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1 اﻟﺮﺣﻴ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﷲﺴﻢ اﻟﺮﺣﻴ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﷲﺴﻢEpidemiology of Epidemiology of Brucellosis Brucellosis Shahid Beheshti Shahid Beheshti University University of medical sciences of medical sciences 2017 2017 By: By: Hatami Hatami H. MD. MPH H. MD. MPH

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Page 1: Epidemiology of Brucellosis - Shahid Beheshti University ...phs.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/BRUCELLOSIS-EPIDEMIO-SLIDES.pdf · Epidemiology of Brucellosis Shahid Beheshti University of medical

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بسم اهللا الرحمن الرحيم بسم اهللا الرحمن الرحيم Epidemiology of Epidemiology of

BrucellosisBrucellosisShahid BeheshtiShahid Beheshti University University

of medical sciencesof medical sciences20172017

By:By: HatamiHatami H. MD. MPHH. MD. MPH

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الف ـ مقدمه و معرفي بيماري الف ـ مقدمه و معرفي بيماري

تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي --11 عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك –– 22 ـ تعريف مورد ـ تعريف مورد 33

ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و (OCCURRENCE)(OCCURRENCE)وقوع وقوع

ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل

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•• Human Human zoonoticzoonotic diseasedisease •• A A systemicsystemic infectious disease with infectious disease with

acute or insidious onsetacute or insidious onset•• Is a very Is a very costlycostly zoonoseszoonoses with highly with highly

variable clinical featuresvariable clinical features•• Infected animals Infected animals readily infectreadily infect one one

another and shed the organisms into another and shed the organisms into their environmenttheir environment

تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي --11

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A disease, primarily of animals, A disease, primarily of animals, that can be transmitted to that can be transmitted to humans as a result of direct or humans as a result of direct or indirect contact with the infected indirect contact with the infected animal populationanimal population

ZOONOSISZOONOSIS

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ZOONOSISZOONOSIS

•• BrucellosisBrucellosis•• PlaguePlague•• ListeriosisListeriosis•• AnthraxAnthrax•• TularemiaTularemia•• ErysipeloidErysipeloid

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ZOONOTIC DISEASESZOONOTIC DISEASES•• More than 800More than 800 diseases can be transmitted diseases can be transmitted

from animals to humansfrom animals to humans•• Humans are usually Humans are usually accidentalaccidental and and dead enddead end

hostshosts•• Only a limited number of zoonotic diseases can Only a limited number of zoonotic diseases can

be transmitted be transmitted personperson--toto--personperson•• Importance of Importance of emergingemerging zoonoseszoonoses and and

bioterrorismbioterrorism•• Laboratory hazardsLaboratory hazards via sharps injuries or via sharps injuries or

inhalation of aerosols inhalation of aerosols

اهميت بهداشتي اهميت بهداشتي

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BrucellaBrucella are Ideal Biological are Ideal Biological Warfare AgentsWarfare Agents

•• They are highly They are highly infectiousinfectious•• They can be They can be easily aerosolizedeasily aerosolized•• They are stable in They are stable in production, storageproduction, storage, & , &

deliverydelivery•• They are sensitive to They are sensitive to sunlightsunlight•• They cause They cause high morbidityhigh morbidity, but low mortality, but low mortality•• There are no human There are no human vaccinesvaccines against brucellosisagainst brucellosis•• There is high There is high economic losseconomic loss to animal to animal

agricultureagriculture

اهميت بهداشتي اهميت بهداشتي

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Public health impactPublic health impact

•• Disruption of pregnancyDisruption of pregnancy•• Loss of stockLoss of stock•• Decrease milkDecrease milk•• Infect humanInfect human

بروسلوز بروسلوز اهميت بهداشتي اهميت بهداشتي

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بروسلّوز بروسلّوز بهداشتي بهداشتياهميتاهميت

بروسلوز، شايعترين بيماري مشترك بروسلوز، شايعترين بيماري مشترك •• بين حيوانات و انسان است بين حيوانات و انسان است •• جزو سالح هاي بيولوژيك جزو سالح هاي بيولوژيك ••

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•• Fastidious Fastidious & aerobic& aerobic•• FacultativeFacultative intracellularintracellular

