bonded warehouses · 5 china and gcc (including ksa) are currently negotiating a free trade...
TRANSCRIPT
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1. Rules of Origin ...................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Rules of Origin between China and KSA ........................................................................................................ 5
1.1.1 Non-Preferential Rules of Origin – China ....................................................................................................... 5
2 Trade Barriers ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Trade Barriers in China ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Tariff Barriers ........................................................................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Non-tariff Barriers .................................................................................................................................. 8
3 Trade Remedies ................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Trade Remedies by China ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.1.1 Anti-dumping Measures ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.1.2 Countervailing Measures ........................................................................................................................ 14
3.1.3 Safeguard Measures .............................................................................................................................. 14
4 Key Ports in China ................................................................................................................................ 14
4.1 Key Ports in China ................................................................................................................................ 14
4.2 Shipping Lines used in KSA ...................................................................................................................... 16
4.2.1 Rates of Key Routes between KSA and China ................................................................................................ 16
4.3 Intermodal Freight Terminals / Inland Ports in China ....................................................................................... 17
4.3.1 Services provided at Intermodal Freight Terminals .......................................................................................... 18
5. Key Logistics Facilities ............................................................................................................................ 19
5.1 Free Trade Zones in China ....................................................................................................................... 19
5.1.1 Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zones ............................................................................................................... 21
5.1.1.1 FTZ Bonded Areas – Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone .................................................................................... 21
5.1.1.2 The Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park .................................................................................................. 21
5.1.1.3 Yanghsan Free Trade Port ..................................................................................................................... 21
5.1.2 China (Guangdong) Pilot Free Trade Zone .................................................................................................... 21
5.1.3 China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone.......................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Types of Storage Facilities/ Services provided at the Ports in China ....................................................................... 22
5.2.1 Types of Warehouses ............................................................................................................................ 22
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5.2.1.1 Bonded Warehouses ........................................................................................................................... 22
6. Overall Import Process: .......................................................................................................................... 22
6.1 Overall Import Process: .......................................................................................................................... 22
6.2 Customs Clearance Process ..................................................................................................................... 24
6.3 Lead Time and Costs involved for Overall Import Process: ................................................................................. 25
7. Key Import Documents .......................................................................................................................... 26
7.1 Summary Table of Key Import Documents ................................................................................................... 26
7.1.1 Mandatory Documents .......................................................................................................................... 26
7.1.2 Additional Documents ........................................................................................................................... 27
7.2 Documents Overview ............................................................................................................................ 27
7.2.1 Bill of Lading ....................................................................................................................................... 27
7.2.2 Commercial Invoice .............................................................................................................................. 28
7.2.3 Customs Import Declaration .................................................................................................................... 28
7.2.4 Packing List ........................................................................................................................................ 29
7.2.5 Certificate of Origin ............................................................................................................................... 29
7.2.6 Contract ............................................................................................................................................ 29
7.2.7 Telex Release ...................................................................................................................................... 30
7.2.8 China’s Compulsory Certificate (CCC) ......................................................................................................... 30
7.2.9 Health Certificate ................................................................................................................................. 30
7.2.10 Phytosanitary Certificate ...................................................................................................................... 31
7.2.11 Quarantine Inspection Permit (QIP) ......................................................................................................... 31
7.2.12 Pharmaceutical Registration Certificate ..................................................................................................... 31
8. Key Government Agencies involved in Import ............................................................................................... 31
8.1 Summary Table of Key Government Agencies involved in the Import Process: ......................................................... 31
8.2 Key Government Agencies involved in the Import of Specific Types of Products ....................................................... 32
