branimir besak: hrvatske zemlje

7/29/2019 Branimir Besak: Hrvatske zemlje

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Qbstbvhg0 DTBEHLHT DJQBFru`be l`. 4>>> c.^rh`jphs0

O T Y B ] Q F J P J L K @ J

YTJLJEQFH ^GMQ@J]EHF ^GYH@JQ]HDGQEJ H OJTAJCGYHEJ H

ATYJEJ OTYB]QFJ

GM MGQJK@JE@B MG QBLGQ]BKEJ MTBYJ>m 949. c. pg Frhstu mg 4>.stgk`jb

2.hzmbe`jQvjth Hvbe Pjkheb, 4>>>.cgmheb


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HKHTH Z JZTG^QFGL @ZCGHQ]GEGL QTJMGPJLK@Z

Gfg 24>> c. pr. Fr. sb s`jvjrb su prgmrkb rbzeb srgmeb hemgjurgpsfb-brh`sfb pkjljeb eb

jurgpsfg srjmgzjlk`j, fg`b j sj fbseh`j prgzvbth Hkhrhlb, Crahlb, Htbkhlbh sk.( ]g `j dhg 2.vbk mgsjk`bvbe`b hemgjurgpsfho ebrgmb u Jurgpu.4.vbk hehkh su ebrgmh, fg`h su sj uputhkh u Bzhù mbebe`h Hrbeah h Hemhàh.1.vbk ebsjk`bvbe`b Jurgpj hehkh su u :.-?.stgk`ju Cjrlbeh,Qkbvjeh,Bvbrh, Orvbth,

Qrdh h Zcrh, Ducbrh)Hkhrsfb pkjljeb su0 OHQ]TH ( u Hstrh), KHDZTEH( u Orv. ^rhlgrù), MBKLB]H( u Mbklbah`h), CBBEH( Khah), MBTMBEAH ( u Qrdh`h) h mr. @B^GMH ( u Khah h s`jvjrgzbpbmeg` Dgseh) l`jbvheb su Fjktb h Hkhrb(18>. c. prh`j Fr. Fjkth su gps`jmbkh Thl,b ejtg fbseh`j gfg 11:. c. pr. Fr. prjfg s`jvjrej Htbkh`j prgmrkh su uhkhrsfg pgmru`j eb @bmrbe.)

448. c. pr.Fr. Thlk`beh su u prvhl dgrdblb sb Hkhrhlb.( 2::. c. rhlsfh fgezuk ûdkh`j Fgrejkh`j Qahphg Ebzhfb prgmhrj prjfg Ebrgej h gsvb`b Mjklhehge ckbveh crbm Mbklbtb ( ejmbkjfg Muveb ).

22?.c./23.c. Thlk`beh zbuzhlbù Qbkgeuprhlgrsfh crbm Mbklbtb.?>.c./38.c. rhlsfh mhftbtgr Qukb gsehvb pgfrb`heu HKHTHF.

:>.c. pr.Fr. 8.c. pg Fr. ebfge tjfho dgrdh Thlk`beh usp`jvbù pgtpueg sbvkbmbthlhrgkùdhvj Hkhrj.( frbk`hab ]JZ]B7 )

2>.c. pg Fr. abr Bucust, rbmh kbfjc uprbvk`be`b mh`jkh Hkhrhf u mvb mh`jkb0 Cgre`h Hkhrhf, hkh ^begehù Mge`h Hkhrhf,hkh Mbklbahù, tj crbmh custu lrju mgdrho ajstb, gsehvbùh vjkhfh drg` vgèhfho utvrmb pgstb`b h crbmsfho ebsjgdheb.

483.c. pg Fr. abr Mhgfkjah`be mh`jkh Hkhrhf u jthrh mh`jkb0 ^TYZ, hkh Cgreù ^begehù 0 Ybkjrhù, Qbvhù MTZCZ, hkh Mgeù ^begehù 0 Mbklbahù h ^rjmgk`j.

Mbklbahù `j gcrbehhg eb prgstgr gm Hstrj mg Mrhej h Dumvj u Dgfh Fgtgrsfg`, b gm Mrhej mg Hdrb,br pkbehej h rh`jfj Mrhlb ( u Bkdbeh`h ) mbg `j hlj ^[email protected] fgebej rbzmhgdj rhlsfgc abrstvb eb zbpbmeg h hstgeg rhlsfg abrstvg, Mbklbah`b h ^begeh`dhkj su mgmh`jk`jej zbpbmegl, b ^rjmgk`j hstgegl rhlsfgl abrstvu ( Dhzbetu ).]hlj `j Mrheb pgstbkb crbehab hzlju mvh`j fukturj h mvb svh`jtb 0 hzlju zbpbmb h hstgfbzb ouesfho(13:c.pg Fr. h bvbrsfg-skbvjesfho( :93.c.) prgvbkb,rhlsfg-dhzbetsfj utvrmj, crbmgvh ebsjgdhej u rbvehbrsfhl frb`jvhlb dumu gmrjmb pgrujej h prgpbkj.Dgcbtg rglbesfg stbegvehtvd`jh u `bmrbesfg prhlgr`j h gmbtkj eb gtgfj h Htbkhù, b Ykbsh ( Lburg-Ykbsh ) ulhrgvk`jeh rhlsfkjchgebrhbirhfg brbpsfgc pgrh`jfkb d`jj u pkbehej ( Ykbh pk. h mr.)Ljuthl, gdhbe svh`jt rglbehzhrbeh Hkhrh ej gstbvk`bù svg`j frb`jvj, vj sj sfkbe`bù u prjgstbkjrhlsfj utvrmj, hkh tjfg prhstupbeb drmb, u fg`hlb su gstbkh svj mg mgkbsfb Orvbtb, h mg e`hogvg

pgfrtbvbe`b ua`jkheh.( Z m`jku FTBK@JYQ]YG OTYB]B g muvbe`sfgl sbdgru 3:1.c. gvbfg phj0 H utg vrh`jlj duhe`jeg vjkhfg vjsjk`j lju frst`beh h svh geh, fh dhou u tvrbvbo h u vrsho cgrsfho h fh tb`bousj h frh`bou sj h ej pgvhmbou sj frst`bej, ghtgvbj sj gmvrc(euvh) strbo.)

]TJH YBK EBQJK@BYBE@J HEMGJZTG^K@BEB Z JZTG^Z


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CJTLBEH OZEHBYBTHOTYB]HQTDH ...

gfg 4>>.c. Dh`jkh Orvbth - tgfbvsfh hfbvah(pgrh`jfkgl hz ùej Zfrb`hej) pgm vgmstvgl Cgtb (Orvbth ) sthck

eb kh`jvu gdbku Muebvb, vrjh `bf prhthsbf eb rhlsfu pgfrb`heu Mbahù ( mbebe`b Tulue`sfb ), tbfg mb `rhlsfh abr Burjkh`j ( 43>-43:.c. pg Frhstu ) dhg prhshk`je prjsjkhth rhlsfj kjch`j h pubestvg eb mjseu gdbkuMuebvb h tu utvrmhth crbehaj.

Ejmucg zbthl, Cgth (fbfg ho zgvu ejfh pgvh`jsehbrh) ustvbrh Arvjeh Orvbth sj sb cjrlbesfhlCjphmhlb ( fg`j su tu zbtjfkh ) pgvkbj uz kh`jvu gdbku Muebvb eb Pbpbm ( gm rh`jfj Lbrgb mg Ybcb< pgmfbrpbt`j ), b Cjphmh u prhfbrpbt`j ( gm rh`jfj Lbrgb mg Bkutj, ufkùuùh mbebeù Dbfu).

Cgth - Arvjeh Orvbth su tu u pgmfbrpbtù zbtjfkh DH@JKJ OTYB]J FB@FBYAJh pgfgrhkhho,b Cjphmh su gstbkh sb hstgehl Cgtglb h Qkbvjehlb]GFBYQFHL HFBYAHLB(Eb prgstgr fg`h su ebpusthkhCgth h Cjphmh ( Mbahù ) ebsjkhkh su sj DH@JKH OTYB]H pgrh`jfkgl s

gdbkb Me`jprb ( srjme`b Tush`b ).

13:.c.u Jurgpu prgvbkùù lgecgksfhOueh,pb ebstb`j vjkhfh pgfrjt rbzeho ebrgmb prjlb rhlsfgl

abrstvu,lju fg`hlb sj frjj h vjh mhg mgesfho Orvbtb hz Areglgrsfgc frbk`jvstvb prjlb Pbpbmu

(pgjtfgl 1.st. orvbtsfg hlj sbuvbeg `j h prvh putb sj spglhe`j eb mv`jlb fbljehl pkgblb0

Eb prvg` pkgh u crbmu ]BEBHQZ ( uj Mgeb u Bzgvsfg lgrj ) zb ]bebhsfgc abrbQBZTGLB]JQB ( 23:.-422.c.) eb crfgl `jzhfu spglhe`j sj gmkhlhf she OGTYB]GY(Aorgbtogu).

Eb 4. pkgh phsbeg` 44>.c. zb abrb TJQFZ^GTHMB, sheb Qburglbtjsgvb, lju jthrh tbebhsfpgckbvbrb ebvgmh sj OGTYB] QBEMBTPH@JY ( Aogrgbtogs Qbembrshgu ) ( stbrg fb`fbvsfOGTYB] ).

Qkh`jmgl tgcb , Orvbth su mgkh hz ùegc Bicbehstbeb, Djkuhstbeb hstgegc mh`jkb mbvebe`j^jrzh`j( mhg mbebe`jc Hrbeb ).( ^jrzh`sfh ebhe gdhk`jbvbe`b strbeb svh`jtb0 dh`jkb < zbpbm

arvjeb < ùczjkjeb < hstgf

areb < s`jvjr

Gmbtkj ATYJEB OTYB]QFB -mgesfh Orvbth ( fg`h su gstbkh)

- orvbtsfb MZFK@B ?.- 2>.st.Dgfb Fgtgrsfb, Dbr h mr.)

DH@JKB OTYB]QFB( Pbpbmebmbebe`b Qkgvbfb h ùeb ^gk`sfb )

YJKHFB OTYB]QFB ( u zb`jmehah s Bethlb ) gm Gmrj,cgre`j Kbdj, Yhskj mg

Me`jstrb sb ckbvehl crbmgl Orvbtfbseh`j Frbfgv


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Orvbth sj sl`jtbù s`jvjreg gm Fbrpbtb lju drgèb skbvjesfb pkjljeb, tj pgprhlbù skbvjesfh `jzhf, bkhzbmrbvbù hlj, mbùh hl mrbveu grcbehzhrbtgst. ]g `j zbpbmeb hkh DH@JKB OTYB]QFB- mbebe`bQkgvbfb h ùeb ^gk`sfb)Ebfge prgpbsth Oueb, DH@JKH OTYB]H stvbrbù s Bethlb Yjkhfu mrbvu gm Gmrj,cgre`j Kbdj, vhskj mgMe`jstrb.(Ckbveh crbm zgvj sj Orvbt, fbseh`j Frbfgv u ^gk`sfg`).

]bfgjr sj h QTDH hz tgc rbzkgcb pgfrju sb pgmru`b Fbvfbzb u Lbkg` Bzh`h ( cm`j su hv`jkh stbrh QBTMH ) hebsjk`bvbù sj s`jvjrg-zbpbmeg gm mbebe`j jfj, hzlju rh`jfb Kbdj h Qbkj.Gvh ^gkbdsfh Qrdh l`jbù sj sb QKBYJEHLB h stbrhl egrmh`sfhl ebrgmhlb,tj pgprhlbù skbvjesfh `jzhf.

13?.c. lgecgksfh Oueh pgfgrbvbù Cjphmj,b s e`hlb hstgej Cgtj h Qkbvjejhfbvaj.

18=.c. Oueh pgfgrbvbù Cgtj h e`hogvj pgmbehfj Qkbvjejfb`fbvaj.

==2.c. Bthkb ( ouesfh vkbmbr ) gsvb`b Mgeù ^begehù (rhlsfu) u fgù spbmb h Qrh`jl sb crbmglQhrlhuegl,pb su h Cjphmh sb-hfbvahlb prjkh Muebv h pgjkh sj ebsjk`bvbth u Mge`g` ^begeh`h hstgeg gm lursh`sfgc `jzjrb (Lursb hstgeg gm Gsh`jfb prjfg Yhefgvbab mg utgfb Dgsutb u

Qbvu ), b fbfg Bthkb hstj cgmhej gsvb`b h Qbvhù h Egrhf( ùeb Bustrh`b ) tg h Cgth fb`fbvahpgheù ebsjk`bvbth gvj frb`jvj.

=:=.c. Ebfge slrth Bthkj,Cgth sb pgmbehahlb Qkbvjehlb-fb`fbvahlb h Cjphmh sb svg`hl pgmbehahlb Qkb-

vjehlb-hfbvahlb pgmhu ustbebf zb gskgdgje`j gm Oueb,tj su gvh prhshk`jeh pgvuh sj uùeghstgej stjpj gfg rh`jfj Mgeb.Gm tj cgmhej Cjphmh (s ejfhl prjfhmhlb) prjfg 2>>. cgmheb (mg :93.c.) vkbmbù u Mge`g` ^begeh`h,

( Qrh`jl,dgsbesfb ^gsbvheb hstgeg gm rh`jfj Zfrhej h Zsgrj,tj Lbvb mg Fgkudbrj) u fgù sj sbmblbsgveg mgsjk`bvbù e`hogvh pgmbehah Qkbvjeh-hfbvah.

^rgstgr rhlsfg-dhzbetsfj Mbklbah`j ( gm Mrhej mg Hstrj h gm dgsbesfho pkbeheb mg lgrb ) hstgeh Cgth-tgfbvsfh hfbvah sb mh`jkgl Qkbvjebebsjkhkh su fbseh`j,fbg pgmbehah BYBTB, fg`h su prgvbkhkhzb vrh`jlj dhzbetsfgc abrb Igfj ( 9>4.-92>.c.) h prvho cgmheb abrb Ljrbfkh`b H. (92>.-92=.c.)

=?8.c.Ebfge prgpbsth Oueb,rhlsfhl prgvheah`blb Qbvh`gl h Egrhfgl uprbvk`bù Cgth, tj sj sbmb ebstbvk`b

ebsjk`bvbe`j gvho frb`jvbQkbvjehlb fb`fbvahlb,fg`h fbg e`hogvh pgmbehah prhzebvbùvrogvehtvg Cgtb,bkh fgebeg ebsjk`bvbe`j tho pgmfbrpbtsfho Qkbvjeb fb`fbvbab mgcbb sj u mrucg`pgkgvhah 9.stgk`jb.

:2?.c. Dh`jkh Orvbth tgfbvsfh jfbvahpgheù prgvbk`hvbth prjfg muebvb u rhlsfg dhzbetsfg abrstvg zbabrb @ustheb H, b pg`bbegzb abrb @usthe`beb H (:11.-:=:.c.):=3.c. Qkbvjeh jfbvahprgmhru mg Mrbb ( mbebs Dbr) u pk`bfbfhl pgogmhlb ( mgkbzj hz srjme`jTush`j,sb gdbkb Me`jprb h ehsu ehh`h pgmbehah).

:?8.c. Qkbvjehjfbvahgsehvbù sblgstbkeu skbvjesfu mrbvu eb ^jkgpgejzu ( Crfb ) pgm hljeglQfkbvheh`b, fg`b sj gmrbkb mg ?>9.c.pgsjdeg pg`bbeg mgsjk`bvbe`j jfbvsfho Qkbvjeb zdhg sj u vrh`jlj prh`jstgkèho dgrdh u dhzbetu zbvrh`jlj ejvrh`jmegcb abrb Igfj ( 9>4.-92>.c.) h prvho cgmheb abrb Ljrbfkh`b H (9=>.-9=2.c.) fbmb su

hstgeh Qkbvjeh-jfbvah ebsjkhkh ah`jkg pgmru`j HKHTHFB ( Bkdbeh`b ) mg rh`jfj Mrhej,hzuzjvprhlgrsfho frb`jvb, pgfrb`hej ^rjmgk`b h Egvgc Jphrb, fg`j su prh`j e`ho zbuzjkh BYBTH h e`hogvhpgmbehah Qkbvjeh tgfbvsfh hfbvah (pgr`jfkgl hz ùej Zfrb`hej mbebs ).


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:=9.c. dhzbetsfh abr @usthe`b H ( zb vrh`jlj vjkhfgc cgtsfgc rbtb ) mgzvgk`bvb cjrlbesfhl Kbecgdbrmhlbebsjk`bvbe`j u ^begeh`h h Egrhfu ( ùeb Bustrh`b ) fbg svg`hl sbvjzehahlb,zdgc jcb mgkbzh mg rbtbhzlju CG]Bh Kbecgdbrmb, fg`h pgzgvu u pglg turbesfgpkjlj Bvbrb( gvh su hv`jkh uz areglgrj mg kh`jvj gdbkj Muebvb)

:93.c. Bvbrh sj gmbzhvkù, tj pgtpueg rbzdhù Cjphmj,zbpgs`jmeuvh e`hogvu zjlkù (gm rh`jfj Lbrgb (uTulue`sfg` ) mg hspgm Gsh`jfb. ( Lursb)]g egvg sus`jmstvg eh`j sj mgpbkg Kbecgdbrmhlb, pb gvh :9?.c. gstbvj gvg pgmru`j h prjsjkju s`jvjreu Htbkhù, prjpusthvh ucgvgrgl ^begehù h Egrhf Bvbrhlb.Fbfg Bvbrb eh`jdhkg vhj gm 4>.>>> mub, geh mgpustj ebsjk`bvbe`j pgmfbrpbtsfhl Dh`jkhl Orvbthlbfb`fbvahlb,fg`h prhzebù vrogvehtvgBvbrb,pglbuh hl u rbtehl pgtovbthlb h pk`bfh.]bfg su sj Dh`jkh Orvbthfb`fbvahebfge gmkbsfb Kbecgdbrmb drzg prghrhkh mg dbvbrsfho crbehab hmg iurkbemsfho Bkpb.

:8:.c.Dh`jkh Orvbth vgmj dgrdu sb dbvbrsfhl vg`vgmgl ]bshkgl, b trh cgmhej fbseh`j prgmru u Hstru,cm`j

ho suzdh`j rbvjesfh jczbro Fbkhehf

9>4.c. Qkbvjeh s Bvbrhlb h Kbecgdbrmhlb pgegvg tjfg gpk`jej Hstru, b skh`jmjj cgmhej pglbuKbecgdbrmhlb gsvb`bth crbmgvj u mbebe`g` Kgldbrmh`h h Yjejah`h]hlj `j mgvrjeg ebsjk`bvbe`j pgmfbrpbtsfho Orvbtb-fb`fbvbab eb prgstgru gm Muebvb mgDbvbrsfj h mg kgldbrmsfho rbvehab u Htbkh`h.( mbebe`b s`jvjrgzbpbmeb Orvbtsfb, Qkgvjeh`b,ùcghstgeb Bustrh`b h ùcgzbpbmeb Zcbrsfb )

92=./2:.c.Bvbrh h pgmbehah Qkbvjeh zbuzhlbù Qbkgeuckbveh crbm Mbklbah`j zb vrh`jlj dhzbetsfgcabrb Ojrbfkh`b H (92>.-92=.c).

949.c.(12.srpe`b )Bvbrsfb vg`sfb uz pglg Qkbvjeb(?>.>>> rbtehfb) ebpbmb Abrhcrbm. sfkgphvh sbvjzsb Ducbrhlb h ^jrzh`beahlb

Ebpbm sj vgmhg svgl jsthegl pjt mbeb uz upgtrjdu vjkhfgc drg`b rbteho sprbvb, pgfrjteho fgre`bb hk`jstbvb.pgmhckh su 24 vhsgfho pgfrjteho tvrbvb- tgre`jvb,bkh u crbm ehsu usp`jkh prgmrh`jth.Qkbvjehsupgfubkhprjvjsth ^jrzh`beaj eb jurgpsfu strbeu pglgu 2>>> `jegmrvjeho kbb,b kh `jdhzbetsfg drgmgvk`j uehthkg skbvjesfu ikgtu.

