improving regional broadband connectivity in north … · improving regional broadband connectivity...

IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY THROUGH THE

ASIA-PACIFIC INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

IMPROVING REGIONAL BROADBAND CONNECTIVITY IN

NORTH AND CENTRAL ASIA

Siope Vakataki ‘Ofa

ICT and Disaster Risk Reduction Division

United Nations ESCAP

Отдел ИКТ и снижения рисков стихийных бедствий ЭСКАТО ООН



Presentation Outline

2

1. The digital divide in North and Central Asia

2. Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway

3. E-resilience in North and Central Asia



Information & Communications Technology (ICT)

3

ICT “enabling tool”

Transport

Energy

Financial Sector

TradeOther

Services Sector

etc.

Education

GOV Services

Sustainable

Development Goals

(SDGs):

• SDG 4 (Quality

Education),

• SDG 5 (Gender

Equality),

• SDG 9

(Infrastructure);

• SDG 17 (Means

of

Implementation)

• Other SDGs&



Recent ESCAP Findings

• Asia and the Pacific region is one of the most digitally-

divided regions in the world.

• Digital divide – lack of access to affordable and resilient

broadband connectivity, between countries (between

urban and rural, by gender, by age etc).

• Use of two indicators (ITU) (Fixed-broadband

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants & Mobile-broadband

subs. per 100 inhabitants) to demonstrate increasing

digital divide.

4



The digital divide between AP sub-regions�Fixed broadband

5

0.3 0.91.6

2.63.8

4.96.1

7.28.4

10.011.5

13.514.6

15.5 16.2

21.0

23.8

0.10.10.10.10.10.1 0.30.30.30.30.30.3 0.60.60.60.60.60.6 1.01.01.01.01.01.0 1.61.61.61.61.61.6 2.12.12.12.12.12.1 2.72.72.72.72.72.7 3.43.43.43.43.43.4 4.14.14.14.14.14.14.94.94.94.94.94.9

5.75.75.75.75.75.76.76.76.76.76.76.7 7.37.37.37.37.37.3 7.87.87.87.87.87.8 8.38.38.38.38.38.3

10.310.310.310.310.310.311.511.511.511.511.511.5

0

10

20

30

Fix

ed-b

road

ban

d s

ubsc

ripti

ons

per

100 i

nhabit

ants

2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

Year

East & North-East Asia ESCAP

Pacific Developing Countries Pacific

South-East Asia North & Central Asia

South & South-West Asia

Trends in fixed broadband adoption in ESCAP, by sub region

Развитие фиксированной широкополосной связи в субрегионах ЭСКАТО

Source: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators

Database (accessed July 2017).

Фикс

ированны

е ш

ироко

пол

осны

е п

од

клю

чения н

а 1

00 ч

ел.



The digital divide in North and Central AsiaFixed broadband

6

0.00.10.10.10.10.10.20.20.30.60.80.91.21.41.41.61.91.9

2.83.0

3.83.94.14.1

5.57.27.6

8.38.79.1

9.910.110.110.7

11.613.613.7

15.818.6

19.419.5

22.925.4

30.030.4

31.532.4

35.541.1

0 .0 50.0

AfghanistanMyanmarTajikistan

TurkmenistanKiribati

Timor-LesteSolomon Islands

Papua New GuineaLao P.D.R.Cambodia

NepalPakistanSamoa

FijiIndia

VanuatuMarshall Islands

IndonesiaTonga

MicronesiaBangladesh

BhutanKyrgyzstanSri Lanka

PhilippinesMaldivesMongolia

Brunei DarussalamMalaysia

UzbekistanViet Nam

TuvaluArmeniaThailandIran (I.R.)

TurkeyKazakhstan

GeorgiaAzerbaijan

French PolynesiaRussian Federation

ChinaSingapore

Macao, ChinaAustralia

JapanNew Zealand

Hong Kong, ChinaKorea (Rep.)