9. Key Standard Agencies and their Approval Process .......................................................................................... 33
9.1 Standard Agencies According to Industry ..................................................................................................... 33
9.2 China National Certification and Accreditation Administration (CNCA) ................................................................. 33
9.2.1 Process of Obtaining China’s Compulsory Certificate (CCC) Mark ........................................................................ 34
9.2.2 Key Documents Required ....................................................................................................................... 36
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9.2.3 Lead Time .......................................................................................................................................... 37
9.2.4 Costs Involved ..................................................................................................................................... 37
9.3 General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ................................................. 37
9.3.1 Port Health and Control Process for Imported Food Products in China ................................................................... 38
9.3.2 Key Documents Required ....................................................................................................................... 40
9.4 China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) ................................................................................................ 40
9.4.1 Pharmaceutical Products Registration Process ............................................................................................... 41
9.4.2 Key Documents Required ....................................................................................................................... 43
9.4.3 Lead Time .......................................................................................................................................... 45
9.4.4 Costs Involved ..................................................................................................................................... 45
10. Packaging and Labelling Regulations – China ................................................................................................ 45
10.1 Food Industry ...................................................................................................................................... 45
10.1.1 Industry Regulator ................................................................................................................................ 45
10.1.2 Laws and Regulations ............................................................................................................................ 45
10.1.3 Labelling Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 46
10.2 Pharma Industry .................................................................................................................................. 46
10.2.1 Industry Regulator ................................................................................................................................ 46
10.2.2 Laws and Regulations ............................................................................................................................ 46
11. Appendix ........................................................................................................................................... 47
12. References ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Disclaimer
Saudi Export Development Authority “SAUDI EXPORTS” have prepared the Import Guide as a part of its
continuous publication on countries. The purpose of this guide is to provide a high-level view of the
country imports process, procedures, documentation requirements, stakeholders, etc. based on available
public information. Its analysis, perceptions, and anticipations are subject to personal judgment. “SAUDI
EXPORTS” is not liable for any consequences caused by the understanding and interpretation of any part
of this guide. In general, the information in the report present a broad view of the imports environment of
this country. Saudi exporters are encouraged to carry out further studies to be updated and more
informed on the import process, procedures, and documentation requirements identified in this guide.
5
China and GCC (including KSA) are currently negotiating a Free Trade Agreement which is hoped to expand and liberalize
inter-regional trade relations.1 However, since there are no active trade agreements as yet between the two trading blocs,
non-preferential rules of origin are applied to imports into China from KSA.2
The Rules of Origin (RoO) for Saudi exports to China are derived from the Regulations on the Origin of Imported and
Exported Goods of 2005. The RoO for a product to be classified as originating goods of a Party are summarized below:
1. Goods must be wholly-obtained or produced in an exporting Member State; the following goods can be
classified as such:4
a. Mineral products and natural resources extracted or taken from that its soil, waters, seabed or beneath
the seabed;
b. Vegetable products harvested or produced there;
c. Animals born and raised there, and products from animals raised there, including products obtained from
fishing and hunting conducted there;
d. Products of sea fishing and other marine products taken from the sea by its vessels. Also includes products
processed and made from these onboard the vessels;
e. Used articles obtained there that are fit only for the recovery of raw materials;
f. Waste and scrap obtained from manufacturing operations conducted there;
g. Goods obtained from products referred to from (a) to (f).
2. If goods have been produced in more than two countries, the country of origin is the country where final
substantive changes have been made to the product.5 The basic criterion for determining whether substantive
changes have been made to a product is to determine whether there has been a change in product tariff
classification as a result of workings in the country.6 If there is no change in product tariff classification, value
added is used as a supplementary criterion where the value added to the product should not be less than 30%
of the total value of the product.7
1 China FTA Network 2 World Trade Organization 3 Regulations on the Origin of Imported and Exported Goods of 2005 4 Article 4, Regulations on the Origin of Imported and Exported Goods of 2005 5 Article 3, Regulations on the Origin of Imported and Exported Goods of 2005 6 Article 6, Regulations on the Origin of Imported and Exported Goods of 2005 7 China Trade Policy Review 2014, WTO
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3. All Saudi exporters who are required to submit documentation evidencing country of origin i.e. Certificate of
Origin (CoO), have to apply to the Directorate of Supplies at the Ministry of Commerce and Investment or
offices of the Ministry in major cities to obtain a CoO.
There are several trade barriers faced by countries trading with one another; these include tariff and non-tariff barriers.
In general, China’s trade barriers, as detailed out by UK Trade and Investment, include a complex business culture,
language barriers, strong competition from well-positioned state-owned enterprises, bureaucratic hurdles such as
bribery and corruption, and a closure of large parts of the economy to full foreign participation.8
A list of specific tariff and non-tariff barriers have been detailed out in Sections 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 (respectively) below.