Z egh =. eb :. fgkgvgz b 949.c. bvbrsfh fbcbe zbpbkhg `j kgcgr h ebckg sj pgvufbg u svgùzjlkù,hbfg su ^jrzh`beah s hstgej strbej h mbk`j gstbkh u rbtegl stbeù,`jr `j fbcbe sbzebg,mb su ue`jcgvu zjlkù prgvbkhkh gpbseh ejprh`btjk`h OTYB]H, fg`h su sj rhlsfhl ajstblb zbpbmeglZcbrsfgl sputbkh prjlb mbebe`g` zbpbmeg` Orvbtsfg` h @bmrbeu eb tjljkù pgzhvb h ucgvgrb sbDhzbetgl

( Zcgvgr `j dhg sfkgpk`je frb`jl `jsjeh 94:.c. h zb`blje Abrsfgl zbpgv`jmh fg`b `jOrvbthlb gshcurbvbkb vjkhfj fgrhsth,b pgsjdeg,mb j hl mbth svj zjlk`j,fg`j geh gskgdgmj gmBvbrb ).

]bfg `jmbe mhg Orvbtb prjkbzh zblrzeuthl fgrhtgl eb mrucu gdbku Muebvb ( ejcm`j gfg Ybcb u

Muebv ) h zbuzhlb hrh pg`bs,fbfg dh gshcurbg ejsljtbe prh`jkbz ckbveheh Orvbtb,fbmb pgj eb ùc. ^gjtfgl srpe`b 949.c. ( gpsfrdhvh sj k`jtegl jtvgl ) ckbveheb Orvbtb eb jku s vkbmbrjl ( gtbaprvgc orvbtsfgc vkbmbrb u egvg` mglgvheh ^GTCJ-b) prjkbzh Muebv prgmhruh prjlb ùcu h prh`j


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ejcgkh `j bvbrsfh fbcbe lgcbg sthh hspgm Abrhcrbmb u ^gmuebvk`j,Orvbth su vj mudgfg zbkh utbmbeù Mbklbahù,pgthsfuùh Bvbrj hz prhlgr`b mbklbah`j,^rjmgk`b ( Dbr,Dgfb,bkdbesfg prhlgr`j )Egvgc h Qtbrgc Jphrb.

Hbfg su Orvbth dhkh sbvjzehah Dhzbetb,geh su prjlb ucgvgru gsvg`jej zjlk`j zbmrbkh zb sj h ehsu ho

mbkh pgm hzrbveu uprbvu Dhzbetb.(Qpkhtsfh brohbfge ]glb ( 24>2-249>.c.) u svgl zebljehtgl m`jku Ohstgrhb sbkgehtbeb zbdhk`jhg `jprjmbù g mgkbsfu Orvbtb eb @bmrbe0 .. Gm pgk`sfho strbeb,fg`h sj ebzhvbùKhecgehlb,dhkg `j mgkg s]G]HKGL sjmbl hkh gsbl pkjljehtho rgmgvb ... Ebrgmh, fg`h sj ebthvbù Orvbthlb ... Legch hoebzhvbù Cgthlb, b tbfgjr Qkbvjehlb, prjlb gsgdehl hljehlb geho, fg`h su mgkh hz ^gk`sfj hjfj. )

(F.^grihrgcjejt ( dhzbetsfh abrsfh tbèhf ) u 1>. pgckbvkù G uprbvh u abrstvu,zbdhk`jhg `j0 Orvbth supbf stbegvbkh u geg vrh`jlj s geu strbeu Dbvbrsfj,cm`j su mbebs D`jkgorvbth.`jmbe gm e`hogvhorgmgvb, ebhlj,pjtgrg drbj0 FKZFBQ,h KGDJKGQ,h FGQJEAJQ, h LZOKG, h OTGDB]GQ, hmvh`j sjstrj0 ]ZCB h DZCB, gmh`jkhkh su sj gm e`ho h mgkh zb`jmeg sb svg`hl ebrgmgl u Mbklbahù h

ebkh su Bvbrj u pgs`jmu tj zjlk`j.^gtg su ejfg vrh`jlj ljusgdeg rbtgvbkh,pgdh`jmhkh su Orvbth0ejfj su gm Bvbrb sbs`jfkh,b gstbkj prhshkh mb hl sj pgfgrj.Gm tbmb su u tg` pgfrb`heh zbvkbmbkhOrvbth.)

948.c.Dhzbetsfhabr Ojrbfkh`j H h irbebfhfrbk` Mbcgdjrt sfkbpbù sbvjz prgthv zb`jmehfgc ejprh`btjk`bBvbrb.

91:.c. Z Qrh`jlu su sj gmhcrbkj pgskh`jme`j mvh`j dgrdj Orvbtb h Bvbrb uzpglg Qkbvjeb prvjsjkhmdj, ( hfbvah h fb`fbvah ) rglbesfho gstbtbfb hz dgsbesfho pkbeheb hpgtglbfb crfho zbrgdk`jehfbeb jku sb Fuvjrjgl ( fg`j su Bvbrh zbtghkh u Qrh`jlu, mb hl fbg rgdgvh gdrbuù zjlkù ) pbsj Bvbrh prhshkeg pgvkbju s`jvjreg pgmuebvk`j hzebm rh`jfj ]hsj.Hstj cgmhej abr Ojrbfkh`j H pgtvru`j Orvbthlb zbuzjtb h ebsjk`jej zjlk`j abrsfhl mjfrjtglzvbehl F j k j u s h s ( Ebrjje`j )Pb hvgtb Ojrbfkh`j H h pbpj Hvbeb HY, b zb vrh`jlj orvbtsfgc vkbmbrb ^GTCJ `jmbe mhg Orvbtb sjpgfrtbvb, tj sj uspgstbvk`b arfvjeb oh`jrbroh`b u Mbklbah`h.Gm Orvbtb fg`h su mgkh u Mbklbahù ( fg`b u dhzbetsfg vrh`jlj u 3.stgk`ju gduovbb Mhgfkjah`begvupgm`jku ( hz 483.c. pg Frhstu gm Dbrb mg Muebvb, `jr Dhzbet tu eh`j hlbg grcbehzhrbeu uprbvu )

gmh`jkhg sj `jmbe mhg Orvbtb h zbvkbmbg Hkhrhfgl ( fbseh`j muvbe`sfhl sbdgrgl 3:1.c. ArvjebOrvbtsfbùeb, pb Oul oulsfj zjlk`j,pb orvbtsfb Mufk`bmbebs aregcgrsfg h bkdbesfgprhlgr`j ) h ^begeh`gl.(Qtbrb orvbtsfb frgehfbdhk`jh0 ... Z tgl Q]TGHK, drbt e`jcgv s vg`sfgl svg`gl vbzj frbk`jvstvggm Hkhrh`j,b tg `jst svb zjlk`b,b `jst s gvu strbeu Ybkmjlh`j (Yhegmgkb) mjrh ^gkgeh`j ( Bpgkgeh`b uBkdbeh`h )QYHGKBM, she Qtrghkgv h dh frbk`jvstvg Dgseb h Ybkmjlhe mjrh mg ^gkgeh`j, tbfg prhlgrsfg, fbfg h

zbcgrsfg frbk`jvstvg.)

DGQEB0 DBEGYHEB H FTBK@JYHEBHQKBLHPBAH@B

Mbebe`b Dgseb mgdhkb `j hlj pg rh`jah Dgseh,fg`b sj u eb`stbrh`j vrh`jlj zvbkb Dbsbe, u rhlsfgmgdb Dbsbehus,b svb tb hljeb vufu fgrh`je hz aab 2.:>> c.pr Frhstb sb Qtbrgc Hstgfb ,(mbebe`b


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^bkjstheb,Khdbege,zbpbmeb Qhrh`b) cm`j su mg 344. c.pr.Fr.hv`jkh Orvbth-(Ourhth-Fobru-Ojdrj`h-Hzrbjkah Fbebbeah h sk.-fbfg su ho tbmb zvbkh Jchpbeh,Bshrah,Dhdkh`b h mruch.Eb tgl prgstgru zbthjlgtgpgehlj fbg0DBBE, DGQGEB (pgmru`j ùeg gm rh`jfj @grmbe-u Hzrbjku), @BMTG rh`jfb fgmQpkhtb, @BMTBEsfg lgrj (@bmrbe pgfrb`heb u mbebe`jl Bicbehstbeu ), MBKLBAH@B (Mbklbeutbebgdbkh Cjejzbrjtsfgc `jzjrb), FGTMZE (Fbrmueh`b -Fbr Mueh`b < Dbdhkge), KHFB (Kyah`b u

Lbkg` Bzh`h), drmg LBTH@BE ( Lbrybeeh-ourhtsfb vgèb brhstgfrbah`b- jkhteb vg`sfb hz crbmb Lbry uLjzgpgtblh`h gfg 23>> c.pr Fr. mg 211> c.pr.Fr.u vrh`jlj gsvb`be`b Qtbrgc Jchptb.)

^rjlb Mhgfkjah`begvg` pgm`jkh tgc pgmru`b 483.cgmhej, pkbehesfh mh`jkgvh Dgsej ( gm Dgr`b h Fgeùopkbehej ) prjlb ùcu, fbg h ah`jkb Ojrajcgvheb prhpbmbkj su pgfrb`heh Mbklbah`b, mgf `j dgsbesfb^gsbvheb dhkb ufkùjeb u rhlsfu pgfrb`heu ^begehù.

949.c. Orvbth ebsjk`bvbùpgmru`jDgsej h Ojrajcgvhej

Hsthehtgst tgc ebvgmb pgtvru`j phsba k`jtgphsb FTBK@JYQ]YG OTYB]B fg`h, skujh sj stbrglorvbtsfgl frgehfgl 2>3=/?2.c. hzlju gstbkgc fbj0... H dh frbk`jvstvg e`jcgvg Dgseb h

Ybkmjlhe (Yhegmgk < Ybkmjvheg ) mjrh mg ^gkgeh`j ( Bpgkgeh`b u Bkdbeh`h ) tbfg prhlgrsfgfbfg h zbcgrsfg frbk`jvstvg ....

F.^grihrgcjejt ( dhzbetsfh frgehbr tgc vrjljeb ) zbdhk`jhg `j tjljk`jl stbrho hzvgrb u abrsfglbrohvu Dhzbetb, mb su Orvbth svg`hl mgkbsfgl eb ùc ebsjkhkh rhlsfg-dhzbetsfj pgfrb`hejMbklbahù,^begehù h Hkhrhf.

Hsthehtgst ebsjk`bvbe`b Dgsej Orvbthlb,fg`h e`glj h uprbvk`bù,pgtvru`j h he`jehab,mb `j Dgseb gmprvho mbeb,pb mg 2133.c. dhkb dbegvheb,fbmb sj dgsbesfh dbe ]YT]FG H prgckbbvb frbk`jl.( Dbesfb `j bst hstg orvbtsfb ustbegvb,fgù ej pgzeb`j eh `jmbe ebrgm srjme`gv`jfgvej Jurgpj)Cm`j su vkbmbrh dbegvh, tu su Orvbth.( pg`bl dbe vuj fgrh`je gm ebzhvb ourhtsfho pkjljeb hzprjtdhdkh`sfho vrjljeb 0 Dbeh.-Obeh, Dbeh-@blhe (Djeblhe) h sk.Dbeh < m`jab, hkh Dbembfb .st. Dgseb `j h mbk`j u sustbvu orvbtsfj mrbvj,crbehjh eb Mrheh sb Ducbrsfgl mrbvgl.

gfg ?:4.c. orvbtsfh vg`vgmb ]rphlhr h 843.c. orvbtsfh frbk` ]glhskbv u hstgeg` Dgseh ( hzljuFgeùo pkbehej h Tglbeh`j ) pgdh`jmhkh vg`sfj ducbrsfho vkbmbrb Lhob`kb h abrb Qhljgeb Yjkhfgcb,

fg`h su frjeukh fbzehth Orvbtsfu, dumuh mb `j gvb prhlhkb h zbththkb rbfj hzd`jckhaj hz rbtb sducbrsfgl. ( hzd`jcbg `j h zbthje sbl srpsfh fejz Pbobrh`b ).

zb vrh`jlj prh`jstgkeho dgrdh u Orvbtsfg` ( 8=?/8.) srpsfh upbe bskbv zbuzhlb Dgseu h mrucjorvbtsfj zjlk`j hstgeg gm rh`jfb Yrdbsb h Ajthej.

gfg 89>.c. orvbtsfh frbk` FTJHLHT HH vrbthg `j Dgseu Orvbtsfg` .( gm tbmb mg 282?.c. Dgseb eh`jehfbmb dhkb u srpsfg` mrbvh, eh pgm srpsfgl vkbsth.)


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88>./82. ducbrsfh abr zbuzhlb Arvjeu OrvbtsfuOZL ( Dgfb fgtgrsfb, Dbr, Zkàhe` h mr.) h Dgseu.2>2?.c. Dhzbetsfhabr Ybshkh`j HH zbrbthg s Ducbrsfgluehtbvb `j h zbuzhlb svj zjlk`j fg`j su Ducbrh mgtkj

mrbkh,pb h Dgseu.

2>19.-2>=4.c. Orvbtsfh frbk` Qt`jpbe H zb ebrgmegc ustbefb gskgdbb Dgseugm Dhzbetb, tj u`jmheù`j sorvbtsfgl mrbvgl.

2>9>.c. ( gfg tj cgm.) Orvbtsfh frbk` ^J]BT FTJHLHT HY gsehvb fbtgkhfu dhsfuphù uDgseh.

2>?8.c.pbpb Fkjljet HHH Yhdrjt pgmvrcbvb tu dgsbesfu fbtgkhfu dhsfuphù ljtrgpgkh`h u Dbru,tg zebh mbsj Dgseb ejtg prh`j tgcbs`jmhehkb sb egvhl orvbtsfhl frbk`jvstvgl u Arvjeg`,hkh ùeg` OrvbtsfgÒZL-u.( Z sbstbvu tj orvbtsfj mrbvj gstbkb `j Dgseb, fbg sblguprbveb `jmhehab mg 221?.c.fbmb sj vrbthkb u zb`jmehfu orvbtsfg-ucbrsfu frbk`jvheu ).

2218.c.Orvbtsfg-ucbrsfh frbk` DJKB HH hljegvbg `j svgc sheb Kbmhskbvb dbesfhl vg`vgmgl u Dgseh.


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22::.c. spglhe`j sj prvh hljegl pgzebth dbe u Dgseh dbe DGTH, fg`h svg`sfh pglbj orvbtsfgc-ucbrsfgc frbk`b CJ@PZ HH (22=2. - 2292.c.) prgthv dhzbetsfgc abrb Jlbeujkb h Fglejeeb (22=1.-

22?>.c.)( Hvbe Fheblgstbèhf abrb Jlbeujkb gvbfg gphsu`j pgvrbtbf dbeb Dgrhb0Fbmb `j dhg dkhzuQbvj, sfrjej gmbtkj prjlb mrucg` rh`jah hljegl Mrheb, fg`b ut`juh mrucm`j,mh`jkh Dgseu gm mrucj,srpsfj zjlk`j. B Dgseb eh`j pgmkgebYjkhfgl upbeu Qrdb, ejcg `j sblb zb sj6 mruch ebrgm, fg`h

svg`hl ebhegl hvh h sbl sgdgl uprbvk`b .

2291.c.-24>=.c. Dgseglvkbmb FZKHE dbe. ( dkhh rgbf dbeb Dgrhb )

229=./9:.c.Dhzbetsfb vg`sfb pgm vgmstvgl Hvbeb Mufj zbuzhlb svj orvbtsfj zjlk`j mg Cvgzmb, ufkùhvg sDgsegl.

2238.c.Dhzbet `j vgèg pgrbje u Lbkg` Bzh`h, bulbkg zbthl ulhrj dhzbetsfh abr Jlbeujk, pb Fukhe dbegmlbo prgt`jru`j dhzbetheaj hz Dgsej,gskgdgmhvh mge`j frb`jvj gfg cgre`jc Yrdbsb, tj upuZsgru h Qgkh,prhzebùhvrogvehtvg ucbrsfg - orvbtsfho frbk`jvb, hbfg `j zjlk`gl stvbreg uprbvk`bgfbg ejgvhseh vkbmbr. (^gmhzbg `j pgk`gprhvrjmu h stgbrstvg, Dgseu `j gtvgrhg vbe`sfg` trcgvheh sgk

zb Mudrgvehf, b e`jlbfh rumbrh hz Qbsfj fgpbkh rumeg dkbcg.Dkbcgstbe`j zjlk`j sj `bfg pgmhckg,g jlu sv`jmgj h ebrgmej uzrjhaj0zb Fukheb dbebh e`jcgvho mgdrh`jo mbeb ^gvrbthkg sj mgdbFukheb dbeb!Fukhe dbe`j dhg mgdbr h pgdgbe gv`jf, bkh `j u svgl v`jrsfgl ejzebeù uhehg, mb sj u Dgsehrbhrh DGCZLHKQ]YG.( Dgculhkstvg `j zbprbvg hebhab stbrgc LBEJQGYGC (+ 433.c.) mvgpgjkstvb fg`j uvbbvb mvbpgjkb0 dgcb mgdrb h dgcb zkb/prvh `j stvgrhg svj tg `j muogveg, b mruch,zvbe Qbtbejk hkh bvbg sbvvhmk`hvh svh`jt. Mub gv`jfb `j hsfrb mgdrgcb dgcb, b fbfg `j zbsue`jeb u th`jku,fgcb `j stvgrhgQbtbejk, hlb sj gskgdgmhth th`jkb h vrbthth mgdrgl dgcu.]g sj gstvbru`j dgcglhksfhl frtje`jl hpgfgrehfhl hvgtgl .jehmdu su mrbkh crh`jogl, orbehkh su sj sblg dhkèhl prghzvgmhlb ( ljsg u svhl gdkhahlb dhkg `jcrh`jo ) b hv`jkh su u zb`jmehfhl ebstbldblb ( ohj ), fg`hlb su eb jku dhkh Q]BTAH Yrogveh stbr`jheb dgcglhksfj sk`jmdj u Dgseh zvbg sj MHM DGQBEQFJ ATFYJ, fbg ebl`jsehfFrhstgvebsk`jmehf Qv.^jtrb ( pbpb )MHM, YJKHFH CGQ] h YJKHFH Q]BTBA ( mvb prvb pglgehfb ) tj 2> bfgeb bpgstgkb hehkh sudgcglhksfu oh`jrbrohù.

Qvg`j dgcgsku`j ehsu gmrbvbkh u arfvblb,vj eb zb`jmehfhl zbfkgehthl l`jsthlb.(ohj,sblgstbesfj dkbcgvbgehaj h sk.)Pbjtehf Dgcglhkstvb`j dhg ducbrsfh pgp Dgcglhkhz vrjljeb ducbrsfgc abrb ^jtrb (843.-898.c.)

24>1.c.eb zebljehtgl sbstbefu eb Dhkhegl pgkù fgm Pjehaj, u ebzgegsth Fukheb dbeb h kjcbtb pbpjHEGAJEAH@B HHH dgsbesfh dgcglhkh-frst`beh hpbf prhzebù vrogvehtvgFbtgkhfj arfvj, tj su pgmthl pkbtjl ebstbvhkhsb hrje`jl h lju dgsbesfhl pkjlstvgl h ebrgmgl, prhmgdhvh zb sj bfh vjheu ejufho fbtgkhfho svjjehfb ckbcgk`bb.

24>=.-2442.c. dgsbesfhl dbegl pgstb`j Q]@J^BE, tbfgjr dgcglhksfh v`jrehf.

2442.-24:=.c.dgsbesfhl dbegl pgstb`j EHEGQKBY,fg`h `j tbfgjr dgcglhksfh sk`jmdjehf(u pgjtfu )Gmtbmb, pb svj mg tursfgc zbpgs`jmbe`b Dgsej 2=91.c. dgcglhkstvg `j usprfgs fbseh`ho mgcbbe`bdhkg `jmbe gm ckbveho pgkhthfho hedjehfb u Pjlk`h ).


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2442.c. pbpb OGEGTH@J HHH, sbzebvh, mb dgsbesfh dgcglhkh-frst`beh h mb ebubvbù svg`j stbrj zbdkumj,grcbehzhrb frhbrsfu vgèupgm vgmstvgl fbtgkhfgc dhsfupb Zcrhe-b ( 2428.-24=2.c.) ej dh khshkgl hstrh`jdhg dgcglhkstvg.

