Chapter I: Electricity

GROB

GROB

CHAPTER I: ELECTRICITY An invisible force that can produce heat, light, and motion.Electricity

The force for _________ is an attraction or repulsion between electric charges.Motion

The basic form for a quantity of electricity.Electric Charge

The closed path for the movement of charges.Circuit

Negative and Positive Polarities Two basic particles of electric charge.Electron and Proton

_______ is the smallest amount of electric charge having the characteristic called negative polarity.Electron

The proton is a basic particle with ________.Positive Polarity

Is it true or false that the neutral condition means equal positive and negative charges?True

Electrons and Protons in the Atom The smallest particle of the basic elements that form solid, liquids, gases we know as physical substances.Atom

Central mass of an atomNucleus

Proton is _______ times heavier than an electron.1840

Electrons that can move freely from one atom to the next.Free electrons

Electrons that can move easily from atom to atom in a material.Conductor

The best conductor.Silver

A material with atoms in which the electrons tend to stay in their own orbits.Insulator

An insulating material and also can store electric charges.Dielectric

A material that conducts less than the metal conductors but more than the insulators.Semiconductors

Practically all transistors are made of _________.Silicon

Defined as a substance that cannot be decomposed any further by chemical action.Elements

Greek word that means a particle too small to be subdivided.Atom

Semiconductors have _____ electrons in the outermost ring.4

____ Electrons in the outside ring is a stable structure.8

A group of two or more atoms.Molecule

A group of two or more elements.Compound

The smallest unit of a compound with the same chemical characteristics.Molecule

Atomic number of oxygen.8

CHAPTER 2 : RESISTORS The most often used construction of a resistor.Carbon-composition type

The purpose of using a resistor in a circuit is to reduce __________ to a specific value.Current (I)

True or false: the resistance has a common effect for DC and AC circuits.True

Types of Resistors Two main characteristics of a resistor.Resistance and its power rating

It means the power is wasted.Dissipation

The power rating of carbon resistors.1W or less

Resistors with higher resistance values usually have lower wattage ratings because __________.They have less current

True or false: the lower the power rating, the smaller the physical size of the resistor.True

A type of resistor that has a special type of wire called resistance wire. Wire-wound Resistor

The power rating available in small wire-wound resistors.3 to 4W

This type of resistor is made of finely divided carbon or graphite mixed with a powdered insulating material.Carbon-composition Resistor

These are metal caps with leads of tinned copper wire of resistor for soldering the connection into circuit.Axial leads

Available values of carbon resistors.1 to 20

The power rating of carbon resistor.0.1 to 2W

Two kinds of film-type resistors.Carbon film type and Metal-film

This type of resistor has a carbon coating fired onto a solid ceramic substrate.Chip resistors

This type of resistor is a wire-wound resistor made to burn open easily when the power rating is exceeded. It then serves the dual functions of a fuse and a resistor to limit the current.Fusible resistors

Resistor Color Coding The organization standardized the color coding of resistor.Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

In reading the resistor color coding value, the first band close to the edge gives ______.The first digit in the numerical value of resistor.

In reading the resistor color coding value, the third band indicates ______.The decimal multiplier.

The amount by which the resistor can be different from the color-coded value.Tolerance

The typical tolerance of wire-wound resistor.5%

The typical tolerance of precision wire-wound resistor.1% or less

Variable Resistors It can be wire-wound or carbon-type resistor.Variable Resistor

The way resistor varies with the shaft control.Taper of the control

It is convenient unit for providing any one resistor within a wide range of values.Decade box

Rheostats and Potentiometers It is a variable resistor with two terminals connected in series with a load. The purpose is to vary the amount of current.Rheostat

It is generally called pot and it has three terminals.Potentiometer

These are generally wire-wound high-wattage resistors for power applications.Commercial rheostats

Power Rating of Resistors A resistor should have _________ to dissipate the power produced by the current flowing through the resistance, without becoming too hot.High wattage rating

A type of resistor that operates at high temperature, a typical value being 300C for the maximum temperature.Wire wound resistor

Series and Parallel Combinations of Resistors Two equal resistors in ________ double the resistance.Series

Two equal resistors in ________ have one-half the resistance.Parallel

Resistors Troubles When the open resistor is a series component, ____________.There is no current in the entire series path.

These are preferred in applications such as volume and tone controls because the smoother change in resistance results in less noise when the variable arm is rotated.Carbon controls

Resistance measurements are made with a _____________.Ohmmeter

A ____________ resistor reads infinitely high ohms.Open

A resistor can change in value beyond it tolerance caused by __________.Heat over a long period of time

CHAPTER 3 : OHMs LAW He discovered the Ohms Law.Georg Simon Ohm

It is used to determine the amount of electric power in the circuit.Ohms Law

True or false: Ohms law applies to both DC and AC circuits.True

Practical Units It is the amount of current through a one-ohm resistance that has one volt of potential difference applied across it.One ampere

It is the potential difference across a one-ohm resistance that has one ampere of current through it.One volt

It is the amount of opposition in a resistance that has a V/I ratio of 1, allowing one ampere of current with one volt applied.One ohm

Linear Proportion between V and I The formula which states that V and I are directly proportional for any value of R.Ohms Law

In ohms law, increases of volts will __________ the current.Increase

It shows how much current the resistor allows for different voltages.Volt-ampere characteristic graph

In a volt-ampere characteristic graph, the value in y axis or ordinate is _______________.Current values

In a volt-ampere characteristic graph, the value in x axis or abscissa is _____________.Voltage values

In ohms law, voltage and current are __________.Directly proportional

This type has a nonlinear volt-ampere characteristic.Nonlinear resistance

Whether the resistor is linear is not, the current is ________ for more resistance, with applied voltage constant.Less

Electric Power The unit of electric power.Watt

He discovers the unit of electric power.James Watt (1736-1819)

It equals the work done in one second by one volt of potential difference in moving one coulomb of charge.One watt of power

It is the time rate of doing work.Power

It is the time rate at which charges is forced to move by voltage.Electric power

1 horse power is equal to____________.764 Watts or 550 ft lb/s

One horse power is approximately equal to ____________. kW

It is the power used during a period of time.Work

One joule is equal to ________1watt second

One watt is equal to ___________.1 joule/second

One joule is equal to ________ coulomb6.25 x 1018 eV

This is a unit commonly for large amounts of electrical work or energy.Kilowatt-hour

The amount is calculated simply as the product of the power in kilowatts multiplied by the time in hours during which the power is used.Kilowatt-hour

Electric Shock It is a sudden involuntary contraction of the muscles, with a feeling of pain, caused by current through the body. It can be fatal.Shock

The greatest shock hazard is from ______ that can supply appreciable amounts of power.High-voltage circuits

The value of let go current for men.9mA

The value of let go current for women.6mA

The greatest danger of shock is form a source having an output of ________ with enough power to maintain the load current through the body when it is connected across the applied voltage.More than 30 V

CHAPTER 4 : SERIES CIRCUITS The purpose of this circuit is to connect different components that need the same current.Series Circuits

Why I is the same in all Parts of a Series Circuit It is a movement of charges between two points, produced by the applied voltage.Electric Current

The order in which components are connected in series does not affect the ___________.Current

It is the same amount at the same time in all series components.Current

The free electrons moving away from one point are continuously replaced by free electrons flowing from a ____________ in the series circuit.Adjacent Point

Polarity of IR Voltage Drops When an IR voltage drop exists across a resistance, one end must be either ________________ than the other end.More positive or more negative

The polarity of IR voltage can be associated with the direction of ___________.Current through a resistor

The top end of R in the diagrams is _______.Negative

True or false: The resistor does not know which direction of current we are thinking of.True

Total Power in a Series Circuit The power needed to produce current in each series resistor is used up in the form of __________.Heat

It is the sum of the individual values of power dissipated in each part of the circuit.Total Power

Series-aiding and Series Opposing Voltages These are connected with polarities that allow current in the same direction.Series-aiding Voltages

Voltages are connected ______ when the plus terminal of one is connected to the negative terminal of the text.Series-aiding

Voltages are connected ______ when the negative terminal of one is connected to the negative terminal of the text.Series-opposing

If the series-opposing voltages are equal, the net voltage is equal to __________.Zero

Analyzing Series Circuits We must know the _________ to calculate current because the total applied voltage is given.Total Resistance

A common application of series circuits is to use a resistance to ______ the voltage from the source to a lower value.Drop

Effect of an Open Circuit in a Series Path It is break in the current path.Open Circuit

The resistance of the _________ is very high because an insulator like air takes place conducting path of the circuit.Open path

With an open in any part of a series circuit, the current is _____ in the entire circuit.Zero

Each of the resistors in the open circuit has an IR drop of ______.Zero

There is ___________ with the open circuit because there is no complete path outside the battery between its two terminals.No Current

The __________ have the entire applied voltage indicates a good way to find an open component in a series string.Open Terminals

CHAPTER 5 : PARALLEL CIRCUITS There have one common voltage across all the branches but separate branch currents that can be different.Parallel Circuits

It is formed when two or more components are connected across one voltage source.Parallel Circuits

The Applied Voltage VA is the Same Across Parallel Branches The typical application of parallel circuits.Typical House Wiring

It is formed when two or more components are connected across one voltage source.Parallel Circuits

Analyzing Parallel Circuits When you know the voltage across one branch, this voltage is __________.Across all the branches

If you know IT and one of the branch currents I1, you can find I2 by _______________.Subtracting I1 from IT

Effect of an Open Branch in Parallel Circuits An open in any circuit is a ____________ that results in no current.Infinite Resistance

In parallel circuits, open circuits in one branch results ___________, but in other branches can have their normal current.No current through that branch

Effect of a Short Circuit Across Parallel Branches In parallel circuits, a short circuit has _________, resulting in excessive current.Zero Resistance

In parallel circuits, when one branch is short-circuited, __________.All the parallel paths are also short-circuited.