•• Gram negativeGram negative non non motilemotile cocobacillicocobacilli

عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك --22

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BrucellaBrucella sppspp.. SourceSource VirulenceVirulence Infective DoseInfective Dose

B.B. melitensismelitensis Goats, sheep, Goats, sheep, Cattle, SwineCattle, Swine ++++++++ 1 1 –– 1010

B.B. suissuis Swine, CattleSwine, Cattle ++++++ 1,000 1,000 –– 10,00010,000

B.B. abortusabortus CattleCattle ++++ 100,000100,000

B.B. caniscanis DogsDogs ++ 1,000,0001,000,000

Etiologic agentsEtiologic agents

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Resistance ofResistance of brucellabrucellaHeating at 60Heating at 60ººCC For 10 minutesFor 10 minutesPhenol 1%Phenol 1% For 15 minutesFor 15 minutesDirect sunlightDirect sunlight In a few hoursIn a few hoursMilkMilk For several daysFor several daysMilkMilk (till the milk turns sour)(till the milk turns sour)Fresh cheeseFresh cheese For 3 monthsFor 3 monthsTapTap--waterwater For 57 daysFor 57 daysHuman urineHuman urine For 1 weekFor 1 weekDustDust For 6 weeksFor 6 weeksDamp soilDamp soil For 10 weeksFor 10 weeksAnimal fecesAnimal feces For 100 daysFor 100 days

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SpeciesSpecies BiotypesBiotypesBr.Br. AbortusAbortus 1,2,3,4,5,6,8,91,2,3,4,5,6,8,9Br.Br. MelitensisMelitensis 1212Br.Br. SuisSuis 1212Br.Br. CanisCanis Not foundNot found

Isolated species in IranIsolated species in Iran

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ويژگي هاي مهم عامل عفونتزا ويژگي هاي مهم عامل عفونتزا توانايي ورود به بدن توانايي ورود به بدن ––) ) InfectivityInfectivity(( ـ عفونتزايي ـ عفونتزايي 11

وسعت بيماريزايي وسعت بيماريزايي ––) ) PathogenicityPathogenicity(( ـ آسيب زايي ـ آسيب زايي 22

قدرت ايجاد بيماري و مرگ قدرت ايجاد بيماري و مرگ ––) ) VirulenceVirulence(( ـ حدت ـ حدت 33

))AntigenicityAntigenicity(( ـ خاصيت آنتي ژني ـ خاصيت آنتي ژني 44))ImmunogenicityImmunogenicity(( ـ خاصيت ايمني زايي ـ خاصيت ايمني زايي 55

عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك --22

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تعريف مورد بروسلوز در سيستم مراقبت وجود عالئم باليني منطبق بر وجود عالئم باليني منطبق بر ::مورد مشكوكمورد مشكوك••

بروسلوز همراه با ارتباط اپيدميولوژيك با موارد حيواني بروسلوز همراه با ارتباط اپيدميولوژيك با موارد حيواني و فراورده هاي آن و فراورده هاي آن

مورد مشكوكي كه آزمايش رايت آن مورد مشكوكي كه آزمايش رايت آن ::مورد محتمل مورد محتمل •• يا بيشتر، مثبت باشد يا بيشتر، مثبت باشد 1:801:80در عيار در عيار

مورد مشكوكي است كه با كشت مثبت مورد مشكوكي است كه با كشت مثبت ::مورد قطعي مورد قطعي ••خون يا مغز استخوان يا بعضي از بافتها، همراه باشد خون يا مغز استخوان يا بعضي از بافتها، همراه باشد

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•• SkinSkin abrasion, abrasion, conjunctivaeconjunctivae, , inhalationinhalation or or ingestioningestion

•• Engulfed byEngulfed by neutrophilsneutrophils andandmonocytesmonocytes (resistant to killing)(resistant to killing)

•• Localize Localize regional lymphregional lymph nodesnodes•• InfectInfect phagocyticphagocytic cellscells in the in the RERE

system and formsystem and form granulomasgranulomas

PathogenesisPathogenesis

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الف ـ مقدمه و معرفي بيماري الف ـ مقدمه و معرفي بيماري

تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي --11 عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك عامل يا عوامل اتيولوژيك –– 22 ـ تعريف مورد ـ تعريف مورد 33

ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و (Occurrence)(Occurrence)وقوع وقوع

ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل

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ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و وقوع بروسلوز وقوع بروسلوز

(Incubation period)(Incubation period) دوره نهفتگي دوره نهفتگي –– 11 (Natural course) (Natural course) سير طبيعي سير طبيعي –– 22 (Geographical distribution) (Geographical distribution) انتشار جغرافيائي انتشار جغرافيائي–– 33(Timeline trend)(Timeline trend) روند زماني روند زماني–– 44 تاثير سن، جنس، شغل و موقعيت اجتماعي تاثير سن، جنس، شغل و موقعيت اجتماعي –– 55 (Predisposing factors) (Predisposing factors) تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده –– 66 (Susceptibility & Resistance) (Susceptibility & Resistance) حساسيت و مقاومت حساسيت و مقاومت –– 77 (Secondary attack rate) (Secondary attack rate) ميزان حمله هاي ثانويه ميزان حمله هاي ثانويه–– 88 نحوه انتقال و دوره قابليت سرايت نحوه انتقال و دوره قابليت سرايت –– 99

(Mode of transmission & period of communicability)(Mode of transmission & period of communicability)

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ـ دوره نهفتگي ـ دوره نهفتگي 11

•• 55--60 days (160 days (1--2 month)2 month)

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ـ سير طبيعي ـ سير طبيعي22

•• SubclinicalSubclinical and unrecognized and unrecognized infections are more frequent infections are more frequent than clinical onethan clinical one

•• Is usually a Is usually a selfself--limitinglimiting diseasedisease•• 50% of cases50% of cases recover their recover their

health in one yearhealth in one year

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)) ادامهادامه(( ـ سير طبيعي ـ سير طبيعي 22

•• UntreatedUntreated clinical illness may clinical illness may become chronicbecome chronic

•• The The death ratedeath rate of untreated of untreated brucellosis is about 2%brucellosis is about 2%

•• Death is usually due to bacterialDeath is usually due to bacterialendocarditisendocarditis

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))مرور مرور (( ـ سير طبيعي ـ سير طبيعي 22

))ساب كلينيكال ساب كلينيكال ((ميزان موارد بدون عالمت ميزان موارد بدون عالمت ••ميزان موارد حاد ميزان موارد حاد ••ميزان موارد مزمن ميزان موارد مزمن ••ميزان موارد بهبودي خودبخودي ميزان موارد بهبودي خودبخودي ••سير بعدي بيماري با درمان و بدون درمان سير بعدي بيماري با درمان و بدون درمان ••ميزان مرتاليتي و مربيديتي ميزان مرتاليتي و مربيديتي ••

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ـ انتشار جغرافيائي ـ انتشار جغرافيائي 33

WHO

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ـ انتشار جغرافيائي ـ انتشار جغرافيائي 33وضعيت بيماري در ايران وضعيت بيماري در ايران

اطالعات مرآز مديريت بيماريها

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57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81 83 85 87بروز

38

3239

74

109

97 95

100

82

108

136

170

128

1009067

60 5855

4131 24 24

25

27

32 37 39

3430

25

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

روند ميزان بروز بروسلوز در ايران

اطالعات مرآز مديريت بيماريها

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ـ روند زماني ـ روند زماني 44 (Pandemics) (Pandemics)پاندمي ها ؟ پاندمي ها ؟ •• (Epidemics) (Epidemics) اپيدمي ها ؟ اپيدمي ها ؟ •• (Outbreaks) (Outbreaks) طغيان ها ؟ طغيان ها ؟ •• (Duration) (Duration)تناوب زماني ؟ تناوب زماني ؟ •• (Seasonality) (Seasonality)الگوي فصلي ؟ الگوي فصلي ؟ ••

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Season Re. 42 Ref. 41 Ref. 36 Ref. 34 Min

Spring 49 41 28 52 42

Summer

33 22 35 34 34

Autumn

15 15 25 14 17

Winter 3 12 12 0 7

Seasonal distribution in Iran

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ـ تاثير سن، جنس ، شغل و موقعيت اجتماعي ـ تاثير سن، جنس ، شغل و موقعيت اجتماعي 55

