bovine brucellosis in the northern part of cyprus, control and eradication plan zoonotic diseases...
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Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication
Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
Doğan PAŞA
Veterinary Department, Head of Serology
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
1. Introduction 2. Organisational Structure 3. Definition of The Disease 4. Epidemiology of Small Animals Brucellosis 5. Determination of Control and Eradiaction Strategies 6. Selection of The Strategy 7. Implementation of The Strategy 8. Contribution of Regional/National Economy 9. Budget 10. Economic analysis of The plan 11. Management of The plan 12. Monitoring and Evalauation of The plan 13. Recommendadion 14. Assumptions and risks 15. References
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
This plan is consisted of 15 sections. These are:
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Aim of the Plan The aim of Bovine Brucellosis Control and
Eradication Plan is to control and eradication of the infection in the cattle population in Northern Part of Cyprus within five years.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Scope of Work
Identification of the brucellosis prevalence in cattle, Based on data to be obtained the control and
eradication strategy for the disease will be determined,
Necessary activities will be implemented to achieve the target in the annual programmes.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
1.3. Legal Basis
Relevant EU and Local Legislations
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
The livestock Populaton and Farming Structure
Number of dairy cattle
farm is 1.632 and number of cattles are 50.187 heads
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
Years Cattle
2004* 47,970
2005 56,647
2006 60,493
2007 57,528
2008 50,928
2009** 50,187
Table 1 - Number of Cattle in Northern Cyprus (2004 - 2008)
(*): 2004-2009 CCA data, (**):2009 VD data
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Bovine brucellosis infection is generally caused by Brucella abortus biotypes . Recently it has been reported that B. melitensis causes infection in the cattle population commingling with sheep and goats in some countries in the Eastern Mediterranean region.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE
Brucella spp.
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Status of the Disease in Northern Cyprus
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE
Figure – Epidemiolgical data for Northen Cyprus (VD)
Yıllar Serum Sayısı Pozitif (%)
2000 18314 1,19
2001 23322 0,77
2002 40296 0,99
2003 42446 0,57
2004 27581 0,34
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Clinical Symptoms (endometritis , necrosis of placenta and may be aborted , orchitis in males )
Pathogenesis (bacteriemia , localization to genital organs and lymph nodes )
B. Abortus and B.Melitensis Immunity ( immunity for brucellosis can obtain by vaccination )
Diagnostic Methods ( isolation and identification of bacteria , **serologically RBPT , CFT , Indirect Elisa , c-Elisa )
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
DESCRIPTION OF THE DISEASE
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
The treatment of bovine brucellosis is strictly prohibited. Where the B.abrotus or B.melitensis prevalence is low, the
most appropriate method for eradication is test and culling.
However in countries where the prevalence is high, the competent authority will decide to the strategy.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Depopulation of Infected Flocks The effective way to eradicate bovine brucellosis is to apply
quarantine for infected animals (M+) and animals which have high transmission risk (M1 and M2) should be slaughtered in , registered slaughterhouse. Disease-free (M3 or M4) herds and holdings should be created, and certified accordingly (78/52/EEC)
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Identification of Reactors and Culling The golden standard method to diagnose positive animals with
active brucellosis is isolation and identification of B. Abortus or B. Melitensis and to confirm with the PCR.
As a part of the testing and culling strategy, all animals older than six months old are tested with appropriate serological assays (e.g. RBPT, CFT , Indirect Elisa and c-ELISA).
Suspected cases are tested once again in one or two months. Positive animals are culled in no later than one month in registered slaughterhouses.
Tissue samples (e.g. lymph nodes) are sent to a microbiology laboratory for bacteriological diagnosis.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Identification of Reactors and Culling (Cont.) Calves of the reactors are separated from the flock. The flock should be tested regularly intervals (30 to 60 days). The testing and culling process is continued until the flock is
found negative in the last two consecutive tests. Negative flocks are monitored through serological tests
performed initially once in every six months, and then one in every 12 months (surveillance).
Approximately 5 per cent of the infected but seronegative calves may stay seronegative until the later stages of their first pregnancy. Thus, eradication efforts based merely on testing and culling may not be sufficient.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
4. CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Control of the Animal Movements and Quarantine Quarantine measures should be applied immediately when there is a
suspected brucellosis case. The quarantine may be partial or total in large holdings in various areas, depending on the flock management and prevalence of the infection.