Fixed broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2016

Число фиксированных широкополосных подключений на 100 чел. в 2016 году



The digital divide in North and Central Asia

Fixed broadband

7

0 5 10 15 20Fixed-Broadband Sub. per 100 Inhabitants

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

Box and whiskers plot of the North and Central Asia sample of 9

countries, fixed broadband, 2010-2016



Year N Mean Standard

deviation

Minimum Median Maximum Interquartile

range

Coefficient

of variation

2010 9 3.3 3.6 0.0 3.2 10.9 4.8 1.1

2011 9 4.7 4.7 0.0 5.4 12.3 6.9 1.0

2012 9 6.6 6.2 0.0 7.1 14.7 9.9 0.9

2013 9 7.8 7.2 0.0 8.2 18.2 10.9 0.9

2014 9 8.8 7.6 0.0 9.1 19.9 11.1 0.9

2015 9 9.6 7.6 0.1 9.6 19.8 11.0 0.8

2016 9 10.1 7.4 0.1 10.1 19.5 11.7 0.7

Диаграмма размаха по

развитию фиксированной

связи в 9 странах

Северной и Центральной

Азии, 2010-2016

Фиксированные широкополосные подключения на 100 чел.



The digital divide in North and Central AsiaFixed-broadband affordability

8

Tajikistan

Kyrgyzstan

Turkmenistan

Georgia

Uzbekistan

Armenia

Kazakhstan

Azerbaijan

Russian Federation05

10

15

Fix

ed-b

roadban

d s

ub-b

asket

as

a %

of

GN

I per

capit

a

0 5 10 15 20Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

Fixed broadband affordability and subscriptions in North and Central Asia, 2015



«К

орзи

на» с

тоим

ости

фикс

ированной с

вязи

как

проц

ент

вал

ового

нац

ионал

ьного

прод

укта




The digital divide in North and Central AsiaMobile broadband

9

0.0 2.310.1 13.4

20.027.4

31.7

50.1

62.6

72.7

0.10.10.10.10.10.1 0.90.90.90.90.90.9 4.14.14.14.14.14.18.48.48.48.48.48.4

12.412.412.412.412.412.416.316.316.316.316.316.3

20.620.620.620.620.620.6

31.031.031.031.031.031.039.539.539.539.539.539.5

48.748.748.748.748.748.7

0

50

100

150

Act

ive

mobil

e-bro

adban

d s

ubsc

ripti

ons

per

100 inhab

itan

ts (

Aver

age)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Year

East & North-East Asia ESCAP

Pacific Developing Countries Pacific

South-East Asia North & Central Asia

South & South-West Asia



Trends in mobile broadband adoption in ESCAP, by subregion

Развитие мобильной широкополосной связи в субрегионах ЭСКАТО

Числ

о а

ктивны

х м

обил

ьны

х ш

ироко

пол

осны

х п

од

клю

чений н

а 1

00 ч

ел

. (в

сред

нем

)




10

0.00.00.00.9

9.2

12.914.214.314.3

16.817.818.1

18.320.1

22.326.6

29.330.8

33.834.736.4

46.146.346.647.6

47.950.2

53.954.355.956.0

57.457.7

64.666.866.867.3

71.0

72.775.0

82.091.7

94.7101.3

105.9111.5

116.6130.2131.9

144.6

0 160

Marshall IslandsMicronesia

TuvaluKiribati

Papua New GuineaSolomon Islands

Turkmenistan

D.P.R. KoreaAfghanistan

IndiaBangladesh

TajikistanSri Lanka

PakistanVanuatuSamoa

French PolynesiaNepal

Iran (I.R.)Lao P.D.R.

NauruKyrgyzstanPhilippinesViet NamMyanmarBhutan

CambodiaArmenia

FijiUzbekistan

TongaAzerbaijan

Georgia

Timor-LesteTurkeyChina

IndonesiaKazakhstan

MaldivesRussian Federation

MongoliaMalaysiaThailand

New ZealandHong Kong, China

Korea (Rep.)