Ebfge pgjtegc usp`job, frhbrsfb `j vgèb prgpbkb, tg zdgc lbmbrsfho gljtbe`b u ahkù gstvbrje`b

lbmbrsfgc pgkhthfgc hetjrjsb gvkbmbvbe`b Dgsegl, b tg zdgc dgcglhksfgc ebstupbe`b u dgrdblbu svg`stvu ebrgmeho drbehtjk`b dgsbesfj skgdgmj uz pgmrfu dgsbesfgc rgmgkùdegc pkjlstvb.Ebfge ejusp`job frhbrsfj vg`sfj, egvh pbpb CTCZT H_ ( 2443.-24=2.c.) pgskbg `j u DgseuMGLHEHFBEAJ, mb lhshgebrsfhl rbmgl gdrbbù dgcglhkj.E`hlb `j usp`jkg gdrbthth eb fbtgkhfuv`jru h dbeb Ehegskbvb.

24:=-2124.c.dgsbesfhl dbegl pgstb`j ^TH@JPMB YJKHFH (dkhh rgbf dbebEhegskbvbfg`jcb sumglhehfbeah tbfgjr gdrbthkh eb fbtgkhfu v`jru, pb su gm tbmb trbèg vkbmbrh u Dgseh dhkh fbtgkhah, bDgseb `j pgstbkb prvb mrbvb u Jurgph u fg`g` `j vkbmbkb pueb v`jrsfb segk`hvgst h u fg`g` vkbmbrhehsu shkhkh mrbvk`bej,mb skh`jmj e`hogvu v`jru, `jr zebtbe mhg pubestvb h pkjlstvb gstbg `j skh`jmhthdgcglhkstvg.

2124.-21:1.c. Dgsegl vkbmb dbe Q]@J^BE HH FG]TGLBEH Q]H^Gfg`h sj uz]vrtfb H sovbbùfbg eb`vjh dgsbesfh vkbmbrh.( Qthpg-b `j pgstbvhg zb dbeb orvbtsfh dbe Lkbmje udh pgskh`j slrthsvgc gab ^bvkb udhb ).

2144.c. u pgdueh`jmegc mh`jkb pkjlstvb h rujeù vkbsth orvbtsfgc ebsk`jmegc dbeb h cgspgmbrb DgsejLkbmjeb HH udhb zdgc dbobtgc h ebshkegc vkbmbe`b, uz vjkhfbb Ejkjphb rhvbkb udhhlb,sum`jkgvbg `j h dgsbesfh dbe Qt`jpbe HH Q]H^G, fg`h `j s thl u vjzh hstj cgmhej prgtjcbg svgù vkbsteb Pboulk`j,b skh`jmjj cgmhej h eb trgpgk`j ( Muveg,Okhveg h Ckblg ) h frb`heu hzlju Ejrjtvj hAjthej.

( ^gdueu orvbtsfg-dgsbesfho vjkhfbb pglbcbg `j h skbvgesfh dbe DBDGEH, pb h sbl frbk` FBTKGBEZYHEBA hz Ebpuk`b, ( crbeb irbeausfj mhebsth`j ) fg`jcb `j eb orvbtsfh prh`jstg mgvjg ^bvbgudh (gtba Lkbmjeb HH udhb ) pgskh`j slrth pgsk`jme`jc Kumvhcb HH @bcjkgvhbfrbk`b ucbrsfg-orvbtsfj mrbvj.Ajthesfh fejz Ejkjph Hvbe hrh svgùvkbst zbuzjvh frbk`jvsfh crbm Fehe,b Lkjbeh zbuzhlbù mhgMbklbah`j ).

^gsjdeb `j zbskucb Q]H^GB, mb `j irbe`jvbfh rjm 21=>.c. gsegvbg dbesfu vhfbrhù (lhshgebrsfu grcbehzbahù zb gdrbbe`j dgcglhkb eb fbtgkhfu v`jru, u Dgseu sj gfupk`bù pgeb dgk`hirbe`jvah hz ah`jkj Jurgpj ) fg`b j sj gm 2:23.c. zvbth prgvheah`b YTO DGQEJ DGQEJQTJDTJEJ, vrkg zebb`be hldjehf u mbkè`g` pgvh`jsth Dgsej h Ojrajcgvhej.

( ^rvj irbe`jvbfj sblgstbej Qt`jpbe HH Fgtrglbeh pgmhcbg `j uz dbesfj mvgrj u Qut`jsah hLhkheblb fgm Yhsgfgcfrb` Qbrb`jvb, cm`j `j u sblgstbesfg` arfvh hzcrbmhg gdhtjk`sfu crgdehau.Irbe`jvbfhl m`jkgvbe`jl dhkg `j mg 2=>>.c. gdrbjeg :>>.>>> dgcglhkb eb fbtgkhfu v`jru).

21:1.-2182.c. Dgsegl vkbmb dbe ]YT]FG H FG]TGLBEH(shegvba Qt`jpbeb HH FgtrglbehbQthpgb) fg`h tbmb eh`j hlbg eh 2: cgmheb,pb mg e`jcgvj puegk`jtegsthul`jstg e`jcb h zb`jmeg s e`hlzjlk`gl vkbmb e`jcgvb lb`fb @jkjeb Drhdhrsfb Fgtrglb-eh (umbeb zb drbtb dbeb Qt`jpbeb HHFgtrglbehb Q]H^GB,fbm sj dbe ]vrtfg H 2133 c. prgckbshg zb frbk`b, e`jcgvb lb`fb @jkjebpgstb`j prvgl dg-sbesfgl frbk`hagl.( Dbe ]vrtfg H 21:9.c. phj,mb `j m`jm e`jcgvb strhab Qthpgb


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dhg ^rh`jzmb Yjkhfh,dkhh rgbf dbebEhegskbvb.Gvb` `j pbf phsbg pbph Crcuru H_,mb su prh`j e`jcbDgsegl vkbmbkh e`jcgvh prjah. Mbfkj u Dgseh gm stbrhej vkbmb hstb gdhtjk`, b svbfbfg gm 221?.c. fbmb

`j Dgseb mgkb u sbstbv orvbtsfg-ucbrsfj mrbvj.Gm srjmhej 21.st. dgsbesfh dbegvh h frbk`jvh ebzhvbù sj Fgtrglbehh, v`jrgvbteg pg ^rh`jzmhYjkhfglj,fg`h `jdhg she fjrfj orvbtsfgc vjkhfbb Fgtrglbeb).

* Lkbmh h pgmuzjteh dbe ]vrtfg H gmlbo sj ebbg u dgrdblb s mglbhl dgculhksfhl ejzbmgvgkèhahlbh orv.-ucbr. frbk`jl KZMYHFGL H h thlj uvrsthg dgsbesfu dbegvheu, fgù `j ebskh`jmhg gmQthpgb. ( strhab )

* Hzb slrth srpsfgc abrb Mubeb ( Qtjibeb +21::.c.) pghe`j prgpbst srpsfj mrbvj zb vkbmbvheje`jcgvgc sheb ejspgsgdegc Qtjibeb Zrgb Y.Abrjvheb sj rbzdh`b eb ehz fejjvheb, fg`j sblgstbkegsfkbpbù rbzej sbvjzj, pb su 2191 c.vj svh ]ursfh vbzbkh. ]bfg `j 213= c. ]vrtfg H Fgtrglbehpgvrbthg orvbtsfu vkbst ebm gtujehl frb`jvhlb stbrj frbk`jvhej Arvjej Orvbtsfj (Pboulk`j,]rbvueù h Mufkù, tj tj mh`jkgl Tbfj.2133.c. gfruehg dgsbesfgl frbk`jvsfgl fruegl,b fbfg tbeh`j pgstg`bkb, ehth ù `j tfg prhzebvbg, hstj sj cgmhej pgegvg frueh u Lhkjjvu( ^gmrhe`j ) stbrgl

srpsfgl fruegl ( fbg ueuf @jkgsbvj ) rbuebùh h eb dgcbth Lhtrgvmbesfh mbebf, fg`h suMudrgvbeh pkbbkh srpsfhl frbk`jvhlb.]bfg pgstb`j frbk` "Qrdk`jl (mhg Tbfj), Dgseh (Yrodgseb -Dgdgvba),^rhlgrù (Qpkhtsfg-Ejrjtvbesfg),Oulsfg` zjlk`h (Fge`hv-Ejvjshe`j),Mge`hl frb`jl

(@bàj),Pbpbmehl.Qtrbegl(Fkù),Zsgrh(Mgdg`), Qgkh (]uzkb) h ^gmrheù (Khl,^hvb,]brb) h f tglj".

*Hzb slrth Kumvhfb H (+21?4.c.) tj zb mhebsth`sfho ejlhrb u Orvbtsfg`,(`jr jeb Kumvhfb H JkhzbdjtbFgtrglbeh - sbmb umgvhab h rjcjethab ul`jstg lbkgk`jtej fjrh Lbrh`j fg`g` `j Kumvhf gstbvhg orv.-ucbrsfg frbk`jvstvg dhkb prgthv orvbtsfgc pkjestvb) ]vrtfg hrh svgù vkbst mudgfg u `bmrbesfuOrvbtsfu, tj uzhlb ebskgv Frbk`b Mbklbah`j h Orvbtsfj .

* ]vrtfgvb `j ebl`jrb dhkb gfg Dgsej gfuphth svj orvbtsfj zjlk`j, bkh cb `j u tglj sprh`jhkb rbeb slrt.

21?8.c.]urah sb bzh`sfhl, crfhl, srpsfhl(Lre`bvjvhh)h ducbrsfhl jtblbpgtufkh su vg`sfu pgdue`jegcsrpsfgc fejzb KBPBTB eb FGQGYZ ^GK@Z, fg`jlu su pglbcbkh h orvbtsfh dbe Ogrvbt h Hvbe

^bkheb, Fbstrhgth @urj hz "Bkdbeh`j",Orvbth-frbk`b ]vrtfb, Drbehjvah-mjspgtb Yufb Drbefgvhb, tjlbe`h drg` Ykbob, Lbbrb h ^gk`bfb.(Z gmkuegl bsu dhtfj,fbmb `j 4>.>>> Orvbtb gmdhkg prvh tu rsfhùrh, prhprjlbùh prgtuebpbm, Dbehjvah Yufb Drbefgvhb prjkbzj eb tursfu strbeu.)

Ebsk`jmehah ]vrtfb H trghkh su sebcj u dgrdblb s ucbrsfg-orvbtsfhl frbk`jvhlb, fg`h su ot`jkh Dgseupgegveg pgmkghth svg`g` vkbsth, tj s mglbhl sjdhehl vjklgblb, fg`h su ebstg`bkh `bbth lgsvg`ho pgrgmhab eb utrd frbk`jvsfj vkbsth.( Eb`lgeh`h gm tho vjkhfbb dhkh su OTYG@J YZFHOTYB]HEH, QBEMBK@OTBEH ( +2=1:.c.) h e`jcgv shegvba ebsk`jmehf Q]@J^BE YZFHFGQBB.

7772=29.c.OTYG@J YZFH OTYB]HEH `g zb hvgtb frbk`b ]vrtfb H mgdhvb ebskgv Yjkhfgcvg`vgmj. ( ej vuj fgrh`jej hz gdhtjk`h Fgtrglbeh )

2182./84. hzvg`jvbg pgd`jmu u prvgl sufgdu sb ]urahlb.( ebfge pgtpuegc skglb srpsfj vg`sfj fejzb

Kbzbrb eb Fgsgvu ^gkù 21?8.c.)

2=>1.c.sb svg`hl orvbtsfg-dgsbesfhl prhstbblb ( lju fg`hlb su h orvbtsfh dbe Ogrvbt h Hvbe ^bkheb hzd`jckh u Dgseu pgskh`j 4: cgmhe`ho dgrdh( gm 21?9.c.) zb ebsk`jmeu vkbst ucbr.-orvbt. frbk`jvstvb (


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hzb slrth Kumvhcb H Beuvheab ) usprfgs lgehodgsbesfho vjkhfbb0 Fgsbj,^bvkgvhb h mr. prhzeb`ju Pbmru vkbst frbk`b KBMHQKBYB EB^ZK@QFGC,mgf prgthvehah trbj zbthtu hcluembKufsjedurfgc orvbtsfg-ucbrsfgc frbk`b.Pb uzvrbt Kbmhskbv lu mbru`j crbmgvj Qpkht, Drb,Ovbr h Fgruku, pb Orvg`j Y.O. sbmb stgku`j h u@B@AZ h u Q^KH]Z, hljeuùh cb orvbtsfg-mbklbthesfhl dbegl.

2=>?.c. orvbt.-ucbr. frbk` hcluem, zdgc tgcb pgfrjj frhbrsfu vg`sfu eb Dgseu,tj fgm Mgdg`b pgtujorvbtsfj vjkhfbj.( pgskh`j dhtfj sbs`jfbg `j 2>> zbrgdk`jeho orvbtsfho ustbehfb h frst`beb gdb spgkb,hlj `j mgfrb`hgdgrdu orvbtsfho vjkhfbb zb ucbrsfg-orvbtsfu frueu,tj sj sbmb lgj gdrbuebth h sb Orvg`jl Y.O.dumuh Kbmhskbv Ebpuk`sfh ejbseg ebputb svg`j prhstbj h prgmb`j Lkjbehlb Mbklbahù zb 2>>.>>>mufbtb,hlj Orvg`j Y.O. cudh rbeh`j mbrgvbej mbklbthesfj crbmgvj.

( ]g `j pgjtbf rbzmvb`be`b orvbtsfho zjlbk`b).

2=21.c. Orvg`j Y.O. prgmhrj u zjlk`j Qbembk`b Orbehb (mg2=1:.c.) dumuh sj gvb` stbvhg eb strbeuhcluemb 2=>?.c.

2=2:.c. hcluem pgegvg sbfupk`b vjkhfu vg`sfu hfrjj eb Dgseu prgthv Orvg`b Y.O. fg`h u . eumhpgzhvb tursfj `jmhehaj,tj tbfg zb`jmeg pgtpueg rbzdh`bù hcluemgvu vg`sfu,fg`b . sj vhj ehfbmbej pg`bvkù`j u Dgseh.

2=29.c. Orvg`b Yufhb Orvbthehb vhj ejlb lju hvhlb.

7772=1:.c. mh`jkgl Dgsej cgspgmbrh Qbembk` Orbeh

2=1:.-2=99.c.Pboulk`jl(Ojrajcgvhegl)cgspgmbrh Oulsfh fejz Q]@J^BE YZFHFGQBB(shegvbaQbembk`b Orbehb)

2==?.c. gm abrb Irhmrhfb HHH mgdhvb pgbseh ebskgv OJTAJC QY.QBYJ,zdgc jcb sj e`jcgvbzjlk`b ebzvbkb OJTAJCGYHEB.( zdgc jstgfho prgcgeb Frst`beb dgcglhkb, fg`j prgvgmh dgsbesfh frbk`, pb gvh lbsgveg d`jj uOul,rbsfhmb vjzj s frbk`jl Dgsej h gmvb`b Oul gm Dgsej.)

2==1.-2=92.c. Dgsegl vkbmb frbk` ]GLB Q]@J^BE, fg`h pgfubvb hzlhrhth dgsbesfj vjklgj hprhprjlhth Dgseu zb gdrbeu gm ]urbfb.

jstgfg prgcgeh Frst`bej dgcglhkj, fg`h lbsgveg d`jj u Oul ( Ojrajcgvheu )

2=:1.c.-]urah eb jku sb suktbeglLjoljmgl HH Gsvb`bjl gsvb`bù Abrhcrbm.( suktbe eb fgeù u`bobg u vjkhfu arfvu( frbesfu) B@B QGIH@Z, tjù mbg prjcrbmhth u mblhù, bcrbmu mbg egvg hlj HQ]BLDZK.)

2=:?.-2=8>.c. eb orvbtsfg-ucbrsfg prh`jstgk`j mgkbzh LB]H@B FGTYHE Ge skblb lg vjkhfbb huvgmh ajetrbkhsthfu vkbst.

2=91.c. vgmjh rbueb prvjestvjeg g orvbtsfg-ucbrsfhl zjlk`blb, gsvb`b s`jvjreu Dgseu, gsehvbùh@b`bfu h Qrjdrjehfu dbegvheu, fbg tht gm ]urbfb, b zdgc fgetrgkj Lkjbeb gsvb`b IrbefgpbesfhQje`, mgf gstbkg prjputb tursfg` pk`bfh h gsvb`be`hlb.


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2=92.-2=9=.c. ^gsk`jme`h dgsbesfh frbk` Q]@J^BE ]GLBJYH, ( jeb lu Fbtbrheb Fgsbb )prhzeb`j vrogveu vkbst ucbrsfg-orvbtsfgc frbk`b Lbth`bb Fgrvheb h lhskjh mb lu `j tg lgebzbthtb, prjstb`j pkbbth ]urahlb mbebf, pb gvh frjeu eb Dgseu.( Frbk` h Jurgpb utj gm pglgh ehtrbcb.)

2=91.c. DGQEB B^]GL ^BMJ

Quktbe Ljoljm HH ebpbmb Dgseu, pb usk`jm prhmruhvbe`b prjgstbkho dgcglhkb h ejskgeho hzbvbjeho vjkhfbb, pbmbù utvrmj h crbmgvh `jmbe zb mruchl, b vjkhfbhd`jj u mbklbthesfjcrbmgvj.Frbk` `j zbrgdk`je h pgcudk`je ,m`jab lu gmvjmjeb u Hstblduk,b umgvhab frbk`b FGQBBFB]BTHEB frbk`hab Dgsej gmkbzh u Mudrgvehf,pb u Thl, ej dh kh pglgu pbpj pgfrjeukbfrhbrsfh rbt zb gskgdgje`j svg`j mglgvhej.( Qbzebvh, mb su `g` m`jah ebljteukh Hskbl, frbk`habulhrj, gstbvk`bùh gpgrueg( 2=3?.c.) Dgseu Qv. Qtgkhah.

HQKBLHPBAH@B DGQEJ H OJTAJCGYHEJ

2=91.c.Zz lbkh drg` ejskbvjesfho Ykbob h gfg 4:.>>> Qrdbu ^gmrheù, u dgsbesfgl frbk jvstvu tbmb `jhv`jkg hsfkùhvg stbrg orvbtsfgpubestvg h t g gfg 3:>.>>> fbtgkhfbh ?>8>.>>> dgcglhkb.

4?.svhde`b 2=91.c. suktbe Ljoljm HH hzmb`j irbe`jvahlb zbv`jrehau, fg`gl e`hlb h e`hogvhlv`jrehahlb `blh skgdgmu hvgtb h pgs`jmb mgf cgm lu dumu v`jreh. ( bkh fbg pgmrjjeg ejrbvegprbveg stbegvehtvgpkbbkh su vjj pgrjzj, djz ujb u mrbveg` skudh h djz hfbfvhomrucho mrutvjeho pgcgmegsth.Qvj gdrbteg dhkg `j gshcurbeg zb luskhlbej, djz gdzhrb eb ebrgmeu prhpbmegstpgrh`jfkg.Z thl prhkhfblb vjhebOrvbtb dgcglhkb prjkb `j eb hskbl.Gm fbtgkhfb eb hskbl su prjkbzhkhpg`jmheah-rgmdheb pghskblk`jeho zbrgdk`jehfb, hkh `be`hbrb, zb fg`j su fbg pgmlbkbmbf pgjkh prhshkeggmuzhlbth gm frbeb 2=34.c.

Gpjehtg, Orvbth fbtgkhah su sj vrstg mrbkh svg`j v`jrj h ehfbfg sj ehsu lhrhkh sb cudhtfgl mrbvj hskgdgmj.

