broadband connectivity in escap subregions · 2019-02-05 · improving regional broadband...

IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE

ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY IN

SOUTH EAST ASIA

ICT and Development Section

ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division

Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Steering Group Meeting & 7th

Meeting of the Working Group on the Asian Highway Network

Bangkok, 12-13 December 2017



Outline:

1. South East Asia

a) Trends in broadband connectivity

b) Ongoing studies and way forward

2. South and South-West Asia


b) Key Issues for policymakers

3. North and Central Asia & East & North-

East Asia


b) Main findings from ESCAP studies in the subregions

2



Trends in Fixed-Broadband connectivity

3

Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Database (2017).

0

10

20

30

40F

ixed

-bro

ad

ban

d s

ub

. p

er 1

00

in

hab

itan

ts

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

Africa ASEAN

ESCAP Europe

North America Latin America & Caribbean

ESCAP excl. ASEAN



4

Data source: ITU. (2016). World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. Available from: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

AfghanistanTurkmenistan

TajikistanTimor-Leste

Kiribati

Papua New GuineaSolomon Islands

MyanmarLao P.D.R.CambodiaPakistan

NepalIndonesiaSamoaIndiaFiji

Vanuatu

Marshall IslandsTonga

BangladeshSri LankaMicronesiaPhilippines

BhutanUzbekistanKyrgyzstan

PalauMaldives

MongoliaBrunei Darussalam

Viet NamMalaysiaThailandArmenia

TuvaluIran (I.R.)Turkey

KazakhstanGeorgia

French Polynesia

ChinaRussian Federation

AzerbaijanNew Caledonia

SingaporeAustralia

Macao, ChinaJapan

New ZealandHong Kong, China

Korea (Rep.)

Fixed Broadband Penetration Rates (per 100)



5

Trends in Mobile- Broadband connectivity


0

50

100

150

Mo

bil

e-b

road

band s

ub. per

100 i

nhabit

ants

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

Africa ASEAN

ESCAP Europe


ESCAP excl. ASEAN



6

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Kiribati

Brunei Darussalam

Afghanistan

Papua New Guinea

India

Samoa

Turkmenistan

Solomon Islands

Tajikistan

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Lao P.D.R.

Sri Lanka

Iran (I.R.)

Nepal

French Polynesia

Uzbekistan

Tonga

Myanmar

Kyrgyzstan

Timor-Leste

Viet Nam

Armenia

Vanuatu

Philippines

Indonesia

Cambodia

Fiji

Georgia

Turkey

China

Bhutan

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

Maldives

Russian Federation

Thailand

Mongolia

Malaysia

Hong Kong, China

Korea (Rep.)

Australia

New Zealand

Japan

Singapore

Macao, China

Mobile Broadband Penetration Rates (per 100)

Data source: ITU. (2016). World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database. Available from: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/wtid.aspx



Broadband Affordability

7

0 5 10 15 20

Myanmar

Cambodia

Lao P.D.R.

Indonesia

Philippines

Thailand

Malaysia

Brunei Darussalam

Singapore

Price as % of GNI p.c.

0 1 2 3 4 5

Lao P.D.R.

Myanmar

Philippines

Indonesia

Thailand

Cambodia

Malaysia

Brunei Darussalam

Singapore

Price as % of GNI p.c.

Fixed Broadband Mobile Broadband

Source : Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU Measuring the Information Society Report



Online services versus telecommunications infrastructure in South-

East Asia and developing countries in 2008 and 2014

Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from the United Nations Public Administration Country Studies/E-Government Development Index Database (accessed

April 2016).

8



Projected bandwidth demand

Source: ESCAP, “Updated Analysis of the Broadband Infrastructure in Asia Pacific”, 2016.

Projected

annual growth

2016-2020

Projected

Total growth

2016-2020

Share of

corporate data

in international

bandwidth

demand

2016

Share of

corporate data

in international

bandwidth

demand

2020

Share of

Internet in

international

bandwidth

demand

2016

Share of

Internet in

international

bandwidth

demand

2020

Cambodia +48.4% +385.6% 12.2% 11.9% 86.7% 87.8%

Indonesia +43.6% +325.6% 11.1% 11.2% 88.1% 88.5%

Lao P.D.R +57.3% +508.3% 13.9% 15.5% 83.3% 84.0%

Malaysia +45.6% +349.2% 22.9% 23.0% 76.3% 76.7%

Myanmar +53.7% +457.7% 11.8% 9.3% 88.2% 90.7%

Philippines +42.7% +314.2% 11.7% 11.7% 88.1% 88.2%

Singapore +34.6% +227.6% 9.6% 9.6% 90.1% 90.2%

Thailand +39.2% +275.7% 9.1% 13.0% 90.1% 87.0%

Viet Nam +44.7% +338.1% 8.6% 8.0% 91.4% 92.0%

Region +40.2% +286.2% 11.7% 12.6% 87.9% 87.3%

9



Forecasted international bandwidth in

South East Asia – 2015-2026

10866

1439

49

15362

205257

218202974

67

30951

4289

76

42674

6037

88

58884

8492

102

81371

11787

116

111341

16234134

152167

22108155

208377

32833

179

285936

45372

207

393135

62796

241

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

Gbps

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Internet Corporate data

Voice

10




Good submarine cable connectivity, but need more

• Asia Africa Europe-1 (AAE-1) : connect Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia(Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore and Viet Nam)