The different tariff barriers that exist in China are outlined below, as mentioned in the Regulation of the People’s Republic
of China on Import and Export Duties.
The Basic Customs Duty is a tariff imposed on goods that are transported across international borders.
As mentioned in Section 1.1, in the absence of a bi-lateral trade agreement between China and KSA, the
Most
Favored Nation (MFN) Customs Duty will apply to Saudi imports into China, as ratified by Article10 of the
Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on Import and Export Duties.
Customs Duties are calculated based on the Cost, Insurance, and Freight (c.i.f.) value of the imported goods.
The average applied MFN rate in China is around 9.5%, with the rates increasing or decreasing depending
upon the type of product that is imported into the country.10
Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided for more information about the tariff rates
that are applicable to different categories of products.
http://hs.e-to-china.com/ (Please enter the description of goods to import or HS codes when prompted)
8 UK Trade and Investment 9 Regulation of the People’s Republic of China on Import and Export Duties 10 China Trade Policy Review 2014, WTO
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Goods that enter the Chinese market for local consumption (both locally produced and imported) are
subject to Value Added Tax (VAT).
VAT is administered nationally by the State Administration of Taxation; the tax levied on imported goods is
collected by the Chinese Customs Authorities.
VAT is charged at two rates- 13% and 17%- as applicable depending upon the type of product. VAT is
generally levied at a rate of 17% but a reduced rate of 13% applies to certain products including grains,
fertilizers, pesticides, books, and coal.
VAT on imported goods is calculated based on the c.i.f. value plus the import duty.
Excise duties are indirect taxes that are charged on imported and locally-produced goods that are classified
as non-essential, harmful to public health, and environment, and resource-intensive. Cosmetic and luxury
watches are examples of goods upon which excise taxes are levied.
Additionally, Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below for more information on
the list of goods that are subject to excise taxes and the different rates of excise duties charged.
https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf* (Please go to Page 53, Table 3.4)
Anti-dumping duty is imposed on the import of specified products with a view to protect domestic
industries.
The government can impose anti-dumping duty on goods imported into China when the export price of
these goods are less than the normal value and investigations establish a causal link between this and
material injury caused to domestic industries.
Further information on anti-dumping duties is provided in Section 3.1.1 of this guide.
Additionally, Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below for more information:
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/policyrelease/domesticpolicy/200502/20050200017435.html*
11 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 12 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 13Anti-dumping Regulations of the People’s Republic of China
*Kindly copy and paste this link on a web browser to know more information and for updates
8
Countervailing duty is imposed on goods that have been provided subsidies by national governments, if
upon investigations, it is determined that the subsidies granted upset the balance of fair market competition
and causes material injury to the local industry.
Further information on countervailing duties is provided in Section 3.1.2 of this guide.
Additionally, Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below for more information:
http://www.cietac.org/index.php?m=Article&a=show&id=2383&l=en
Safeguard duties are imposed when the increase in imports of certain products have caused or threaten to
cause serious injury to the domestic industry.
The Ministry of Commerce in China is responsible for investigating and determining the injury caused by
this increase in the import of goods.
Further information on Safeguard duties is provided in Section 3.1.3 of this guide.
The Foreign Trade Law of China prohibits the importation of certain products into the country for the
following reasons:
o State security, public morality, protection of environment and animal and plant health
o Compliance with international commitments
o Balance of payments
Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below for the complete list of goods that are
prohibited from being imported into China:
http://www.opbw.org/nat_imp/leg_reg/China/export_control_list.pdf
The Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), in conjunction with the General Administration of Customs
(GACC), and the General Administration of Quality, Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ),
compile an annual catalogue of products that are subject to import restrictions. This list is referred to as the
“Catalogue of Import Goods Subject to Licensing”.
14 Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Countervailing Measures 15 China Trade Policy Review 2014, WTO 16 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO
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In addition to this, a "Catalogue of Restricted Imports for Solid Waste” also contain details about restricted
imports.17
Restricted goods require licenses (import licenses; import quota licenses; or a combination of these) from
the Ministry of Commerce or its authorized local offices prior to being imported.18
Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit Appendix 1 for more information on import restrictions.