Parallel Circuit for the OR Logic Function The __________ gate function corresponds to switches in parallel.OR Gate

CHAPTER 6 : SERIES PARALLEL CIRCUITS It is used when it is necessary to provide different amounts of voltage and current for the components using one source of applied voltage.Series-Parallel Circuit

Resistance Strings in Parallel In series-parallel circuits, with too low a _________, there would be insufficient current for normal operation and the bulbs would not operate at normal brilliance.Voltage

Each branch current equals the voltage applied across the branch divided by __________The total resistance in the branch.

For any one resistance in a string, the current in the string multiplied by the resistance equals the ___________ across that particular resistance.IR Voltage Drop

It is equal to the sum of the branch currents for all parallel strings.Total line current

It is equal to the applied voltage divided by the total line current.Resistance of the total series-parallel circuit

The series parts have the same _________.Current

The parallel parts have the same __________.Voltage

Analyzing Series-Parallel Circuits With parallel string across the main line, the branch currents and total current can be found without _______.Total Resistance

When parallel strings have series resistance in the main line, ______ must be calculated to find IT, assuming no branch current is known.Total Resistance

It is applied across the RT of the entire circuit, producing an IT that flows only in the main line.Source Voltage

Any individual series resistance has its own IR drop that must be _____ the total VT.Less than

Wheatstone Bridge It has four terminals, two for input voltage and two for output.Bridge Circuit

Inventor of the Wheatstone BridgeSir Charles Wheatstone (1802 1875)

In this circuit, an unknown resistance is balanced against a standard accurate resistor for precise measurement of resistance.Wheatstone Bridge

It can be analyzed as simply series resistance strings in parallel when the current is zero through the meter.Balanced Bridge Circuit

Chassis Ground Connections It is usually made by driving copper rods into the ground and connecting the ground wire of the electrical system to these rods.Ground Connection

A chassis ground in which connected to earth ground.Cold side or low side

A chassis ground in which not connected to earth ground.Hot side or High side

Voltages Measured to Chassis Ground When a circuit has the chassis as a common return, we generally measure the voltages with respect to ___________.Chassis

The negative side of total voltage is grounded.Positive voltages to negative ground

The voltage source is inverted. Any point in the circuit must be more negative than the positive terminal of the source, even when this terminal is grounded.Negative Voltages to Positive Ground

CHAPTER 7 : VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDERS It gives the series voltages even when the current is not known.Voltage Division Formula

It gives the branch currents even when the branch voltage is not known.Current Division Formula

Current Division by Parallel Conductances If conductance is the reciprocal of resistance, therefore, conductance and current are ____________ proportional.Directly

The method of _______ is usually easier to use than the method of resistances from three or more branches.Conductance

Series Voltage Divider with Parallel Load Current It is often used to tap off part of the applied voltage VT for a load that needs less voltage than VT.Voltage divider

All the current in the circuit must come from the _______.Source Voltage

It is a steady drain of the source.Bleeder Current

Design of a Loaded Voltage Divider This type of circuit is used for the output of a power supply in electronic equipment to supply different voltages at the taps, with different load currents.Loaded Voltage Divider

CHAPTER 8: DIRECT CURRENT METERS Meters with values printed on a scale and moving a pointer that indicates values on the scale.Analog meters

Meters with numerical readouts that indicates values directly.Digital meters

To measure voltage, the test leads of the voltmeter are connected in __________ across two points of potential difference.Parallel

To measure currents in units of amperes, milli-amperes, or micro-amperes, the meter is a __________ component in the circuit.Series

A combinational meter, like the VOM and DMM will all three functions.Multimeter or multitester

Moving Coil Meter It can be used to measure voltage or resistance.Volt-ohm-milli-ammeter

It is generally used in a VOM in which the construction consists essentially of a coil of fine wire on a drum mounted between the poles of a permanent magnet.Moving coil meter

It is directly proportional to the amount of current in the coil.Pointer deflection

It is an extremely sensitive instrument for measuring very small values of current.Galvanometer

It is used for reading the value of a small momentary current, to measure electric charge.Ballistic galvanometer

The moving coil arrangement is often called a ___________, after its inventor, who patented this meter movement in 1881.DArsonval Movement

The optical error caused by looking at the meter from the side.Parallax error

The meter movement can be constructed with moving coil and pointer suspended by a metal band, instead of the pivot and jewel design with a restoring spring.Taut-band meters

Voltmeters It is commonly used for measuring voltage by the addition of a high resistance series with the movement.Voltmeter

The series resistance must be _________ than the coil resistance in order to limit the current through the coil.Higher

It is a series resistor usually connected inside the voltmeter case.Multiplier

Since a voltmeter has high resistance, it must be connected in ______________ to measure the potential difference across two points in a circuit.Parallel

The ohms-per-volt rating is also called ___________ of the voltmeter.Sensitivity

Ohmmeters It consists of an internal battery, meter movement, a current-linking resistance.Ohmmeter

For measuring resistance, the ohmmeter leads are connected across the __________ to be measured.External resistance

Typical resistance of series ohmmeter circuit.1500

When the ohmmeter leads are open, not touching each other, the current is _________.Zero

The arrangement of the ohms scale increases from left to right.Back-off scale

A symbol which means that the measured resistance is infinitely greater than the ohmmeter resistance.Lazy eight or

It is given for each ohms range because the highest resistance is infinite on all the ohms ranges.Multiplying factor

For higher values of external resistance, the meter current _________ to indicate higher resistances on the back-off ohms scale.Decreases

To compensate for lower voltage output as the internal battery ages, an ohmmeter includes a ____________ to calibrate the ohms scale.Variable resistor

A back-off ohmmeter is always adjusted for __________.Zero ohms

Multimeters It is use to measure voltage, current, or resistance.Multimeter

The main types of MultimetersVOM and DMM

Most analog Multimeters have an AC voltage scale calibrated in _________ for measuring AC signals.Decibels (dB)

It is a logarithmic unit used for comparisons of power levels or voltage levels.Decibels (dB)

Positive decibel values, above the zero mark, indicate AC voltages above the reference of ___________.0.775 V

It is a probe with a clamp that fits around the current-carrying wire in which its magnetic field is used to indicate the amount of current.Amp-clamp probe

The accessory probe that can be used with a multimeter to measure DC voltages up to 30kV. The probe is basically just an external multiplier resistance for the DC voltmeter.High-voltage probe

Digital Multimeters This type of test instrument has become very popular because the digital value of the measurement is displayed automatically with decimal point, polarity, and the unit for voltage, ampere, or ohms.Digital multimeter

These are generally easier to use because they eliminate the human error that often occurs in reading different scales on an analog meter with a pointer.Digital meters

The basis of the DMM operation is the use of a ____________ circuit.Analog to digital circuit

It is a visual display with decimal values in which generally used to show the values processed by digital circuit.Liquid-crystal display (LCD)

The input resistance of the DMM is in the range of _________.10 to 20M

The DMM has a ____________ that serves as an AC converter.Internal diode rectifier

A DMM ohmmeter usually has an open-circuit voltage across the meter leads of about __________.0.4V

To measure current in DMM, the ______ provide proportional IR voltage.Internal resistors

It is supplied by the DMM for the diode to test the voltage across it junction.Current

For diode test in DMM, the short-circuit junction will read _______.0V

It enough for practically all measurements made in troubleshooting electronic equipment.3 digit resolution

It is where the meter automatically shifts to a higher range as soon as an overload is indicated.Auto-range function