و و با عالمتبا عالمت ، موارد ، موارد شيوع شيوع و و بروز بروز بر ميزان بر ميزان تاثير سن تاثير سن •• شدن شدن مزمنمزمن و احتمال و احتمال خفيفخفيف و و شديدشديد و و بدون عالمتبدون عالمت

و مير و ميرمرگمرگو ميزان و ميزان ••All ages and genders affectedAll ages and genders affected بر عوامل مذكور بر عوامل مذكورتاثير جنس تاثير جنس •• ؟ ؟ شغل و موقعيت اجتماعيشغل و موقعيت اجتماعي••

Worldwide, brucellosis is more common in males than in females, with a ratio of 5:2-3 in endemic areas.

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Effect of GenderEffect of Gender• Men aged 15-45 years are affected

twice as often as women of the same age

• The man is more likely than the woman to be exposed to the heaviest concentration of organisms

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Effect of GenderEffect of Gender• In Iran both sexes are nearly

always equally contacted with contaminated animals and dairy products

• There is not a significant predominance of male to female brucellosis in Iran

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Sex distribution in IranSex distribution in Iran

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

MaleMale56%56%

FemaleFemale44%44%

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Age distribution Age distribution •• ChildrenChildren are affected very much less are affected very much less

than adultsthan adults•• The odd low incidence in children is The odd low incidence in children is

unexplainedunexplained•• It may be that It may be that gastric aciditygastric acidity is less is less

often deficient than in adultoften deficient than in adult•• OccupationalOccupational exposure is much more exposure is much more

importantimportant

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340-4 5-9 10-14 20-24 30-34 40-44 50-54 + 60

13701370 بيمار ايراني در سال بيمار ايراني در سال 5600056000توزيع سني توزيع سني

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Occupational hazardsOccupational hazards•• FarmersFarmers•• Shepherds, goatherdsShepherds, goatherds•• VeterinariansVeterinarians•• Abattoir workersAbattoir workers•• Laboratory workersLaboratory workers•• ButchersButchers

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33

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20

1 1 1 1 2 4 63 4

05

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مينظا

افاليب

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ابقص

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ككود كاربي

صشخ

نام

مورد بروسلوز مورد بروسلوز 5600056000موقعيت اجتماعي و شغليموقعيت اجتماعي و شغلي13701370گزارش شده در ايران در سال گزارش شده در ايران در سال

%%

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ـ تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده ـ تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده 66

عوامل فرهنگي و عقيدتي عوامل فرهنگي و عقيدتي ••زمينه هائي نظير ضعف ايمني، ابتالء به بيماريهاي زمينه هائي نظير ضعف ايمني، ابتالء به بيماريهاي ••

سركوبگر ايمني ، مصرف داروهاي مضعف سيستم سركوبگر ايمني ، مصرف داروهاي مضعف سيستم ايمنيايمني

استرس هاي مختلف استرس هاي مختلف ••فقر و بي خانماني فقر و بي خانماني ••

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ـ حساسيت و مقاومت در مقابل بيماري ـ حساسيت و مقاومت در مقابل بيماري 77

مقاومت طبيعي مقاومت طبيعي ••مصونيت اكتسابي بعد از ابتالءمصونيت اكتسابي بعد از ابتالء••مصونيت اكتسابي بعد از واكسيناسيون مصونيت اكتسابي بعد از واكسيناسيون ••

در انسان ؟ در انسان ؟ -- در حيوانات ؟ در حيوانات ؟--

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Susceptibility and resistanceSusceptibility and resistance

••ChildrenChildren are more resistant are more resistant than adultsthan adults••ImmunityImmunity toto reinfectionreinfection follows follows initial infection in the majority of initial infection in the majority of the individualsthe individuals

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ـ ميزان حمالت ثانويه ـ ميزان حمالت ثانويه 88

اين بيماري نوعي زئونوز است و طي تماس هاي . معمولي، از انسان به انسان منتقل نمي شود

اين بيماري نوعي زئونوز است و طي تماس هاي اين بيماري نوعي زئونوز است و طي تماس هاي . . معمولي، از انسان به انسان منتقل نمي شود معمولي، از انسان به انسان منتقل نمي شود

