HOW CAN THIS SITUATION BE RESOLVED TO ALLOW SAFE GLAZING DESIGN?
HEAT-TREATED GLASS (HS) AND (FT).Heat-Treated Glass products, whether heat strengthened (HS) or
fully tempered (FT) are produced in a very similar fashion using the
same kind of horizontal roller furnace employed by CLADTECH
INTERNATIONAL.
Briefly, the glass is heated to approximately 700˚C and is then
force-cooled to create surface and edge compression in the
glass. It is by controlling the rate of cooling that glass becomes
heat strengthened or fully tempered.
To produce FT glass, the cooling is done very rapidly to induce
high surface compression in the glass. To produce HS glass, the
cooling process is slower and the resultant compression in the
surfaces is much less then FT glass.
Because of the compressive stresses in the surfaces, HS glass is
approximately x2 stronger than annealed glass, and FT glass is x
4-5 stronger than annealed glass of the same thickness.
Except for this increase in mechanical strength, all other properties
of the glass remain unchanged.
The most dramatic and important difference between HS and FT
glass is in the post-breakage characteristics of the two products,
as defined by the break-pattern.
If HS glass should break, the pieces will be relatively large and tend
to remain in the glazing system until removed for replacement.
On the other hand, FT glass will shatter into innumerable small,
roughly cubical fragments which do not have sharp edges and are
therefore “NON-INJURIOUS”.
HS glass is not a safety glazing material, when safety glass is
required to meet safety codes, A certified glazing material such as
fully tempered or laminated glass must be used.
▲
typicalbreak-pattern
face 1 2
INTRODUCTION TO HEAT-TREATED GLASS
9
CLADTECH INTERNATIONAL FULLY TEMPERED (FT) GLASS
FT glass is produced in a horizontal roller furnace in which the
glass is heated to around 700 ˚C at which temperature it is red-hot
and in a plastic condition.
It is then rapidly cooled (quenched) by a force of cold air which
causes all the outer surfaces (including the edges) to contract,
thus creating a total “envelope” of compressive stress in face 1
and 2.
However this rapid quenching of the surfaces is not immediately
conducted to the centre of the glass which remains in a temporary
state of expansion but then cools, after a short delay, to a greater
degree of contraction than the surface. As a result, the centre
zone of the glass is now placed in tension entirely within the
compression envelope thus creating a perfect balance of forces.
Clearly, if the FT glass is now subjected to a load, the compressive
stress in face # 2 will allow the glass to absorb a much greater
force without breaking and, on removal of the force, the glass will
return to its original flat condition.
IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF FT GLASS
Breaking of FT glass will occur when the deflection exceeds the
capacity of the compressive envelope to resist the tensile force,
or if the glass is impacted by a hard material which penetrates
through the outer compressive zone to reach the tensile zone. The
sudden release of energy stored in the tensile zone of the FT glass
will cause total disintegration of the pane into small, fragments
which are non-injurious. This important feature of FT glass means
that it is considered by all major International standards to be a
“TRUE SAFETY GLASS” for use in all glazing situations where
impact resistance and thermal safety are required.
SUMMARY OF CLADTECH INTERNATIONAL FULLY TEMPERED (FT) GLASS■
10
PROPERTIES– Is 4 – 5 times stronger than annealed glass of the same
thickness
– Has greater resistance to thermally-induced stress than heat
strengthened or annealed glass
– Typically breaks into small particles which can be handled
safely.
– Suitable for use as a safety glass as defined by
American Standard ANSI Z-97.1 1984
British Standard BS 6262 Part A 2005
European Standard EN 12600 2002
– Manufacturing conforms to American Standard ASTM C 1048 – 4
APPLICATIONS– All types of clear, tinted, pyrolitic-coated and post temperable
sputter- coated glass are available in FT condition
– FT glass can be used in any window or curtainwall framing
system
– FT glass is a structural glass which can be used for frameless
glass facades, frameless glass doors, structural glass
balustrades and many types of furniture
– FT glass can be laminated with a suitable number of PVB
interlayers
– FT glass can be produced with silk-screen ceramic frit designs
– FT glass cannot be cut or drilled after tempering and any post-
tempering operations such as edge-grinding, cutting, sand-
blasting may cause sudden, or premature failure.
AVAILABILITY
SUMMARY OF CLADTECH INTERNATIONAL FULLY TEMPERED (FT) GLASS
SAFE GLAZING SIZEThe sizes shown below refer to manufacturing capacity
lamitations. The actual “Safe glazing size” will depend on design
wind-load, dead load, whether single or double glazed, lamination
and whether combined with annealed or heat strengthened glass
in double glazing.
For confirmation of “safe glazing sizes” please contact the
Technical Sales Department at Cladtech International.
▲
PRODUCT FULLY TEMPERED mm
T 4 6 8 10 12 15
CLEAR Max 2600x4800
Min 300x300
T 6 8 10
TINTED Max 2400x3660
Min 300x300
PYROLITIC T 6 8
OR Max 2400x3660
POSTTEMPERABLESPUTTERCOATED Min 300x300
11
PRODUCT HEAT STRENGTHENED mm
T 4 6 8 10
CLEAR Max 2600x4800
Min 300x300
T 6 8
TINTED Max 2400x3660
Min 300x300
PYROLITIC T 6 8
OR Max 2400x3660
POSTTEMPERABLESPUTTERCOATED Min 300x300
SAFE GLAZING SIZEThe sizes shown below refer to manufacturing capacity limitations.
The actual “safe glazing size” will depend on design wind-load,
dead-load, whether single or double glazed, lamination and
whether combined with annealed or fully tempered glass in double
glazing.
For confirmation of “Safe Glazing Sizes”, please contact the
Technical Sales Department at Cladtech International.
▲CLADTECH INTERNATIONAL HEAT STRENGTHENED (HS) GLASS
Throughout the Middle East Region, Architects and Engineers
have turned substantially towards the use of the HS glass for
use in facades and windows where full impact-safety is not a
requirement. The absence of risk from spontaneous breakage, the
better retention in the glazing system (if broken) and the improved
surface quality, make HS glass the first product-of-choice for the
majority of non-structural glazing situations.