Maximum diode test voltage in DMM.2V

Maximum DC voltage range of DMM.1000V

Test frequency used for audio equipment.400Hz

Test frequency used for power-line equipment.60Hz

The range of current measurements of DMM. 0 to 320mA

The bar at the bottom of the display is used only to show the relative magnitude of the input compared to the full-scale value of the range in use.Analog display

CHAPTER 9 : KIRCHOFFs LAW The algebraic sum of the voltage sources and IR voltage drops in any closed path must total ________.Zero

At any point in a circuit the algebraic sum of the currents directed in and out must total ________.Zero

Creator of Kirchoffs LawGustav R. Kirchoff

Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) The algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving any point in a circuit must equal the algebraic sum of the currents out of that point.Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

It means combining positive and negative values.Algebraic Sum

Consider all currents into a branch point as __________ and all current directed away from that point as ____________.Positive; Negative

It is really the basis for the practical rule in parallel circuits that the total line current must equal the sum of the branch currents.Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL)

Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL) Go around any closed path and consider any voltage whose negative terminal is reached first as a negative term and any voltage whose positive terminal is reached first as a positive term.Kirchoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

Any closed path is called __________.Loop

The Greek letter which means sum of.Sigma

When a loop does not have any voltage source, the algebraic sum of the IR voltage drops alone must total ________.Zero

CHAPTER 10 : NETWORK THEOEMS It is just a combination of components, such as resistances interconnected in a way to achieve a particular end result.Network

It usually provides shorter methods of solving the circuit than the Kirchoffs law.Network Theorems

Superposition This theorem is very useful because it extends the use of Ohms Law to circuits that have more than one source.Superposition

In a network with two or more sources, the current or voltage for any components is the algebraic sum of the effects produced by each source acting separately.Superposition Theorems

Each __________ can have any number of series resistances.Voltage Divider

It means that current is proportional to the applied voltageLinear

It means that the current is the same amount for opposite polarities of the source voltage.Bilateral

There are components that doesnt amplify or rectify.Passive components

These are components such as transistors, semiconductors diodes, and electron tubes in which are never bilateral and often are not linear.Active Components

Thevenins Theorem Named after M. L. Thevenin, a French engineer, this theorem is very useful in simplifying the voltages in a network.Thevenins Theorem

It states that the entire network connected to two terminals can be replaced by a single voltage source VTH in series with a single resistance RTH.Thevenins Theorem

It is the open-circuit voltage across terminal.VTH

It is the open-circuit resistance across terminals.RTH

Nortons Theorem Named after E. L. Norton, a scientist with Bell Telephone Laboratories, this theorem is used for simplifying a network in terms of currents instead of voltages.Nortons Theorem

It states that the entire network connected to two terminals can be replaced by a single current source IN in parallel with a single resistance RN.Nortons Theorem

It is the resistance looking back from open terminals.RN

Any components directly across the two terminals are also short-circuited by the _________.Wire Jumper

Millmans Theorem This theorem provides a shortcut for finding the common voltage across any number of parallel branches with different voltage sources.Millmans Theorem

This formula is derived from converting the voltage sources to current sources and combining the results.Net VXY

CHAPTER 11: CONDUCTORS and INSULATORS These have a very low resistance.Conductors

Typical value of resistance in copper wire of 10 ft.0.1

It is used in the manufacture of carbon composition resistors.Carbon

Function of the Conductors The resistance of the two 10 ft lengths of copper wire conductor is ________.0.08

Types of Wire Conductors Most wire conductors are ________.Copper

It is easier to solder for connections.Tinned Wire

It is flexible, easier to handle and less likely to develop an open break.Stranded Wire

It is often has an insulating coating of enamel or shellac.Very Thin Wire

Hookup that is bare should be enclosed in a hollow insulating sleeve called ___________.Spaghetti

Is it used fro very low resistance.Braided conductor

Two or more conductors in a common covering form a ________.Cable

It has 25 conductors but not in pairs.Ribbon Cable

Constant spacing between two conductors through the entire length provides a _____________.Transmission Line

It is generally used for the signals in cable television.Coaxial Cable

Two conductors are imbedded in plastic to provide constant spacing. This type of line is commonly used in television for connecting the antenna to the receiver.Twin Lead Wire

It specifies an opposition to current that can include resistance, inductance and capacitance.Impedance

It is constant for any length because it depends on the square root of ratio for the inductance in the line to the capacitance between the conductors.Characteristic Impedance

For inch coaxial cable, it s characteristic impedance is approximately _______.75

For twin lead wire with 3/8 inch spacing, the characteristic impedance is _______.300

Connectors It is often used for screw type materials.Spade Lug

It is commonly used for shielded cables with audio equipment.RCA type Plug

It is still used in some applications, but in a smaller size.Phone Plug

It is universally used in cable television because of its convenience.F Connector

It has eight wires in a flat, plastic ribbon.Multiple Connector

It is a standard connector for computer equipment. It has 26 pins.RS 232

Printed Wiring Most electronic circuits are mounted on a plastic insulating board with printed wiring.Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

Switches These are commonly used to open or close a circuit.Switches

It provides an ON or OFF position for one circuit.Single Pole Single Throw (SPST)

It provides switching for one side of the circuit.Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT)

It provides switching for both lines of either of two circuits.Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT)

It has eight miniature rocker switches.DIP Switch

It is an automatic switch with contacts that can be closed or opened by current in the relay coil.Relay Switches

Fuses It is used as a protection against an overload resulting from a short circuit.Fuse

The metal fuse element may be made of __________.Aluminum, tin coated copper or nickel

This type of fuse has a coiled construction. They are designed to open only on a continued overload.Slow Blow Fuse

These have a thermal element in the form of a spring.Circuit Breaker

It is sometimes used as a fuse in television receivers.Short length of bare wire

It can be mounted between two terminal strips on the chassis.Wire link

CHAPTER 12: BATTERIES It is a group of cells that generate energy from the internal chemical reaction.Battery

It consists of two different conducting materials as the electrodes that are immersed in an electrolyte.Cell

A battery with an output of 1.5v.Carbon zinc dry cell

These are used for all types of portable electronic equipment, photographic equipment and toys.Dry Battery

It is the type almost always used for automobile batteries.Lead Sulfuric Acid Cell

General Features of Batteries It is combination of cells.Battery

It was used to supply enough current to heat the filament for thermoionic emission of electrons from a heated source.A Battery

Typical rating of A battery.4.5 6 V with 150mA or more

It was used for a small negative DC bias voltage at the control grid.C Battery

A battery that has a medium voltage and current ratingsB Battery

This type of cell cannot be recharged.Primary Cells

This type of cell can be recharged because the chemical action is reversible.Secondary Cells

The discharging and recharging of the cell is called _______.Cycling

Secondary can be recharged.Storage Cell

The most common type of secondary cell.Lead Acid Cell

In this type of cell, the electrolyte cannot be spilled and the cell can operate in any position.Dry Cells

This type is a secondary cell that can be recharged, but it has a sealed electrolyte that cannot be refilled.Sealed Rechargeable Cells

The Voltaic Cell The method of converting chemical energy into electric energy.Voltaic Cell

Voltaic cell is also called a _______, named after Luigi Galvani.Galvanic Cell

It gives relative activity in forming ion charges for some of the chemical elements.Electromotive Series

Carbon Zinc Dry Cell This is probably the most common type of dry cell. It is also called the Leclanche cell.Carbon Zinc Dry Cell

It consists of a zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode in a moist electrolyte.Electrochemical System

It is a combination of ammonium chloride and zinc chloride dissolved in water.Electrolyte

The reaction in which the ammonia releases hydrogen gas which collects around the carbon electrode.Polarization

Carbon zinc dry cells are generally designed for an operating temperature of _______.70F

Alkaline Cell Type of cell which has an alkaline electrolyte.Manganese Zinc Cell

It consists of a powered zinc anode and a manganese dioxide cathode in an alkaline electrolyte.Electrochemical System

The outstanding performance of the alkaline cell is due to its _________.Low Internal Resistance

This type is actually a modified carbon zinc cell but the electrolyte contains only zinc chloride.Zinc Chloride Cells

Which is better for heavy duty use; alkaline or zinc chloride type?Alkaline Cell

Lithium Cell This type is a relatively new primary cell.Lithium Cell

Lithium cell can provide at least _______ more energy than the equivalent carbon zinc cell.10 times

The sulfur dioxide is kept in a liquid state using a high pressure container and an organic liquid solvent.Lithium Sulfur Dioxide

Lead Acid Wet Cells Where high values of load current are necessary, it is the type most commonly used.Lead Acid Wet Cells

It is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid.Electrolyte

It is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be recharged.Lead Acid Wet Cells

It is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions.Sulfuric Acid

These are generally rated in terms of how discharge current they can supply for a specified period of time.Lead Acid Batteries