2:24./21.c. fbmb sj ]urah pg`bbeg hrj orvbtsfhl zjlk`blb, irbe`jvah h fbtgkhah pgtbèg su h `bveg rbmhkhprgthv ]urbfb, zdgc jcb `j 2:29.c. mgejsje zbfge g mrbvegl prgcgeu fbtgkhfb ( rujeùegvgpgmhceutho arfbvb h frhjvb uz putgvj,tj strgcg fbe`bvbe`j ejpgskueho ).Mb sj spbsu gm mrutvjej pgmrjjegsth h prgcgeb, mg 1>>.>>> Orvbtb sjkh sj u skgdgmejorvbtsfj hmrucj fbtgkhfj zjlk`j ( Due`jvah,Zsfgah, Ygmjeh Orvbth, ^rjmbvah, gfah, @bdkbehfh u Qhe` ).@jmbe mhg Orvbtb, cm`j muk`j vrjljeb eh`j dhkg svjjehfb ( hstgeb Ojrajcgvheb h zbpbmeb Dgseb )prjkbzh eb prbvgskbvk`j, fg`j `j uhvbkg pgsjdej pgvkbsthaj u tursfg` mrbvh. Eb`vjh mhg Orvbtb u crbmgvhlb h trcgvhthlb prhovbthg `j Hskbl pgtpueg, b pg sjkhlb sblg vbe`sfhlebhegl ( Fgm fuj su hv`jkh frbesfh h hlbkh frbesfb hljeb, b hzvbe fuj egshkh luskhlbesfbhljeb h tbfgvhlb sj prhfbzhvbkh ).]h pgtge`h fbtgkhah ebzhvbkh su sj ^G]ZTH. (pg(ku)]ur(ah))


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294=.c. u Dgseh h Ojrajcgvhehdhkg `j gfg 8>>.>>> luskhlbeb(93%) gm tgcb 4/1pgturbfbtgkhfb gfg 1>>.>>> (44%) b prbvgskbveho (Ykbob, Qrdb h prjfrtjeho Orvbtb)2:>.>>>( 22% ).

rbtgvb s ]urahlb ( 29?1.-2988.c.) fbtgkhah j sj slbe`hth zb vhj gm pgkgvhej zdgc hsjk`je`b hprjfrtbvbe`b, b ebfge hsjk`je`b ( 29?=.-2988.c.) Orvbth fbtgkhah ju Dgseh h Ojrajcgvheh pbsth eb4:.>>> mubOrvbth su dhteg prhmge`jkh uspgeu h vjkhheh tursfgc abrstvb tg sbdk`gl, tg ulgl.Mg djfho Mg srjmhej 23.st. e`ho 4= dhkh su Yjkhfh vjzhrh, (Tustjl pbb, Ljoljm-pbb Qgfgkgvhrgmgl hz Yhjcrbmb) eb`vjhmrbvehah svho vrjljeb.Mvbmjsjt h trh Orvbtb-luskhlbeb dhkh su zjtgvh tursfho suktbeb, b legch Orvbth-

luskhlbeh vrhkh su vgèhfjh uprbvej skudj.

2:?>.c. mg tbmb fbg tursfh sbembfbt, Dgseb `j uzmhceutb eb bst Yhkb`jtb ( pbbkufb ) sb s`jmhtjl uQbrb`jvu, b pgskh`j djfho rbtgvb ( 29?1.-2988.) u ]rbvehfu.E`jlu su dhkh pgmrjjeh svh sbembfbth0

ojrajcgvbfh, zvgrehfh, fkhfh, frfh, dhobfh, pgjfh h bzlbesfg-pbfrbfh.H luskhlbeh h fbtgkhah ( Dge`bah h Ojrajcgvah ) cgvgrhkh su stbrhl orvbtsfhl `jzhfgl hfbvsfgccgvgrb s prhl`jsblb bfbvthej.Qkuhkh su sj orvbtsfhl phslgl zvbeg dgsbehab, zbmrbkh legcj orvbtsfj ebrgmej gdhb`j, tjstbrhesfg ebrgmeg prbzegv`jr`j -prbv`jru g vhkblb,v`jthablb.

H mbebs Orvbth h luskhlbeh hej gsjduèu zb`jmehau, rbzkhhtu gm mgsjk`jehfb Qrdb. Tjejsbesborvbtsfj svh`jsth lju dgsbesfg-ojrajcgvbfhl luskhlbehlb pghe`j u 28. stgk`ju, fbmb pgheùgmkbzhth u zbpbmej fgkj,tj upgzebvbù pgvh`jst Dgsej h Ojrajcgvhej.

29?1.c.Yjkhfh vjzhr Fbrb Lustbib gps`jmb Dj sb 4>>.>>> rbtehfb h 1>> tgpgvb.( pgsk`jme`h tursfhpgogm eb Jurgpu, fg`h hmj prjfg Zcbrsfj,mgf `j Orvbtsfbprjputjeb ebshkehtvudjcgvb h pbb dgsbesfgc sbembfbtb.)Frbk` Kjgpgkm H ( geb` fg`h `j pgcudhg Prhesfgc h Irbefgpbeb 2932.c.) d`jh, pb upglg sthjpgk`sfh frbk` @be Qgd`jsfh, fg`h u sbvjzehtvu sb zbpgv`jmehfgle`jlbfj abrsfj vg`sfj Fbrkgl Kgtbrhefhl (eb hehah`bthvu pbpj ) obljtgl rbzdh`b tursfu vg`sfu.Ebfge egvj pgd`jmj fgm Obrfbe`b, gtpghlb vjkhfh prgtutursfh rbt zb gskgdgje`j zbpgs`jmeuthozjlbk`b gm ]urbfb ( Zcbrsfj,Qkbvgeh`j).

29?9.c.h Yjejah`bprhstupb sbvjzu sb Tush`gl, (tbfgjr eb hehah`bthvu pbpj ) pb uz orvbtsfgc dbeb EhfgkjJrmjmh`b,eb hehah`bthvu pbpj ebstb`j Qvjtb khcb zb dgrdu prgth v ]urbfb.

(Yjejah`b sj thlj jkh gfgrhsthth usp`jshlb sblghehah`bthveho orvbtsfho h vkbfhoustbehfb u Mbklbah`h, fg`h su gskgdgmhkh gm ]urbfb prhlgrsfj frb`jvj.)

Z Zcbrsfg` rbtuù abrsfj vg`sfj pgm zbpgv`jmehtvgl Fbrkb Kgtbrhefgc h Kùmjvhtb Dbmjesfgc hlkbmgc cjeh`bkegc Jucjeb Qbvg`sfgc, mgf u Orvbtsfg` dbesfgl vg`sfgl zbpgvh`jmb dbe Ehfgkb

Jrmjmh, fg`h 2?9=.c. phj zbcrjdbfgl dhsfupu0 Ljej srmaj vu Dgseu vkjj.


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Ge `j 29?9.c. gm ]urbfb ghsthg ^gfupk`j h s`jvjreh mhg zbpbmegc ^gue`b.Pbuzjvh Fgstbèhau,prgvbkhg `j u mbebeù Dgseu, bkh tvrmh Dhob eh`j lgcbg zbuzjth, pb `j mbebe`b Dgseb gstbkb pgm]urahlb.( sbm sj vhmh fgkhfu `j tjtu uhehg djfh mvgr, fbmb `j 2932.c. pgmkg uehthg lgej orvbtsfj vjkhfbjPrhesfj h Irbefgpbej.Mb su sbmb tu th ebùsp`jeh`h prgtu tursfh rbtehah, u eb`lbeù rufu dhkh dh

gskgdgjeh frb`jvh orvbtsfgc frbk`jvstvb hzlju Zej h Yrdbsb, fg`j su ]urah gsvg`hkh u 29.st. B mb sj gm 29?9. mg 232?.c. eh`j hsjkhkg hz Dgsej prjfg 2>>.>>> Orvbtb fbtgkhfb, usp`jsh dbesfj habrsfj vg`sfj dhkh dh `g vjh, pb sj fbseh`j eb tb` hsprbe`jeh prgstgr ej dh ebsjkhg vjkhf drgèjorvbtsfgc hvk`b.)

2988.c. zbvrbvb 29. cgmhe`hYjkhfh prgtutursfh rbt lhrgl u QTH@JLQFHL FBTKGYAHLB hzljuBustrh`j, Lkjtbfb h ]urbfb.( th`jf dgrdh vhmh u pgms`jtehfu pgvh`jsth Orvbtb.)

Gmrjmdblb tgc lhrb Orvbth ehsu dhkh zbmgvgkèh, dumuh gskgdgjeh orvbtsfh frb`jvh ehsu vrbjehOrvbtsfg`, vj su gstbkh pgmh`jk`jeh hzlju trh abrstvb ( lkjtbfg,tursfg h bustrh`sfg) eb fgùejprbvmu h mbebs pgms`jb umbe gdkhf Tjpudkhfj Orvbtsfj.Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb gstbkj su h mbk`j pgm gslbekh`sfgl vkbsth, hlj su gstvbrjej h mbebe`j crbehaj s

Orvbtsfgl, `jr thl lhrgl gm ]urbfb `j gskgdgjeb Khfb,Frdbvb, ^gfupk`j h ^gue`j, gshl crbmgvbAjthebQhe`b h Mrjehfb, b zbthl svj orvbtsfj zjlk`j s`jvjreg gm QbvjQkbvgeh`b zbpbmeg gm artjpgvujej gm ub Dgsutb eb ^jtrgvbrbmhe.

232=.-232?.c.]rb`jegvh prgtu tursfh rbthzlju Lkjtbfb h]urbfb , fg`jl sj prhfkùu`j h Bustrh`b 2329.c.Bustrh`b zbuzhlb Crbmhfu, Dgsbesfh Drgm, Drfg h Dh`jk`heu pgtufbvh ]urfj fgm^jtrgvbrbmhebLkjbeh zbuzhlbù ]rjdhe`j, ^gpgvg pgk`j h Hlgtsfh, gfruhvh Mudrgvehf.

Lhrgl upgbrjvautj cgmhej Bustrh`b zbmrbvb usfh pg`bs uz Qbvu h Zeu u Dgseh, tj Qrh`jl h vjkhfhmhg Qrdh`j, b Yjejah`b prhpb`b Hlgtsfh Mbklbah`h, hzcudhvh mudrgvbfg pgmru`j.Eb`vjh mhg Dgsej h Ojrajcgvhej h mbk`j gstb`j pgm tursfgl gfupbah`gl.

2313.-2318.c. vgmh sj trjh prgtu tursfh rbtu fg`jl Bustrh`b cudh svj tg`j mgdhkb prjmogmehl rbtgl.(frb`jvh u Dgseh h Ojrajcgvheh h Qrdh`h.)]bfvb crbehab Dgsej h Orvbtsfj gstb`j svj mg _H_. stgk`jbZ Dgseh irbe`jvah vgj h prgsv`jthtjk`h orvbtsfj rb`j, gmrbvbù vjzu sb Orvbtsfgl, gmrbvbùhhvgl orvbtsfu svh`jst

23??.-2382.c.Ygmh sj prgtu-tursfh rbtu sbvjzu s Tush`gl.( orvbtsfb vg`sfb gskgdbb Mudhau, DgsbesfhEgvh, Crbmhfu h Ajthe.Tbt `j zjlkù dbahg u vjkhfu dh`jmu, `jr usp`jegst rbtgvbe`b gvhshkb `j g uspgstbvh stbrgc pkjlhfgcustbvb, fg`h `j lgcbg slgh pgtrjdbe egvba, b fbfg ebckg rbstj ejzbmgvgk`stvg bpsgkuthsthfglvkbmbvhegl @GQH^B HH sheb Lbrh`j ]jrjzh`j ( 23?>.-238>.c.) sbzvbej su upbeh`j, fg`jprgt`jruù frbk`jvsfj hegvehfj, ufhmbùh e`jlbfh `jzhf fbg skudjeh]jfg dgkjstbe h skglk`je prh`j slrth @gshp HH vrbb Orvbtsfg` h Zcbrsfg` e`hogv stbrh ijumbkeh sustbv,pgehtbvb svj svg`j rjigrlj gshl Jmhftb g v`jrsfg` segk`hvgsth.Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb h mbk`j gstbù pgm tursfgl gfupbah`gl.

2?12. 48. gu`fb Mgcbb sj dgsbesfh ustbebf Ousjhe, fg`jc `j vgmhg Ousjhe fbpjtbe Crbmbjvh, zvbePlb` gmDgsejprgthv Gslbesfgcb Abrstvb. Zstbehah su ebprjmgvbkh mg Fgsgvb h mgkhej Ybrmbrb,bkh fbseh`j su pgrbjeh. Quktbe eh`j hspuehg gdjbe`j g butgeglh`h Dgsej h pgvrbtfu mh`jkgvb rbeh`jmbeho Djgcrbmsfgl pbbkufu.


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2?1:.-2?=:.c. eb bustrh`sfgl `j prh`jstgkù IJTMHEBEM Y.2?=?.c. Eb zboth`jv orv. fgezjrvbthvej strbefj frbk` hljeu`j zb dbeb @GQH^B @JKBHB,fg`h pgstb`j h

cjejrbkgl h zbpgv`jmehfgl gd`j dbesfj pufgveh`j.( rbsphsu`j hzdgrj zb prvh Orvbtsfh sbdgr, ufhmb fljtstvg, zboth`jvb lgebrohù, fbgustbveu

ijmjrbthveu mrbvu u fg`g` j dbesfb vkbst shzbth mg lgrb,s`jmheùùh YgèuFrb`heu h mbklbahù s

Orvbtsfgl.)

Eb bustrh`sfglprh`jstgkùsbmb `j ITBE@G @GQH^ H(2?=?.-2829.) fg`h dbeb @jkbhb hljeu`j zbcuvjrejrb Th`jfj h Mbklbah`j, tj abrsfhl zbpgv`jmehfgl Ygèj Frb`hejMb suzdh`j lbmbrsfg prhsjzbe`j eb Orvbtsfu, @jkbh hl ebv`jtb rbt h sb =>.>>> vgèhfb prjkbzhMrbvu, tj vgègl pgd`jmgl mgfbzbg mb Lbmbrhlb eh`j l`jstg u Orvbtsfg`. ( Ljhlur`j prhpb`bOrvbtsfg`.)

2?93.c.Bustrh`b sfkbpbebcgmdu s Zcbrsfgl tjljk`jl rbeh`jc Yjk`bfgc pbtjetb( dumuh `j 2?99.c.hzcudhg rbt s ^rush`gl h hzdbje hz e`jlbfgc sbvjzb hlj `jlgebroh`b pgmh`jk`jeb eb mvbmh`jkb, pb sj gm sbmb ebzhvb BZQ]TG-ZCBTQFB LGEBTOH@B.(]hlj su hzmbej h uehtjej

svj orvbtsfj ebmj h zbskucj zb suvjrjegst.Orvbtsfb `jpgmrjjeb Lbmbrhlb h e`glj uprbvk`b dbesfhebl`jsehf0 Kjvhe Tbuao.)

2?98 c. Zlhrj pgsk`jme`hdgsbesfh vjzhr u `g uvh`jf tursfg` Dgseh h Ojrajcgvheh zj h`jc hvgtb,vjsrjmhegl _H_ stgk`jb mgkbzh mg ejlhrb u Dgseh,gmegseg gtpgrb vhjstgk`jteg` gslbekh`sfg`gfupbah`h. Zprbvg zdgc tgcb sj Qrdh`b h Areb Cgrb pgheù upkhtbth u dgsbesfj pskgvj,pbtbfg mgkbzhmg jstho pgcrbeheh sufgdb fg`j eh`j lgckb ufkgehth ehth ^grtb ( ]ursfb),b ehth l`jgvhtj jvrgpsfjfgehsh`j0Bustrh`b, Tush`b,irbeausfb,Jeckjsfb h ^rush`b

2?3:.2?3? c.Pdgc svj tjho mrutvjeg-cgspgmbrsfho prhkhfb dufeug `j dgsbesfg-ojrajcgvbfh ustbebf.Pb vrh`jlj tgc ustbefb,vhj gm 2>>.>>> Orvbtb hz Dgsej prjd`jckg `j u Orvbtsfu trbjh,bkh hmgdhvbùh zbthtu gm Orvbtsfgc sbdgrb h dbeb Hvbeb Lburbehb. Hstgmgdeg,drgèh su mgdrgvgkàh hzorvbtsfj gmkbzhkh u Dgseu rbmh vgèj pglgh tblge`hl Orvbthlb.Qvh pgfub`h jvrgpsfj mhpkglbah`j,fbg h pgsrjmgvbe`b drgèho fglhsh`b, ehsu lgckh uhehth frb`frvbvglj ustbefu,b ul`jstg lhrb,mgkg `j mg rbtb (ustbefb)Qrdh`j h Arej -Cgrj sb ]ursfgl (2?3:.-2?39 c.) tj rusfg-tursfgc rbtb (2?3:?.-2?3? c.

2?3? c. srjmhegl cgmhej jvrgpsfj su vjkjshkj sbzvbkj Fgecrjs u Djrkheu,eb fg`jl su ebl`jrbvbkj

mhpkglbtsfhl putjl urjmhth phtbe`j Dbkfbesfgc pgkugtgfb h mgvjth lhr.Eb tgl Fgecrjsu eb pr`jmkgc Jeckjsfj ,gvkbsthkj su Bustrg-ucbrsfu,mb zbpgs`jmej Dgseu h

Ojrajcgvheu,prjuzlj uprbvu,tj zbvjmj lhr h rjm,tg `jgeb h uhehkb,bkh vgèhfglshkgl.Ljuthl,prh`j ukbsfb vg`sfj u Dgseu,Orvbtsfh Qbdgr trbh gm abrb Irbe`j @gshpb H ,mb sj prbvehustrg` u Dgseh tbfg urjmh,mb dh sj geb lgckb lbkg-pglbkg prhfkùhth eb ustrg` ]rgm`jkejFrbk`jvhej,mbfkj Orvbtsfj,bkh `j tb` pr`jmkgc,uz ufgr Qbdgru gmdh`je.

28>?.cgmhejtjljk`jl zbfkùbfb Djrkhesfgc fgecrjsb, Bustrh`b bejfthrb Dgseu Ojrajcgvheu ]j cgmhejhlj `j Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb prhpg`jeb Bustrgucbrsfg` lgebroh`h,b thlj sj pgskh`j mucj tursfjgfupbah`j, fbg mrjveb orvbtsfb zjlk`b gpjt ebkb s`jmhe`jeb s lbthagl Orvbtsfgl28>?.c.Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb prhpg`jeb `j Bustrgucbrsfg` lgebroh`h , hlj sj pgskh`j mucjtursfj gfupbah`j, fbg stbrb orvbtsfb zjlk`b gpjt ebkb spg`jeb s lbtheglOrvbtsfgl.


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2824./21.c.trb`j dbkfbesfh rbt prgthv ]urbfb.

(zb`jmehfhl m`jkgvbe`jl Qrdh`b,Areb cgrb, Crfb h Ducbrsfb usp`jeg gskgdbbùsvg`b pgmru`b.)

282= c. Btjetbtgl eb bustrgucbrsfgc prh`jstgk`gebsk`jmehfb Ijrmhebemb u Qbrb`jvu gm strbej srpsfj tbèjgr- cbehzbah jAreb rufb Dgseb pgstb`j pgvgmgl H Qv`jtsfgl rbtu.

282=.-282?.c. trb`j H. Qv`jtsfh rbt, fg`jlu `j pgvgm btjetbt eb bustrg- ucbrsfgcprh`jstgkgebsk`jehfb Ijrmhebemb u Qbrb`jvu.( btjtebtgr `j Cbvrhkg ^rheahpkbe tbèjsrpsfj grcbehzbah`j )

( Ajetrbkej shkj0 E`jlbfb, Bustrg-Zcbrsfb, prgthv Betbetj0 Y.Drhtbeh`b, Irbeausfb,Tush`b, b pgskh`j h Htbkh`b. )

Orvbth hz Orvbtsfj h Dgsej h Ojrajcgvhej, fbg bustrg-ucbrsfh pgmbehah lgrbkh su rbtgvbth eb rusfgl

( Cbkhah`b ), srpsfgl ( Mrheb ) h tbkh`besfgl rbthtu( eb ^`bvhpgcheukg ufupeg 21>.>>> Orvbtb. )

2829.-282?.c. eb prh`jstgk`j Bustg Zcbrsfj lgebroh`j mgkbzh frbk` FBTKG, fg`h fbg cudhtehf ebpgrbjeg` strbeh mgjfu`jfrb` H.sv`jtsfgc rbtb u fg`jl ejstbù svb trh mgsbmbe`b abrstvb.( Bustrg-Zcbrsfg,E`jlbfg h Tusfg ):.-9. khstgpbmb 282?.c. u Pbcrjdu `j gsegvbeb EBTGMEG YH@JJ Qkgvjebab, Orvbtbh Qrdb, fbgpgkhthfg prjmstbvehtvg egvj mrbvj Q O Q-b, u fg`j zb pjt mbeb ukbzh h strbefb Orvbtsfb fgbkhah`b (l`jgvhth orvbtsfg-srpsfh sbstbv sb gprjmjk`je`jl zb zb`jmehtvg) gshcurbvh prjvkbst u e`jlu.Z sbstbvu Q O Q mrbvj ebkbzh sj h dgsbesfh prgstgr.