Cladtech International offers HS glass for a wide variety of
applications requiring sufficient strength to resist stresses caused
by absorption of solar energy and also to resist the forces of
deflection under wind-load, dead-load etc.
Due to its lower surface compression stress level, HS glass is
unlikely to break spontaneously even if nickel sulphide stones are
present in the tensile zone of the glass.
Cladtech International strongly recommends the use of HS glass
except for areas which are covered by mandatory safety codes.
Typical
Break-pattern
AVAILABILITY
12
CLADTECH INTERNATIONAL HEAT SOAK TESTING (HST ) OF FT GLASS
In its original state, float glass is produced as a primary raw
material in the form of large stock sheets which are intended for
downstream processing to create the finished glass product as
installed.
The float glass process ensures that the glass is cooled gradually
to ensure a stress-free condition which is described as annealed
glass. This process of annealing allows the glass to be cut,
edge-worked and drilled safely and accurately without risk of
uncontrolled breakage.
Cladtech International purchases its raw float glass requirements
from reputable manufacturers which conform to best international
standards including American Standard ASTM C 1036 in terms
of surface flatness, surface quality and minimal internal impurities,
bubbles and seeds within the body of the glass.
Although float glass manufacturers take extreme precautions to
ensure maximum purity of the raw materials, it is possible from
time-to-time, for nickel sulphide (NiS) stones (which are invisible
to the human eye and also to electronic QC procedures) to occur
in the glass. Their extremely small size, typically from 0.076-
0.38mm, means that they are undetected by all practical detection
methods, and so they may be present, randomly, in the float pane
which has been prepared for tempering.
DISTRIBUTION OF NiS STONES IN FT GLASS
From this random distribution of inclusions in the FT glass pane,
it can be seen that (a) and (b) are located within the compression
envelope where they will remain dormant indefinitely.
Inclusion (c) is located within the tensile zone where it will
commence to undergo changes to its crystalline structure, causing
it to expand. Ultimately, after a period of time, which may be from
6-36 months after production, the expansion of the inclusion,
although only from 2-4% in volume, can result in internal stress up
to 500,000 psi which will cause “Spontaneous Breakage” through
total release of the latent energy contained in the tensile zone.
DISTRIBUTION OF NiS STONES IN HS GLASS
From the same random distribution, the critical inclusion (c) is not
affected by the weaker forces of the small tensile zone and it will
therefore remain dormant indefinitely. HS glass has minimal risk of
spontaneous breakage due to presence of inclusions (including
nickel sulphide) in the raw float glass substrate.
Note:
On a world-wide basis, FT glass is not warranted against
spontaneous breakage due to NiS or other impurities, and
replacement glass will be supplied at Owner’s expense.
HEAT SOAK TESTING Is not a guarantee that the FT glass will not fail at a future date, but
Cladtech International advises its Clients to take the option of HST
as an assurance of minimum risk for all glazed areas which may
present difficult and costly access (out of proportion to the cost
of the glass itself) when replacing glass which has experienced
spontaneous breakage.
At buyer’s discretion the FT glass supplied by Cladtech International
maybe subject to partial, or random, Heat Soak Testing, or may
be 100% tested.
Note:
Cost of HST is determined by the thickness of the glass which
affects the cycle-time in the HST oven.
▲
HEAT SOAK TESTING
13
CHARACTERISTICS FT HS
SurfaceCompressionStress
MechanicalStrength
ResistancetoThermalStress
MaxOperationalTemperature
FractureCharacteristics
OpticalDistortion
OverallBow
Thickness
NickelSulphideInclusions
80N/mm2 to 150N/mm2
But≥100N/mm2forsafetyglazingquality
≥4 times that of annealed glass. canusedwithboltedfixings
≥6timesthatofannealedglass.
300OC
Breaks into small, relatively harmless fragments. For safety glazing needs ≥ 40 particles in 50mm square when tested to ASTM C 1048
Some optical distortion may be expected within limits set by ASTM C 1048
Some bow may be expected within limits set by ASTM C 1048
4mm to 19mm
A very small proportion of panels may contain critical Nickel Sulphide (NiS) inclusions. Most of these can be eliminated by Heat Soak Testing.
25N/mm2to52N/mm2
≥2 times that of annealed glass. Notsuitableforboltedfixings
≥ 2timesthatofannealedglass.Sufficientformostglazingapplication
150OC
Fracture similar to annealed glass.Should not be regarded as a safety glass.
Can be less than for tempered glass.
Can be less than for tempered glass.
4mm to 10mm
Not generally regarded as a source of fracture. Heat Soak Testing not applicable.
HEAT SOAK TESTING
COMPARISON OF FULLY TEMPERED AND HEAT-STRENGTHENED GLASS
▲
Note:
Spontaneous breakage may not always be due to Nickel Sulphide
inclusions, and can also occur as a result at edge-damage, surface
scratches, glass-to-metal-contact, all of which can contribute to
weakness and premature failure of the glass.
AVAILABILITYCladtech International has installed HST facilities to conduct Heat
Soak Testing in accordance with European Standard EN 14179 in
which the “Holding Time” is 2 hours at 290 ˚C.
HST OVEN-CAPACITY: UP TO 5000 x 3000 mm
■
14
DISTORTION AND COLOUR IMPRESSIONSPrior to Heat-Treatment, annealed float glass has surfaces which
are flat and parallel giving it almost perfect optical qualities when
viewed at any angle of incidence.
Heat-Treatment of architectural flat glass is done in a horizontal
roller type furnace at up to 700 ˚C. At this temperature, the glass
is red-hot and in a plastic condition. To prevent the soft glass from
sagging between the supporting rollers, the roller bed oscillates
forwards and backwards during the entire heating and quenching
cycle. Nevertheless, in spite of this constant movement, there will
always be a tendency for some minor sagging to occur and this
flatness-irregularity will be permanently manifested in the HS or
FT glass product as Roller Wave Distortion. This typical feature of
Heat-Treated glass is an inherent characteristic of the product and
is not a quality-problem.
At Cladtech International, HS and FT glass are produced within the
flatness tolerances of the current version of American Standard
ASTM C. 1048.