China applies import quotas, in the form of tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) / two-stage tariffs; importers pay lower
tariffs or customs duties for importing a pre-determined quantity of certain goods. Quantity of imports
exceeding this set limit is charged at a higher tariff rate.
TRQs apply to imports of wheat, corn, rice, sugar, wool, cotton, certain fertilizers, and wool tops.
If Chinese importers wish to import the above mentioned products at lower tariff rates, an application has to
be made to the MOFCOM in October of each year.
Under the provisions of the Foreign Trade Law 2004, China sustains state trading for certain goods. These
goods include agricultural products, chemical fertilizers, oil and oil products, etc.
Even though goods subject to state trading can only technically be imported by state-owned enterprises,
goods that are subject to TRQs (grain, cotton, sugar, and certain chemical fertilizers), as mentioned in
Section 2.1.2.2 may also be imported by non-state-trading enterprises. Non-state traders make applications
to import these goods to MOFCOM and National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), and
these bodies provide them with the authorization to do so.
The table below identifies some of the state-trading enterprises in China.
17 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 18EU SME Center 19 Canadian Trade Commissioner 20 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO
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Table 1: State Trading Enterprises in China
State Trading Enterprises Product HS Code
China National Cereals, Oil and Foodstuffs Import & Export Co (COFCO);
and Jillin Grain Group Import and Export Co. Ltd. Rice
10061011; 10061019;
10061091; 10061099;
10062010; 10062090;
10063010; 10063090;
10064010; 10064090
China National Cereals, Oil and Foodstuffs Import & Export Co (COFCO);
and Jillin Grain Group Import and Export Co. Ltd Maize
10051000; 10059000;
11042300
Chinatex Cotton Import & Export Corporation; Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region Cotton and Jute Import & Export Co.; Xinjiang
NongKen (Group) Import & Export Co. Ltd.; China National Cotton
Reserve Corporation.
Cotton 52010000; 52030000
China National Coal Group Corporation; Shanxi Coal Import & Export
Group Co. Ltd.; Shenhua Group Corporation Ltd.; China Minmetals
Corporation
Coal
27011100; 27011210;
27011290; 27011900;
27021000
SINOCHEM Corporation;
China International United Petroleum & Chemicals Co.;
China National United Oil Co.
Crude Oil 27090000
SINOCHEM Corporation; China International United Petroleum &
Chemicals Co.; China National United Oil Co.; China National Offshore Oil
Corporation; China National Aviation Fuel Group Corporation.
Processed Oil
2710210; 27101220;
27101291; 27101911;
27101912; 27101919;
27101921; 27101922;
27101929; 27101991;
27101992; 27101999;
27111100; 27102000
The standards set in China are established on the basis of the provisions made by the Standardization Law
of 1988 and the Regulations for the Implementation of the Standardization Law 1990.
The Standardization Administration of China (SAC), operating under AQSIQ is responsible for the
centralization (management and development of national policies of standardization; the planning of
national standardization strategy; and the sanctioning, issuing and revising of national standards) of the
standardization system in China.
21 China Trade Policy Review 2014, WTO
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Governmental organizations such as the State Food and Drug Administration, National Development and
Reform Commission (NDRC) assist in the standards administration process, in conjunction with non-
governmental organizations affiliated with AQSIQ- for instance, China Association of Standards (CAS) and
China National Institute of Standardization (CNIS).
There are four types of standards in China:
o National- Formulated by the SAC.
o Industry/ sectoral- Formulated by the standardization administrations of the competent ministries,
with the support of the industry institutes of standardization and technical committees.
o Local- Formulated by departments of standardization authorities of provinces, autonomous regions
and municipalities directly under the Central Government in accordance with the Administrative
Measures on Local Standards.
o Enterprise- Formulated by corporate organizations in the absence of any nation, sectoral, or local
standards.
More information on Standard Approval process is provided in Section 9 of this guide.
There are a number of laws and regulations in China that impose technical regulations on certain products.
AQSIQ is the WTO- Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) enquiry point for disseminating information and
making decisions on technical regulations.