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ـ منابع و مخازن ، نحوه انتقال بيماري و دوره ـ منابع و مخازن ، نحوه انتقال بيماري و دوره 99بروسلوز بروسلوز قابليت سرايت قابليت سرايت

(Source) (Source)تعريف منبع ؟تعريف منبع ؟••(Reservoir)(Reservoir)تعريف مخزن ؟ تعريف مخزن ؟ ••راه هاي انتقالراه هاي انتقال••

مستقيم مستقيم ––غير مستقيم غير مستقيم ––

(P. of communicability) (P. of communicability)دوره قابليت سرايت ؟ دوره قابليت سرايت ؟ ––

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Brucellosis in animals

• Transmitted by contact with infected tissue or milk (oral, aerosol or abrasion)

• Predilection for erythritol rich organs (breast, uterus, epididymis,ect.)

• Abortions, mastitis and sterility

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Transmission of brucellosisTransmission of brucellosis

• Farmers / Ranchers• Veterinarians (food animal

practice)• Brucellosis eradication personnel• Meat inspection personnel• Abattoir workers• Laboratory personnel

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Transmission of brucellosisTransmission of brucellosisBrucellosis as a Food Borne Disease

• Is not or is not occupation related• Often no history of animal contact• May occur outside brucellosis enzootic

areas• Often occurs in outbreaks• May involve women & children• May involve travelers to brucellosis enzootic

areas

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ReservoirsReservoirsNatural Human

Species Host Pathogen• Brucella abortus Cattle *• Brucella suis Swine *• Brucella melitensis Goats/Sheep *• Brucella ovis Sheep• Brucella canis Dogs *• Brucella neotomae Desert wood rat7• Brucella pinnipediae Marine animals +_Brucella cetaceae

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Occurrence in Wildlife

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ReservoirReservoir• Mammalian parasite• Host specificity is not exclusive• Horse is occasionally infected• Serum from camels have proved positive• Have been isolated from foxes, buffaloes,

elk, moose, deer, polecats• Rabbits have been infected• Infection of hares have proved

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ReservoirReservoir•• FliesFlies, , mosquitoesmosquitoes, , ticksticks and and other insectsother insects

can be infected with all speciescan be infected with all species•• Ticks have Ticks have transmittedtransmitted to guinea pigs by to guinea pigs by

bitingbiting•• DogsDogs and and catscats are fairly resistantare fairly resistant•• Has not been found in Has not been found in monkeysmonkeys

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• In many parts of the world, cattle are heavily infected

• Br. Abortus is most commonly involved• They may readily infect with Br. Melitensis

and Br. suis

Infection of CattleInfection of Cattle

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• Br. Melitensis do not cause serious symptoms in cattle

• Br. Abortus may lead to death of the fetus and abortion

• The aborted fetus, the placenta and the discharge from vagina are all heavily contaminated

Infection of CattleInfection of Cattle

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Infection of CattleInfection of Cattle• Brucella tend to lodge in mammary gland

and supramammary lymph nodes• They may shed in the milk for years• The organisms tend to settle in the testicles,

epididymis and seminal vesicles• Organisms may be present in the semen and

may transmit sexually• Transmission by artificial insemination• In cattle is a serious economic and public

health problem

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Infection of GoatsInfection of Goats•• Is always due to Is always due to Br.Br. MelitensisMelitensis•• AbortionAbortion is not a prominent is not a prominent

symptomssymptoms•• Reduced Reduced fertilityfertility in the herdin the herd•• Br.Br. MelitensisMelitensis is passed in is passed in

enormous numbers in the enormous numbers in the milkmilkfor for 66--7 month7 month

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Infection of SheepInfection of Sheep• Is always due to Br. Melitensis• Is occasionally due to Br. Abortus

or Br. Suis• Affecting fertility and meat and

wool production

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Infection of SwineInfection of Swine• Br. Suis is the most common

brucella in swine • Swine may infect with brucella

abortus and melitensis• The semen may be teeming with

brucella and the boar may disseminate infection throughout the herd

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Transmission between animalsTransmission between animals

• Milk• Meat• Trans placentally• Sexually (& artificial insemination)• Respiratory• Urine