Visible distortion can be minimized by ensuring that the Heat-
Treated glass is manufactured and installed with the characteristic
roller-wave parallel to the W-Dimension. All glass cutting-lists
from the Buyer must show W as the first dimension, and H as the
second dimension.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON DISTORTION AND COLOUR IMPRESSIONS
Distortion and colour can be affected by the following environmental
factors:
– The presence of a reflective and/or low-E coating which can
exaggerate the roller-waves compared to clear or tinted
(uncoated) glass.
– Distortion can be accentuated in sealed insulated units due to
changes in barometric pressure and changes in temperature
acting on a fixed volume of air hermetically sealed between the
two glass lites.
– Accuracy of installation of framing system and correct tightness
of fixing screws can have a significant effect on the planarity
of the glass surfaces. Even small deviations of tolerance in
the installation of the frames can produce substantial visual
distortion.
– Distortion tends to become more visible when viewed from
some distance away from the building.
– Distortion is only visible when an image is reflected. Depending
on the proximity of the observer to the glazed surface, the
amount of distortion will vary. When standing close to the glass,
the degree of distortion is very small, but increases as the
observer moves away from the building.
– Colour is always more intense when close to the glass, and
fades with increasing distance.
STRAIN PATTERNSSlight variations of stress across the surface of heat-treated glass
may become visible to the eye due to polarization of light at certain
times of day, especially near sundown when the glass is not in the
sun. Strain patterns can be noticed in all heat-treated glass types,
but are more noticeable in tinted glass with reflective coatings.
They are, however, present in all Heat-Treated glass types and are
not considered defects.
MOCK-UP SAMPLESDistortion, colour and reflectance of Cladtech International Heat-
Treated glass products are important design considerations that
architects and owners should evaluate in a full size mock-up
erected on site (including a properly designed shadow-box) prior
to final selection of the desired glass.
▲
AESTHETIC ASPECTS
15
COLOUR IMPRESSIONS
09.00 CloudyConditions 15.00 1800 Close-up
The combination of a mobile sun, a mobile observer, a dynamic sky as well as the tint/colour and reflectance of the glass itself
provides a continually changing aspect with stunning and dramatic effect throughout the day, and every day.
DISTORTION
500m 100m 35m 5m
Colour and distortion will vary according to distance of observer from the façade
■AESTHETIC ASPECTS
GLASS FACTORY
16
17
T (mm) FORMAT MAKE-UP(mm) U-VALUE (W/m2K)
6 SINGLE 6 6.50
24 DOUBLE 6+12air+6 3.30
28 DOUBLE 6+16air+6 3.10
24 DOUBLE 6Solarcontrol+12Air+6 2.50
24 DOUBLE 6Low-E+12Air+6 1.70
28 DOUBLE 6Low-E+16Air+6 1.50
28 DOUBLE 6Low-EDoubleSilver+16Air+6 1.40
TYPICAL U-VALUES FOR GLASS
Cladtech International is equipped with the latest model Bystronic Robotic-Sealing line for the manufacture of dual-sealed insulated glass
units. Through this extremely modern technology, the entire process of glass-washing, edge-deletion (where required for certain types of
Low-E glass), positioning of the aluminium spacer-tube and application of primary and secondary sealants is done with great precision
and efficiency. Depending on the daily combinations of glass thickness and dimensions, this superb equipment has a potential capacity
of 40,000 sqm per month.
WHY DOUBLE GLAZING?Ambient heat transfer (outdoor-indoor) can occur via three mechanisms, Absorption, Conduction and Radiation. Because of its
transparency, glass can allow potentially large amounts of conducted, as well as directly-transmitted, heat to enter a room-space.
Glass is the weakest material in terms of heat-gain or heat-loss in buildings, depending on the climate. This gain or loss can be substantially
reduced with the use of insulated double glass units.
Insulated glass units create a dead (non-convective) airspace between two panes of glass, thus slowing down the rate of heat exchange
between ambient warm and cold air-masses on either side of the unit. The reduction of heat-transfer through the glazing in modern
building-design is of vital importance in minimizing the capital cost, and subsequent running cost, of heating or cooling (A/C) equipment
over the entire life cycle of the building. Room interior comfort-levels are also significantly improved, in both summer and winter, through
the use of insulated glass.
Cladtech International insulated glass units are manufactured using the proven dual-seal principle in which two panes of glass are
separated by a dehydrated airspace at ambient barometric pressure. The units conform to current American Standard ASTM E-2190
CLADTECH INTERNATIONAL SEALED INSULATED GLASS UNITS▲
18
COMPARISON OF THERMAL AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE
OF SEALED UNITS ACCORDING TO AIRSPACE
In addition to the thermal insulation benefits of sealed insulated
units, there is also the additional benefit of improved acoustic
insulation. However, whereas the optimum airspace for best
U-Value is 16mm, there is a continuous sound insulation benefit
from every increase in the airspace.
Note: U-Values based on Low-E on surface # 2.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
Typical spectrophotometric performance range obtained with
Cladtech International Glass sealed insulated units.
CONDENSATION
Sealed insulated units play a major role in the reduction of
condensation in the typical Gulf environment by lowering the dew-
point of the outer glass surface when Relative Humidity (RH) levels
are high and air-conditioning is still in use.
Riskof
Condensation
AIRSPACE
U-ValueW/m2K
TranmissionLoss(TL)
dB
8mm 12mm 16mm 20mm 25mm
2.20
2.10
2.00
1.90
1.70
1.40
ACOUSTIC THERMAL
▲
Dew Point ̊C
Dew Point ̊C
Dew Point ̊C
Single Double Double (Un-Coated) Low-E #2
CLADTECH INTERNATIONAL SEALED INSULATED GLASS UNITS
60
50
40
30
20
10
60
50
40
30
20
10
StandardLow - E #2
Multi-FunctionalLow - E #2
SolarControl
Typical 24mm insulated glass units (6+12+6m)
LT% SHGC
19
■
AVAILABILITY
All CTI glass types can be incorporated in insulated glass units in FT, HS or AN (annealed) conditions.
FRAMING MATERIALThe efficacy of insulated double glazing is seriously affected by the quality and design of the framing system. Frame materials, such as
steel or aluminum, are capable of transmitting excessive amounts of heat to the edges if insulated glass in hot weather. Similarly, it is
possible for the frame to create a serious lowering of the temperature around the edges in cold weather. In each case, only the center
of the glass will perform according to its true thermal resistance (U-Value) with serious effect on its efficiency and cost-benefit to owners
and occupants. For this reason, it is strongly recommended that the metal framing systems should incorporate a thermal break in the
design. Timber and UPVC frames offer better thermal resistance with minimum effect on the overall U-Value of the glass.