Brunei DarussalamAustralia

JapanSingapore

Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in 2016

Число мобильных широкополосных подключений на 100 чел. в 2016 году






Year N Mean Standard

deviation

Minimum Median Maximum Interquartile

range

Coefficient

of variation

2010 7 13.7 11.9 0.5 11.9 34.5 18.2 0.9

2011 7 21.5 16.9 4.8 18.1 47.7 32.1 0.8

2012 7 28.5 15.1 7.8 28.5 52.7 23.1 0.5

2013 7 38.2 15.6 22.2 31.0 60.1 33.0 0.4

2014 7 43.9 17.6 25.0 35.0 65.8 34.8 0.4

2015 7 53.0 16.0 31.0 50.5 73.1 30.9 0.3

2016 7 59.6 10.0 46.1 57.4 75.0 17.1 0.2

11

0 20 40 60 80Mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010



Box and whiskers plot of the North and Central Asia sample of 7

countries for mobile broadband, 2010-2016

Диаграмма размаха по

развитию мобильной

широкополосной связи в

7 странах Северной и

Центральной Азии, 2010-

2016

Мобильные широкополосные подключения на 100 чел.



The digital divide in North and Central AsiaBroadband affordability

12

12.44

8.58

3.84

3.78

2.5

2.19

1.54

0.88

0.6

0 5 10 15

Tajikistan

Kyrgyzstan

Georgia

Uzbekistan

Armenia

Turkmenistan

Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan

Russian Federation

Price as % of GNI p.c.Цена как процент от ВНД на д.н.

12.29

5.74

4.47

2.5

1.28

0.62

0.45

0.43

0.3

0 5 10 15

Tajikistan

Uzbekistan

Kyrgyzstan

Armenia

Turkmenistan

Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan

Georgia

Russian Federation

Price as % of GNI p.c.Цена как процент от ВНД на д.н.

Broadband and affordability in the North and Central Asia sub region, 2016

Доступность связи и широкополосный доступ в Северной и Центральной Азии в 2016 году

Fixed broadband

Фиксированная связь

Mobile broadband

Мобильная связь

Sources: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU Measuring the Information Society Report,

Available from http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/mis2016.aspx.



Drivers of Digital Divide

• Insufficient international bandwidth – missing or lack of access to

international fibre-optic cables.

• Lack of e-government services;

• Lack of conducive regulations for development of ICT infrastructure;

• Poor internet traffic management;

• Lack of resilient ICT infrastructure (E-resilience);

• Lack of access to affordable and reliable energy source;

• Income (economic levels) of countries, among other factors%

13



Online Service Index and Telecommunication

Infrastructure Index

14

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Russian Federation

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

0.2

.4.6

.8

On

line S

erv

ices I

nd

ex

0 .2 .4 .6

Telecommunications Infrastructure Index

2010 2016

ESCAP North & Central Asia

Afghanistan

Bangladesh

Bhutan

India

Iran (I.R.)

Maldives

Nepal

Pakistan

Sri Lanka

Turkey

.2.4

.6.8

On

line S

erv

ices I

nd

ex

0 .1 .2 .3 .4

Telecommunications Infrastructure Index

2010 2016

ESCAP South & South-West Asia

Инд

екс

онл

айн

-усл

уг

Индекс телекоммуникационной инфраструктуры

ЭСКАТО, Северная и Центральная Азия ЭСКАТО, Южная и Юго-Восточная Азия



Regulatory quality and fixed broadband

adoption in 2015

15

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan Russian Federation

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Uzbekistan

-2-1

01

2R

egula

tory

Qual

ity

Ind

ex

0 10 20 30 40 50Fixed-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

World ESCAP

Sources: Produced by ESCAP, based on data sourced from ITU World Telecommunications/ICT Indicators

Database (accessed July 2017); and Regulatory Quality Index sourced from World Governance Indicators,

World Bank.