• Southeast Asia-US (SEA-US) : Manado (Indonesia), Davao (Southern Philippines), Piti (Guam), Honolulu and California (USA)

• Asia-Pacific Gateway (APG) : Malaysia, Singapore, Viet Nam, Hong Kong (China), Taiwan (China), Mainland China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea

• Some trans‐border terrestrial links are still weak or insufficient : eg. Lao PDR and the Yunnan Province of China; and Viet Nam and the Yunnan Province

• Insufficient Internet Exchange Point (IXP) and direct exchange of traffic, causing unnecessary routing of traffic through international transit, incurring costs as well as increasing latency and reducing speed

11



On going studies• ESCAP was invited to ASEAN Telecommunications Senior Officials

Meeting (TELSOM) in November 2016

- discussed the AP-IS pre-feasibility study findings on the ASEAN

subregion and the way forward

- Southern corridor to focus on digital economy and application level.

- Northern corridor of CLMV countries to focus on connectivity

• Update to the pre-feasibility study: ongoing

• Research on co-deployment of optical-fibre cables along with the

other infrastructure (especially Asian Highway)

- to promote cross-sectoral synergies, reducing time and costs in

developing broadband infrastructure

• ESCAP was invited to ASEAN Telecommunications Senior Officials

Meeting (TELSOM) in November 2017, Cambodia.

12



BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY IN

SOUTH & SOUTH-WEST ASIA



Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Steering Group Meeting & 7th

Meeting of the Working Group on the Asian Highway Network




Outline:

1. Trends in broadband connectivity

2. Key Issues for policymakers

14



15

Trends in fixed broadband connectivity

0

10

20

30

40

Fix

ed-b

road

band s

ub. per

100 inhab

itants

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

Africa SSWA

ESCAP Europe


ESCAP excl. South Asia

Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants by region, 2000-2016 (regional averages

weighted by population)




Trends in mobile broadband connectivity

16

Mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

average by region, weighted by population

0

50

100

150

Mo

bil

e-b

road

ban

d s

ub

. p

er 1

00

in

hab

itan

ts

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

Africa SSWA

ESCAP Europe


ESCAP excl. South Asia




Trends in broadband connectivity by counry

17

Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

(South & South-West Asia)

0.0

0.8

0.9

1.4

3.8

3.9

4.1

7.2

11.6

13.6

0 5 10 15Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Afghanistan

Nepal

Pakistan

India

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Sri Lanka

Maldives

Iran (I.R.)

Turkey

14.3

16.8

17.8

18.3

20.1

30.8

33.8

47.9

66.8

72.7

0 20 40 60 80Mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Afghanistan

India

Bangladesh

Sri Lanka

Pakistan

Nepal

Iran (I.R.)

Bhutan

Turkey

Maldives

Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants (South

& South-West Asia)




Disaster exposure and Fixed-broadband adoption in 2016

18

Sources: ESCAP based on ITU (2017) WTID and UNU-EHS (2015) World Risk Report, definition of disaster exposure index as well

as methodology are found at http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/ireus/Internationales/WorldRiskIndex/

010

20

30

40

50

Fix

ed-b

road

ban

d s

ub.

per

100 i

nhab

itan

ts

0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60

Disaster exposure index (World Risk Report)

World South & South-West Asia

Fitted values

Turkey

Iran (I.R.)

Bhutan

Sri Lanka

Bangladesh

Afghanistan

IndiaNepal

Pakistan

05

10

15

Fix

ed

-bro

ad

ban

d s

ub

. p

er

10

0 i

nh

ab

itan

ts

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Disaster exposure index (World Risk Report)

Fixed broadband development and natural disasters



Disaster exposure and Mobile-broadband

access in 2016.