Cattle holdings should take necessary measures to prevent contact with dogs and even birds that can contaminate cattles with contaminated materials. Strict disinfection measures should be applied for isolated animals and whole flock . Suspected and risky animals should be advised to the owners for slaughtering . Declaration of the prohibition of animal movements should be regularly controled will help the eradication efforts.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
4.5. Animal Waste and Side Products Brucella biotypes are sensitive to formalin of 0.03 %, phenol of
1 %, beta propiolactone of 0.01 %, sodium hypochoride, sodium hydroxide, iodines, disinfectants containing quarterner ammonium, ether and chloroform. Necessary amount of disinfectant should be available in the region. Rapid responds should be given to acute brucellosis cases, and disinfection process is performed under the supervision of the official veterinary surgeon.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
4. CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
4.6. Public Awareness and Media Cattle farmers should be trained through media
about brucellosis and its impact on human and animal health with clear examples of suspected animals, discharges, weak calves , aborted featus , placenta and as well as the effects on milk and milk products from these reactor animals.
This information should be provided via simple announcements, posters, internet pages, contact telephone numbers, forms, etc.,
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
4. CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
4.7. Vector Control Although transmission via vectors is not important in
the epidemiology of brucellosis, it is possible that cats, dogs, foxes, flies and ticks act as mechanical carriers and transmit the disease
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
4. CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
8. Establishment of Disease-Free Flocks Healthy flocks should be certificated as Disease-
Free Status for the Brucellosis”.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
CONTROL AND ERADICATION STRATEGIES
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
1. Surveillance Studies The following survey studies will be carried out:
-Aetiological survey
-Serological survey
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
5.1. Serosurvey Studies
Random sampling will be apply in cattle population
in the selected villages and flocks. Sample sizes are determined on the basis of 10 %
prevalence, 95 % confidence interval, and 1 % error.
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY
Scenario 1 Vaccination shall not be performed if the flock prevalence is
found below 2 % . The eradication efforts shall then include biological safety, disinfection, control of animal movements as well as testing and culling for a duration of five (5) years. A compensation scheme will be developed according the CA decision.
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY
Scenario 2 If the flock prevalence is found 5 % to 20 % and the individual
prevalence is found between 2% and 5%, female young animals (4-6 months) will be vaccinated with S-19 / RB51 vaccine for a period of 3 years.
If aetiological survey studies show a existance of B. melitensis agent in infected animal B melitensis Rev.1 vaccine will be used in infected herd.
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY
Scenario 3If the flock prevalence is found higher than 20 % and the individual
prevalence is higher than 5 %, female young animals (4-6 months) will be vaccinated with S-19 vaccine for a period of five years.
If aetiological survey studies show a existance of B. melitensis agent in infected animal B melitensis Rev.1 vaccine will be used in infected herd.
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
COST / BENEFIT ANALYSIS
Plan A = TL 3.811.785
Plan B = TL 8.501.395
Plan C= TL 14.629.785
COSTS
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
BENEFIT
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
When Plan A is implemented,
Estimated cost is TL 3.811.785 (within five years for serological surveillance, compensations and fixed costs).
Estimated loose when Plan A is not implemented is; TL 82.572.250.
Cost / Benefit Ratio:
TL 82.572.250 / 3.811.785 = 21,66) = ~ 1:21,5
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
BENEFIT
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
When Plan B is implemented,
Estimated cost is TL 8.501.395 (within five years for serological surveillance, compensations and fixed costs).
Estimated loose when Plan A is not implemented is; TL 86,986,720.
Cost / Benefit Ratio:
TL 86,986,720 / 8.501.395 = 10,24) = ~ 1:10
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
BENEFIT
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
When Plan C is implemented,
Estimated cost is TL 14.629.785 (within five years for serological surveillance, compensations and fixed costs).
Estimated loose when Plan A is not implemented is; TL 94,822.944.
Cost / Benefit Ratio:
TL 94,822.944 / 14.629.785 = 6,47) = ~ 1:6.5
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
9. MANAGEMENT OF THE PLAN
The control and eradication plan should be managed by a technically and scientifically competent “Bovine Brucellosis Plan Implementation Committee” (PIC).
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
10. RECOMMENDATIONS
10.1. Training
10.2. Equipment
10.3. Legislation and Implementation
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa
11. ASSUMPTIONS AND RISKS
11.1. Assumptions 11.1.1. Human Resources 11.1.2. Culling / Slaughtering The necessary legal and technical infrastructure should be established for
culling a high number of animals in appropriate facilities as a result of the intensive screening.
11.1.3. Milk Produced by Suspected Animals (heat treated) There should be necessary legal infrastructure and private sector
collaboration to collect the milk from animals in suspected flocks using appropriate methods, and to market after treating with heat.
11.1.4. Sufficient and Continuous Financial Resources 11.1.5.According to the Animal Health Law The Regulation On Bovine
Brucellosis should be accepted by parliament immidiatelly and applied for infected flocks and animals .
11.1.6.Animal movements should be prohibited strictly .
Bovine Brucellosis in the northern part of Cyprus, Control and Eradication Plan
Thank you for your
attentions and patience . . .
Zoonotic Diseases Symposium 30-31 May 2011 Lefkoşa