bovine diseases
DESCRIPTION
VTS257: Lg Animal Diseases & NursingTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bovine Diseases
![Page 2: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Shipping Fever Complex
• IBR- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis ( rednose)
• P13- Parainfluenza Type 3• BSRV- Bovine Syncytial Respiratory Virus• +/- Pastuerella multocida ( bacterial infection
secondary to viral infection)
![Page 3: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Symptoms- Fever 103-105, duration 3-5 days- Loss of appetite- Dry hacking cough ( +/- tracheal reaction with
palpation)- Serous nasal/ocular discharge- +/- rhinitis/conjunctivitis
![Page 4: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Treatment- In uncomplicated cases, treatment is rarely
necessary• Transmission- aerosol, morbidity directly related to management techniques
![Page 5: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Prevention- vaccination, preconditioning program• Note: recovery from natural infection with
IBR/P13/BRSV results in lifelong immunity• Economic impact- Weight loss, decreased rate of gain/carcass devaluation
![Page 6: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Epidemiology- High ( 80%) rate of exposure/antibody
production- Morbidity 50-70%- Mortality <5%
![Page 7: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Bovine Viral DiarrheaBVD
• Infection can result in immunosuppression, may be factor in susceptibility to other diseases
• Symptoms- mild, transient diarrhea, many subclinical- 80% of cattle >1yr have antibodies to BVD- High morbidity( 100%) low mortality (0%)- 1-2 % viremic for life, resevoirs of infection
![Page 8: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BVD Mucosal disease
• Low morbidity (5-10%), high mortality ( 95-100%)
• Symptoms:- Excessive salivation/oral erosion- Oral mucosa has cooked appearance- Watery diarrhea with blood/mucus/sloughed
intestinal mucosa- Smells like parvo diarrhea
![Page 9: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
BVD continued
• Treatment – fluid replacement +/- antibiotics• Prevention- vaccination
![Page 10: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Rotavirus/coronavirus
• Virus is ONLY in the intestinal tract, does not enter body
• Symptoms- profuse watery/yellow diarrhea +/- flecks of blood
• Treatment- fluid, electrolyte replacement
![Page 11: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Rotavirus/coronavirus cont’
• Prevention- Sanitation at calving- Maternal vaccination pre-calving- Protection is dependent on the presence of
colostral antibodies in the lumen of the intestine. Serum antibodies are of no benefit as virus does not leave GI tract
- Stimulate calf’s immunity with oral vaccine at birth
![Page 12: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fluid management of diarrhea in calves
• Colostrum requirement 1 pint per 20 lbs of body weight within 1 hour of birth and repeat within 12 hours
• Maintenance milk requirement 10% of the calf’s body weight in milk or milk replacer/day
• Maintain 2 hour interval between milk feedings and oral electrolyte replacement requirements
![Page 13: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dehydration
• 5% dehydration: dehydration, no other clinical signs, calf nursing normally
• 7% dehydration: eyes slightly sunken, skin losing elasticity
• 9% dehydration: eyes sunken, gums tacky, calf depressed
• 12% dehydration: skin tents, calf recumbent, non-responsive
![Page 14: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Dehydration cont’
• Multiply percentage of dehydration by weight of calf( in Kg ) to determine the number of liters of electrolyte solution required for replacement
• NOTE: replacement fluids are administered in addition to the calf’s maintenance requirement for milk
![Page 15: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Infectious Bovine KeratitisPinkeye
• Bacteria: Moraxella bovis• Transmission- Flying insects- Solar radiation and environmental conditions
(dust) exacerbating factors• Symptoms- tearing, blepharospasm, photophobia- Corneal opacity
![Page 16: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Pinkeye cont’
• Duration of symptoms- 3-5 weeks- Note: weaning weight may be decreased by
10% as a result of pinkeye infection• Treatment- Subconjunctival penicillin and dexamethasone- Eye patch
![Page 17: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pinkeye cont’
• Prevention- Insect control- Natural infection confers immunity for 12
months- Vaccine is available but of questionable
efficacy
![Page 18: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Esophageal obstructionChoke
• Symptoms- excessive salivation (loss of bicarbonate>acidosis) dehydration
• Treatment- Relieve obstruction, sedation- Head position is critical to avoid aspiration pneumonia- Lavage/probing ( has corkscrew end to try and snag
obstruction)- Fluid/electrolyte replacement as necessary- Warning: symptoms of choke may resemble those of
rabies, always assume rabies first
![Page 19: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Urethral Calculiwater belly
• Symptoms- Straining to urinate, urine dribbling- Ventral subcu edema/fluid accumulation ( post
urethral rupture)• Causes- early castration reduces urethral
diameter, stress at weaning, inadequate conditioning, environmental factors lack of water, frozen water tanks
• Treatment- urethrostomy at location of calculi
![Page 20: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
• Cause- solar radiation and unpigmented skin like in Hereford cattle
• Treatment- enucleation• Economic impact- cost of veterinary care and
carcass devaluation
![Page 21: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Traumatic reticulitis/pericarditisHardware disease