Typical values of automobile batteries.100 300 AH

It is a ratio comparing the weight of a substance with the weight of water.Specific Gravity

It refers to a method in which the charger and the battery are always connected to each other for supplying current to the load.Float Charging

Additional Types of Secondary Cells It is a storage cell that can be recharged by reversing the internal chemical reaction.Secondary Cells

It is the common type of storage cell.Lead Acid Cell

This type is popular because of its ability to deliver high current and to be cycled many times for recharging.Nickel Cadmium Cell

It is a true storage cell with a reversible chemical reaction for recharging that can be cycled up to 1000 times.NiCd Cell

Developed by Thomas Edison, this cell was once extensively in industrial truck and railway applications.Nickel Iron (Edison) Cell

This type has been used in limited railway applications.Nickel Zinc Cell

This cell has been under development for use in electric vehicles. Zinc Chlorine (Hydrate) Cell

This type is under development for commercial energy applications.Lithium Iron Sulfide Cell

This is another type of cell being developed for electric vehicle applications. The cell is designed to operate at temperature between 550 and 650F.Sodium Sulfur Cell

A recent development in battery technology is the rechargeable plastic cell made from a conductive polymer, which is a combination of organic chemical compounds.Plastic Cell

It consists of an electrolyte between two polymer electrodes.Plastic Cell

This type converts the suns light energy direct into electric energy.Solar Cell

CHAPTER 13: MAGNETISM It is derived from the iron oxide mineral magnetite.Magnetism

It refers specifically to the magnetic properties of iron.Ferromagnetism

The Magnetic Field These are the points of concentration of magnetic strength.North and South Poles

The magnet can be considered as the _____ for an external magnetic field, provided by the two opposite poles at the ends.Generator

These are unaffected by non magnetic materials.Magnetic Field Lines

The end of the magnet bar in which pointed at the North.North-seeking pole

The end of the magnet bar in which pointed at the South.South-seeking pole

A North Pole (N) and a South Poke (S) tend to _________ each other.Attract

A North Pole (N) tends to ________ another North Pole (N), which is also, can apply in the South Pole (S).Repels

The Magnetic Flux () The entire group of magnetic field lines, which can be considered to flow outward from the North Poke of a magnet.Magnetic Flux ()

It has more lines of forces and more flux than a weak magnetic field.Strong magnetic field

It is equal to one magnetic field.One Maxwell (Mx)

It can provide a magnetic flux of about 5000Mx.1-lb of magnet

An important Scottish mathematical physicist who contributed much to the electrical and field theory.James Clark Maxwell (1831 1879)

It is equal to 1 x 108 lines or maxwells. Weber

The weber unit is named for _________, a German physicist.Wilhelm Weber (1804 1890)

This system defines small units.Centimeter-gram-second system (CGS)

This system is for larger units of a more practical size.Meter-kilogram-second system (MKS)

It provides a worldwide standard in MKS dimensions.System International (SI)

With magnetic flux, the maxwell is a _______ unit.CGS

The weber is a _________ unit.MKS or SI unit

For science and engineering, the _______ units are preferred values.SI units

Flux Density (B) It is the number of magnetic field lines per unit area of a section perpendicular to the direction of flux.Flux Density (B)

In the CGS system, this unit is one line per square centimeter, or 1 Mx/cm2.Gauss

The unit Gauss is named for ____________, a German mathematician.Karl F. Gauss (1777 1855)

As typical values, flux density for the earths magnetic field can be about __________.2G

In SI, the unit of flux density is weber per square meter. One weber per square meter is called ___.Tesla (T)

The unit tesla is named for ___________, a Yugoslav-born American Inventor in electricity and magnetism.Nikola Tesla (1857 1943)

Induction by the Magnetic Field The electric or magnetic effect of one body on another without any physical contact between them.Induction

The ability to concentrate magnetic flux.Permeability

The flux density in air.1G

The relative permeability of the iron core.200

Typical values of relative permeability for iron and steel.100 9000

Air Gap of a Magnet The air space between poles of a magnet is its _______.Air Gap

When it is desired to concentrate magnetic lines within a magnet, however, the magnet can be formed as ___________.Closed Magnetic Loop

It is made in the form of a doughnut.Toroid or Ring Magnet

It is often used for the core.Iron

This type of electromagnet has maximum strength in the iron ring, with little flux outside.Ring Magnet

The small part of the field in the air.Leakage Flux

The principle of the closed magnetic ring is used to ______.Protect permanent magnet in storage.

It maintains the strength of the permanent magnet as it becomes magnetized by induction to form a closed loop.Keeper

Types of Magnet It needs current from an external source to maintain its magnetic field.Electromagnet

With this magnet, not only is its magnetic field present without any external current, but the magnet can maintain its strength indefinitely.Permanent Magnet

With the length much greater than its width, the coil is called ___.Solenoid

It is a switch with contacts that are opened or closed by an electromagnet.Relay

Common application of electromagnet.Magnetic Tape Recording

These are made of hard magnetic materials, such as cobalt steel, magnetized by induction in the manufacturing process.Permanent Magnet

A common material of permanent magnet. A commercial alloy of aluminum.Alnico

It is often used for permanent magnet loudspeakers.Alnico V

A typical size for a steady magnetic field.About 5 lb, with a flux of 500 25,000 lines or maxwells

The point at which a magnetic material losses its ferromagnetic properties.Curie Temperature

The Curie temperature for iron.800C

These include iron, steel, nickel, cobalt, and commercial alloys such as alnico and Permalloy.Ferromagnetic Materials

Permeability of the ferromagnetic materials.50 50,000

The relative permeability of Permalloy.100,000

These include aluminum, platinum, manganese, and chromium.Paramagnetic Materials

The permeability of the paramagnetic materials.More than 1

These include bismuth, antimony, copper, zinc, mercury, gold, and silver.Diamagnetic Materials

The permeability of the diamagnetic materials.Less than 1

The basis of all magnetic effects is the __________.Magnetic field associated with electric charges in motion.

In terms of molecular structure, iron atoms are grouped in microscopically small arrangements called ____.Domains

Each domain is an elementary ________, with two opposite poles.Dipole magnet

In crystal form, the iron atoms have domains that are _______ to the axes of the crystal.Parallel

Ferrites This is the name for nonmetallic materials that have the ferromagnetic properties of iron.Ferrites

The ferrites have __________ permeability.Very high

The permeability of ferrites.50 3000

The specific resistance is ________, which makes the ferrite an insulator.105.cm

A common application of ferrite.Ferrite core in the coils of RF transformers

It is used in small coils and transformers for signal frequencies up to 20MHz.Ferrite Core

It is used as a string for one or more beads of ferrite beads.Bare wire

The purpose of this is to reduce the current just for an undesired radio frequency.choke

Magnetic Shielding The idea of preventing one component from affecting another through their common electric or magnetic field.Shielding

It is best for two shielding functions.Good Conductor

The best shield for a steady magnetic field is a ______________.Good Magnetic Material of High Permeability

It is produced by a permanent magnet, a coil with steady direct current, or the earths magnetic field.Steady Field

The shield can be considered as a __________ for the lines of magnetic flux.Short circuit

The Hall Effect A small voltage is generated across a conductor carrying current in an external magnetic field.Hall Effect

The semiconductor material __________ is generally used to produce larger values of Hall voltage.Indium Arsenide (InAs)

It is directly proportional to the value of flux density.Hall Voltage (VH)

Flux density of InAs.10kG

CHAPTER 14: MAGNETIC UNITS It is always associated with charges in motion.Magnetic Field

The current supplies a _____________ that increases with the amount of current.Magnetizing force or Magneto Motive Force (mmf)

It produces a flux density that increases with the permeability of the medium.Field Intensity (H)

Ampere Turns of Magneto motive Force (mmf) With a coil magnet, the ________ depends on how many current flows in the turns of the coil.Strength of the Magnetic Field

The more current, the ___________ the magnetic fieldStronger

It specifies the amount of magnetizing force or magnetic potential.Quantity IN

With thinner wire, _______ turns can be used in a given space.More

The CGS unit of mmf is _________.Gilbert (Gb)

An English scientist who investigated the magnetism of the Earth.William Gilbert (1540 1603)

One ampere-turn is equal to __________.1.26 Gb

Field Intensity (H) It depends on how long the coil is.Field Intensity (H)

The field intensity for a solenoid is at the ___________.Center of an air core

The field intensity for a iron core is at the ___________.Through the entire core

The CGS unit for H is _________.Oersted (Oe)

A Danish physicist who discovered electromagnetismH. C. Oersted (1777 1851)

The unit for field intensity (H).Ampere turns per meter

Permeability () Using SI units, it is the flux density in webers per square meter.B