Note: Estimates for regulatory quality ranges between -2 (poor regulatory quality) and +2 (very good regulatory

quality); 95% confidence interval shaded in grey.

Инд

екс

качеств

а р

егу

лирования




Forecasted international bandwidth in North and Central Asia

Прогноз емкости соединения в Северной и Центральной Азии

16

5306

216433

7431

318037

10280

467343

14449

6831

51

20224

9843

58

28106

13796

67

39403

19152

78

54982

25879

90

76703

34976

104

107155

47341

119

149909

64194

136

209980

87167

158

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

Gbps

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

Forecasted international bandwidth in North and Central Asia, 2015-2026

Internet Corporate data

Voice

Source: ESCAP 2016.

Гб

ит/

с



Forecasted international bandwidth in

North and Central AsiaProjected

annual

growth

2016-2020

Projected

Total growth

2016-2020

Share of

corporate data

in

international

bandwidth

demand

2016

Share of

corporate data

in

international

bandwidth

demand

2020

Share of

Internet in

international

bandwidth

demand

2016

Share of

Internet in

international

bandwidth

demand

2020

Azerbaijan 45.7% +350.2% 11.3% 12.5% 88.7% 87.4%

Kazakhstan 49.6% +399.5% 16.6% 16.7% 83.2% 83.3%

Kyrgyzstan 51.4% +423.3% 2.2% 5.1% 97.8% 94.9%

Russian Federation 38.0% +263.1% 34.5% 40.2% 65.2% 59.6%

Tajikistan 102.5% +1562.5% 12.5% 8.3% 87.5% 91.7%

Turkmenistan 132.7% +2700.0% 7.5% 8.9% 75.0% 91.2%

Uzbekistan 57.5% +508.0% 8.0% 11.5% 88.0% 87.5%

Region 40.9% +294.1% 29.9% 32.9% 69.8% 67.0%

17

Source: ESCAP 2016.




18


2. Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (AP-IS)




What is the Asia-Pacific information

superhighway (AP-IS)?

• A regional broadband connectivity initiative

supported by ESCAP;

• Intergovernmental platform for governments,

telecom operators, regulators, financiers, and

other stakeholders to discuss priority missing

links in each sub-region;

19



• Bridging digital divides

• Promoting affordable access

to underserved areas

• Policy and technical support

to Governments

• Ensuring efficient and effective

Internet traffic and network

management at regional, sub-

regional and national levels

• Resilient ICT networks

• Support to disaster

management systems

• Ensuring last-mile disaster

communication

Four Pillars of AP-IS

20

• Physical network design,

development, management

at regional level

• Intergovernmental negotiation

• Improving regulations based

on open access

CONNECTIVITY

СВЯЗЬ

E-RESILIENCE

ЭЛЕКТРОННАЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ

TRAFFIC /NETWORKMANAGEMENT

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ТРАФИКОМ И СЕТЬЮ

BROADBANDFOR ALL

ШИРОКОПОЛОСНАЯ СВЯЗЬ ДЛЯ ВСЕХ



AP-IS Initiatives

21

Identification, coordination, deployment, expansion and

integration of the regional backbone network

Establish a sufficient number of IXPs at the national and

sub-regional levels and set out common principles on

Internet traffic exchange

Regional social and economic studies

Enhancing ICT infrastructure resilience

Policy and regulations for leveraging existing

infrastructure, technology and inclusive broadband

initiatives

Capacity-building

AP-IS funding mechanism based on public-private

partnerships

Strategic Initiatives 2016-2018

1

2

3

4

5

6

7



Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway Map

(ESCAP-ITU collaboration)

22

Interactive Map, visit <http://www.itu.int/itu-d/tnd-map-public/>



Implementation of the AP-IS Master Plan

• Resolution 69/10: Member States recognized the need to promote the exchange of best practices and experiences related to the development of ICT infrastructure, including in-depth analysis of the policy and regulatory barriers that could impede efforts to synchronize the deployment of ICT infrastructure across the region in a seamless manner;

• Resolution 71/10: Commission decided to establish the open-ended Working Group on the AP-IS to agree on principles and norms, and develop a Master Plan and Regional Cooperation Framework;

• First Meeting of Working Group in Incheon, Korea in September 2015;

• Private Sector Consultative Meeting organized in April 2016;

• Second Meeting of Working Group in Guangzhou, China in August 2016;

• Establishment of Steering Group, which started discussion on Master Plan and Regional Cooperation Framework Document in June 2016.