Technical regulations are also considered as mandatory standards in China. These are issued in the
following areas: medicines, food, veterinary drugs, and pesticides; labor and transportation safety;
construction; and environmental emissions.
As an exhaustive compilation of technical regulations does not exist, Saudi exporters are requested to kindly
visit the link provided below for information on the government agencies in China that issues technical
regulations.
https://www.standardsportal.org/usa_en/prc_standards_system/chinese_ministries.aspx
Saudi exporters can approach these agencies directly for guidance or seek help via their importer.
China National Certification and Accreditation Administration (CNCA) under AQSIQ manages the national
certification process.
22 China Trade Policy Review 2014, WTO 23 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO
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Certification and accreditation are regulated by the Standardization Law; the Product Quality Law; the
Import and Export Commodity Inspection Law; the Regulations on Certification and Accreditation; and the
Regulations on Compulsory Product Certification.
There are two types of certification in China: voluntary certification and compulsory certification and is
applicable to both domestic and imported products.
The Compulsory Product Certification Catalogue is approved and released jointly by the AQSIQ, the CNCA,
and relevant industrial administrative departments. This Catalogue lists the products subject to compulsory
certification. Examples of these products include toys and household electrical appliances. Saudi exporters
are requested to kindly visit the link provided below for more information on the products that require
compulsory certification prior to importation into China.
http://china-ccc-certification.com/ccc-catalogue.asp (Kindly enter product details such as a description or
HS Code).
Products that require compulsory certification can only be imported into the country with China’s
Compulsory Certificates (CCC) and the corresponding CCC marks.
Applications for CCC certificates are made to any one of the 22 mandatory certification bodies authorized
by the CNCA. For more information about these bodies, Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link
provided below:
http://www.aqsiqccc.com/en/aqsiq/ccc-12.html
Further information has also been provided in Appendix 1.
CCC certificates are valid for a period of 5 years from the date of issue.
Products that are not subject to CCC have the option of obtaining the voluntary CQC Mark Certification
from the China Quality Certification Center (CQCC). Examples of products for which the CQC Mark
Certificate can be obtained for include glass, motors, and photovoltaic products. For more information,
Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below:
http://www.china-certification.com/en/cqc-mark-certification
China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) (under the authorization of CNCA)
is the body responsible for the accreditation of certification bodies, laboratories, and inspection bodies in
China.
In China, there are labs providing testing services in different fields: food, construction, mechanical,
physical, chemical, agricultural, metallurgical, water, environmental, microbiology testing, etc.
24 China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS)
13
Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below to find more details about the accredited certification
bodies, laboratories, and inspection bodies.
https://www.cnas.org.cn/english/findanaccreditedbody/index.shtml
Labelling requirements in China are set out by the provisions contained within:
o Provisions for the Administration of Food Labelling (AQSIQ Decree No. 123)
o Provisions for the Supervision and Administration of Production of Food Additives (AQSIQ
Decree No. 127)
o Announcement on the Issues Related to the Use of Mark of Corporate Food Production License
(AQSIQ [2010] Announcement No. 34)
o Food Safety Law 2015
o Drug Administration Law (Presidential Decree No. 45)
o Revised Regulations for the Implementation of the Drug Administration Law (State Council
Decree No. 360)
o Regulations for the Hygiene Supervision of Cosmetics (Ministry of Health Decree No. 3)
Goods must be labelled in standardized Chinese.
More information on Labelling is provided in Section 10 of this guide.
Sanitary and phytosanitary requirements have to be met prior to importing plants and plant products, animals
and animal products, and food into China.
The Ministry of Agriculture, the National Health and Family Planning Commission, the General Administration
of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ), and the China Food and Drug Administration
(CFDA) are in charge of the SPS system in China.
AQSIQ is the enquiry point for any SPS related queries in China.
25 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 26 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO
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The Foreign Trade Law 2004, along with the Regulations on Anti-dumping, and the Provisional Rules of the
Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation govern the legal framework for investigating and
applying remedies for dumping goods in China.
The Trade Remedy and Investigation Bureau (TRB) of the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) is responsible for
the investigation and determination of anti-dumping and countervailing duties and safeguard measures in
China.