• Incidence- cattle eating hay made from or grazing on field containing old rusting fences, baling wire, or in vicinity of a building that was torn down
• Symptoms- sharp drop in milk production, arched back, grunting when pressure is exerted on the xiphoid process
![Page 22: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hardware disease
• Treatment- rumen magnets, traumatic pericarditis may require surgery, rib resection and pericardial drainage
• Prevention- monitor quality of feeds and pasture
![Page 23: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rumenal tympanyBloat
• Incidence-- cattle turned out on lush pasture, frothy bloat- Cattle fed a diet with low roughages to
concentrate ratio, gas bloat• Symptoms- Distension of left flank, dyspnea, collapse,
sudden death- If untreated, death occurs within 3-4 hours of
onset of symptoms
![Page 24: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Bloat
• Treatment- Surfactants administered via stomach tube- Trocharization of rumen- Rumenotomy• Prevention- Restrict access to new pasture- Feed hay before turning cattle out on new pasture- Prophylactic use of antifoaming agents
![Page 25: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Clostridial diseases
• Anaerobic bacteria- Gas producing, toxin producing, spore
producing- Sensitive to penicillin - Unbiquitous in environment- Speciation variation in susceptibility
![Page 26: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Clostridial diseases of cattle
• Cl chauvei- blackleg• Cl. Septicum- malignant edema• Cl. Novyi- Blacks disease• Cl. Hemolyticum- Redwater disease• Cl. Perfringen Type C- Hemorrhagic enteritisPrevention- vaccination
![Page 27: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Leptospirosis
• Agent- spirochete• Transmission- organisms in urine of affected
animals, may be asymptomatic• Symptoms- Chronic infection, abortions, stillbirths, weak
calves- Acute infection, jaundice, fever, death
![Page 28: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Lepto con’t
• Treatment- Acute infection, antibodies- Chronic infection, no treatment• Prevention- vaccination
![Page 29: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Post parturient paresisMilk Fever
• Incidence- Usually within 72 hours of calving• Symptoms- unsteadiness, sternal recumbency with head
displaced to the side, intestinal stasis, loss of anal tone and death
![Page 30: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Milk Fever Con’t
• Diagnosis- symptoms, interval post calving- Blood calcium levels 3-7 mg/dl ( normal 10
mg/dl)• Treatment – IV calcium• Prevention- Dry period nutrition- Calcium supplementation,
![Page 31: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Displace Abomassum
• Abomassum becomes distended with gas and or fluid and shifts to an abnormal position between the rumen and left abdominal wall
• Incidence- occurs withing 2 weeks of calving, associated with high concentrate level in diet during dry period
• Diagnosis- abdominal percussion, ping sound• Treatment- roll cow, surgery
![Page 32: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Ketosis
• Symptoms- inappetance, constipation, mucus covered feces, decreased milk production, breath has acetone odor
• Incidence- usually secondary to other disease• Diagnosis- ketonuria, ketonemia, ketones in
milk• Treatment- glucocorticoids, address
precipitating conditions
![Page 33: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
BrucellosisBang’s disease
• Brucella abortus• Symptoms- abortion, infertility, birth of weak
calves, enlarged, arthritic joints• Transmission- bacteria shed in milk, aborted
fetus, placenta or reproductive tract discharges
![Page 34: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Brucellosis Control
• Brucellosis Eradication Program• Surveillance- Bulk milk tank screening with Brucellosis Ring
Test- Non milk producing animals tested at market
or slaughter with Brucellosis Card Test
![Page 35: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Eradication program con’t
• Disease identification- Herd quarantined, movement to slaughter
only• Prevention- vaccination, strain 19, Strain RB51- Test all replacement animals, quarantine
before admission to general population
![Page 36: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Johne’s disease
• Mycobacterium paratuberculosis• Symptoms- Chronic diarrhea- Weight loss, unthriftiness, emaciation• Transmission- Oral bacteria excreted in feces and milk including colostrum
![Page 37: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Johnes Control
• Avoid feeding raw, unpasteurized milk• Do not permit offspring to nurse off infected dam• Maintain colostrum from Johne’s negative
females• Do not pool colostrum from multiple animals• Avoid manure contamination of feed
bunks/water troughs• Premise disinfection, chemicl tuberculoid• NOTE: will take 5+ years to eliminate Johne’s
![Page 38: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
ActinobacillosisWooden Tongue
• Normal inhabitant of the bovine mouth an rumen that Actinobacillosis lignieresii that enters wound in the mouth, especially the tongue
• Symptoms- inability to prehend food, excessive salivation, anorexia, tongue protrudes ( make sure not rabies)
• Treatment- sodium iodide 70 mg/kg IV repeat in 1 week
![Page 39: Bovine diseases](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022061609/555080c4b4c905235b8b4687/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
ActinomycesLumpy Jaw
• Caused by Actinomyces bovis which is a normal inhabitant of the bovine mouth which enters a wound
• Symptoms- hard immoveable painless mass on mandible and may cause loose teeth
• Treatment- sodium iodide 70 mg/kg IV or penicillin 10,000 U/kg in valuable animals BID, treat any fistulas tracts that develop