WARRANTYCladtech International provides a 10 year Standard Product Warranty for all insulated Glass Units manufactured with standard continuous
bendable spacers.
Airspace(mm) NormalMaximumsize(mm)
6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 2500 x 4500
CLADTECH INTERNATIONAL SEALED INSULATED GLASS UNITS
20
TheprincipalbenefitsofLaminatedglassareasfollows:
SAFETY
SECURITY
SOLAR control
SOUND control
And the performance of LG can be varied by many combinations
of glass and interlayer thickness.
SAFETY
The safety of glazing in buildings is now a matter of universal
concern. Annealed CTI – LAMwith 0.38mm up to multi layer
1.52mm Interlayer is a true safety glass for use in residential and
public buildings where any glazed opening is at risk from accidental
human impact. When broken, CTI-LAMremains in the frame and
continues to perform safely, resisting penetration by the impacting
object or person, until replacement glass can be installed. In areas
of risk, many countries have formulated Legislation based on
Local, National and International Building Codes to make the use
of safety glass mandatory. CTI-LAM conforms to most building
code requirements including CPSC CFR1201, ANSI Z97-1-1975
and BS-6206.Laminators, including Cladtech, regularly test their
products to a swing-bag impact test.
Note: Laminated glass is not a structural glass and therefore each
laminated lite must be individually supported without bearing on its
neighbour. Tempered glass, which can be used structurally, is not
an effective security / safety glass since, when heavily impacted, it
will disintegrate completely, leaving a void in the glazing.
MODERN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN continues to
depend with growing emphasis on the beauty and durability of
glass to perform an increasing multitude of tasks.
VERSATILE AND INDISPENSABLE, glass is used
worldwide to enhance facades with brilliant colour, to illuminate
interiors, and to protect occupants from the weather, from fire,
from noise, and from criminals. It keeps us warm, or cool, with
optimum consumption of energy, but it has one fault – it is fragile
and breaks easily and then no longer acts as a protective barrier.
Throughout the entire Gulf Region, there is an increasing
awareness of the need for glazing systems which provide safety
and protection to persons and property in danger from accidental
impact or from vandalism, from robbery and, sometimes, from
murder.
Laminated glass provides an answer to most of these problems
and to meet these demands, CTI is proud to announce the
opening of its new factory for the production of laminated glass
using PVB interlayer material.
WHAT IS LAMINATED GLASS?
Laminated glass is formed by creating a sandwich of two of more
sheets of glass bonded to each other under heat and pressure,
using a plastic interlayer of PVB (Poly Vinyl Butyral) which has
optical and light transmission properties almost equal to the glass
itself.
CTI – LAMcannot be visually distinguished from standard clear glass when
both are used in different locations on the same building elevation.
CTI – LAM is a durable, versatile, composite glazing material which answers
a wide variety of Architectural questions.
CTI – LAM LAMINATED ARCHITECTURAL GLASS
▲
See Table 1for Availability
21
▲
Generally, a 2-ply laminated product, with 1.52mm PVB interlayer,
will provide a high level of protection, with no glass fall-out, even
under severe blast conditions.
For maximum resistance, both panes should be HS.
In the case of double glazing, the outer pane should be monolothic
(non-laminated) HS glass, and the inner Pane must be laminated
HS glass.
SECURITY
BulletResistingGlassis composed of multi layers of glass and PVB which form an
effective barrier to penetration by bullets from medium and high
velocity weapons. Configuration of the glass and PVB depends on
the type of ammunition, the weapon, the velocity of ammunition,
and the firing distance. Bullet Resisting Glass is used principally
in areas where money is handled and where personal safety is
paramount.
SOLAR
Laminated glass may be designed to reduce solar energy
transmission, to control glare and to screen out ultraviolet (UV)
radiation. Transmitted solar heat is reduced by the use of CTI-
LAM incorporating tinted or high performance reflective glass,
coloured interlayers, or combinations of each which absorb part
of the solar radiation in the UV, visible, and infra red ranges of the
solar spectrum.
Further enhancement of thermal insulation will be obtained
when the CTI-LAM tinted heat absorbing or reflective glass are
combined in an insulating unit.
Note: Proper glazing design should take into account any thermal
mechanical stress which might affect the glass . If the tinted or
reflective laminate is a single lite, or is used to form the exterior
lite of an insulated CTI-LAM glass unit, it may be necessary for
the glass to be Heat Strengthened or Fully Tempered depending
SECURITY
Robbery and violence are growing aspects of modern life and
glazing systems have been designed to withstand smash-and
-grab attacks on any premises which store or display valuable
commodities.
Anti-banditglassThis is an annealed glass laminate with a 1.52mm PVB interlayer
and is sufficiently tough to resist penetration when attacked by
bricks and sledge hammers. In most cases, burglars are deterred
by the laminated glass and run away empty-handed to look for a
easier target.
Burglarresistantglass This is typically used for shop fronts, banks, museums ticket
kiosks, control rooms etc., and any other type of buildings with
security risk.
SECURITY
Heavydutylaminated glassThis is designed for use in areas where additional protection is
considered vital. A minimum of three glass sheets combined
with multiple layers of PVB offers a high level of deterrence and
prolonged resistance to violent attack.
SECURITY
In buildings subjected to extreme blast-forces, the majority of
deaths and injuries are caused by broken glass, especially where
the windows are fitted with annealed glass.
Laminated glass, correctly installed in suitable framing systems,
will mitigate, or totally prevent, the penetration of glass fragments
into the building. However, whereas the velocity and impact-
force of bullets can be calculated, blast-forces are much more
unpredictable and can vary according to
– Distance of glazing from the explosion
– Height of glazing above the explosion
– Weight of the explosive charge
or
See Table 2for Availability
See Table 3for Availability
See Table 4for Availability
CTI – LAM LAMINATED ARCHITECTURAL GLASS
22
■
on the glass size, colour of the interlayer, solar absorptance and
the design wind load. However, if the laminated glass forms the
interior lite of an insulating unit, the lite may not require to be heat
treated except when used in blast-resisting applications. CTI-LAM
is extremely durable and stable and continues to provide original
levels of UV screening after many years of prolonged exposure to
direct sunlight.