Frbk` Fbrkg hzmb`j prgckbs g prjtvbrbeù Bustrg-Zcbrsfj lgebroh`j u sbvjzeu mrbvu sblgstbkehoebrgmb,tg Ebrgmeg vh`jj Q O Q-b gmdbau`j

Orvbtsfh sbdgr (48.khstgpbmb) rbsfhmb svj vjzj s Bustrg-Zcbrsfgl lgebroh`gl, prgckbbvbOrvbtsfu ejzbvhsegl mrbvgl,tj prhstupb zb`jmehfg` mrbvh Q O Q, prhzebvbùh Ebrgmegvh`jj zb vrogveu vkbst, zbmrbvbùh svu lgrebrhfu ikgtu h MGLGDTBEJ , fbg svgù fgpejeuvg`sfu.

( Ebrgmeg vh`jj hljeu`j zjlbk`sfj vkbmj zb Qkgvjehù,Orvbtsfu h skbvgehù, Dgseu h Ojrajcgvheu,Mbklbahù h Hstru, fgù ljuthl zbpgs`jmb tbkh`besfb vkbmb. ( tjljk`jl Kgemgesfgc ucgvgrb, fg`hl`g` tg gdjbvbù shkj Betbetj,bfg Htbkh`b uj u H.sv`jtsfh rbt eb e`hogvg` strbeh. )Qrpsfb vkbmb, ljuthl eh`j prhzebkb eh mrbvu Q O Q,eh ebrgmeg vh`jj, tg `j dhg zb`jmehfhmgcgvgr hzrbje Frisfgl mjfkbrbah`gl.>8.stumjegc uz ebcgvgr Betbetj, pgtphsbeb `j egvb jejvsfb mjfkbrbah`b g spb`beùMrbvb QOQ hFrbk`jvhej Qrdh`j u `jmeu mjlgfrbtsfu mrbveu ijmjrbahù. ( pgtphsehah su0 prjmstbvehah Frbk`jvhejQrdh`j, @ucgskbvjesfgc gmdgrb0 ]ruldh, Quphkg, Ljtrgvhh Mrbvj QOQ.)6 eg srpsfb vkbmb gmdbau`j jejvsfu mjfkbrbahù, ( fbg tg `j tg rbeh`j uhehkb sbFrisfgl jkjh prjcgvbrbth sblg sb ^rhdhjvhjl, srdhegl jkehfgl Fgbkhah`sfj strbefj uPbcrjdu.)

Gm strbob,mb Betbetb ( fbg pgd`jmehf rbtb ) ej dh pgmh`jkhkb Orvbtsfu ( mhg Qrdh`h, mhg Htbkh`h, mhgBustrh`h ) Ebrgmeg vh`jj prhstb`j eb s`jmhe`je`j sb Qrdh`gl h Aregl cgrgl. ( uebtg gtpgru Q.Tbmhb ( jkehf Orvbtsfj sjk`bfj strbefj fg`h ufbzu`j eb mrucbh`j rbspgkgje`j ebrgmb h ebfgetuhtjt orvbtsfj mrbvj frgz pgvh`jst.-OTYB]H EJQTK@B@]J FBG CZQFJ Z LBCKZ.)Qrpsfh prh`jstgkgebsk`jmehfB. Fbrbgrjvh( 2.prgsheab 282?.c.)prgckbbvb uspgstbvuzb`jmehfjmrbvj hbfg Orvbtsfh sbdgr tg eh`j pgtvrmhg.


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(]bfg `j Ebrgmeg vh`jj hzmbkg ebrgmej hetjrjsj, glgcuuùh uvgje`j ajetrbkhsthfgcvjkhfgsrpsfgc rjbfahgebregc pgrjmfb, hlj sj Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb ebkb u sbstbvu Frbk`jvhejQrdh`j zb`jmeg sb Orvbtsfgl.)

282? c zbvrbvb H Qv`jtsfh rbt,fg`hl prgpbmbù trh mgsbmbe`b abrstvb ( Bhstrgucbrsfg, E`jlbfg h Tusfg

) b Dgseb sj ebkb u sbstbvu egvj mrbvj Q O Q (Qrdb,Orvbtb h Qkgvjebabdjz Frbk`jvhejQrdh`j)`g uvh`jf s`jmhe`jeb,fbg mrjveb orvbtsfb zjlk`b sb lbthagl Orvbtsfgl, eg G8._H uzebcgvgr Betbetj pgtph-sbeb `jjejvsfb mjfkbrbah`b g spb`beù mrbvb Q O Q h Frbk`jvhejQrdh`j.

2828.c.Z Djgcrbmu gsegvbeb Qgah`bkhsthfb rbmehfb pbrth`b@ucgskbvh`j. ( b u stvbrh fgluehsth.)Z Pbcrjdu gsegvbe Qbvjz fgluehsthfj glkbmhej @ucgskbvh`j ( QFG@ ) fg`h m`jku`jth`jseg pgvjzbesb ^brth`gl.

(Z QBM-u, (zb vrh`jlj prjms`jmehfb Shksgeb) 2:3.>>> Orvbtb ( hz Dgsej h Orvbtsfj)pgtphsu`jprgsv`jm zdgc srpsfgc tjrgrb u mglgvheh.)

284>.c.YkbmbFrbk`jvhej @ucgskbvh`j u Djgcrbmu gd`bvkù`j GDPEBEZ,fg`gl zbdrbeù`j rbm Qtrbeah^rbvb, F^@-u h QFG@-u, fbg h mrucj strbefj ijmjrbkhsthfj grh`jetbah`j.

Z Yufgvbru gmrbe HH fgecrjs, eb fg`jl `j ^brth`b ebzvbeb Fgluehsthfgl pbrth`gl.

@ucgskbvjesfh gmdgr (]ruldh) ucgvgrgl u Tbpbku prjputb Htbkh`h orvbtsfj frb`jvj eb ebcgvgrBetbetj0 Hstru, Kghe`, Kbstgvg h ^bkbcruu. ( mgf su Th`jfu ]bkh`beh rbeh`j zbuzjkh )

284?.c.(4>.khpe`b) hzvjmje`j btjetbt eb Qt`jpbeb TbmhbusrjmEbrgmej sfupthej u Djgcrbmu.( phtgk`sfhl ohahlb slrteg su rbe`jeh orvbtsfh zbstupehah0 ^.TBMH, . DBQBTHJF H.CTBEB h Q]@J^BE TBMH (prjlheukh u dgkehah )

2848.c.(9.`beubrb) frbk` Bkjfsbembr uvbbMHF]B]ZTZ.(JQ]G @BEZBTQFB MHF]B]ZTB)(Zfhmb Zstbv, rbsputb sfuptheu, b mrbvb mgdhvb hlj FTBK@JYHEB @ZCGQKBYH@Bhljebebrgmb,zbstbvj h crdgvh zbdrbe`jeh su , fbg h skgdgmb cgvgrb ( uvjmjeb ajezurb )

Mhftbturb `j rgmhkb ejpglhrk`hvu ebahgebkhsthfustrbefu ZQ]BB, gfupk`jeu gfg mr. Betj ^bvjkhb uhegzjlstvu.]bfgjr ebckg `bb `jmebfg ejpglhrk`hvb hkjcbkeb F^ @ucgskbvh`j, fg`b vj 284?.c.zbpgkhthfgc sjfrjtbrb L`jsegc fglhtjtb u Pbcrjdu,hzbdhrj @GQH^B DTGPB ]H]B.

2812.c.Frbk` Bkjfsbembr prhshk`je `j vrbthth Zstbv. ( ebljteuth ustbv, `jr cb eh`j mge`jkb

Qfuptheb ( dhg `j bpsgkuthsthfh h uehtbrhsthfh.) 2848 frbk` Bkjfsbembr,ufhmb ustbv,uvbb

mhftbturub mrbvb mgdhvb hlj Frbk`jvh-eb @ucgskbvh`b.( hljeb ebrgmb,zbstbvj,crdgvh,fbg h skgdgmb cgvgrb zbdrbe`jeh suuvjmjeb ajezurb )

2814.c.Qjk`bfg- mjlgfrbtsfb fgbkhah`b pgm vgmstvgl YKB]FB LBJFB mgebbPBCTJDBFJ ^ZEF]BAH@J, fg`hlb hsthj mjlgfrbahù h ebrgmeh suvjrjehtjt,gsuu`j srdh`besfu ojcjlgehù h mhftbturu, trbjh egvg urjje`j mrbvej zb`jmehaj.

281=.c.Frbk` Bkjfsbembr pgchdb u btjetbtu u Lbrsjù, zb vrh`jlj pgs`jtb Irbeausfg`.


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( btjetbt su hzvjkh ustbj ! hkh lbfjmgesfb strbefb Y^ZL@ 7 )Ykbmb Frbk`jvhej @ucgskbvh`j h mbk`j prgcgeh fgluehstj h ijmjrbkhstj pglgu bembrljrh`j. (udh`bùh0 u Qhdheù, frb` Drgmb 2: kùmh,^rhlgtjeu, Cgsphu, Qjeù ) zdgc jcb sj gsehvbùpgkuvgèhfj0 Orvbtsfb sjk`bfb h Crbbesfb zbthtb.

281?.c.pghe`j HH. Qv`jtsfh rbt, ebpbmgl E`jlbfj eb ^gk`sfu

2818.c.^gtphsbe `j spgrbzul AYJ]FGYH( srpsfb vkbmb )LBJF( OQQ ), fg`hl `jgsegvbeb DBEGYHEB OTYB]QFB s dbegl udbhjl, mgdhvh gmrjjeusblguprbvu h ejfj frb`jvj s orvbtsfgl vjhegl u DGQEH H OJTAJCGYHEH, tjMBKLBAH@Z, fg`b sj ebfge mucho stgk`jb ebkb gpjt u mglgvheh.

( Qbvsfb h ^rhlgrsfb dbegvheb, Fgtbr Hkgf,hm,Drfg,Crbmbba,Mjrvjetb,]rbvehf ,Igèhab )

Qrpsfj strbefj eb tg hzdbauù frhkbthaj0Qrdh u gpbsegsth, Qrdh eb gfup, trbjh hzmvb`be`j hzDbegvhej Orvbtsfj, mgf su fgluehsth hrhkh gzrb`j,mb `j tg zbthtb duru`sfho prgdhtbfb h pgthab`

gvhehzlu.(]bfg sj DGQEB h OJTAJCGYHEB, `g ejgpgrbvk`jeb gm gslbekh`sfgc rbstbfbe`b h prgcgeb, fbgstbrb orvbtsfb zjlk`b mh`jkgl u sbstbvu Dbegvhej Orvbtsfj ebkb u zbcrk`bù vjkhfgsrpsfgcsvg`btbe`b h fgluehsthfgc ajetrbkhsthfgc uehtbrhzlb. )

28=2.c.( 4:.gu`fb) Frbk`jvheb @ucgskbvh`b prhstupb u Dju ]TG@EGL ^BF]Z( E`jlbfb, Htbkh`b, @bpbe ) zdgc jcb vg`sfb u Djgcrbmu hzvgmh mrbveh umbr rujh frbk`jvsfgebl`jsehtvg fejzb ^bvkb Fbrbgrjvhb h pgstbvk`b cjejrbkb MubebQhlgvhb h lbkgk`jtegcsheb Bkjfsbemrb Fbrbgrjvhb, ^J]TB HH (eb hehah`bthvu jeckjsfj tbèj skudj.)

Mr.Lbjf gmdh`b pgeumu E`jlbfj,mb stbej eb jkg ejzbvhsej mrbvj Orvbtsfj.

^g ukbsfu e`jlbfj vg`sfj u Pbcrjd, QKBYFG FYB]JTEHF, u hlj mr.BE]J ^BYJKHB (2>.trbve`b ) prgckbbvb EJPBYHQEZ MTBYZ OTYB]QFZ, b Lbjf pgzhvb ebrgm h svj prhstbjOQQ-b, mb hsfrjeg surbuù sb egvgl mrbvgl. ( eg mjseb stru`b OQQ-b prhfkbe`b sj ustbtvu, mgf sjkh`jvb stru`b gmkuu`j zb pbrthzbesfhpgfrjt.)Qkh`jmh ebpbm e`jlbfjvg`sfj eb Frbk`jvheu @ucgskbvhù, fg`b sj gmlbo rbspbmb. (2:.trbvbe`bfrbk` h vkbmb d`jj u Kgemge, b vg`sfb fbphtukhrb zb mvb mbeb6 mgf `jmbe mhg vg`sfj gmkbzh u jtehfj,frhùh sj u ulblb.)G^QJC ]JTH]GTH@B E M OTYB]QFJ0 ah`jkb Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb ( mg Mrhej ), mhg Mbklbah`j,

Khfb, Cgrsfh fgtbr, Fgrmue, Dbegvheb, Pbcgr`j, Qkbvgeh`b

Lbmbrsfb `j gmlbo gfuphrbkb Ljhlur`j h Dbrbeù, b Thlsfhl ucgvgrgl EMO `j lgrbkb Htbkh`hustuphth0 srjmeù Mbklbahù gm Pbmrb mg Qpkhtb, mhg Fgebvkb h Dgfu Fgtgrsfu, tj svj `bmrbesfj gtgfj

gshl Ovbrb, Drbb h ^bcb, tj zebtbe mhg ^rhlgr`b h Cgrsfgc Fgtbrb.

Yrogveu vkbst u EMO-u hlbg `j CKBYEH Q]BE eb jku sb ^GCKBYEHFGL, mgckbvehfhlvh`jjl, pgdgrehfhl zdgrgl h pgv`jrjehahlb.( Z Orvbtsfg` su zbrjmbkhprgcgeh0 hmgvb, Ahcbeb,Qrdb, fgluehstb h beth-ibhstb, fbg h prhstbb OQQ-b6 t`. svho geho fg`h ehsu surbhvbkh s vkbu.

Mbfkj, DhO, fbg stbrb orvbtsfb zjlk`b ebkb sj u sfkgpu Ejzbvhsej Mrbvj Orvbtsfj .


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28=:.c. zbvrbvb HH. Qv`jtsfh rbt skglgl shkb Gsgvhej0 Djrkhe-Thl-]gfhg ( >8.svhde`b )Eb @bkth ( Frhl ) sj sbstbù0 Tggsvjkt, Aouraohk h Qtbk`he, rbmh mgcgvgrb g pgm`jkh E`jlbfj eb jthrhgfupbah`sfj zgej, hetjrjseho sijrb u gskgdgjehl zjlk`blb, stvbrbeù egvj @ucgskbvh`j ( MI@ mjlgfrbtsfj ijmjrbthvej @ucgskbvh`j, fbg h gsehvbeù ljuebrgmej lhrgtvgrej grcbehzbah`j, rbmh

zbthtj sv`jtsfgc lhrb udumuj. ( 4:.trbve`b, Qbe Irbeahsag ). ]bfg sj h Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb ebkb s`jmhe`jeb sb lbbthagl Orvbtsfgl,bkh sbmb u sfkgputgtbkhsthfgc fgluehsthfgc thtgvgc rjhlb.

QKGL EJPBYHQEJ MTBYJ OTYB]QFJ0 ^gckbvehf d`jh u hegzjlstvg pgstrg`dj orvbtsfjvg`sfj pgvkbj sj zb`jmeg sb ahvhkhlb, gfupk`bùh sj u DKJHDZTCZ ( Bustrh`b ) h prjmbùh sjJeckjzhlb,eg gvh ho frjh jejvsfu fgevjeahù g rbtehl zbrgdk`jehahlb prjmbù ]htgvhlpbrthzbehlb ( s fg`hlb su stgpk`jeh h prjgdujeh jtehah ) fg`h gmlbo pg prjkbsfu crbehaj pgdhùvjkhfh drg` kùmh djz suje`b ( =>.>>> u lbrhdgrsfhl ulblb ) h Z^TFGQ HE@JEHAH, mb egvbvkbst eh`j hzrbz ebrgmej vgk`j, mjlgfrbtsfhl hzdgrhlb mbeb.

Z`jmeg zbpghe`jFTHEH ^Z] OTYB]B,`jr su prjgstbkh mhg zbrgdk`jehfb sprgvgmhkh frgz ah`jkuzjlkù p`jfj, djz vgmj h orbej eb prhshkbe rbm. ( ]fg ej dh hzmrbg tb` lbr, hkh dh zbgstbg u fgkgeh,eb l`jstu dh cb udhkh, djz gdzhrb `j kh su tg Orvbth hz orvbtsfj hkh Dgsej h Ojrajcgvhej.Gmkufb g tglj

mgejjeb `j u Djgcrbmu uz ebzgegst ]htb, sb ahk`jl, mb sj zbuvh`jf skglh orvbtsfb ebrgmeb vgk`b zbejzbvhsegu.

( Qvj mg spgrbzulb ]htgudbh( pgsk`jme`h orvbtsfh dbe ) eb Yhsu 28==.c.( uz pgtpgru Jeckjzb )thl spgrbzulgl `j ufheutb vkbmb Frbk`jvhej @ucgskbvh`j u hzd`jckhtvu h mgsbmbe`b pbrthzbesfbvkbst, tj sj gd`jmhe`bvbù pbrthzbesfj h jtehfj pgstrg`dj, b mgcgvgrjeb `j h zbartbeb egvb MI@ucgskbvh`b, fgù j pgtvrmhth prvh hzdgrh pgskh`j rbtb. jtehah su rbtgvbkh uz ]bkh`bej prgthv pbrthzbebsprgvgmjh cjegahm pg Dgseh h Orvbtsfg`.)]bfg sj Dgseb hOjrajcgvhebebkb u sfkgpu 4. MI@ Mjlgfrbtsfj Ijmjrbthvej @ucgskbvh`j, fbgjstb ijmjrbkeb rjpudkhfb, hbfg `j u sfkgpu tj mrbvej tvgrjvhej hv`jkg pjt ebrgmb, tg `j hzrbjeg hustbvgl h mrbvehl crdgl sb pjt dufthe`b ljusgdeg stgpk`jeho. ( Orvbth, Qrdh, Qkgvjeah, Aregcgrahh Lbfjmgeah ).( Gshl tj jstj rjpudkhfjDgsej h Ojrajcgvhej u fg`g` su hv`jkh cgtgvg hsfkùhvg Orvbth h Qrdh,Zstbvgl su dhkj gdkhfgvbej `g mvh`j butgeglej gdkbsth u fg`hlb `j hv`jkg tbfgjr l`jgvhtgstbegvehtvg Orvbtb h Qrdb. ]g su butgegleb pgfrb`heb Yg`vgmheb h butgegleb gdkbst FGQGYG HLJ][email protected]`hl ustbvehl prgl`jeblb tbfvb @ucgskbvh`b lh`je`bkb `j svg`j hlj, eb`prh`j u I E T @, b

zbthl u Q I T @ .

