Botany

Study of Plant Life

Bonnie Pavlak, CPH

http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/plantbody.jpg

The Plant Cell

The Plant Cell What 2 features of a plant cell are not

found in an animal cell?

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

CO2 + H20 + LIGHT =SUGAR + OXYGEN

OCCURS IN THE CHLOROPLAST

RESPIRATION

Sugar + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ENERGY

Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA

Do animals respire? Plants?

TRANSPIRATION WATER VAPOR EVAPORATES FROM

THE STOMATA THIS PULLS THE WATER AND

MINERALS UP FROM THE ROOTS EVAPORATION ALSO COOLS THE

PLANT GAS EXCHANGE O2 CO2

Minerals in Soil

N P K Ca Mg SB Cu Fe Na Cl Mn Mo Zn Si

STOMA (pl. stomata) Pore on under side of

Leaf

Guard Cells Open & Close

Transpiration Pulls Water Up from roots

Categorizing Plants by Length of LifeName Definition Examples

AnnualLives for one growing season

Sunflower, Verbena, Zinnia, Petunia, Coleus

BiennialLives for two growing seasons

Carrot, Onion, Hollyhock, Foxglove

PerennialSurvives for many growing seasons

Coneflower, Daylilies, Hosta, Peonies

TAXONOMY - classification Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Protista - Algae Kingdom Monera - Bacteria Kingdom Animalia

PLANT KINGDOM Mosses & Liverworts Horsetails Club Mosses Ferns Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Monocots Dicots

Mosses & Liverworts No circulatory system

Horsetails Scouring Rush

Club Mosses – Lycopodium

Spores used as flash powder

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Ferns Sorus(i) (spore case) Fiddleheads

GYMNOSPERMS Vascular

Tissue Seeds Cones

(Conifers) No Flowers

Examples: Cycads Ginkgo Conifers

CYCADS Primitive Seed Plant Cone Bearing Mesozoic Era 200 million years ago Subtropical Looks like a palm Called ‘Sago Palm’ Not a palm

GINKGO Ginkgo biloba “Living Fossil” 270 million years ago Thought extinct Survived in Chinese

temple gardens May live 3,000 years

CONIFERS

ANGIOSPERMS

MONOCOTS & DICOTSCOTYLEDON – SEED LEAF

LATIN BINOMIALS Carl Linnaeus - 2 Names Genus (capitalized) specific epithet (never capitalized) Acer rubrum (Italics) Salix babylonica L. (Underline) Gleditsia tricanthos var. inermis

(variety) Thornless Common Honeylocust – naturally occurring

‘Cultivar’ – intentionally cultivated

SEEDS

THE LEAF

Monocot – Parallel Veins Dicot – Net Veins

The Herbaceous Stem

Scattered Vascular Bundles Ring of Vascular Bundles

Bamboo – scattered vascular bundles

Woody Dicot Stem

Monocots do not have woody stems

Vascular Tissue Xylem – conducts ___________________ Phloem – conducts __________________

Cambium – makes xylem towards the inside of the tree and makes phloem towards the outside of the tree

Do Monocots have Cambium? Y N

The Flower

Pollination Male sex cell

produced by the stamen ______

Female sex cell produced by the ovary________

Ovary becomes _____________

Ovules becomes _____________

Monocots have 3 or multiples of 3 Flower Parts

Dicots have 2, 4 & 5 or multiples of 2,4 & 5 Flower Parts

Leaf Types

Palmately Compound Leaf

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Leaf Arrangement

Opposite Alternate Whorled

Cross Section of a Leaf

DifferencesMonocots Dicots

Leaf Veins# Flower Parts

# CotyledonsVascular BundlesHave Cambium Y N

Review What are the 2 parts of the scientific

Name?

If the flowers in an orange orchard died in a heavy frost, would the trees produce fruit?

Plant Hormonesand FunctionCytokinins Growth

Gibberellins Gravity

Ethylene Aging, Touch

Abscisic Acid Dormancy, Closes Stoma

Auxin Responds to Light

Apical Dominance - pruning

Auxin, a hormone produced in the terminal bud inhibits lateral bud development until removed

terminal bud — a bud that is at the tip of a stem or branch

bud scale — a small modified leaf on the outside of a bud

lateral bud — a bud that is situated along the sides of a branch and not at the tip

lenticel — a corky spot on the bark which originally permitted air to enter the twig

Anatomy of a Twig

leaf scar — the scar left on a twig when a leaf falls

bud scale scar — scar left on a twig when a bud scale falls

bundle trace — dot-like scars within a leaf scar (Xylem & Phloem)

node — the place on a twig where a leaf is attached

internode — the part of a twig between two nodes

pith — central, usually soft portion of a twig

Twig Labels