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Mode of transmissionMode of transmission•• IngestionIngestion•• InhalationInhalation•• Abrasion skinAbrasion skin•• Mucous membranesMucous membranes•• ConjunctiveConjunctive•• Sexual Sexual •• Blood transfusionBlood transfusion•• Organ transplantOrgan transplant

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Mode of transmissionMode of transmission..تغذيه با شير خام در دوران شيرخوارگي و بعد از آن تغذيه با شير خام در دوران شيرخوارگي و بعد از آن ) ) 11..مصرف لبنيات خام، نظير پنير و خامه روستايي مصرف لبنيات خام، نظير پنير و خامه روستايي ) ) 22. . خوردن دنبالن آلوده اي كه خوب پخته نشده باشد خوردن دنبالن آلوده اي كه خوب پخته نشده باشد ) ) 33گوساله، بزغاله، گوساله، بزغاله، ((تماس مستقيم با نوزادان تازه متولد شده حيوانات تماس مستقيم با نوزادان تازه متولد شده حيوانات ) ) 44

00) ) برهبره..تماس مستقيم با نسوج حيواني آلوده، نظير مثانه حيوانات ذبح شده تماس مستقيم با نسوج حيواني آلوده، نظير مثانه حيوانات ذبح شده ) ) 55..موجود در هواي آغل و اصطبل موجود در هواي آغل و اصطبل ) ) آئروسل آئروسل ((از طريق افشانه هاي از طريق افشانه هاي ) ) 66..به هنگام بازي با وسايل كشاورزي، از طريق پوست آسيب ديده به هنگام بازي با وسايل كشاورزي، از طريق پوست آسيب ديده ) ) 77..از طريق پاها و دست هاي ترك خورده كودكان روستايي از طريق پاها و دست هاي ترك خورده كودكان روستايي ) ) 88تغذيه با شير آلوده مادر و انتقال داخل رحمي را نيز در بروسلوز تغذيه با شير آلوده مادر و انتقال داخل رحمي را نيز در بروسلوز ) ) 99

..، دخيل دانسته اند ، دخيل دانسته اند ))CongenitalCongenital( ( مادرزادي مادرزادي

در شيرخواران و آودآان روستائي

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ارتباط بروسلوز و بارداري در انسان ارتباط بروسلوز و بارداري در انسان به ميزان موارد سقط، زايمان زودرس و مرده زائى در زنان بار دار مبتال

بيمارى هاى عفونى مختلف بسترى در بخش عفونى سيناى آرمانشاه

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نحوه توزيع موارد سقط و زايمان زودرس، ) كرمانشاه ( برحسب دماي بدن خانم هاى باردار

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ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل بروسلوز ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل بروسلوز •• Primordial Prevention:Primordial Prevention: “…“…minimize minimize

hazards to healthhazards to health””•• Primary Prevention:Primary Prevention:

Prevention of disease in Prevention of disease in ““wellwell”” individualsindividuals•• Secondary Prevention:Secondary Prevention:

Identification and intervention in early Identification and intervention in early stages of diseasestages of disease

Tertiary Prevention:Tertiary Prevention:Prevention of further deterioration, Prevention of further deterioration, reduction in complicationsreduction in complications

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ـ پيشگيري سطح اول ـ پيشگيري سطح اول 11 ـ ارتقاء آگاهي هاي بهداشتي مردم1منبع، مخزن، ( ـ قطع زنجيره انتقال 2

. . .وسايل انتقال فعال، ( ـ پروفيالكسي با ايمنسازي 3

و كموپروفيالكسي ) انفعالي

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Post exposure Post exposure ProphylaxisProphylaxis

••Persons Persons inoculatedinoculated with strain with strain 19 or Rev19 or Rev--1 vaccines should be 1 vaccines should be given given DoxycyclineDoxycycline and Rifampin and Rifampin for 21 days (chemoprophylaxis)for 21 days (chemoprophylaxis)••ForFor conjunctivalconjunctival inoculationsinoculationsfor 6 weeksfor 6 weeks••BioterrorismBioterrorism events, for 6 weeksevents, for 6 weeks

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Preventive measuresPreventive measures••Immunization of young goatsImmunization of young goatsand sheep with live attenuated and sheep with live attenuated RevRev--1 strain of Br.1 strain of Br. MelitensisMelitensis••Immunization of calvesImmunization of calves and and sometimes adult animals with sometimes adult animals with strain 19 Br.strain 19 Br. AbortusAbortus