( mbfkj, pg`bl EBTGMEJmrbvj zblh`je`je `j sb pg`lgl QGAH@BKHQ]HFB mrbvb, hbfg `j svjgmkufj mgeh`jkb eb`prh`j fgluehsthfb pbrth`b eb fgecrjshlb ( gm vrob mg dbzj 6 b zbthl dhijmjrbkeb h rjpudkhfb sfuptheb tg tgdgj rbsprbvk`bkj, h zbfkùhkj.) ( Orvbtsfh sj hvbk`sustbveg h eb pgmlufkh ebhe prgcgehg pgm rbzehl hzcgvgrhlb0 rbsjk`bvbe`jl,zdgc hzcrbme`j gcrglegc vgègc pgkhcgeb u KHAH QKZE@, hkh hzcrbme`j bfulukbah`skgc f`jzjrb u@BDKBEHAHTBLB u DGQEH, hkh ^JTZB u KHAH h skheg.^gthabg sj gmkbzbf eb prhvrjljeh rbm u hegzjlstvg, tj mgsjk`bvbe`j Qrdb u orvbtsfjfrb`jvj0srpsfh gihahrh sb gdhtjk`hlb u @EB cbrehzgej u Orvbtsfg`, vgèb gmlbrbkhtb h vhfjemhaj eblgru h sk. rufgvgmjh fbmbr pgmgdbe u cgspgmbrsfb pgmuzjb h igrulj.


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Pb ah`jkg vrh`jlj gvj @ucgskbvh`j sustbveg sj hrhkb prgpbcbemb (eb ebueg` gsegvh) u tuzjleg` hhegzjleg` `bvegsth g cjegahmegsth Orvbtb, tj ucrgjegsth Qrdb ( zbvh`jeg u drbtstvg h `jmhestvg)

288> c. Tbspbmb sj Q I T @ucgskbvh`b zdgc dbobtgc pgfub`b vjkhfg srpsfho fgluehstb eb jku sbLhkgjvh- jl, `jr sj Qkgvjeh`b, Orvbtsfb h Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb tjljk`jl ustbvb hz 283= c.

mjlgfrbtsfh gma`jpkùù gm tbfvj @ucgskbvh`j gprjm`jkùùh sj zb vhjstrbebfj hzdgrj.288>.c.^rjfhm 2=.Hzvberjmegc fgecrjsb QF @ucgskbvh`j,zdgc dbobtgc pgfub`b vjkhfgsrpsfhofgluehstb eb jku sb srpsfhl prjms`jmehfgl Lhkgjvhjl mb ebljteu svgù vkbst gstbkhlebrgmhlb @ucgskbvh`j.( rbspbmb sj jmhestvg QF@-j h zbpghe`j rbspbm QIT@ fbg mrbvj.]jfg gstvbrje mgcgvgr ùcgskbvjesfj vkbmj s rjpudkhfhl vkbmblb g lgcuegsth gmrbvbe`bvhjstrbebfho hzdgrb.Eb prvhl vhjstrbebfhl hzdgrhlb u Orvbtsfg`, Qkgvjeh`h, Dgseh h Ojrajcgvheh, tj Lbfjmgeh`hpgd`juù ejfgluehsthfj strbefj0 OMP u Orvbtsfg`, b OMP h QMB ( luskhlbeh ) u Dgseh hOjrajcgvheh.

2882 c.Yjkhfgsrpsfgjtehfh @ E B ej lhrh sj s tbfvhl rbspkjtgl, pb zbpghe`j bcrjshveh rbt,eb`prh`j ebQkgvjehù, uz svg` pgrbz,zbthl eb Orvbtsfu tbfgjr uz svg` pgrbz 288: c.,b zbthl eb Dgseu hOjrajcgvheu

2882.c. pghe`j ebpbm @EB eb Qkgvjehù. ( pgvgm0 fgetrgkb crbehaj s Bustrh`gl).u prgk`jj 2882.-288:.c. zbpghe`j Mglgvhesfh rbt u Orvbtsfg`prgthv bcrjshvegc rbtb pgsrdk`jej@EB, pgdue`jeho Qrdb u Orvbtsfg` ( dbkvbe rjvgkuah`b ) tj mgdrgvgkàj hz Qrdh`j prgthv Orvbtb u

ahkù stvbrbe`b Yjkhfj Qrdh`j ( zb pgjtbf eb kheh`h0 Fbrkgdbc Cgsph ^bfrbaYhrgvhthab ).( ]hlj dh Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb butglbtsfh pgstbkj mhg Yjkhfj Qrdh`j.)

2884.c.Z Orvbtsfg` sj zbustbvk`brbt, `jr mgkbzj zbthtej sebcj ZE( ZE^TGIGT) tj sj bcrjsgrsfb vg`sfb@EBpgvkbh u Dgseu h Ojrajcgvheu, cm`j zbpghlb trjh rbt zb gsvb`be`j Dgsej h Ojrajcgvhej

288:.c.Ygèg-rjmbrstvjegl drhk`betegl bfah`gl DK@JQBF h GKZ@B gskgdgjeb `j zbpbmebQkbvgeh`b( :>? fl ) b zbthl zb trh mbeb gfg 22.>>> fl gskgdgjeh su mh`jkgvh Khfj, s`jvjrejMbklbah`j, Fgrmue h Dbegvheb.Z sbvjzu sb dgsbesfgl orvbtsfgl vg`sfgl (OYG) b tjljk`jl

spgrbzulb Orvbtsfj h DhO gskgdgjeh su h pkbehesfh mh`jkgvh Dgsej uz orvbtsfu crbehau (gpjrbah`jK`jtg 8:. h Lbjstrbk).Eb bkgst, mgkbzh h mg sufgdb dgsbesfg-orvbtsfj h dge`bfgluskhlbesfj vg`sfj gfg mglhebah`j u srjmhe`g` Dgseh.

2883 c.zbvrbvb bcrjsgrsfh vjkhfgsrpsfh rbt eb Dgseu h Ojrajcgvheu Mbytgesfhl spgrbzulgl ebbljrhfu hehah`bthvu,uspgstbvk`je `j lhr, pb sj svj trh egvj mrbvj pgsvjuù svglmjlgfrbt- tsfglrbzvg@u

Lhrgvehl spgrbzulgl u Mbytgeu (QBM) eb bljrhfu hehah`bthvu,fg`h `j pgtphsbe u ^brhzu(2=.prgsheab 288:.c.) uspgstbvk`je `j lhr u Dgseh h Ojrajcgvheh uz ebzgegst sebcb ZE (ZE]BJQ)

eb ebhe, mb orvbtsfh h dge`bfh ( luskhlbeh )jethtjt tvgrj IJMJTBAH@Z DGQEJ HOJTAJCGYHEJ, b srpsfh jethtjt mgdhvb TJ^ZDKHFZ QT^QFZ, bkh ueutbr a`jkgvhtj Dgsej h

Ojrajcgvhej, fg`g` `j eb jkuprvh prjms`jmehf Hzjt Djcgvh ( QMB ).]bfg `j Dgseb h Ojrajcgvheb pgstbkb "sblgstbkeb" mrbvb.Hsthl spgrbzulgl gmkujeg `j, mb sj prjgstbkh mhg gfuphrbej Orvbtsfj gm Yjkhfg Qrdb 2882.c.lhrehl putjl rjhetjcrhrb u svgù orvbtsfu mrbvu uz ebzgegst ZE]BJQ-b ( pgmru`j orvbtsfgc^gmuebvk`b, Qrh`jl h Dbrbe`b=.9% ufupegc orvbtsfgc tjrhtgrh`b ).


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44

2888.c.Pbpgjg zrbfgpkgveh ebpbm EB]G-b eb HHH. @ucgskbvhù ( QT @ucgskbvh`b ) zdgc srpsfgc cjegahmbebm Bkdbeahlb eb FGQGYZ, tj zdgc gmdh`be`b svbfgc spgrbzulb zb lhreg r`jje`j Fgsgvsfgcphtbe`b. ( 8>% Bkdbeah ).( ?>. mbeb EB]G dgldbrmhrb svj strbtjfj ahk`jvj u Qrdh`h ). >1.khpe`b Qfuptheb QT@ u djgcrbmu prhovbb EB]G-v pkbe gm pjt tgbfb0

pgvkbje`j grubeho sebcb Y@ hz Fgsgvbpgvrbtbf prgt`jrbegc bkdbesfgc stbegvehtvb, tj prjfhm jtehfgc hje`b eb Fgsgvu mgkbzbf trupb EB]G eb Fgsgvg rbmh zbthtj lhrb h pgvrbtfb Bkdbebab tj uspgstbvb butgeglh`j Fgsgvb

4>>: TjpudkhfuDgseu h Ojrajcgvheu hej mvb jethtjtb 0 Tjpudkhfb Qrpsfb ( prbvgskbvah) bdge`bfg-( luskhlbeh) orvbtsfh (fbtgkhah) jethtjt, tvgrj IJMJTBAH@Z DGQEJ h OJTAJCGYHEJfg`b hlb svgù sbvjzeuvkbmu,bkh h ebmrjjegc pgv`jrjehfb Jvrgpsfj Zeh`j uz ebzgegst grub-eho sebcb Z E-b h Z E ] B J Q-b,m`jkuùh fbg u prgtjftgrbtu.

4>>9 c. (frb`jl khpe`b) pbrkbljetbreb sfupthe Jvrgpj u Qtrbsdgurcu prjmkghkb `j egvhZstbv zb D h O h tgl prhcgmgl prjpgruhkb uvgje`j `jmegc - Dgsbesfgc - skudjegc

`jzhfb u Dgseh h Ojrajcgvheh, ul`jstg trjeuteb trh 0 (dgsbesfgc, orvbtsfgc h srpsfgc.)

(Z vrh`jlj Gslbekh`sfj Dgsej svh su cgvgrhkh orvbtsfhl `jzhfgl, b fbfg su phsljeh

dhkh svjjehah irbe`jvah, geh su h phsbkh "phslgl rvbafhl", fbfg su cb ebzhvbkh hluskhlbeh.

- Zkbsfgl Bustrg-Zcbrsfho trupb u Dgseu h Ojrajcgvheu 2?3? c.(Bejfsh`b Dgsej -fg`j `j prjmvgmhg cjejrbk Ihkhpgvh (Orvbt) skudjeh `jzhf `j dhg "orvbtsfh", bkh djfbbmlhehstrbah`b bk`j u Dgseu job ]ruojk`fu, fg`h pgm pbsfgl h egvbegl pgtpgrgl`jmegc e`jlbfgc crbmgebjkehfb prjhljeu`j phslg orvbtsfg u "dgsbehau."- 2?8> c.Gmkbsfgl cjejrbkb Ihkhpgvhb sb l`jstb uprbvj u DhO, djfb bmlhehstrbah`b

lh`je`b ebzhv skudjegc "orvbtsfgc `jzhfb u "PJLBK@QFH `jzhf", eg fbfg tg ehtfgeh`j othg prhovbthth, ebrju`j sj zb`jmehfgl lhehstbrstvu ihebeah`b u Dju mb hzebjr`jje`j jzhegc ebzhvk`b zb DhO, bkh sblg mb ej dumj "orvbtsfh"-2?89 c.slh`je`je `j Irbea Lhfkgh(ji skbvhsthfj fbtjmrj u Dju), `jr `j eb uphthzv`jsegc Dje`blheb Fbkb`b (rhzehbrb u Dju - cjrlbehzhrbeh jo) prjpgruhg zb DhO"orvbtsfh", b tblg cm`j su Qrdh "srpsfh `jzhf"Ybtrgskbv @bch, fg`h prjuzhlb fbtjmru u bustrgucbrsfgl pbrkbljetuu Dju ustvrmhg,mb sj u DhO jzhf trjdb zvbth "DGQBEQFH."

28>3 c. zb vrh`jlj lhehstrb Durh`beb ebzhv "dgsbesfh `jzhf" `j zblh`je`je ebzhvgl

"orvbtsfgsrpsfh"

- Gm 28=:.-288> c.`jzhf DhO zvbg sj "srpsfg-orvbtsfh- Fbfg u prgkgsth, tbfg h mbebs ehtfg ej phtb`jzhbrj ehth pgvh`jsehbrj, vj sj gmkufjmgegsj eb "strbtjfhl sbstbeahlb"ejcm`j u Qtrbsdgurcu hkh Druxbkkjsj hkh Dju.


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41

]HQFBEH H PYGTH QBPEBE@B0WW

^GYH@JQ] OTYB]B Z YTH@JLJ EBTGMEHO YKBMBTBWWWWWWWWIjrmg hh^rjthsbf hzmbe`b hz 284:.c.

EBFKBMEH PBYGM LB]HAJ OTYB]QFJWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWPbcrjd 288>.c.Mglhehf LbemhOTYB]H H QTDH MYB Q]BTB TBPKHH]B EBTGMB

EBFKBMEH PBYGM LB]HAJ OTYB]QFJPvgehlhr Crdbh, H. Lburbe, @.@. Tbmhkgvh, L. ]resfh, Y.Yufh

OTYB]HQKHFJ HP TB]EHFJ ^TGKGQ]HHzmbvb0 ABTQFH OZQBTWWWWWWWWWPbcrjd 2881.c.

OBTBOYB]H - orvbtsfg ckbshkg 4>>9 c. dr 24ZDJEHF ^GYH@JQH YH rbz. 4>22 cE.Dumbf, L.L.Ark`jefg (str.:4.)

Qvjth Hvbe Pjkheb, 4.>>:.cgmhej

Qbstbvhg h prjphsbg Drbehlhr Djsbf


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4=

YKBMBTH DGQEJ H OJTAJCGYHEJOTYB]QFJ [email protected] ebsjk`bvbù mbebeù Dgseu h Ojrajcgvheu.3:1 c. Eb Muvbe`sfgl Qbdgru, Dgseb pgstb`j butgegleb `jmhehab orvbtsfj mrbvj.8. h 22.st. Dgseb u sbstbvu Frbk`jvhej Orvbtsfjmrbvj.( crbehh eb Mrheh sb ducbrsfgl.)

*8=? / 8 c.zb vrh`jlj prh`jstgk`gebsk`jmeho dgrdh u Orvbtsfg` pgskh`j frbk`b ]glhskbvb,srpsfh Yjk

upbe bskbv zbuzhlb Dgseu h mrucj orvbtsfj frb`jvj hstgeg gm Yrdbsb h Ajthej *gfg 89> c. Orvbtsfh frbk` Frjhlhr HH QZTGE@B gskgdbb Dgseu h s`jmheù`j sOrvbtsfgl.

* 88>./82 c. Ducbrsfh abr zbuzhlb Arvjeu OrvbtsfuOul (Dgfb-Fgtgrsfb,Dbr,Zkàhe) h Dgseu.

* 2>2? c.Dhzbetsfh abr Ybshkh`j HH pgd`ju`j Ducbrj h zbuzhlb svj ducbrsfj frb`jvj,pb h Dgseu.* 2>19.- 2>=4 c. Orvbtsfh frbk` Qt`jpbe H, zb vrh`jlj ebrgmegc ustbefb gskgdbb Dgseu gm Dhzbet

u`jmheù`j sb OrvbtsfglArvjegl Orvbtsfgl.

* 2>9> c.Orvbtsfhfrbk` ^jtbr Frjhlhr HY gsehvb u Dgseh dgsbesfu fbtgkhfu dhsfuphù.* 2>?8 c.^bpb Fkjljet HHH Yhdrjt prhfkùu`j dgsbesfu fbtgkhfu dhsfuphù Ljtrgpgkh`h u Dbru

DGQEB @J Z QB]BYZ OTYB]QFG-ZCBTQFJ ZEH@J ( frbk`jvsfb kgzb BT^BMGYHB)

2218 c. Dgsegl uprbvk`b dbesfh vg`vgmb KBMHQKBY( she orvbtsfgucbrsfgc frbk`b DJKJ HH )

22:: c.^rvh pgzebth dbe Dgsej `j dbe DGTH,fg`h pglbj orvbtsfg.ucbrsfgl frbkù CJ@PH HH u dgrdhprgthv Dhzbetb.

2291.24>= c.Dgsegl uprbvk`b FZKHE dbe. ( dkhh rgbf Dgrhb)

24>=.2442 c. Dgsegl uprbvk`b dbe Q]@J^BE.

2442.24:= c. Dgsegl uprbvk`b dbe EHEGQKBY( u phslu pbph Crcuru YHH phj,b su Dgsegl prh`je`jcb vkbmbkh e`jcgvh prjah.)

24:=-2124c.Dgsegl uprbvk`b dbe ^TH@JPMB YJKHFH(she fjrfj orvbtsfgc vjkhfbb Fgtrglbeb dkhzbfrgbf EHEGQKBYB h `j Qt`jpbe HH Fgtrglbehmb Q]H^GB

OTYB]QFGZCBTQFB MTBYEB ZEH@Bfrbk` FBTKG MTBFH kgzb Beuvhebah

2124.21:1 c. Dgsegl uprbvk`b dbe Q]@J^BE HH FG]TGLBEH Q]H^G( pgstbvk`b cb

mgsbmbe`h dbe Dgsej, Lkbmje udh, she ^bvkb udhb dbebOrvbtsfj,cgspgmbrb

Dgsej h fejzb Oulb, sbmb ebsk`jmeh cgspgmbr Dgsej h Mbklbah`j)

21:12182c.Dgsegl uprbvk`b dbe ]YT]FG H FG]TGLBEH(shegvbaQt`jpbebHHFgtrglbehb,)

gfrue`je dgssbesfgl frbk`jvsfgl fruegl, b hzb 21?4 c. uzhlb ebskgv FTBK@B MBK`LB-


25/38

4:

AH@J h OTYB]QFJ.

OTYB]QFG-ZCBTQFB MTBYEB ZEH@B frbk` HCLZEM KZ_JLDZTFH

2182.2=29 c.Dgsegl uprbvk`b OTYG@J YZFH-OTYB]HEH(eh`j Fgtrglbeh) orvbtsfg mbklbthesfhdbe pg hljegvbeù frbk`b Kbmhskbvb Ebpuk`sfgc (prgrtu fbemhmbtb hcluemu u mhebsth`sfhldgrdblb zb orvbtsfg-ucbrsfh prh`jstg.)

2=29.2=1: c. mh`jkgl Dgsej cgspgmbrh Orvbthehjv prgthvehf QBEMBK@ OTBEH

2=1:.2=99 c.Pboulk`jl (Ojrajcgvhegl)uprbvk`b Oulsfh fejz Q]@J^BE YZFH FGQBB( fg`jlu orvbtsfg-ucbrsfh frbk` Irhmrho HHH mgm`jkù`j pgbseh ebskgv OJTAJC,zdgc fg`jcbsj h mbebs ah`jkg tg pgmru`j ebzhvb OJTAJCGYHEGL )

2==1.2=92 c. Dgsegl uprbvk`b frbk` ]GLB Q]@J^BE( QHEGYBA Qbembk`b Orbehb )

OTYB]QFGZCBTQFB MTBYEB ZEH@B frbk` LB]H@B FGTYHE (2=:?2=8> c

Gsvb`b s`jvjreu Dgseuskblb lg ejskgeho vjkhfbb h ajetrbkhzhrbq vkbstGsegvbg @b`bfu h Qrjdrjehfu dbegvheu zdgc gdrbej gm]urbfb.

2=92.2=9= c.Dgsegl uprbvk`b pgsk`jme`h dgsbesfh frbk` Q]@J^BE ]GLBJYH( e`jcgvb suprucbpgsk`jme`b dgsbesfb frbk`hab FB]BTHEB FGQBB u ebrgmu upbl-

jeb pg vjkhfg` drhzh,fbg MGDTB FTBK@HAB )

2=91 cgmhej ]urah gsvb`bù Dgseu - DGQEB B^]GL ^BMJ2=?4.cgmhej ]urah gsvb`bù OJTAJCGYHEZ.

OTYB]QFH EBTGMEH YKBMBTH DGQEJ h OJTAJCGY

Dbesfh vg`vgmb u Dgseh( she orv.- ucbr. frbk`b Djkj HH

2218 c.


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49

2- Dgrh( Fgtrglbeh )k.pgzebth dgsbesfh dbe orv.frvh

22::, - 2291c.

4,Fukhe dbe( Fgtrglbeh )( dkhzbf rgbf Dgrhb )

2291, - 24>= c.WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW1Qt`jpbe ( Fgtrglbeh)24>=.2442 c.

=.Lbtj` Ehegskbsv( Fgtrglbeh )2442,-24:= c.