SOUND or
In addition to being transparent to light and solar energy, glass has
a relatively poor resistance to noise and windows are always the
weak point in any façade, allowing the transmission of unwanted
sound into the building.
Laminated glass is highly effective in reducing noise transmission
and can be used in standard window and curtain wall designs.
Laminated glass (2 ply or 3 ply) reduces sound transmission over
a wide frequency range depending on glass and PVB interlayer
thickness. In addition, when used as one, or both, of the lites of an
insulating glass unit, the sound transmission is reduced even more
dramatically over a wider sound frequency range depending again
on the glass, interlayer and airspace thickness.
CTI–LAMin single glazing, or combined in an insulating unit gives
optimum control of noise transmission over a very wide range of
sound frequencies from 100 - 5000 Hz.
Combinations of CTI–LAM glass, taken together, provide a better
noise barrier than either monolithic or non-laminated insulating
glass. With various configurations of glass and interlayer it is
possible to achieve the desired Sound Transmission Class (STC)
rating which is a means of comparing the acoustic performance of
glass and other building materials. Acoustic CTI–LAMconforms
to tests and procedures under ASTM E 90 and the STC ratings
are derived from calculations according to ASTM E 413.
This system of rating is used to quantify the sound isolation
performance of walls, floors, ceilings, doors and windows including
glass. The test results are expressed as a single STC number. The
higher the STC rating, the better the sound isolation performance
of the glazing.
Tight glazing of acoustic glass is critical in achieving optimum
STC ratings. All window clearances must be thoroughly sealed
and all openable frames must fit tightly against EPDM or neoprene
gaskets on all sides. The slightest crack in any glazed opening will
result in substantial transmission of outside noise and destroy the
value of the glass itself.
CTI – LAM LAMINATED ARCHITECTURAL GLASS
23
Thermal Breakage
Glass that absorbs solar radiation can break due to thermal stress.
Thermal stress is proportional to the temperature differential
between shaded and exposed areas, and the coefficient of
thermal expansion of the glass.
Factors which accentuate a HOT center / COLD edge condition
will tend to increase thermal stress. For example, shadows cast by
building overhangs, surroundings structures, trees and shrubbery
can create a variety of exterior shading patterns on the glass. As
a result, varying degrees of thermal stress may be induced in the
glass edges, sufficient sometimes to cause thermal breakage.
The maximum thermal stress occurs when 25%, or less, of an
individual glass lite is shaded and the shaded area includes more
than 25% of the lite’s perimeter. Generally, horizontal, vertical and
diagonal shading patterns are not as critical as shading which
includes combinations of these shading patterns. Double diagonal
shading creates a “V” pattern with the center of the “V” located
at the center of glass edge, is generally the most critical shading
pattern.
The following diagram shows some typical shading patterns which
can be created in a building. These are labeled “acceptable”,
“marginal” and “harmful”. These drawings and designations can
serve as a guide to the severity of thermal stresses created by
various exterior shading patterns. If an unusual shading pattern
is anticipated please contact Cladtech Technical Department
to determine if heat strengthening (HS) or full tempering (FT) is
required.
Generally, laminated glass with varying absorptance, transmittance
and reflective characteristics performs similarly to monolithic clear
or tinted glass when exposed to the same incidence of direct sun
strike. Where the solar intensity is severe, leading to high heat
absorptance or the risk of harmful shading it will be necessary
to use 1:14 (3x0.38mm) or 1.52mm PVB interlayer. This is due
to the un-synchronized roller-wave distortion which occurs in
all heat treated glass. The additional thickness of PVB helps to
compensate for the voids and possible mismatches created by
the HS or FT processing, and results in complete surface contract
within the PVB. ▲CTI – LAM LAMINATED ARCHITECTURAL GLASS
UV RADIATION PROTECTIONUltraviolet light is one of the most serious causes of fading in
goods and materials exposed to direct sunlight through glass. The
cost of losses due to fading can be substantial.
Laminated glass is virtually opaque to UV radiation which occurs
in a waveband from 310-380 nm in the Solar Spectrum, whereas
standard 6 mm clear float glass transmits 55% UV at 350 nm. As
a further example UV radiation at 350 nm has a damage-potential
50 times greater than that of visible light at 500nm.
ULTRAVIOLETSCREENINGPROPERTIES
THICKNESSOFPVBin TOTALUVRADIATIONFILTRATION
6mmCTI-LAMGLASS. (CUT-OFFAT380nm)
0.38mm 99%+
0.76mm 99%+
1.14mm 99%+
1.52mm 99%+
6.00mm.ClearFloatGlass 55%at350nm
Results are for Clear PVB only. Pigmented PVB will have equal or
greater screening performance. The data and information shown
above are based on samples tested and are not guaranteed for all
samples or applications.
Note : Although UV radiation is the primary cause of fading, oxygen,
moisture, pollution, elevated temperatures, visible light and normal
wear will also contribute to interior product degradation.
The UV radiation protection of PVB is also stable with time. All
clear and tinted PVB interlayers have been shown to provide
original levels of UV protection after tests equivalent to more than
five years of exposure under full desert conditions.
INSTALLATIONAnti-bandit, high security bullet-resisting and blast-resisting glass
can perform at maximum efficiency only if installed into suitably
designed framing at systems which are also able to withstand the
forces transmitted to the glass. Full protection therefore depends
on a combination of glass, frame and fixing-method in suitably
engineered structural openings.