It is the absolute permeability, in unit of B/H.Permeability ()

The values of relative permeability (r) must be multiplied by ______ for o to calculate as B/H in SI units.1.26 x 10-6

B H Magnetization Curve It is often used to show how much flux density (B) results from increasing the amount of field intensity (H).B H Curve

The current in the coil equals to ________.V/R

The __________ of magnetizing force increase with more current.Ampere turns IN

The field intensity (H) increases with _________.Higher IN

The __________ depends on the field intensity (H) and permeability of the iron.Flux Density (B)

The effects of little change in flux density when the field intensity increases.Saturation

Magnetic Hysteresis It means a lagging behind.Hysteresis

The flux ________ the increases or decreases in magnetizing force.Lags

The energy wasted in heat as the molecular dipoles lag the magnetizing force.Hysteresis Loss

It is actually a B H curve with an AC magnetizing force.Hysteresis Loop

The value of flux density in which is residual induction of a magnetic material.Retentivity

The value of -HC, which is equals the magnetizing force that must be applied in the reverse direction to reduce the flux density to zero.Coercive Force

The method of demagnetization.Degaussing

CHAPTER 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION He found that current in a wire could move a magnetic compass needle.Oersted

A magnetic field in motion forces electrons to move, producing ___________.Current

The Henry unit of inductance is named after __________.Joseph Henry

The farad unit of capacitance is named after __________.Michael Faraday

It combines effect of an electric current and magnetism.Electromagnetism

Magnetic Field Around an Electric Current The magnetic lines are ________, as the field is symmetrical with respect to the wire in the center.Circular

The magnetic field with circular lines of force is in a _____________ to the current in the wire. Plane Perpendicular

If you look along the wire in the direction of electron flow, the magnetic field is ___________.Counterclockwise

The opposite direction of electron flow produces a ___________.Reversed Field

When the magnetic lines of two fields are in the same direction, _______________.The lines of force aid each other.

With the magnetic lines in opposite directions, ___________.The fields cancel.

Magnetic Polarity of a Coil A coil of a wire conductor with more than one turn is generally called _________.Solenoid

An ideal solenoid has a length much greater than its ___________.Diameter

If the coil is grasped with the fingers of the left hand curled around the coil in the direction of electron flow, the thumb points to the ______________.North Pole of the coil.

It is used here because the current is electron flow.Left Hand Rule

The magnetic polarity depends on the ______________.Direction of the current and the direction of the winding

It can be over and under, starting from one end of the coil, or under and over with respect to the same starting point.Direction of winding

Induced Current The action in which the motion of magnetic lines cutting across a conductor forces free electrons in the conductor to move.Induction

It is the result of generator action as the mechanical work put into moving the magnetic field is converted into electric energy when current flows in the conductor.Induced Current

When the magnet is moved downward, _____________.Current flows in the direction shown.

Without motion, there is ________ currentNo current

It is necessary in order to have the flux lines of the magnetic field cut across the conductor.Motion

The conductor must be ___________ to make its induced current have an associated magnetic field in the same plane as the external flux.Perpendicular

The effect of electromagnetic induction is increased where a __________ is used for the conductor.Coil

Lenz Law It is simply states that the direction of the induced current must be such that its own magnetic field will oppose the action that produced the induced current.Lenz Law

The direction of the induced current is determined by the ________ for electron flow.Left Hand Rule

Generating an Induced Voltage It is an electromotive force (emf), generated by the work of cutting across the flux.Potential Difference

With a coil, the induced emf is increased by the ___________.Number of turns

The polarity of the induced voltage follows from the direction of ____________.Induced Current

It represents a voltage source with a potential difference resulting from the separation of charges produced by electromagnetic inductionInduced voltage as a generator

In a motor, current is applied so that an associated magnetic field can react with the external flux to produce __________Motion of the conductor

Faradays Law of Induced Voltage The more magnetic lines of force that cut across the conductor, the _________ the amount of induced voltage.Higher

The more turns in a coil, the ___________ the induced voltageHigher

It is the sum of all individual voltages generated in each turn in series.vind

The __________ the flux cuts a conductor, the higher the induced voltage.Faster

The amount of induced voltage can be calculated by ___________.Faradays Law

It means a change in the flux .d

It means a change in time.dt

A smaller value of d/dt, results in a _______________.Lower value of induced voltage.

If the external flux increases, the magnetic field of the induced current will be in the ____________.Opposite Direction

The induced voltage has the polarity the __________ the change.Opposes

CHAPTER 16: LATERNARING VOLTAGE and CURRENT The number of cycles per second is the frequency whose unit is ________.Hertz (Hz)

It is equal to one cycle per second.One Hertz

In alternating current, it reverses polarity at a specific rate. Voltage

For either polarity, it varies in amplitude.AC Voltage

Alternating Current Applications It is the reason why AC circuits have so many applications.Characteristics of Varying Values

The changing magnetic flux of a varying current can produce ____________.Induced Voltage

It is important with the changing electric field of a varying voltage.Capacitance (C)

Voltage and Current Values for a Sine Wave It is the maximum value VM or IM. It applies to either the positive or the negative peak.Peak Value

These values can be used for either current or voltage to define specific magnitudes for comparing one wave with another.Peak, Average, or RMS

In order to include both peak amplitudes, the _________may be specified.Peak-to-peak Value

This is an arithmetic average of all the values in a sine wave for one alternation, or half-cycle.Average Value

The most common method of specifying the amount of a sine wave of voltage or current is by relating it to DC voltage and current that will produce the same heating effect.Root Mean Square or Effective Value

The advantage of _______ is that is provides a measure based on the ability of the sine wave to produce power.RMS

The ratio of the RMS to average values.Form Factor

Non-sinusiodal AC Waveforms It is the basic waveform for AC variations for several reasons.Sine Wave

Any waveform that is not sine or cosine wave.Non-Sinusoidal Waveform

It is measured between two points having the same amplitude and varying in the same direction.Cycle

It is measured from the zero axes to the maximum positive or negative value.Peak Amplitude

The RMS values of 0.707 of maximum apply only to _________.Sine Wave

It is applied only to sine wave, as angular measures are used only for sine waves.Phase Angles

All the waveforms represent ____________.AC Voltage

It represents a voltage that slowly increases, with a uniform or linear rate of change, to its peak value, and then drops sharply to its starting value.Sawtooth Wave

Waveform of the sawtooth.Ramp Voltage

Harmonic Frequencies Exact multiples of the fundamental frequency.Harmonic Frequencies

These are useful in analyzing distorted sine waves or non-sinusoidal waveforms.Harmonics

Unit for frequencies multiples which is a range of 2:1.Octave

The 60 Hz AC Power Line The 120 V source of commercial electricity is the _________, indicating it is the main line for all the parallel branches.60Hz Power Lines or the Mains

The incoming electric service to residences is normally given as ________.120VRMS

The advantage of AC over DC power is ___________.Greater Efficiency

Frequency of the AC power line in the United States.60Hz

Frequency of the AC power mains in the England and most European countries is __________..50Hz

The 60 Hz power line frequency is maintained accurate to _________.0.333%

The color coding for the grounded neutral wiring.White

The color coding for the high side wiringBlack or Red

The color coding for the grounded wiringGreen

The three wire service with a grounded neutral.Edison System

It is grounded at the service entrance to a water pipe or metal rode driven into the earth.Neutral Wire

It is the practice of connecting one side of the power line to the earth or ground.Grounding

It is a device that can sense excessive leakage current and open the circuit as a protection against shock hazard.Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GCFI)

Motors and Generators It converts mechanical energy into electric energy.Generator

It can converts electricity into a rotary motion.Motor

In a generator, it connects to the external circuit to provide the generator output voltage.Armature

In a motor, it connects to the electrical source that drives the motor.Armature

It is often constructed in the form of a drum, using many conductor loops for increased output.Armature

The rotating armature is the ______ part of the assembly.Rotor

This electromagnet provides the flux cut by the rotor.Field Winding

In a motor, it is produced by the same source that supplies the armature.Field Winding

In a generator, it may be obtained from a separate exciter source.Field Winding

Residual magnetism in the iron yoke of the field allows _________ to start.Self-excited Generator

When the field winding is stationary, it is the ______ part of the assembly.Stator

It enables the rotating loop to be connected to the stationary wire leads for the external circuit.Slip Rings

These graphite connectors are spring mounted to brush against the spinning rings on the rotor.Brushes

It converts the AC machine to DC operation.Commutator

The rotor of an inductor motors may be ______Wire wound or squirrel caged type

It is constructed with a frame of metal bars.Rotors

This type operates on either alternating or direct current because the field and armature are in series.Universal Motor

For large power requirements, It is usually a rotating field, while the armature is the stator.Alternators

Three Phase AC Power In an alternator with three generator windings equally spaced around the circle, the windings will produce output voltages _________ with each other.120 out of phase

The three windings are in the form of a Y also called _______.Wye or Star Connections

CHAPTER 17: INDUCTANCE It is the ability of a conductor to produce induced voltage when the current varies.Inductance

Components manufactured to have definite value of inductance are just coils of wires called _________.Inductors

The unit of inductance.Henry

These are used in RF circuits because higher frequencies need less inductance for the required inductive effect.Air Core Coils

These are used in the audio frequency range and for lower frequencies in general.Iron Core Inductors

Mutual Inductance LM When the current in an inductor changes, the varying flux can cut across any other inductor nearby, producing _____ in both inductors.Induced Voltage

Two coils have ______ of 1H when a current change of 1A/s in one coil induces 1V in the other coil.Mutual Inductance

Any magnetic lines that do not link the two coils result in ________.Leakage Flux

The fraction of total flux.Coefficient of Coupling

A high value of coefficient of couplingTight Coupling

It allows the current in one coil to induce less voltage in the other coil.Loose Coupling

It increases with higher values for the primary and secondary inductances and tighter coupling.Mutual Impedance

Transformers It is an important application of mutual inductance.Transformer

The purpose of the transformer is to ________.Transfer primary voltage to the secondary.