( phj pbph Crcuru H_ ,mb u Dgseh prh`j e`jcb vkbmb`u e`jcgvh prjah)

:. ^rh`jzmb Yjkhfh( Fgtrglbeh )

24:=, - 2124 c.( dkhzbf rgbf Ehegskbvb h m`jm Qthpgb )

9. Qt`jpbe HHFgtrglbeh Qthpg@jkjeb Fgtrglbeh 2124.21:1 c.

777+ 21?4 c. ( jeb Jkhzbdjtb fh Fu`bvsfgc fejzb Fbzhlhrb HHH Yjkhfgcb (212>- 21jeb orv.-ucbr.frbk`b Kumgvhfb H Beuvheab -- u srgmstvu s orv.- ucbr. frbk`jl Fbrkgl H Beuvheajl )

( 21=4.21?4 c.)

3,Ykbmhskbv Fgtrglbeh

2149.21:1 c.( drbt Qt`jpbeb HH fgtrglbehb Q]H^GB)jeb 0@jkjeb ( Drhdhrsfb) Fgtrglbeh

(fh @ur`b HH Drhdhrsfgc h ueufb orv. dbeb ^bvkb H udhb Drhdhrsfgc)

fh Lbrh`b she ?, Qt`jpbe ]vrtfg she Qt`jpbe Yuf( umbeb zb bustrh`sfgc ) 21:1, - 2182 c. + 213=

vjkhfbb ( tvrtfg hlb 2: cgm. pb mg puegk`jtstvb zb e`jcb)Zkrhaob vge Ojkijestjheb vkbmb lb`fb @jkjeb (Drhdhrsfb) Fgtrglbeh( ejlb pgtglstvb ) 2133c. ]vrtfg sj prgckbbvb frbk`jl,pb `j lb`fb

@jkjeb2, dgsbesfb frbk`hab,`jr ulhrj 213? c.

8, Orvg`j Yufh Orvbtheh ( eh`j Fgtrglbeh )2182, - 2=29 c.


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43

Kbmhskbv Brpbmgvh( dbe Orvbtsfj h Mbklbah`j )

2>.Qbembk` Orbeh2=772=1: c.

( cgspgmbr mh`jkb Dgsej )

Qt`jpbe Yufh Fgsbb2=1:.2=99 c.

( shegvba Qbembk`b Orbehb)( Oulsfh fejzOjrajc, Pboulk`bOjrajcgvhej )

]glb Qt`jpbe2==1.2=92c.

( frbk` Dgsej )

Qt`jpbe ]glbjvh2=92.2=91c.

( jeb 0 Fbtbrheb Fgsbb )-- pgsk`jme`h frbk` Dgsej, pgcudhg cb suktbe Ljoljm HH pgm @bàjl-- ]urah gsvb`bù Dgseu 2=91.cgmhej DGQEB B^]GL ^BMJ

.

. Dgsbesfg prbpkjlstvg(hv`jkh su h `g hvj gfg Igèhaj h ]rbvehfb

. Crcur Grkgvh, dgrhg sj 2:4: c. u gdrbeh crbmb @bàb

. Hvbe Grkgvhm pgcheug `j 2:49 c. u dhtah eb Lgobfgl pgkù. .

. -Bkbupgvhm


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4?

Dgsbesfg pkjlstvg prh`j tursfho gsvb`be`b0 - FTZHJYH- FGTH@JEH- FG^H

YTJLJEQFH ^GMQ@J]EHF ^GYH@JQ]H

A T Y J E J@ Z E J O T Y B ] Q F JT. ATEJ CGTJGM MGQJK@JE@B MG IJMJTBKEJ MTBYJ

ATYJEB HKH @ZEB OTYB]QFB

949 c.^rjlb Fgestbetheu ^grihrgcjejtu u e`jcgvu m`jku G Z^TBYH ABTQ]YGL, Orvbth su fgm svgc

mgkbsfb eb ùc 949.c. ebsjkhkh tbmbeù Mbklbahù, ^begehù h Hkhrhfsvj zjlk`j uz @bmrbesfg lgrj gmHstrj mg Ybkgej h cgr`b Ohlbrj ( u mbebe`g` Bkdbeh`h.)

3:1 c. Arvjeb Orvbtsfbùeb, pb `g fbseh`j Oul--oulsfj zjlk`j, pb orvbtsfb MZFK@B .mbebsaregcgrsfg h bkdbesfg prhlgr`j ) fbg h ^begeh`gl

(Qtbrb orvbtsfb frgehfb dhk`jh Z tgl Q]TGHK, drbt e`jcgv s vg`sfgl svg`gl vbzj frbk`jvstvg gmHkhrh`j,b tg `jst svb zjlk`b,b `jst s gvu strbeu Ybkmjlh`j( Yhegmgkb) mjrh ^gkgeh`j( Bpgkgeh`b uBkdblh`h )

QYHGKBM, she Qrghkgv h dh frbk`jvstvg Dgseb h Ybkmjlhe mjrh ^gkgeh`j, tbfg prhlgrsfg, fbfg h

zbcgrsfg frbk`jvstvg.


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48

ATYJEB OTYB]QFB0-mgesfh Orvbth( gstbkh tblg ) Oul,Pboulsfj zjlk`j ,Mufk`b ( Dgfb Fgtgrsfb, Dbr,Zkàhe, Mrbu Bkdbeh`h ) ( gm 3. mg 21. stgk`jb )

-

]h su frb`jvhMuvbe`sfhl sbdgrgl3:1eb sblguprbvej `jmhehaj 0

Dh`jku < Pbpbmeu Orvbtsfu ( gmrh`jfj Tbj u Hstrh mg rh`jfj Ajtheju mblbe`g` Mbklbah`h ), tj ArvjeuOrvbtsfu < @ueu Orvbtsfu ( gmAjthej mg Ybkgej h cgr`j Ohlbrj umbebe`g` Bkdbeh`h.

ATYJEB OTYB]QFB`j 3:1c. dhkb eb Muvbe`sfgl sbdgru rbzmh`jk`jeb eb sblguprbvejpgfrb`hej0Ejrjtvu, Pboulk`j, ]rbvueù, Mufkù h Hkhrhf.

Gvj su pgfrb`hej hehkj `jmeu mrbveu a`jkheu ( lbe`j vhj ljusgdeg pgvjzbeu, fg`b `j prhzebvbkb

vrogvehtvg gpjcb orvbtsfgc vkbmbrb frbk`b u Dh`jkg` Orvbtsfg` )Gm 8. mg pgjtfb 22. st. `g pgstg`bkb zb`jmehfb Arvjeb Orvbtsfb, fg`g` su jkehah dhkh skbdh`jpgzebtb mhebsth`b dbegvb^jtrhskbvhh, fg`j su pgtgl gm srjmhej 22. st. zbl`jehkh stbrh mufk`besfh

Yg`hsbvk`jvhh.Dbe ^jtrh skbv H .(gfg cgmhej ?:>) `j prvh pgkulhtsfh jkehf Arvjej Orvbtsfj srjmhegl 2>. stgk`jb.

fbg ebvgmegc srgmehfb Orvbtsfho ]rphlhrgvhb. Qlbtrb sj v`jrg`btehl zbjtehfgl rbej mhebsth`jfbtgkhfho^jtrhskbvhbu Arvjeg` Orvbtsfg`.Ebfge e`jcb pgstg`h ejpgzebtb prbzeheb g ukgzh hmuho^jtrhskbvhb frb`jl 8. st. h pgjtfgl 2>. st.

Dbe ^rjmhlhr ^jtrhskbvh`j tbfgm`jr skbdg pgzebth jkehf fg`h `j vkbmbg u ùeg` Arvjeg` Orvbtsfg`prhdkheg gm 8:>.- 83>. cgmhej. Dhg `j orvbtsfh vbzbk frbk`b LhojkbFrjhlhrb HH.(8=8.- 898.), b

ebskh`jmhg cb `j hmuh dbe Ykbmhlhrhz hstj kgzj ^jtrhskbvhb.Dbe Ykbmhlhr H. ^jtrhskbvh`j vkbmbg u Arvjeg` Orvbtsfg` t`. u Pboulkù, ]rbvue`h h Mufk`h fbg

ebsk`jmehf prjtogmegc ^rjmhlhrb he`jcgv dkhh rgm`bf gm cgm. 832.- 88?.]bfgm`jr `j dhg orvbtsfhvbzbk frbk`b Qt`jpbeb HH.Mrhskbvb(898.- 88:), b ebskh`jmhg cb `j dbe ^jtbr ^jtrhskbv.

Dbe ^jtbr ^jtrhskbv HH.`j eb`dgk`j pgzebth h mgfuljethrbeh vkbmbr rbej Arvjej Orvbtsfj, pgtvrm`jehz dhzbetsfho hzvgrb fbg h hz dbrsfgc K`jtgphsb, b tbfgm`jr `j brojgkgc Custbv Qaokuldjrcjr

prgebbg u Areg` Cgrh h e`jcgv vkbmbrsfh pjbt s crfhl ebtphsgl0 +()


30/38

1>

()() (^jtrgu braogetgs Mhgfkjhbs Blje). Ykbmbg `j gm cgm. 832.- 88>., b dhg `jdhzbetsfh vbzbk abrb Dbzhkh`b HH. Q thl dbegl ^jtrgl zbvrbvb ùegorvbtsfb kgzb ^jtrhskbvhb hu`jmeg sj Arvjeb Orvbtsfb tbmb rbzmvb`b eb vhj pgsjdeho "sfkbvheh`b"0 Pboulk`j, ]rbvue`b, Mufk`bh ^gmcgr`j (]rbeslgetbeb0 fbseh`h Qbem`bf).

Hmuh fejz H vbe YkbmhlhrHH.(srd. Qvjth @gvbe Ykbmhlhr), `j ebsk`jmehf ^jtrb ^jtrhskbvb u Mufk`h hvkbmbg `j gm 88>.- 2>29. fbg ducbrsfh vbzbk abrb Qbluhkb, hù `j fjr Fgsbru gjehg. EbfgeQbluhkgvj slrth 2>2=., e`jcgv ebsk`jmehf Ykbmhskbv `j u ^rjsph pgcudhg Hvbeb Ykbmhlhrb, fg`h `judrzg prgckbje svjthl pb cb mgsbm tuù svh prbvgskbvah eb Dbkfbeu, b pgfgpbe `j u lbebsthru^rjhstjDgcgrgmhaj fgm Dbrb.

Gmgemb u pgsjdeg` Mufk`h rbeh`j dbegvj ^jtrhskbvhj zbl`jeù`j mrucb fejjvsfb mhebsth`bYg`hskbvk`jvhh,fg`hlb `j zbjtehf dhg Ykbmhlhrgv rgm`bf (lgmb ejbf) mufk`besfh fejz QtjibeYg`hskbv(2>28.- 2>=4.), fg`h `j ejfg vrh`jlj dhg dhzbetsfh vbzbk. E`jcgv she `j dhg prvh ejgvhseh

mufk`besfh frbk`Lhob`kg Yg`hsbvk`jvh(gfg 2>:>.- 2>?2.) fg`jc `j prhzebg h rhlsfh pbpb, b ueuf lu`j eb``bh mufk`besfh frbk` Fgestbethe Dgmhe(2>?2.- 22>?.).

?.st. ( frb`jl ) Ejrjtvb pgstb`j `bfb pglgrsfb shkb, fg`b u 8. h 2>.st. sblgstbkeg vgmh usp`jej dhtfj sYjejah`gl, prhshkhvh `j eb pkbbe`j mbefb, mb dh skgdgmeg pkgvhkb @bmrbegl.

?>9.-?23.c. u dgrdblb s Dhzbetgl Orvbth su hzcudhkh Hkhrhf, pb `j crbehab ùej Orvbtsfj shzbkb mgrh`jfj Mrhlb u Bkdbeh`h.

2>.st.(pgjtfgl)pgsjdeg sj rbzvhkg PBOZLK@J eb jku sb vg`vgmgl Lhob`kg Yujvufhjl,eb` uc-kjmeh`hl orvbtsfhl vjkhfbjl uz frbk`b ]glhskbvb.

Mbfkj u mrucg` pgkgvhah 2>.stgk`jb vgmstvg Arvjej Orvbtsfj [email protected]`b sj prgsthrbkb uz lgrj gm Fgtgrb mg Mrhlb, u fg`g` sj bf rbzvhkb orvbtsfbmhebsth`b eb jku sb dbegl hkh vg`vgmgl (pg ebrgmu frbk`jl).

Z tg vrh`jlj dbeglArvjej Orvbtsfj dhg ` j Ykbmhlhr, kbe tj mglbj mufk`besfj mhebsth`j,vkbmbg `j Arvjegl Orvbtsfgl u zbme`g` jtvrth 2>. stgk`jb.Dumuh `j Qt`jpbe Mrhskbv, gphorvbtsfh frbk`, stuphg u prh`btjk`stvg s Dhzbetsfhl abrstvgl, ducbrsfh abr Qbluhkg 88>. hkh sk`jmjjcgmhej ebvbkhg `j eb Arvjeu Orvbtsfu h zbrgdhg vg`vgmu Ykbmhlhrb. Mglbkg cb `j gjehg svg`glfjrfgl ]jgmgrgl-Fgsbrgl h prjmbg lu Arvjeu Orvbtsfu eb uprbvu pgm ducbrsfhl vrogvehtvgl.

2>2?, fbmb `j Dbzhkh`j HH. uehthg ducbrsfg abrstvg,Dhzbetheah su zbvkbmbkh svhl zjlk`blb, fg`jsu mgtkj mrbkh Ducbrh, ebhlj ah`jkgl Ducbrsfgl, Qrdh`gl, Dgsegl h Arvjegl Orvbtsfgl mg rh`jfjAjthej. Ebfge slrth dhzbetsfgcb abrb Tglbeb HHH. Brchrb (22. trbve`b 2>1=.) Mgdrgskbv, she fejzb

Mrbcglhrb, strhab mufk`besfgcb vkbmbrb sv. Ykbmhlhrb, pgduehg `j prgthv Dhzbethebab Orvbtj u Arvj

eg` Orvbtsfg` h u Tbfg`. Ebfge prvgcb ejusp`job, Mgdrgskbv, fg`jcb dhzbetsfh hzvgrh zgvu Qt`jpbeYg`hskbv, u mrucgl ustbefu 2>=>.-2>=4.prgt`jrbg `j Dhzbetheaj h sl zbvkbmbg zjlk`gl.Mgdrgskbvb `j ebskh`jmhg e`jcgv she Lhobkb (gfg 2>=9.-2>?2.) fg`jc dhzbetsfh hzvgrh zgvu "vkbmbr

geho, fg`h sj zgvu Orvbth". Ge `j fbg h e`jcgv gtba Mgdrgskbv, prhzebvbg vrogvehtvg orvbtsfhofrbk`jvb Qt`jpbeb H. h ^jtrb Frjhlhrb HY.Bkh c. 2>3=. eh`j prhzebg hzdgr Qkbvab zb orvbtsfgcb frbk`b,pb `j Mufkù gmah`jphg gm Orvbtsfj h gsblgstbkhg. Cgm. 2>33. Lhobkb `j mgdhg frbk`jvsfh ebskgv h

frueu gm dhzbetsfgcb abrb Ehfjigrb Dgtbeh`btb. ]hl `j gsegvbg egvg orvbtsfg frbk`jvstvg u Arvjeg`hkh ùeg` Orvbtsfg`. Dumuh mb `j u mrbvh dhkg hldjehfb, fg`h ehsu gmgdrbvbkh ah`jpbe`j


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`jmhestvjegc orvbtsfgc frbk`jvstvb, Lhobkb `j mbg ebphsbth k`jtgphs Frbk`jvstvg Orvbtb, u fg`jlu `j

k`jtgphsba mgfbzhvbg mb `j prvgteg srjmhtj stbrj orvbtsfj mrbvj dhkg u Mufk`h, prjlb tglj Lhobkb`j sblg gdegvhg stbrg zbfgehtg stbe`j.

2>2?.c.fbmb `j Ybshkh`j HH uehthg ducbrsfg abrstvg, Dhzbet `j zbvkbmbg svhl mg tbmb ducbrsfhl zjlk`blb( Ducbrsfgl, Qrdh`gl , Dgsegl h Arvjegl Orvbtsfgl mg rh`jfj Ajthej ).

2>1=.c.pgskh`j slrth dhzbetsfgc abrb Tglbeb HHH ( Brchrb ) MGDTGQKBY, she fejzb Mrbcglhrb, ( strhab

mufk`besfgc vkbmbrb Qv. Ykbmhlhrb) pgduehg `j prgthv Dhzbetb Orvbtj u Arvjeg` Orvbtsfg` h u

Tbfg`,tj `j u mrucgl ustbefu ( 2>=>.-2>=4.c.)prgt`jrbg Dhzbetheaj h sbl zbvkbmbg zjlk`gl.

2>19.-2>?2.c. fejzb Mgdrgskbvb ebsk`ju`j e`jcgv she LHOBKB YG@HQBYK@JYH (fg`jc dhzbethesfhhzvgrh zgvu vkbmbr geho, fg`h sj zgvu Orvbth).Ge `j,fbg h e`jcgv gtba MGDTGQKBYprhzebvbg vrogvehtvg orvbtsfho frbk`jvbQt`jpbeb H h ^jtrbFrjhlhrb HY, bkh 2>3=.c. eh`j prhzebvbg hzdgr QKBYAB zb orvbtsfgc frbk`b, pb `j Mufk`ugmah`jphg gm Orvbtsfj h gsblgstbkhg.

2>33.c. Lhobkb `j mgdhg frbk`jvsfh ebskgv h frueu gm dhzbetsfgc abrb Ehfhigrb Drh`jeh`b, hlj `jgsegvbeg egvg orvbtsfg frbk`jvstvg u Arvjeg` hkh `ueg` Orvbtsfg`.


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Fbfg `j u mrbvh dhkg sebcb, fg`j sj ehsu skbcbkj s ah`jpbe`jl `jmhestvjej orvbtsfjfrbk`jvhej,Lhobkb `j mbg ebphsbth k`jtgphs0 Frbk`jvstvg Orvbtb, fg`hl mgfbzu`j, +mb `j Mufk`b

prvgteg srjmhtj stbrj orvbtsfj mrbvj,pb `j ge sblg gdegvhg stbrg zbfgehtg stbe`j.Lhobkb sj gdrbb h pbph Crcuru YHH, lgkjh cb mb lu pgbk`j zbstbvu Qv.^jtrb, b dhsfupu u.Dbru.zb.ljtrgpgkhtbesfh.pkbt, eg pbpb Crcur YHH dhg `j zbuzjt dgrdgl zb prjvkbst s

prgturjigrlhsthfgl stru`gl fbtgkhfj furh`j eb jku s prgtupbpgl Akjljetgl HHH, fg`jc `jpglbcbg h e`jlbfh abr Ojerhf HY.

2>?2.- 22>2 c.eb frbk`jvsfh prh`jstg Arvjej Orvbtsfj mgkbzh frbk` DGMHE, she frbk`b Lhobkj h tjf `j

e`jlu usp`jkg mgdhth frbk`jvsfg prhzebe`j zb Mufkù h ljtrgpgkhtbesfh pkbt zb dbrsfgcebmdhsfupb, bkh gm prgtupbpj Fkjljetb HHH Yhdjrtb. (prgturjigrlhsthfb stru`b fbtgkhj furh`j.)^rvho cgmheb svg`j vkbmbvhej DGMHE gskgdbb Tbfu ( Qrdj )gm Dhzbetb, tj u Tbfg` pgstbv-k`b vjkhfj upbejmvb svg`b mvgr`beb0YZFBEB h LBTFB, mufk`besfj Orvbtj, stbrhegl hz Thd-ehaj fgm mbebe`j ^gmcgrhaj.

]G @J DHKG QZMDGEGQEG PB DZMZEGQ] OTYB]QFJ MZFK@J, `jr fbmb `j pgskh`je`jcgvj slrth uskh`jm dgrdh u frbk`jvsfg` gdhtjk`h, Mufk`b gskbdhkb, Tbfh upbeh pgjkh su sj l`jbthu Mufkùpgkbuh prbvg eb eù, fbg stbru mglgvheu, svj mgf pgsk`jme`jc mufk`besfgc frbk`b gpjtLHOB@KB HH YG@HQBYK@JYHB eh`j udhg Q]JIBE EJLBE@B (prbueuf Dgmhegvb mvgr`bebLbrfb) gdegvhtjk` Tbfj Qrdh`j h 22?8 c. pgtpueg ufkgehg mufk`besfu frbk`jvsfu gdhtjk` h sblzbvkbmbg tgl stbrgl orvbtsfgl zjlk`gl.