▲
GLASS MACHINERY
24
25
7.5 33.4 3.0 1.52 3.0 3210x2550 15 ANNOnly
9.5 44.4 4.0 1.52 4.0 2440x3660 20 ANN,HS
13.5 66.4 6.0 1.52 6.0 2600x4500 30 ANN,HS,FT
6.5 33.1 3.0 0.38 3.0 3210x2250 15 ANNOnly
7.0 33.2 3.0 0.76 3.0 3210x2250 15 ANNOnly
8.5 44.1 4.0 0.38 4.0 2440x3660 20 ANNOnly
9.0 44.2 4.0 0.76 4.0 2440x3660 20 ANNOnly
10.5 64.1 6.0 0.38 4.0 2440x3660 25 ANNOnly
11.0 64.2 6.0 0.76 4.0 2440x3660 25 ANNOnly
12.5 66.1 6.0 0.38 6.0 2440x3660 30 ANNOnly
13.0 66.2 6.0 0.76 6.0 2600x4500 30 ANNOnly
TABLE CTI - LAM 2 TWO-PLY BURGLAR RESISTANT, ANTI-BANDIT LAMINATED GLASS
Nominal Composition Approximate Glass Code Maximum nett weight ConditionThickness Des. Glass mm. PVB mm. Glass mm. Production Size mm. kg./m2
Notes:-Asabove,Table1
TABLE CTI - LAM 1 TWO-PLY LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS
Nominal Composition Approximate
Glass Code Maximum nett weight Condition Thickness Des. Glass mm. PVB mm. Glass mm. Production Size mm. kg./m2
Notes:-Availablealsowithone,orbothlitesofHeatStrengthened(HS)orFullyTemperedGlass(FT).
-WhenusingcombinationsofHSorFTGlassitwillbenecessarytospecify66.3(1.14mmPVB)or
66.41.52mmPVB)lamination
-Availablewithtranslucent(opac)PVBwhereprivacyorglarecontrolisrequired.
Maximum productionsizes should not beassumed to be “safe”glazing sizes. For adviceon “safe” glazing sizes,please consult CTITechnicalDept.
▲
AVAILABILITY
CTI-LAM LAMINATED ARCHITECTURAL GLASS
26
26.0mm MediumPowerSmallArms 2000x3000 70
36.0mm HighPowerSmallArms (.357Magnumrevolver) 1500x3500 97
52.0mm HighPowerSmallArms (.44Magnumrevolver) 1200x3000 126
75.0mm HighPowerRifle ArmourPiercing(AP) 1200x2400 186
10.0mm 3-PLY 3x3.0 2x0.38 2000x2500 25 ANNOnly
13.0mm 3-PLY 1x6.0 2x0.38 2000x2500 32.5 ANNOnly 2x3.0
16.0mm 3-PLY 2x6.0 2x0.38 2400x3000 40 ANNOnly 1x3.0
19.0mm 3-PLY 3x6.0 3x0.38 2600x3600 47.5 ANN,HS,FT
22.0mm 4-PLY 3x6.0 3x0.76 2400x3000 55 ANN,HS,FT 1x3.0
25.0mm 4-PLY 4x6.0 3x0.76 2600x3600 62.5 ANN,HS,FT
TABLE CTI - LAM 3 MULTI-PLY HEAVY DUTY LAMINATED GLASS
Nominal Composition ApproximateGlass mm. Maximum nett weight Condition Thickness Des. Glass mm. PVB mm. Production Size mm. kg./m2
Notes:-Asabove,Table1
WillrequireadditionalPVBwhenusingHSorFTglass.
■
TABLE CTI - LAM 4 BULLET RESISTING LAMINATED GLASS
Nominal Glass Safety Glazing Approval (1) Production Size mm. Approximate Thickness mm. Maximum kg./m2 nett weight
Notes:Asabove,Table1.
CTI-LAM LAMINATED ARCHITECTURAL GLASS
27
SPANDREL GLAZING
VLT=17%
HARMONIZING Harmonizing spandrel glazing is obtained when the VLT of the
vision glazing is ⩾14%, but especially ⩾20 %. Spandrel glass can
be single or double glazed and installation details are similar to
those shown in the diagram. With progressive increase in VLT,
the spandrel colour will display progressively darker tone of colour
compared to the adjacent vision panel.
Higher VLT also means higher transparency which increases
the degree of “Read-Through” (Visibility) of structural elements,
installation details, curtains and luminaires. For this reason, a
well-designed shadow-box / back-pan detail is essential in order
to achieve a satisfactory visual and aesthetic appearance of the
spandrel glazing. Nevertheless due to the creation of darker (SP)
and lighter (VP) tones, there will be a “ STRIPPING” effect which is
typical of harmonizing spandrel glass types.
NOTE: From 14-20% VLT, the colour-uniformity change is
marginal, depending on the tint and external reflectance of the
vision pane and its harmonizing spandrel.
The term “SPANDREL” is used to describe a material, frequently
glass, which covers an area of a curtainwall façade occurring in
front of a structural beam or column including any services void
between the underside of the beam and the false ceiling. It may
also refer to the area of the curtain wall in front of a parapet-wall
where it is desirable to continue the visual effect of a total glass
façade.
When using glass as a spandrel material, its appearance
and aesthetic qualities are closely related to the Visible Light
Transmittance (VLT) and the external reflectance (LRout) of the
vision glazing product. Various technical solutions are available
to create glazed spandrels which are either MATCHING,
HARMONIZING or CONTRASTING.
MATCHINGMatching of vision and spandrel glazing can be achieved when
the VLT of the vision pane is ⩽14% and the spandrel glass is
composed of the same glass which comprises the Outer Pane of
the vision glass.
Matching spandrel glass types can be double glazed equivalent to
the vision pane, or can be single glazed, usually high performance
Solar Control Glass with a durable sputter-coated or pyrolitic
coating on surface # 2.
In each case, the glass spandrel (SG or DG) will be installed
in front of an insulated folded metal “Back-Pan” containing a
suitable insulation material to prevent transmission of conducted
solar energy into the concrete structure itself. A black or dark
grey polyester powder coat finish on face # 1 of the back-pan
will provide perfect shadow-box conditions to ensure complete
uniformity between the spandrel and its adjacent vision panel.
▲
fire stop
spandrel (SG)
vision pane (DG)
services void
insulated metal back pan
FFL
VLT=10%
28
CONTRASTINGContrasting spandrel glazing will occur when the VLT of the vision
glazing is 50%. At this level of VLT, even the back-pan itself will be
visible and it will therefore be necessary to apply a 100% coverage
of ceramic paint, usually white, grey of black, on face #2 of an
un-coated single glass, or on face # 4 of a Low-E IG unit. Acid-
etching, sandblasting or the use of translucent PVB, (laminated
glass) can also achieve satisfactory results.