It is used to provide power for the load resistance instead of connecting it directly across the generator, whenever the load requires an AC voltage higher or lower than the generator voltage.Transformer

The ratio of the number of turns in the primary to the number in the secondary.Turn Ratio

The ratio of the voltage induced in each turn of the secondary and primary.Voltage Ratio

It is the inverse of the voltage ratio. The voltage step up in the secondary means current step down, and vice versa.Current Ratio

It consists of the one continuous coil with a tapped connection. These are used often because they are compact, efficient, and usually cost less since they have only one winding.Auto Transformers

The secondary is not connected directly to the AC power line in the primary produces _________.Reducing the chance of the electric shock.

It is defined as the ratio of power out to power in.Transformer Efficiency

For the RF transformer, the color code of the output electrode of transistor amplifier.Blue

For the RF transformer, the color code of the DC supply voltage for this electrode.Red

For the RF transformer, the color code of the input electrode of next amplifier.Green

For the RF transformer, the color code of the return line of secondary winding.Black or White

For the power transformer, the color code of the primary leads without tap.Black

For the power transformer, the color code of the tap on primaryBlack with Yellow

For the power transformer, the color code of the high voltage secondary to rectifier in power supply.Red

For the power transformer, the color code of the tap on high voltage secondary.Red with Yellow

For the power transformer, the color code of the low voltage secondary.Green - Yellow

Core Losses It flows in a circular path through the cross section of the core. It represents wasted power dissipated as heat in the core.Eddy Current

It not only isolates the coil from external varying magnetic fields, but also minimizes the effect of the coils RF current for external circuits.RF Shield Cover

It is the result from the additional power needed to reserve the magnetic field in magnetic materials in the presence of alternating current.Hysteresis Losses

It is limited to low values in the microhenry or millihenry range.Inductance for small coils with an air core

Types of Core The purpose of _______ is to reduce the amount of eddy currents.Core

It is a shell-type core formed with a group of individual laminations.Laminated Core

It is generally use to reduce eddy currents in the iron core of an inductance for radio frequencies.Powdered Iron Core

Powdered iron core consists of individual insulated granules pressed into one solid form called _______.Slug

It can be for high frequencies with minimum eddy current losses.Ferrite Core

CHAPTER 18: INDUCTIVE REACTANCE It indicates reactances.X

It is an opposition to current, measured in ohms.Reactance

The amount of XL is equal to _________.2fL

How XL reduces the amount of I The higher the frequency of the alternating current, the _____ is the XL opposition.Higher

There is no XL for _________.Steady Direct Current

An inductance can have _______ to reduce the amount of alternating current.Inductive Reactance

The ________ value depends on the amount of inductance and the frequency of the alternating current.Inductive Reactance

CHAPTER 19: INDUCTIVE CIRCUITS It is use as a choke to reduce the current.Coil

Sine Wave iL lags vL by 90 It can be measured between any two points having the same value on the iL and vL values.90 Difference

Why the phase angle is 90?Because the vL depends on the rate of the change of iL.

XL and R in Series When a coil has series resistance, the current is limited by _______.Both XL and R

Voltage VL is _______ with I.90 out of phase

It just shows the 90 angle without any addition.Phasor

Impedance Z Triangle A triangle of R and XL in series corresponds to the voltage triangle.Impedance Triangle

The angle between the generator voltage and its current.Phase angle of the circuit

It is a trigonometric function of any angle, equal to the ratio of the opposite side to the adjacent side of a triangle.Tangent

The angle that has the tangent equal to ________.1 - 45

It specifies the angles tangent function as a numerical value.Ratio of XL/R

In a _______ circuit, the higher value of XL compared of R, the more inductive the circuit is.Series

CHAPTER 26: RESONANCE The main application of this is in RF circuits for tuning to an AC signal of the desired frequency.Resonance

It can select a particular frequency for the output, with many different frequencies at the input.Resonant Circuit

The Resonance Effect It increases as the frequency is increased..Inductive Reactance

It decreases with higher frequencies.Capacitive Reactance

This case of equal and opposite reactances.Resonance

The AC circuit can be called _________.Resonant Circuit

It can be resonant. It all depends on the frequency.LC Circuits

The frequency at which the opposite reactances are equal.Resonant Frequency

In this use, the LC circuit provides maximum voltage output at the resonant frequency, compared with amount at any other frequency either below or above resonance.Tuning

One of the applications of resonance.Tuning in Radio and Television

Series Resonance In a series AC circuit, the inductive reactance _______ by 90, compared with the zero reference angle of resistance.Leads

In a series AC circuit, the capacitive reactance _______ by 90, compared with the zero reference angle of resistance.Lags

The series resonance should be ______________ for a sharp increase in current at resonance.As small as possible

The main characteristic of series resonance.The amount rise of current to its maximum at the resonant frequency

Below the resonant frequency, the _________ is small.XL

Above the resonant frequency, the ________ is small.XC

At the resonant frequency, __________ are equal.XC and XL

The impedance of the series circuit.Minimum

The current is ____________ at the resonant frequency.Maximum

The current is ____________ with the generator voltage, or the phase voltage of the circuit is 0.In phase

The voltage is ____________ across either L or C alone.Maximum

The impendence is __________ at resonant frequency.minimum

Parallel Resonance At parallel resonance, the line current is __________.Minimum

At parallel resonance, the impedance is __________.Maximum

The main application of parallel resonance.LC circuit as the load impedance

At the resonant frequency of 1000 kHz, the line current is at its minimum value of ___________.0.000133A

It is at minimum at the resonant frequency.Line Current

The line current is _____________ with the generator voltage, or the phase angle of the circuit is 0.In phase

The impedance is ______ at the resonant frequency.Maximum

A parallel resonant LC circuit is called __________.Tank Circuit

The ability of the LC circuit to supply complete sine waves.Flywheel Effect

The process of producing sine waves after a pulse of energy has been applied.Ringing

CHAPTER 27: FILTERS It separates different components that are mixed together.Filters

It can separate particles from liquid or small particles from large particles.Mechanical Filter

It can separate different frequency components.Electrical Filter

These are used for filtering.Inductors and Capacitors

Most common filtering applications.Separating audio from radio frequencies.

Direct Current Combined with Alternating Current Current that varies in amplitude but does not reverse in polarity.Pulsating or Fluctuating DC

The effect in which the DC component has been inserted into the AC variations.DC Insertion

The AC component that consists of the variations above and below the DC axis.AC Ripple

As a common application, __________ always have fluctuating DC voltage or Current when used from amplifying an AC signal.Transistor

It isolates or blocks steady direct current in the primary.Transformer with a separate secondary winding

Transformer Coupling It produces induced secondary voltage just for variations in primary current.Transformer

It corresponds to a steady value of primary current that has a constant magnetic field.DC Axis

The phase of the AC secondary voltage may be _________, depending on the connections and direction of the windings.180 opposite

Capacitor Coupling This method is probably the most common type of coupling in amplifier circuits.Capacitor Coupling

It means connecting the output of one circuit to the input of the next.Coupling

It is effectively a high pass filter for pulsating direct current.RC Coupling Circuit

It blocks the steady DC voltage but passes the AC component.Capacitance

It is the steady DC component of the input voltage in the RC coupling circuit.Voltage across CC

In RC coupling circuit, when vin decreases below the average level, __________.The capacitor loses charge

Bypass Capacitors It is path around a component.Bypass

These are often used in parallel with resistance to bypass the AC component of a pulsating DC voltage.Capacitors

Filter Circuits It allows the lower frequency components of the applied voltage to develop output voltage across the load resistance.Low Pass Filters

It allows the higher frequency components of the applied voltage to develop voltage across the output load resistance.High Pass Filters

The case of RC coupling circuit is an example of _________.High Pass Filters

With higher frequencies in the AC components, ____________.More AC voltage is coupled.