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••RecallRecall incriminated productsincriminated products••Stop Stop productionproduction & distribution& distribution••PasteurizationPasteurization

Preventive measuresPreventive measures

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ـ پيشگيري سطح دوم ـ پيشگيري سطح دوم 22 ـ تشخيص زودرس 1 ـ درمان به موقع2 ـ توجه به درمان به عنوان پيشگيري 3

سطح اول و دوم

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Diagnosis• Symptoms and signs are

non-specific• Brucellosis is prone to misdiagnosis• Careful history is very important• Serologic tests• Bacteriological examinations

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Treatment• Doxycycline + Rifampin• Tetracycline + Rifampin• Tetracycline + Streptomycin• Co-trimoxazole + Rifampin• 3.G. Cephalosporines + Rifampin• Quinolones + Rifampin• Rifampin + Doxycycline is the

treatment of choice (WHO)

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ـ پيشگيري سطح سوم ـ پيشگيري سطح سوم 33درمان عوارض بيماري

)تخليه آبسه پاراورتبرال ()مداخله جراحي (

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كنترل بروسلوز كنترل بروسلوز ـ مبارزه با منابع و مخازن 1 ـ قطع زنجيره انتقال 2 ـ حفظ افراد سالم 3

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كنترل بروسلوز كنترل بروسلوز ـ مبارزه با مخازن 1شناسائي حيوانات بيمار•ايزوله كردن بيماران ؟؟ •منابع محيطي ؟؟•

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كنترل بروسلوز كنترل بروسلوز ـ قطع زنجيره انتقال 2تماس هاي مستقيم و غيرمستقيم•. . . آب، غذا و •. . .پوست، مخاط، هوا، جفت •

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كنترل بروسلوز كنترل بروسلوز ـ حفظ افراد سالم 3مصونسازي اكتيو؟ •مصونسازي پاسيو؟ •كموپروفيالكسي؟ •

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اپيدميولوژي باليني و كنترل بيماري هاي اپيدميولوژي باليني و كنترل بيماري هاي عفونيعفوني

آدرس اساليدها و كتب الكترونيك آدرس اساليدها و كتب الكترونيك :: مرتبط، در سايت ها و كانال هاي اينترنتي مرتبط، در سايت ها و كانال هاي اينترنتي

https://sites.google.com/site/drhatamilibraryhttps://sites.google.com/site/drhatamilibraryhttps://sites.https://sites.googlegoogle.com/site/drhatamilibrary7/mph_class/clinical_.com/site/drhatamilibrary7/mph_class/clinical_epidemioepidemio__infinf--htmhtm

https://telegram.me/drhatamibookshttps://telegram.me/drhatamibookshttp://www.http://www.elibelib..hbihbi..irir//persianpersian/LIBRARY./LIBRARY.htmhtm ((مسدود مسدود ))

در جمهوري اسالمي و در جمهوري اسالمي و GoogleGoogle.Sites.Sitesبا توجه به اينكه شركت گوگل، استفاده از قابليت هاي با توجه به اينكه شركت گوگل، استفاده از قابليت هاي توانيد وارد سايت توانيد وارد سايت بعضي از كشورهاي ديگر را محدود كرده و به همين دليل ممكن است شما ن بعضي از كشورهاي ديگر را محدود كرده و به همين دليل ممكن است شما ن

ز ز بشويد لذا قبل از ورود به اين سايت ميتوانيد نرم افزار سايفون را ا بشويد لذا قبل از ورود به اين سايت ميتوانيد نرم افزار سايفون را ا drhatamilibrarydrhatamilibraryعلميعلمي دانلود كرده و دانلود كرده و .gi9y/en.htmlgi9y/en.html--2q112q11--.com/0ubz.com/0ubzamazonawsamazonawshttps://s3.https://s3سايت سايت

..اجرا كنيد تا محدوديت مورد اشاره، رفع شود اجرا كنيد تا محدوديت مورد اشاره، رفع شود ) ) بطور جداگانه، گوشي يا دسكتاپ بطور جداگانه، گوشي يا دسكتاپ ((روي سيستم خود روي سيستم خود