SPANDREL GLAZING
VLT=37%
VLT=47%
■
STRUCTURAL SILICONE GLAZING
Glass shall not be used as a load- bearing element, and all glass-
panes must be installed independently from their neighbours.
This applies equally to structural silicone curtain wall systems
and bolted glass systems. In general, adequate tolerance must
be provided between adjacent panels. Glass-to-Metal contact is
strictly prohibited. Support-framing, spider-connections etc must
be of sufficient strength to absorb all loads resulting from design
wind-load, thermal expansion and building movements. Centre-
of-Glass-Deflection (COGD) should (in most cases) be limited to
19 mm Edge-deflection must be limited to 1/175 of the longest
dimension.
Cladtech International Glass can supply silicone-sealed IG units
and single (or double ) spandrel glass for all structural silicone
framing systems including those which employ “Schuco” or
modified Schuco structural IG spacers or for any curtain wall
system which uses U-inserts in the IG perimeter seal.
1 2 3 Schuco Modified Schuco U-insert
Due to compatibility limitations of the silicone bonding materials
with certain types of glass or insulated unit secondary sealant,
purchasers must seek verification and approval of any structural
system from the silicone manufacturer and confirm that the
Structural Glazing Depth (SGD) of the IG sealant is sufficient to
withstand all the loading conditions.
EDGE DELETION
Higher VLT solar control or Low-E glass types may show varying
degree of “Edge-Read” when double glazed, and designers
should note that the majority of Low-E glass types have o be
“Edge-Deleted” before being manufactured into sealed insulated
glass units. This edge-deletion results in “Read-through” of the IG
sealants as well as the structural bonding sealant in certain types
of structural curtain wall systems, particularly in openable frames
where stepped IG units are required.
SGD (Nominally 6.4 mm)
W
GLASS FACTORY
29
30
AMERICAN STANDARD BS/EN Standard DESCRIPTION
ASTMC1036-6 EN 572-9 2004 Standardspecificationforglass
BS/EN 12150-2 2004 FT StandardspecificationforHSandFTcoatedand
ASTMC1048–4 BS/EN 1863-2 2004 HS un-coatedglass EN 14179-1 200 HST HeatSoakTestMethod
ASTMC1172–9 EN 1449 2005 StandardSpecificationforLaminatedArchitectural
flatglass
ASTMC1369–7 SecondaryedgesealantsforstructurallyglazedIGunits
ASTMC1376–10 BS/EN 1096-4 2004 StandardSpecificationforpyroliticandvacuum depositioncoatingsonflatglass
ASTME2188–2 EN 1279-2 2002 Long-termtestingofsealedinsulatedglassunits E2189–2 EN 1279-1 2004 includinggeneralities,dimensionaltolerancesandrules forthesystemdescription
BS 6206 1981 Pendulumimpacttestmethodandclassificationfor ANSIZ-97 EN 12600 2002 flatsafetyglass BS 6262part4 2005 Glazingforbuildingsafetyrelatedtohumanimpact
ANSIE1300-9 BS/CP 152 Determinationofload-resistanceofglassinbuildings BS 6180-99 Glazedbarriersin,andaround,buildings
COMPLIANCES & STANDARDS
Conformance standards followed by CTI Glass
All CTI products comply with major international standards
and codes of practice. Revisions of applicable standards and
codes will be acknowledged by CTI through adjustments to
the formulation and manufacturing process of their products.
However, specifications and other technical data are based on
information available at the time of publication and are subject to
change without notice.
Any Third Party testing required to verify the performance or
specification of a product, where such is considered to exceed
or vary from the performance or specifications given by the
manufacturer, shall be at the purchaser’s expense.
It is the purchaser’s responsibility to ensure that the information
on which they are basing their buying decision is correct and
they should seek confirmation from CTI that the specification
(technical, performance and any other data), are the most up-to-
date before placing their order. Furthermore, they should ensure
that glass products are appropriate for any particular application
and so comply with all relevant construction, building safety and
other codes of legislation.
CTI are currently certified according to ISO OHSAS 18001, 2007
and ISO 9001.2008.
CTI conform to the following European and American Standards.
Note: These standards are for compliance only but may in some
cases, be certifiable. CTI have adopted these standards as reliable,
internationally-recognized guides for the production of commercial
quality architectural glass. No certificates are provided, but CTI can
issue compliance-statements to confirm that their manufacturing
processes meet, and / or exceed, the requirements laid down by
these standards.
▲
31
Manufacturing limitations of heat treated glass (subject to substrate availability)
Dimensional (mm): 2600 x 4800 (Max) 300 x 300mm (Min)
HS 4 6 8 10
FT 4 6 8 10 12 15 19
INSULATED UNITSAll dual-seal insulated glass units are produced with black lacquered and mill finish aluminum bendable aluminum spacer tubes.
Other finishes must be specified.
Stepped units can be produced with 1 to 4 sides stepped.
Standard sealants in use are :
- Encapsulated glazing : 2-part poly-urethane
- Structural glazing : 2-part structural silicone
All primary sealant is composed of PolysolButylene (P.I.B)
Maximum manufacturing limitation : 2500 x 4500mm (subject to substrate availability)
HEAT TREATMENTAll glass-types are available in Heat-Strengthened (type ‘HS’) and Fully Tempered (type (‘FT’) condition.
HS and FT processing is done in accordance with American Standard ASTM C – 1048 – 04.
EDGE DELETIONAll soft-coated low-E glass supplied by all glass manufacturers
require edge deletion to provide an uncoated surface where
primary and secondary IGU sealants are in contact with the glass.
As result, in all structural silicone, or butt-jointed applications, the
IGU sealants will be visible from the exterior. Sputter - coated solar
control glass types and pyrolitic coated glass types do not require
edge-deletion.
EDGE-WORKSIn order to avoid external edge reflection in structural silicone curtain
wall applications, CTI recommends flat ground (FG) edges for all
heat-treated coated glass. This must be specified on the order,
drawings and cuttings lists. In the absence of this information,
all heat-treated glass will be documented and processed with
standard arised edges.
■COMPLIANCES & STANDARDS
Thickness(mm):
32
Definition of light and energy terms for spectrophotmetric
andthermalinsulationcriteria
VISIBLE LIGHTVisible light represents 53% of the solar spectrum and has a
wavelength of 380 to 780 nanometers. Light passing through
the eye causes the brain to experience the sensation of light
within these wavelengths. The measurement of daylight has been
standardized by the International Lighting Committee using the
D65 Illuminant described in the ISO DP9050.