• Resolution 73/6: Member States adopt the resolution to push forward the implementation of AP-IS through regional cooperation (May 2017).

23



Implementation of the AP-IS Master Plan

• 1st Session of the AP-IS Steering Committee: To be

held on 1-2 November 2017, Dhaka, Bangladesh to

establish sub-regional AP-IS governance structures,

members and update on the work of the secretariat and

implementing partners.

• East Asia Sub-regional Steering Group meeting: To be

held on 12-13 December 2017, Xi’an, China. The sub-

regional meeting will discuss sub-regional challenges on

ICT connectivity and priorities for implementation.

24




25


2. Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (AP-IS)




E-resilience in North and Central Asia

26

Flood

43%

14%

Extreme

temperature

10%

Landslide

10%

Storm

9%

Others

9%

Drought

5%

Earthquake

Share of disasters in North and Central Asia by number of occurrences, 2000-2016Доля Северной и Центральнoй Азии в мировых стихийных бедствиях, 2000-2016

Source: ESCAP based on data from Centre for Research on the Epidemiology

of Disasters, "EM-DAT: The International Disaster Database", 2017.

247.7

61

19.7

9.4

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Earthquake Flood Landslide Drought

Ave

rag

e a

nn

ua

l lo

ss i

n U

SD

(m

illio

n)

Predicted Average Annual Losses in SPECA countriesПрогноз по среднему годовому ущербу в странах СПЕКА

Source: ESCAP based on calculations from Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, Disaster Risk

Management Programs for Priority Countries (Washington D.C., 2009). Available from

http://www.unisdr.org/files/14757_6thCGDRMProgramsforPriorityCountrie.pdf.



E-resilience and SMEs • Pervious research from ESCAP for Central Asia shows that ICT is a key enabler for SMEs

• ICT enhances competitiveness and spurs SMEs’ integration into global value chains.

• Emerging and future usage include e-commerce, e-payment, cloud computing, online labor markets

• SMEs contribute to a significant share of GDP in countries of the Central Asia region.

Problem:

• SMEs are vulnerable to natural disasters due to direct and indirect damage (e.g. supply chain and production issues)

• Business continuity plans (BCPs) among SMEs are lacking

• Lack of awareness among employees and management, a lack of resources, expertise and information about managing disaster risks

Solutions:

• Micro-Level Practices: (1) backing up data, (2) maintaining power supply (e.g. autonomous power supply technologies), (3) web applications for disaster risk management (for early warnings, alerts, risk assessment)

• Macro-Level Solutions: (1) infrastructure redundancy (e.g. more terrestrial links in fiber optic networks) and reliability, (2) requirements on data centre service providers, (3) ensuring that critical infrastructure are robust (roads, electricity supply) as they are highly interdependent

Reference: ESCAP (2017), Building a Resilient Digital Economy: Fostering SMEs in Central Asia. http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/SMEs%20in%20SPECA%20final.pdf

27



Policy recommendations and the Way Forward

• Enabling ICT policy and regulatory framework.

E.g. minimum standards on critical ICT infrastructure

such as data centers;

• Ensuring availability of redundant power sources and

adequate equipment protection;

• Improving redundancy in broadband networks:

Asia-Pacific Information Superhighway (AP-IS)

28



Navigate to the ICT & DRR Gateway

29

Access the Gateway on

www.drrgateway.net

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