Most common types of filters.L, T, and

The _____________uses coupling capacitance in series with the load or choke inductance in parallel in the loadHigh Pass Filters

The __________ uses inductance in series or bypass capacitance in parallel with the load.Low Pass Filters

Low Pass Filters The ability to reduce the amplitude of undesired frequencies.Attenuation

The frequency at which the attenuation reduces the output to 70.7 percent response.Cut Off Frequency

Frequency lower than the cut off frequency.Passband

Frequency higher than the cut off frequency.Stopband

A low resistance generator needs the ____________ so that the choke can provide a high series impedance for the bypass capacitor.T Filter

It is more suitable with a high resistance generator where the input capacitor can be effective as a bypass. Filter

Filters that uses only capacitors, inductors, and resistors.Passive Filters

Filters that uses the operational amplifiers (op amp) on an IC chip, with R and C.Active Filters

High Pass Filters It passes to the load all frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.High Pass Filter

Filter that allows a band of frequencies to be coupled to the load.Bandpass Filter

Its purpose is to have the filter present constant impedance at the input and output terminals.Constant K Filter

The design is based on the ratio of the filter cutoff frequency to the frequency of infinite attenuation.The m-derived Filter

Resonant Filters It provides a convenient method of filtering a band of radio frequencies.Tuned Circuits

Filters that prevents a band of frequencies from being coupled to the load.Bandstop Filter

In the application of a bandstop filter to suppress certain frequencies, the LC circuit is often called __________. Wavetrap

It has maximum current and minimum impedance at the resonant frequency.Series Resonant Circuit

It has maximum impedance at the resonant frequency.Parallel Resonant Circuit

Filters which uses quartz crystals.Crystal Filters

The characteristic of some crystals in which can be made to vibrate by a voltage input or produce voltage output when it is compressed, expanded, or twisted.Piezoelectric Effect

Crystal used in crystal filters. Lead Titanate

Interference Filters It is a conductor for interfering RF currents produced by motors, fluorescent, lightning circuits, and RF equipments.Power Line Filters

Filters that attenuate frequencies below 54MHz, which is lowest frequency for channel 2.Television Antenna Filter

CHAPTER 28: ELECTRONIC DEVICES A group of chemical elements with special electrical characteristic and has a unique atomic structure that allows the addition of specific impurity elements to produce useful features that can be applied in electronic circuits.Semiconductor

Most common semiconductors.Silicon and Germanium

Semiconductors Materials that are not as good as the metals as electrical conductors but they are not insulators.Semiconductor

Electron valence of all semiconductor elements.4

Atomic number of silicon.14

A combination of atoms sharing groups of valence electrons.Covalent Bond

All semiconductor devices are ____________, generally using silicon. Solid-State Components

Semiconductor that doesnt have impurities.Intrinsic

_________ is the common source of silicon. Silicon Dioxide.Sand

The year where the element silicon was discovered.1823

The year where the element germanium was discovered.1886

Germanium is recovered from the ___________.Ash of certain coals

Germanium has only about ________ the resistance of Silicon.

The process of adding impurity elements that result in the desired electrical characteristics.Doping

Doped semiconductor is also called _________.Extrinsic Semiconductor

Doping elements for N-type.Arsenic, Antimony, or Phosphorus

Doping elements for P-type.Boron, Aluminum, Gallium, or Indium

The one missing electron in such a covalent bond that is considered as a free positive charge.Hole

The charge that is same amount as a proton, equal to that of an electron but with opposite polarity.Hole Charge

Electron flow in P-type semiconductor.Hole Current

When the majority charges are made to move in a semiconductor by an applied voltage, the result is a relatively large amount of ___________.Forward Current or Easy Current

Very small current of minority charges.Reverse Current or Leakage Current

________ is an atom, with it nucleus, where the atom has a net charge, either positive or negative.Ion

The PN Junction _________ provides an internal contact potential, which is 0.7v for silicon and 0.3v for germanium.PN junction

Width of the PN junction.10-4 cm

The combination of opposite charge in the PN junction that is neutral.Electron-hole pairs

External voltage of Silicon0.7 V

External voltage of Germanium0.3 V

The barrier voltage is higher for a ____________ because its lower atomic number allows more stability in the covalent bonds.Silicon Junction

_________ of the junction is characteristic of the element.Barrier Voltage (Vb)

Because of its neutral electron-hole pairs, the junction area is considered as ____________. It has no free charge carriers that can be moved.Depletion Zone

Barrier voltage ______ when higher than room temperature is applied.Decreases

Connection of wire conductors without any barrier potential.Ohmic Contact

Semiconductor Diodes A _________ is essentially a PN junction.Diode

The CR stands for ___________ in the schematic diagrams.Crystal Rectifier

________ is the positive side of the diode.Anode

________ is the negative side of the diode.Cathode

This function is converting ac input from the 60Hz power line to dc output.Power-Supply Rectifier

A rectifier that only using one diode.Half-Wave Rectifier

It uses a diode to rectify a modulated signal in order to recover the modulating signal.Signal Detector

In these circuits, the diode functions as a switch. It is on when the diode conducts and off without conduction.Digital Logic Gates

Diode that can use for electronic tuning.Capacitive Diode (Varactor)

Common current for rectifiers.1 A

The stud mount type of diode generally has ____________.High Current Ratings.

Type of power supply that requires four diodes.Bridge Rectifiers

The PIV rating for popular diode is typically __________.1000 V

Rating of maximum forward current.1-25 A

The value that can be used across the diode in reverse polarity, negative at the anode, without disrupting the electrical characteristics of the junction.Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

PNP and NPN Transistors A component consists of a P or N semiconductor between opposite types.Transistor

The function of emitter in the transistor.Supplies free charges

The function of base in the transistor.Controls the flow of charges

The function of collector in the transistor.Collects the charges from the emitter

With the N-type base, the transistor is _________.PNP

Most small transistors are _________ type.NPN

Most small transistors are made of ___________.Silicon

In schematic diagram of transistor, the arrow indicates the flow of current to the __________.Emitter

In the transistor schematic diagram, if the arrow is pointed to the base, the transistor is _________ type.PNP

The NPN and PNP types are called __________.Bipolar Junction Transistors

Three terminals of BJT.Collector, base, emitter

Bipolar junction transistor is a __________ device.Current-controlled

With three electrodes, the transistor is considered a _________.Triode

Practically, all __________ in electronics circuits use transistors.Amplifiers

Transistors are the main components in _________.IC chips

The transistor was invented in ______ at Bell Telephone Laboratories.1948

The name transistor is derived from ________, meaning that it can transfer its internal resistance from low resistor in the emitter-base circuit to a much higher resistor in the collector-base circuit.Transresistor

This junction has forward voltage applied across the PN or NP junction in order to allow the free charges of the emitter to move into the base.Emitter-Base Junction

Typically, ________ is a normally off device because it needs forward voltage applied to start conducting.Junction Transistor

The function of this junction is to remove charges from the base.Collector-Base Junction

Practically, _____ transistors take dc supply voltage at the collector for reverse voltage.NPN

The typical values of dc supply voltage of transistor depending on the power rating of the transistor.3-100v

The reverse voltage across the collector-base junction means _________.No majority current can flow from collector to base

The ________ has heavy doping to supply free charges.Emitter

The ________ has only light doping and is very thin.Base

The ________ voltage is relatively high.Collector

For typical amplifiers, the actual _________ may have a lower value than the supply voltage because of voltage drops in the circuit.Electrode Voltage

Typically, _________ or more of the emitter charges provide collector current.98-99%

It is standard practice to consider _________ into semiconductor as the positive direction of current.Hole current

For most transistors, ____ is in microamperes or milliamperes.IB

_______ is in milliamperes or in amperes in power transistors.IC and IE

The factor why a transistor can amplify signal input is because the base current controls the _________ currentCollector

The increase of base current means increase of ________.Collector current

To produce current, the emitter-base junction must have at enough ___________.Forward voltage

For a silicon transistor, the typical values of VBE are _______.0.5-0.7v

With enough VBE to provide emitter current, the transistor can produce __________.Amplification

Field-Effect Transistor (FET) This semiconductor device is an amplifier with the same function as a junction transistor. It is a unipolar device.Field-Effect Transistor (FET)