LIGHTTRANSMISSION-LT%
Light Transmission is the percentage of visible light transmitted
through the glass, compared to the total visible light that reaches
the glass at 90 ̊ angle.
LIGHTREFLECTION-LR%
Light Reflection is the percentage of visible light reflected away
from the surface of the glass, compared to the total visible light
that reaches the glass at 90 ̊ angle in accordance with the criteria
contained in the ISO 9050-1990 Standard.
SOLAR ENERGYSolar energy is the total energy made up of all three wave length
bands of energy within the solar spectrum:
Ultraviolet UV 300–380nm 1%
Visible VL 380–780nm 53%
Infrared IR 780–2150nm 46%
The standard parameters for the calculation of the energy values
takes into consideration all three wavelenght bands from 300 to
2150 nanometers.
▲
ENERGYREFLECTION-ER%
Energy Reflection is the percentage of the solar energy reflected
away from the outer surface of the glass, compared to the total
incident solar energy.
ENERGYABSORPTION-EA%
Energy Absorption is the percentage of the solar energy absorbed
by the glass body, compared to the total incident solar energy.
ENERGYTRANSMISSION-ET%
Energy Transmission is the percentage of the solar energy
transmitted through the glass, compared to the total incident solar
energy.
SOLARHEATGAINCOEFFICIENT-SHGC
This is the total energy transfer which takes place by a combination
of direct transmission and re-radiation when a glass exposed to the
sun under boundary conditions laid down in American Standard
ASTM G-173. These conditions fundamentally comprise:
– Air-Mass (AM) = 1.5
– Solar Altitude = 42 ̊
– Glass Inclination = 37 ̊ towards the sun in cloudless conditions
The SHGC of 3mm clear glass is 87% (0.87). All other glass types
will therefore have SHGC < 0.87 .
The lower SHGC, the better the solar resistance of the product.
SOLARFACTOR-SF(equivalent tog-ValueEN 410)
This is fundamentally the same as SHGC in principle, although
there may be slight differences in the boundary conditions, which
typically give SF/g-Values slightly higher than American SHCC
values.
SHADINGCOEFFICIENT-SC
The Shading Coefficient is the ratio of the total energy transferred
through a specific glass compared to the Solar Heat entering
a room through 3mm clear float glass, which is the thinnest
commercial glass used in building and has a total energy transfer
of 87% that is to say, an SHGC of 87
Example: SHGCofaspecificglass =30
SHGCof3mmglass =87
Therefore, the SC of the specific glass is 30/87=0.35
The lower the SC, the better the glass performance.
DEFINITIONS
33
ASHRAE Standards
Summer Winter Night Daytime Time
OutdoorTemperature ºF 89 0
ºC 32 -18
IndoorTemperature ºF 75 70
ºC 24 21
WindVelocity Mph 7.5 15
Kph 12 24
SolarIntensity Btu/Hr/ft2 248 NoSun
W/m2 788 NoSun
THERMAL INSULATIONThe thermal insulation of a glass is denoted here by the U-values
and indicates the ambient conductive heat transfer through the
glass, given specific indoor/outdoor environment conditions.
U-VALUES
The U-value of glass is the inverse of the resistance R-value
(U=1/R). ASHRAE (American Society for Heating, Refrigeration
and Air-Conditioning Engineers) recognizes two different U-values:
Hot Summer Daytime (for air-conditioned buildings) and Cold
Winter Night Time (for heated buildings). The lower the U-value,
the better the performance of the glass. U-values are expressed
in Btu/hr/ft2/ ̊̊ F (Imperial Units) and W/m2 K (Metric Units). The
conversion factor is 5.678.
The European U-value (formerly K-value) is based on parameters
set out in the EN 673 Standard and calculates the U-value using
external heat-transfer co-efficient of 23 W/m2 K, and a solar
radiation intensity of 500 W/m2 .
The ASRAE Summer and Winter values are based on the measured
values, and the RHG computed accordingly.(See p.34)
All U-values are measured at the center of the glass. The use of
thermal break aluminum profiles, PVC or timber frames will result
in better overall thermal performance of the glazing.
Below are the environmental conditions set by ASHRAE for
computation of Summer and Winter U-values.
▲
Environmental Conditions Units
DEFINITIONS
34
RELATIVE HEAT GAIN -RHGRelative Heat Gain is the amount of the total instantaneous
heat gain through a glazing material taking into the account the
effects of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient and conductive heat gain
(U-Summer)
The conditions formulated by ASHRAE consider a solar intensity
of 230 Btu/Hr/sqft and an outdoor/indoor temperature difference
of 14 ̊̊F.
PERFORMANCESPECIFICATIONS
All performance specifications for CTI high performance units
are calculated using the Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory’s
program “WINDOW 5.2”, developed in conjunction with the U.S.
Department of Energy (DoE), and the associated International
Glass Data Base (IGDB) containing independently certified
performance data for individual glass components.
WINDOW 5.2 is a publicly available computer program for
calculating total window thermal performance indices (i.e.
U-Values, solar heat gain coefficients, shading coefficients, and
visible light transmittances). WINDOW 5.2 provides a versatile
heat transfer analysis method consistent with the updated rating
procedure developed by the National Fenestration Rating Council
(NFRC) that is consistent with the ISO 15099 standard.
RHG = (SHGC x 230) + (U Summer x 14) Btu/Hr/Sqft.
To obtain metric RHG in W/m2, multiply by 3.154
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GLASS INTERIOR
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GLASS MACHINERY
GLASS WORKFLOW
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On Going Projects
Completed Projects
GLASS PROJECTS
YASSAT TOWERS
7 STAR AL HAMRA HOTEL
ELITE TOWER
THE WAVE, Oman
TRIDENT TOWER CHURCHILL TOWER
DUBAI INTERNATIONALFINANCIAL CENTRE
EMIRATES BANK TOWER
www.cladtech-int.com
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KSA : Tel.: +966 (1) 219 05 66Fax: +966 (1) 293 57 52P.O. Box 18927 Riyadh, KSA