19

Mobile broadband development and natural disasters

0

100

200

300

Mo

bile

bro

ad

ba

nd

su

bsc

rip

tio

ns

pe

r 1

00

in

ha

bit

an

ts

0.0000 0.2000 0.4000 0.6000Disaster Exposure Index (World Bank)

Afgh

an

ist

an

Ba

ng

l ad

es

h

Bhu

ta

n

Ind

ia

I ra

n

(I.R. )

Nepa

lPa

ki st

an

Sr

i L

anka

Tu

rk

ey

0

20

40

60

80

Mo

bile

bro

ad

ba

nd

su

bsc

rip

tio

ns

pe

r 1

00

in

ha

bit

an

ts0.1000 0.1500 0.2000 0.2500 0.3000

Disaster Exposure Index (World Bank)

Sources: ESCAP based on ITU (2017) WTID

and UNU-EHS (2015) World Risk Report,

definition of disaster exposure index as well as

methodology are found at http://www.uni-

stuttgart.de/ireus/Internationales/WorldRiskIndex

/



Expected demand for bandwidth requirements

20

326459946 471884355 6882126865

10079183577

14841

26839121771

3939106

32023

5661126

46946

7822149

68876

11329175

101049

15651

208

148018

21656

243

216426

30002

284

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

Gbps

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

South & South-West Asia : Forecasted international bandwidth, 2015-2026


Voice

• Demand for

International

bandwidth

forecasted to

increase

significantly

for SSWA

countries.

Source: ESCAP based on “Updated Analysis of the Broadband Infrastructure in Asia Pacific”, by Michael Ruddy (2016),

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Updated%20Analysis%20of%20Broadband%20Infrastructure%20in%20AP.pdf



Expected demand for bandwidth requirements

by country

21

0

50000

100000

150000

Gbps

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025year

India Pakistan

Iran (Islamic Rep. of) Bangladesh

Afghanistan Bhutan

Nepal Sri Lanka

By Country: Forecasted international bandwidth 2015-2026 • Top four

countries for

high demand

on int.

bandwidth:

India,

Pakistan, Iran

(IR), and

Bangladesh.

Note: Maldives

and Turkey not

included due to

missing data.

Source: ESCAP based on “Updated Analysis of the

Broadband Infrastructure in Asia Pacific”, by Michael Ruddy

(2016),

http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Updated%20Analysi

s%20of%20Broadband%20Infrastructure%20in%20AP.pdf



2. Key Issues for policymakers

• Digital divide (fixed-broadband and mobile broadband) is

widening in SSWA.

• However, there have been good progress in some

countries

• Resilience of ICT infrastructure to natural disasters is

important in the subregion.

• Further concerted efforts would be needed for inclusive

broadband for all.

22



BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY IN NORTH

AND CENTRAL ASIA &

EAST AND NORTH-EAST ASIA



Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Steering Group Meeting & 7th Meeting

of the Working Group on the Asian Highway Network




Outline:

1. Trends in broadband connectivity

2. Main findings from ESCAP studies in the subregions

24



Trends in Fixed-Broadband connectivity

25


0.3 0.91.6

2.63.8

4.96.1

7.28.4

10.011.5

13.514.6

15.516.2

21.0

23.8

0.10.10.10.10.10.1 0.30.30.30.30.30.3 0.60.60.60.60.60.6 1.01.01.01.01.01.0 1.61.61.61.61.61.6 2.12.12.12.12.12.1 2.72.72.72.72.72.7 3.43.43.43.43.43.4 4.14.14.14.14.14.14.94.94.94.94.94.9

5.75.75.75.75.75.76.76.76.76.76.76.7 7.37.37.37.37.37.3 7.87.87.87.87.87.8 8.38.38.38.38.38.3

10.310.310.310.310.310.311.511.511.511.511.511.5

0

10

20

30

Fix

ed-b

roadban

d s

ubsc

riptions

per 100 inhabitan

ts

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Year

East & North-East Asia ESCAP

Pacific Developing Countries Pacific

South-East Asia North & Central Asia

South & South-West Asia



26

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

AfghanistanTurkmenistan

TajikistanTimor-Leste

Kiribati

Papua New GuineaSolomon Islands

MyanmarLao P.D.R.CambodiaPakistan

NepalIndonesiaSamoaIndiaFiji

Vanuatu

Marshall IslandsTonga

BangladeshSri LankaMicronesiaPhilippines

BhutanUzbekistanKyrgyzstan

PalauMaldives

MongoliaBrunei Darussalam

Viet NamMalaysiaThailandArmenia

TuvaluIran (I.R.)Turkey

KazakhstanGeorgia

French Polynesia

ChinaRussian Federation

AzerbaijanNew Caledonia

SingaporeAustralia

Macao, ChinaJapan

New ZealandHong Kong, China

Korea (Rep.)