FET input resistance is very high. The typical value is _______.15M

FET is a ___________ device.Voltage-controlled

Three terminals of FET.Drain, source, and gate

A part of FET that serves as a platform on which the other electrodes are diffused.Bulk or substrate

This is the terminal where the charge carriers enter the channel bar to provide current through the channel.Source

This is the terminal where current leaves the channel.Drain

This terminal controls the conductance of the channel between the source and drain. The input voltage is generally applied to this terminal.Gate

Terminals that has no polarity since they are just ohmic contacts.Source and drain

________ Voltage at the gate induces negative charges in the channel.positive

It consists of a metal electrode for the gate separated from the channel by a thin layer of silicon oxide.Insulated-Gate FET (IGFET)

In IGFET, _________ is used to apply a voltage to the gate to induce charges in the channel.Electrostatic induction

Two type of IGFET.Depletion and enhancement mode

The depletion type of IGFET is a normally _____-device.On

In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type C requires _______.Positive gate bias

In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type A takes _______for a middle value of drain current.Negative gate bias

In EIA, IGFET depletion-enhancement type B can operate with _______.Zero gate current

JFET means ___________.Junction Field-Effect Transistor

Thyristors This name is a general term for semiconductor devices like the silicon controlled rectifier and the triac often used for power-control circuits. A solid-state electronic switch for high values of current in the range of amperes.Thyristors

The name thyristor comes from an older device called a _________, which is a gas-filled tube formerly used for similar applications.Thyratron

The thyristor is a __________ device.PNPN

Reverse voltage at any junction of thyristor prevents _________ between the two end terminalsForward current

It is a power rectifier device that needs a forward gate voltage to start conduction. It is considered as a reverse-blocking triode thyristor.Silicon Controller Rectifier (SCR)

Terminals of SCR.Anode, cathode, and gate

Typical values for the gate electrode of SCR.1-3V

Typical value of gate current of SCR.10-20mA

The minimum value of anode current needed to sustain conduction.Holding Current

The value needed to switch the anode circuit on from the off condition.Latching Current

The latching current is typically _______ times more than the holding current.Three

The thyristor device which is equivalent to a bidirectional SCR.Triac

The triac can supply power to the load for both _________.Half-cycles of the AC input

This thyristor is a two-terminal device without a gate electrode. It is used as a bidirectional trigger diode.Diac

The typical value of firing potential of the diac.30V

True or false, unijunction transistor not a transistor amplifier.True

A negative resistance characteristic of UJT means that the current _________ with less voltage.Increases

The power rating of UJT is __________.Less than 1 W.

The name ______________ is sometimes used for UJT.Double-base diode

Maximum emitter current of UJT is ______.8-20mA

Semiconductor Type Numbers and Case Styles In EIA, the letter __ indicates a semiconductor device.N

In JIS, the letter __ indicates a semiconductor device.S

The semiconductor packaging is standardized by _________.Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council (JEDEC)

Case styles labeled TO is for ________.Transistor outline

____________ is a metal chassis or any metal structure that conducts heat away from the transistor.Heat sink

True or false, transistor gets hot in normal operation from the collector current.True

The ______ package is for the high-power applications.TO-3

Typically, small-signal transistors generally have a maximum power dissipation of ____________.200 to 800 mW

Small-signal transistors have a collector current of ____.1-50 mA

Package case of medium-power transistor.TO-5

Typical power rating of medium-power transistor.5W

Typical collector current rating of medium-power transistor.2A

Typical power rating of TO-220 transistor.10W

Typical collector current rating of TO-220 transistor.4A

Typical power rating of TO-3 transistor.25-100 W

Typical collector current rating of TO-3 transistor.5 A

Special-Purpose Diodes A semiconductor diode is just a _________.PN Junction

The main use of semiconductor diode.Rectification

This semiconductor device is also called a capacitive diode.Varactor

With reverse voltage of the varactor, the _________ enables the junction to serve as a capacitance because of the separated charges in the depletion zone.Barrier Voltage

The capacitance values in the varactor are in _______ range.Pico farad

The amount of _______ of the varactor can be controlled by varying the reverse voltage.Capacitance

The __________ is negative at then anode of the varactor.Reverse voltage

The __________ determines the oscillator frequency of the varactor.LC tuned circuit

Across the tuned circuit, that varactor provides ________ as part of capacitance that determines the resonant frequency.Capacitance (CV)

Also known as the voltage-reference diode.Zener Diode

The name Zener diode is named after __________, who analyzed the voltage breakdown of insulators.C.A. Zener

Typical reverse breakdown voltage of the Zener diode.3 to 100 V

In a Zener diode, the voltage __________ is constant as a reference value that can be used for voltage regulation.Voltage

The name ____________ is also used for a Zener diode.Avalanche Diode

Another term for a tunnel diode.Esaki Diode

___________ can cause a tunneling effect of charge carriers through the depletion zone at junction.Heavy doping

__________ is a low-power device for microwave frequencies, with relative freedom from radiation effects.Tunnel diode

For best efficiency for LED, special compounds of __________ are used.Gallium (Ga)

In Light-emitting diodes, a ________ radiates light when current passes through the unit.PN junction

Type of voltage used in LED.Forward Voltage

Typical voltage value of LED to produce a forward current1.6 V

Typical value of forward current of LED.20mA

These are made of a photosensitive material, where the resistance decreases with more light.Photocells

Material used in photocells.Sulfide

The resistance without light.Dark Resistance

Typically range of the dark resistance.Mega ohms

Visual Character Displays The ________________ has more elements of display than the seven-segment display device.Dot Matrix

The __________ is displayed by having all seven segments lit.Digit 8

The _________ uses a combination of five columns of dots vertically with seven horizontal rows.Dot Matrix Display

In dot matrix, how many combinations of dots can be lit?35

The complete assortment of characters is called _______.Font

The type of package of seven-segment display.DIP package

The __________ display uses thin filaments for each segment, similar to those in regular light bulbs.Incandescent

The display that requires relatively high voltage and emits orange glow.Gas-discharge Tube

The __________ display gives off a greenish glow and operates at lower voltages.Fluorescent

The very common display which is usually has a red glow.Light-emitting diode Display

The newer display that creates black characters on a silver background.Liquid Crystal Display

In actual applications, IC units called _________ are used to activate the segments for desired number.Decoder/drivers

The ____ is formed when segments a, b, and c are lit in LED display.7

Segments on the LCD are driven by ___________.Low-frequency AC signals

True or false, direct current must be used to LCD.False, it must not use cause it will damage them.

Vacuum Tubes A ________ has a glass envelope enclosing metal electrodes in a vacuum.Vacuum Tube

A ________ is heated to emit electrons.Cathode

A ________ is a two-terminal device, since the heater connections are not considered as electrodes.Diode Tube

In diode tube, the _________ is connected to a power source to heat the cathode to a high temperature, which emits electrons.Heater or filament

A ________ has three electrodes: cathode, plate, and control-grid electrode.Triode Tube

The _____ is a fine metal wire wrapped around two supports placed in the space between the cathode and anode. It connected to a base pin so that its voltage determines how many electrons can travel from the cathode to the plate.Control Grid

For small triode amplifier tubes, typical values of positive plate voltage are ______.90 to 300 V

This tube has an additional grid, resulting in four electrodes.Tetrode

The ___________ purpose is to screen the plate from the control gird, in order to reduce the amount of capacitance between the two electrodes.Screen Grid

The screen grid must have _________ applied.Positive DC voltage

This tube has one more electrode which is placed between the plate and the screen grid.Pentode

The _________ purpose is to suppress secondary emission form the plate.Suppressor Grid

Testing Diodes, Transistors, and Thyristors It can be used to check either for an open circuit or a short circuit.Ohmmeter

In an ohmmeter, short indicated practically in ________.Zero Ohms

In an ohmmeter, open circuit indicated practically in ________.Infinite Ohms

When the ratio of reverse to forward resistance is _______, the diode is probably good.Very High

When both the forward and reverse resistances are very low, close to zero, the diode junction is ___________.Short Circuit

When _____________ are very high, close to infinite, the diode probably has an open at the terminal.Forward and reverse resistance

When the forward voltage for VBE is 0.6 to 0.7 V, the transistor is _________.Silicon

When the forward voltage for VBE is 0.2 to 0.3 V, the transistor is _________.Germanium

CHAPTER 29: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Two common types of semiconductor devices that make it possible to have so many applications of electronics.Transistor and Diodes

One of the main applications of transistors.Amplifier Circuit

A device that increases the magnitude or amplitude of signal variations to make the desired signal stronger.Amplifier

_________ combines transistors and diodes in one unit.Integrated Circuit (IC) chip

Transistor or diode that not in an IC chip because the part is complete itself.Discrete Component

Analog and Digital Signals __________ consists mainly of amplifiers for voltage or current variations that are smooth and co