22?8 c. Q]JYBE EJLBE@B(gdegvhtjk` Tbfj - Qrdh`j < orvbtsfj frvh) prjuzhlb vkbst u Mufk`h.


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Orvbtsfg pubetvg Arvjej Orvbtsfj dhkg `j gm stbrhej fbtgkhfg rhlsfgc gdrjmb, skujh sjm`jkglheg kbthesfhl, b m`jkglheg ckbcgk`hagl.

H Qtjibe Ejlbe`b h e`jcgvb drbb Qtrbahlhr h Lhrgskbv, fbmb su pgstbkh vkbmbrhlb u ArvjegÒrvbtsfg`, prhzebvbkh su vrogvehtvg Thlb. Eb`stbrh`h she Ejlbe`he, YZFBE h e`jcgv she urg frbk`jvh Mufk`j, dhkh su mgdrh fbtgkhah. Eb`lkbh she Qbvbuhg `j zb broh`jphsfgpb u Dhzbetu.

Dhzbetsfh gdrjm u zjlk`j Arvjej Orvbtsfj pgjg `j uvgmhth broh`jphsfgp QBYB, eb`lkbh sheQtjibeb Ejlbe`j, fbmb `j 4428.c. gsegvbg prbvgskbvej jphsfgph`j u Qtgeu zb Pboulk`j h ]rbvueù,

b u ^rjvkbah u Dgfh Fgtgrsfg` zb Mufkù.(Ebhlj, 24>= c. fbmb frhbrh u =.frhbrsfgl rbtu gsvb`bù Abrhcrbm, rbspbmb sj Dhzbetsfg abrstvg ebdrgèj fejjvhej,(fg`j fbseh`j gsvb`b abr Mube eb pgzhv Fbetbfuzheb - crfg-dhzbetsfgc vjklgjh prjtjemjetb eb l`jstg rjcjetb dhzbetsfgc abrstvb h vgj crbbesfgc rbtb u Dhzbetu), b pbpb gsehvbmrbvu Qrdhù gm dhzbetsfj pgfrb`hej Qjrvh`j (mbebs Lbfjmgeh`b h Qgkue), Tbfj (mbebs Fgsgvg)Pjtj h Mufk`j (mbebs Areb Cgrb.)2428 c. Abrhcrbmsfh pbtrh`bro prgcebe `j u Ehfjù, bkh spbbvb svg` ut`jab` eb Dbkfbeu hljeuùhQbvu Ejlbe`hb zb brohjphsfgpb srpsfj prbvgskbvej butgfjibkej arfvj, tg zebh zb arfvjegc h

sv`jtgvegc vkbmbrb. Ge `j gsehvb mhebsth`j, fg`b `j vkbmbkb prjfg 2:> c. t`. mg 2132 c.fbmb ulhrjZrg Y - she abrb Mubeb, fg`h ulhrj 21:: c.)

Dumuh, mb `j mglbj pubestvg dhkg ustrbèg u stbrgl rhlsfgl gdrjmu, srpsfh su frbk`jvh, pgsjdegZTG H (24=9.-2439.c.)h e`jcgv she ZTG HH LHKZ]HE(24?4.-2142.c.)upgtrjdk`bvbkh shku, mb hoprjvjmu eb prbvgskbvk`j, fbtgkhfj dhsfupj prgcgehkh, b fbtgkhfj upj h sblgstbej gmuzhlbkh h u e`hosl`jtbkh prbvgskbvej svjjehfj h fbkujrj.

21=:.c. pbpb Fkjljet YH (21=4.-21:4.c.) trbhg `j gm Q]JIBEB MZBEB, frbk`b Qrdh`j,mb pgvrbthsblgstbej,arfvj,gtgfj h sjkb, fg`j su ejfh frbk`jvh Tbfj, tvg`h prjmbsehah,u svg`j vrh`jljprjgtjkh h th ho sbm mrh zbpgs`jmeutj.

21:: c. Qlru srpsfgc abrb Mubeb pghe`j prgpbst srpsfj mrbvj zb vkbmbe`b e`jcgvgc sheb ejspgsgdegcZrgb Y. Qrdh`b sj rbspbmb eb fejjvhej, fg`j vj 2191 c. pgstbù rjmgl tursfh vbzbkh, mb dh 2132c.sb slru Zrgb Y Qrdh prjmstbvk`bkh gfgsehau tursfgc gpstbefb u Jvrgph.

219>.-2=42.c. eb prh`jstgkù Mufk`j ebkbzh sj orvbtsfb gdhtjk` DBKHH,fg`h su ebfgeMubegvj slrth gskgdgmhkh Mufkù,uspgstbvhkh mglbu uprbvu, vrbthvh arfvu u frhkg fbtgkhfjarfvj.

2=18.-2=89 c. ATEG@JYHHfg`h su vkbmbkh u PJ]H,drmsfgl mh`jku ejcmbe`j Mufk`j,dhkh su prbvgskbveh,bkh su dhkh segk`hvh prjlb fbtgkhahlb,tj gmrbvbkh vjzj s Thlgl h Yjejah`gl.

2=?4.c.fbmb su]urah zbuzjkh Ojrajcgvheu, b2=89.c. Pjtu h Lgrbu, fbtgkhah su dh kh drgèh u svhlfrb`jvhlb, gsgdhtg u prhlgrù gm Dumvj mg Dg`bej, zbthl u Ehfhfg` frb`heh, tj hzlju Pjtj hLgrbj.

292>.c. dhkb su fbtgkhfb ckbveb stbrb mufk`besfb pkjljeb Dh`jkgpbvkgvhb, ^hpjrb,Drbtgeghb h pgkgvhabFub.]h`jfgl 23.st.uskh`jm lbe`fb fbtgkhfgc svjjestvb, tj gcgrjegc tursfgc prgcgebu fbtgkhfhlzjlk`blb, fbtgkhahzbl `j cgtgvg hsjzbg,`jr `j `jmbe mhg prjbg ebHskbl, b vjheb eb prbvgskbvk`j.Qtbrh Orvbth fbtgkhah gfg Dbrb h u prhlgrsfhl frb`jvhlb khstgl su prjkh eb Hskbl ebfge ejusp`jkgcustbefb 29=?.c

2:21.c.-2:48.c.Aregl Cgrgl vkbmb pgskh`jme`h ATEG@JYHQFJEMJT DJC,fbg tursfh sbembfdjc uaregcgrsfhl drmhlb.

2:48.-2989.c. vkbmbkh su ajthe`sfh ( prbvgskbveh ) jphsfgph hz rbzeho pkjljeb.


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2989.-2?:2.c. vkbmbkh su jphsfgph hz drbtstvb ^jtrgvhb E`jcgb. Eb Dbmeù vjjr 23>8.c. eb pgthab` jphsfgpb MBEHKB H ( 2989.-2313.c.)prbvgskbveh Aregcgrah ghsthkh su aregcgrsfb drmb gm luskhlbeb.(mhg su pgdhkh,b mruch mhg pgd`jcbg u ojrajcgvbfh, dgsbesfh h sfbmbrsfh sbembfbt. d`jjh u Dgseu hQbembf, fbg h fbseh`j u 28.st. egshkh su sb sgdgl orvbtsfg hlj h tg su mbvbkh svg`hl gdhtjk`hlb h

l`jsthlb cm`j dh sj ebstbvhkh.]bfg hlblg0 Orvbth,Orvhh, Orvj, Orvbhh, Brvbth, Brvbtgvhh6Orvbafb, Orvbth, Orvbtsfg Drmg h.t.m.)2?1>.-2?:2 vkbmb vkbmhfb ^jtbr HH E@jcg - prbvh bpgstgk pgsrdk`bvbe`b u Areg` Cgrh.2?:2.c.Aregl Cgrgl vkbmb MBEHKG HH. Tbstbvk`b mrbveu gm arfvjej vkbsth h gsehvb ebsk`jmeu

fejjvsfu pgrgmhau ^jtrgvhb E`jcgb, hbfg igrlbkeg pgm tursfhl suvjrjehtjtgl.2?3? c.(21.srpe`b) Djrkhesfhl fgecrsgl vjkhfho shkb, fg`hl `j pgskh`j rusfg - tursfgc rbtb gmdbje

Qbestjibesfh ucgvgr h prjfrg`jeb jvrgpsfb fbrtb, Areg` Cgrh, Qrdh`h h Tulue`sfg` prhzebtb `jejzbvhsegst,dumuh `j mg sbmb igrlbkegdhkb pgm tursfhl suvjrjehtjtgl, b DhO bejfthrbeb.

282> c. Ebsk`jmeh fe`bz Ehfgkb H hz ebsk`jmej fejjvsfj pgrgmhaj ^jtrgvhb E`jcgb Areu Cgruprgckbbvb frbk`jvhegl. (42.khstgpbmb 28>3 c. eb Ajtheù `j uohje ejfh Qtjvbe Tbtfgvh-ujsehfdgldbfgc btjetbtb eb fejzb Ehfgku H , pg pkbeu tbèj srpsfj grcbehzbah`j "Areb rufb," hbfg `j

Qrdh`b tg ejchrbkb.)Fejz Ehfgkb H uvbg `j ejzbvhsegst Arej Cgrjv`jtgl mhpkglbah`gl, umb`gl kh`jpho fjrh pgjvrgpsfhl mvgrgvhlb. (`jmeb `j egshkb frueu tbkh`besfj frbk`haj) h uz pgsjdeu zbthtu abrsfj Tush`j,bkh ej h ebfkgegst Frbk`jvhej Qrdh`j, hbfg `j Ehfgkb H dhg m`jm lkbmgc srpsfgc frbk`b BkjfsbemrbFbrbgrjvhbFbmb sj 282> c.gfruehg zb frbk`b, gm Tush`j`jmgdhg lbrbksfu pbkhau, fbg eb`v`jreh`h sbvjzehf.Eb hzlbfu ^rvgc svh`jtsfgc rbtb Qrdh`b `j prgcutbkb Areu Cgru. ("Zeuf pg`jg m`jmgvheu.")

282? c.Ebfge H.sv`jtsfgc rbtb Areb Cgrb `j ufkgpk`jeb u mrbvu QOQ Qrdb, Orvbtb h Qkgvjebab, udrzg h uFrbk`jvheu @ucgskbvhù, uzb svj pgkhthfj h v`jrsfj prgl`jej u Areg` Cgrh,( fg`g` `jsrjme`gv`jfgveh ebzhv orvbtsfb Mufk`b ) gm pgkgvhaj 2:.st. ehfbmb eh`j dhkb prjfheutb orvbtsfb

prjmb`b, ehth utreutb svh`jst g orvbtsfgl pgrh`jfku.Z tb` prgstgr ehfbmb sj eh`j mgsjk`bvbg strbeh

ebrgmeh hvbk`,ejcg su stbkeg hv`jkh pgtglah ejcmbe`ho mufk`besfho Orvbtb -Mhebrbab, fg`h hmbebs cgvgrj orvbtsfhl h`jfbvsfhl cgvgrgl s `bfgl prhl`jsgl orvbtsfj bfbvthej h bfbvsfhlebckbsfgl.)

Fbmb `j tursfh putgphsba Jvkh`b jkjdh`b 299=.c. mgbg u mbebe`h aregcgrsfh frb` ^hvu ljuprbvgskbvej Aregcgraj, ebvgmh, mb su tu hv`jkh hsth, prbvh Orvbth.

Z Abrhcrbmu sj prjmstbvehf Aregcgrbab ebzhvbg OTYB]DBBZ skudjegl mgfuljetu 2?91.c. hzmbegl u Abrhcrbmu spglhe`j sj0MHLH]TH@J YHAFGYH,pgckbvbr Orvbtb u Pupahlb ( Areb Cgrb ).

Qvj mg srjmhej 28.st. pgsrdk`bvbe`j u Areg` Cgrh eh`j hlbkg `bjc usp`job ^rbvh bpgstgk srpstvb u Areg` Cgrh dhg `j vkbmhfb ^J]BT HH E@JCG ( 2?1>. -2?:2.)fg`h `jpgm `bfhl ut`jab`jl srpsfj prgpbcbemj HKH@J CBTBBEHEB (Pbrtbeh`j 2.pkbe YjkhfjQrdh`j ) h Yufb Qtjibegvhb Fbrbhb sp`jvbg svg`j p`jsehfg m`jkg CGTQFH YH@JEBA.

28=: c.]jljk`jl tgcb, stvbrbgah mrucj @ucgskbvh`j mrbvehl su ustbvgl stvgrhkh aregcgrsfu rjpudkhfu hgmrjmhkh aregcgrsfh ebrgm, fbg rbzkhht gm mrucho ebrgmb @ucgskbvh`


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1:

288> - 288: c.Tbspbmgl QIT@ucgskbvh`j h pgsh`j vjkhfgsrpsfj bcrjsh`j eb Qkgvjehù, Orvbtsfu h Dgseu h

Ojrajcgvheu, dbobthl ebstg`be`jl Qrdh`j, Areb Cgrb gstb`j u sfkgpu Qrdh`j, b h pgskh`j pgm ebzhvgl

Tjpudkhfb @ucgskbvh`b (trjh put) zbot`jvbùhsvgù ejzbvhsegst.

4>>9 c.Eb prvhl mjlgfrbtsfhl hzdgrhlb,tjljk`jl prgvjmjegc rjijrjemulb sb vhj gm ::% ckbsgvb "zb

sblgstbkegst "(`jmhestvje uv`jt Jvrgpj u svh`jtu) Areb Cgrb pgstb`j sblgstbkeb mrbvb.

KH]JTB]ZTB0

OTYB]H H QTDH MYB Q]BTB TBPKHH]B EBTGMBWWWWWWWWWWWMglhehf Lbemh

Ebfkbmeh zbvgm Lbthaj orvbtsfj

Qvjth Hvbe Pjkheb,- 4.>>>. h 4.>>:.cgmhej

Pbcrjd 288>.c.

Mgpueb 4>>9 c.Qbstbvhg h prjphsbg Drbehlhr Djsbf

EBTGMEH YKBMBTH MZFK@J u ATYJEG@ OTYB]QFG@ u 2>.st.

7WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWfejz Mrbcglhr( strha Qv. Ykbmhlhrb )

Qv.Ykbmhlhr

Gfg 83:c.( jeb 0]jgmgrb Fgsbrb )

--fh dhzbetsfgc abrb Qblujkb

she Mgdrgskbv2>1=. -- 7777

shefrbk` Lhobkb Yg`hsbvk`jvh2>19.22>?2.

(.vkbmbr geho,fg`h sj zgvu Orvbth)-gma`jpkù`j Mufkù gm Orvbtsfj

frbk` Dgmhe2>?2.22>2 c.

( gskgdbb rbfu gm Dhzbetb h pgstbvk`b )tblg mvb svg`b mvgr`bebv. upbeb

frbk`Lhob`kg HH Yg`hsbvk`jvh


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19

777 - 22?8 c.

fejz TbfjQtjibe Ejlbe`b( prbueuf Dgmhegvgc v.upbeb Lbrfb )

-22?8c. ufkbe`b mufk`besfu frbk`jvsfu gdhtjk` h sbl zbvkbmb Mufk`gl- ebsk`juù cb shegvh frbk`jvh Yufbe h urg- svh su geh dhkh mgdrh fbtgkhah,mgf eb`lkbh she Qbvb, fbg broh`jphsfgp

2428c. uvbb dhzbetsfh gdrjm u ah`jku mrbvu ( Tbfu h Mufkù )- srpsfh frbk`jvh Zrg H (24=4.-2439.) Zrg HH (24?4.-2142.) h abr Mube

mg211: c.shkgl prjvgmj fbtgkhbestvg u prbvgskbvk`j.

Dbkhh219>.- 2=42c

( mufk`besfb gdhtjk` gskgdbb Mufkù h vrbb

fbtgkhbestvg

Areg`jvhh2=18.-2=89c.(vkbmbrh hz Pjtjdrmsfgl mh`jku Mufk`j )-dhkh su prbvgskbveh,bkh segk`hvh prjlb fbtgkhahl

- 2=89. ]urah gsvb`b` u Pjtufbtgfhah sj prgcgej,legch prjkbzj eb hskbl.- 2:21.- 2:48 c.ebfge pgsk`jme`jc Areg`jvhb Qfjemjr djcb u Areg` cgrh stvbrb ebrgmeb tjgfrbtsfb up

pgm ajthesfhl jphsfgpgl.

- gm 2:48.- 2989 c. vkbmbù ajthesfh jphsfgph hz rbzeho pkjljeb.

- gm 2989.-2?:2 c.vkbmb drbtstvg ^jtrgvhb E`jcgb, fbg Mbehkg H (2989.-2313.)

b prbvh bpgstgk srpstvb u Areg` Cgrh dhg `j vkbmhfb ^jtbr HH E`jcg (2?1>.-2?:2.)- 2?:2 c. vkbmhfb Mbehkg HH gmvb`b mrbveu gm arfvjej vkbsth h gsehvb ebsk`jmeu - fejjvsfu pgrgmhau^jtrgvhb E`jcgb.

- 2?93 c.(4.srpe`b)Areb Cgrb gd`bvkù`j ]ursfg` rbt h stb`j eb strbeu Qrdh`j u 2. srpsfgl ustbefu.

- 2?3? c.Yjkhfj shkj eb Djrkhesfgl fgecrjsu prhzebù Areg` Cgrh sblgstbkegst.- 282> c.Qfuptheb fejjvhej Arej Cgrj prgckbbvb sj frbk`jvhegl - ufkgpk`jegl u mrbvu QOQ, b

fe`bzb Ehfgku frbk`jl.(dhg `j tg tjbf umbrbavjkhfgsrpsfhl tje`blb g" zb`jmehfg` "mrbvh pgm frueglFbrbgrjvhb )(^gsk`jme`h fejz Ehfgkb, vkbmbg `j gm (gfg 2?9>,.282? .) uz pgtpgru vjkhfho shkb. )

- 282? c.zbvrjtfgl ^rvgc svh`jtsfgc rbtb, Yjrsb`sfhl lhrgvehl ucgvgrgl stvgrjeb `j Frbk`jvheb

@ucgskbvh`b,pb Areb Cgrb cudh ejzbvhsegst,`jr `j sbstbveh mhg tj @ucgskbvh`j.]g `j frb` aregcgrsfj sblgstbkegsth, `jr ù `j srpsfb vg`sfb gfuphrbkb 282? c. prgckbshvh

e`jegdjzuv`jteg prhpg`je`j Qrdh`h (djz hzdgrb h pkjdhsahtb uz pglg mglbho hzmb`hab.)


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(^gm frb` ^rvgc sv`jtsfgc rbtb Irbeausfb `j frg`hkb crbehaj eb "Dbkfbeu" u fgrhst svg`jsbvjzehaj Qrdh`j u zbfukhseg` hcrh.

^gskh`j fbphtukbah`j u ^rvgl svh`jtsfgl rbtu frbk` Ehfgkb hzd`jcbg `j u Irbeausfu, tg `jdhg cjejrbk Irbeaojt m Jspjrjy uputhg `j trh srpsfb gmrjmb u mg tbm ejzbvhseu Areu Cgru,

fbfg dh `j prhprjlhg zb prhfkùje`j Qrdh`h eb mbr.

Pb skub` prgsv`jmb ^brhz lu `j pgskbg tbèh ebputbf0"Hz`bvhtj mb Qrdh ej skubù, pbigrlbkeg gptuhtj e`hogvg zbpgv`jmehtvg !"Qrpsfb vg`sfb `j gmlbo rbzgrubkb kgfbkej ustbehfj, sprh`jhkb pgvrbtbf hz zbrgd`jehtvbsvhl zbcgvgrehahlb ejzbvhsegsth Arej Cgrj.)

282? c. gm 49.-48. stumjegcb tbfg hsfgestruhrbeb Yjkhfb pgmcgrhfb sfuptheb svrceukb `j frbk`bEhfgku, b Areu Cgru s`jmhehkb "s drbtsfgl Qrdh`gl" pgm aregcgrsfgl mhebsth`gl Fbrbgrjvhb -ue

branimir besak: hrvatske zemlje

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