Fixed Broadband Penetration Rates (per 100)




27

Trends in Mobile- Broadband connectivity


0.0 2.310.1 13.4

20.027.4

31.7

50.1

62.6

72.7

0.10.10.10.10.10.1 0.90.90.90.90.90.9 4.14.14.14.14.14.18.48.48.48.48.48.4

12.412.412.412.412.412.416.316.316.316.316.316.3

20.620.620.620.620.620.6

31.031.031.031.031.031.039.539.539.539.539.539.5

48.748.748.748.748.748.7

0

50

100

150

Act

ive

mobile-b

road

band s

ubsc

riptions

per

100 inhab

itan

ts (

Avera

ge)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

East & North-East Asia ESCAP

Pacific Developing Countries Pacific

South-East Asia North & Central Asia

South & South-West Asia



28

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Kiribati

Brunei Darussalam

Afghanistan

Papua New Guinea

India

Samoa

Turkmenistan

Solomon Islands

Tajikistan

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Lao P.D.R.

Sri Lanka

Iran (I.R.)

Nepal

French Polynesia

Uzbekistan

Tonga

Myanmar

Kyrgyzstan

Timor-Leste

Viet Nam

Armenia

Vanuatu

Philippines

Indonesia

Cambodia

Fiji

Georgia

Turkey

China

Bhutan

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

Maldives

Russian Federation

Thailand

Mongolia

Malaysia

Hong Kong, China

Korea (Rep.)

Australia

New Zealand

Japan

Singapore

Macao, China

Mobile Broadband Penetration Rates (per 100)




29

Broadband affordability in NCA

Source : Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU Measuring the Information Society Report

Fixed Broadband Mobile Broadband



Broadband affordability and fixed

broadband subscriptions

30

Sources: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators Database



Regulations and Broadband Access

• There is a strong correlation between the perceptions on

quality of regulations (World Bank – World Governance

Indicators) and fixed-broadband subscriptions.

Better quality of

regulation

instills certainty

in an

investment

environment,

which

encourages

private

operators to

invest more.

31

Source: ESCAP. (2016). The State of ICT in Asia and the Pacific: Uncovering the Widening Broadband Divide.



Online Services & Telecommunications

Infrastructure Indices

32

Source: ESCAP. (2016). The State of ICT in Asia and the Pacific: Uncovering the Widening Broadband Divide.



Projected bandwidth demand in NCA

Projected

annual growth

2016-2020

Projected

Total growth

2016-2020

Share of

corporate data

in international

bandwidth

demand

2016

Share of

corporate data

in international

bandwidth

demand

2020

Share of

Internet in

international

bandwidth

demand

2016

Share of

Internet in

international

bandwidth

demand

2020

Azerbaijan 45.7% +350.2% 11.3% 12.5% 88.7% 87.4%

Kazakhstan 49.6% +399.5% 16.6% 16.7% 83.2% 83.3%

Kyrgyzstan 51.4% +423.3% 2.2% 5.1% 97.8% 94.9%

Russian Federation 38.0% +263.1% 34.5% 40.2% 65.2% 59.6%

Tajikistan 102.5% +1562.5% 12.5% 8.3% 87.5% 91.7%

Turkmenistan 132.7% +2700.0% 7.5% 8.9% 75.0% 91.1%

Uzbekistan 57.5% +508.0% 8.0% 11.5% 88.0% 86.1%

Region 40.9% +294.1% 29.9% 32.9% 69.8% 67.0%


33



Forecasted international bandwidth in

NCA– 2015-2026

5306

216433

7431

318037

10280

467343

14449

6831

51

20224

9843

58

28106

13796

67

39403

19152

78

54982

25879

90

76703

34976

104

107155

47341

119

149909

64194

136

209980

87167

158

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

Gbps

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Forecasted international bandwidth in North and Central Asia, 2015-2026


Voice




35

Broadband Drivers in developed in Rep. of

Korea and Japan.

Consistent & Strong Policies

• Government set up goal, directions, implementation frameworks and financing methods critical to the development of national ICT infrastructure.

• Take part in all processes of developing national infrastructure as a control tower from planning to implementation

Stimulating the participation from the private sector

• Initial demand generation and a rapid expansion of informatization in the public sector.

• Funding via Public-Private Partnership (PPP), especially in rural area.

• well-balanced virtuous cycle between supply-side and demand-generating policies

Promoting Market competitions

• Encouraged market competition using liberalizing market entry

• Ease entry restriction for new entrants and to formulate an environment for fair competition, such as enhancing regulation on Interconnection and Infrastructure sharing



A Study on the Belt and Road initiative to connect

China and Central Asia

36

Logical Network Topology in China-Central Asia

To connect countries

along the Belt and

Road, Kazakhstan

and Urumqi are

selected to be the

core nodes for both

intra- and inter-

corridor connectivity,

because of their

strong international

connectivity



A Study on the Belt and Road initiative to connect

China and Central Asia

37

Physical Network Topology in China-Central Asia

Two cross-border

fibre-optic routes in

this topology are not

currently present

- Pakistan-Urumqi

- Azerbaijan-

Kazakhstan.



38

Thank you

Email: [email protected]

broadband connectivity in escap subregions · 2019-02-05 · improving regional broadband...

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