Anti-dumping duties can be applied on both a provisional (for a period of up to 9 months) and a long-term
basis (for a period of up to 5 years).
As of 2015, China had implemented 91 anti-dumping measures against its trading partners.
The Foreign Trade Law, the Regulations on Countervailing Measures, and the Provisional Rules on Initiation of
Countervailing Investigations provide the primary legal framework for the application of countervailing
measures in China.
China does not commonly implement countervailing measures; the longest existing countervailing measure
has been in place for a period of slightly more than 5 years.
The Foreign Trade law, the Regulations on Safeguards, and the Provisional Rules for Initiation of Safeguards
Investigation provide the primary legal framework for the application of safeguard measures in China.
Safeguards can be applied on a provisional and a final basis. Provisional measures cannot be applied for a
period of more than 200 days and final measures take the form of tariff increases or quantitative restrictions.
According to World Port Source, China has 172 sea and inland ports. As the country’s economic model hinges on an
exports-led growth strategy, some of the largest and busiest ports in the world are located in China.31 Further, as per data
27 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 28 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 29 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 30 World Ports Source 31Netherlands Economic Network in China
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released by the World Shipping Council, seven ports in mainland China are in the top 10 container ports in the world,
with Shanghai Port being ranked as the top global container port.32
Information about the top 10 sea ports in China is provided in Table 2 below and the ports, as located in China, are
highlighted in Figure 1.
Table 2: Key Ports in China
Port Cargo Handled Website
Shanghai Bulk, break-bulk, general http://www.portshanghai.com.cn/
Shenzhen Coal, petroleum and chemicals, ore, and grain http://www.szport.net/
Ningbo-
Zhoushan
Bulk cargo, crude oil, product oil, liquid chemical
products, grains, and coal. http://www.zhoushan.cn/english
Guangzhou Bulk grain, steel, and break-bulk http://www.gzport.com/
Qingdao Metal ore, coal, petroleum, grains, steel, cars, other
liquid bulk, dry bulk, and general cargo. http://www.qdport.com/
Tianjin Containers, liquid and dry bulk, general cargo, and
vehicles. http://www.ptacn.com/
Xiamen Granite, steel products, iron ore, coal, grain,
chemicals, and petroleum products http://portxiamen.gov.cn/xmsgkglj/
Dalian Containers, crude oil, petroleum products, grain, bulk
ores, coal, and roll-on/roll-off cargoes http://www.dlport.cn/
Lianyungang Containers, bulk grain, coal, coke, and alumina,
breakbulk cargoes, and roll-on/roll-off cargoes http://www.lyg.gov.cn/
Suzhou Coal, steel, and construction materials http://www.slpa.lk/
Figure 1: Map of Top 10 Ports in China
32 World Shipping Council
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According to Linescape, Jeddah, Dammam, Jubail, and King Abdullah City are the Ports of Call in Saudi Arabia for
container ships going to China. The average lead time for vessels going to various ports in the China vary significantly
depending upon the Port of Call. Table 3: Lead Time from KSA to China Table 3 provided below displays information
on the lead time for vessels travelling from Saudi Arabia to the key ports in China, as identified in Section 4.1.
For the latest information on vessel schedules and lead-time, kindly visit the link provided below:
http://www.linescape.com/
Saudi exporters are requested to enter information regarding the Port of Origin, the Destination Port, and the Date of
Departure to access information regarding shipping schedules from Saudi Arabia to China.
Table 3: Lead Time from KSA to China
Lead time
(Days) Shanghai
Ningbo-
Zhoushan Qingdao Tianjin Xiamen Dalian Lianyungang
Jeddah Islamic
Port
20-34
19-28
16-59
-
22-46
22-73
20-50
Jubail Port 18-27 17 21-93 - 19-49 25-67 29-36
King Abdul
Aziz Port (
Dammam)
18-29
18-62
27-52
98
31-32
23-36
28-68
King Abdullah
City Port 24-33 22-35 25-30 - 26-36 25-73 -
The cost of shipping from ports in KSA to Chinese ports are summarized in the
Table 4 below.
The shipping costs are estimated using http://worldfreightrates.com/en/freight
17
Table 4: Key Rates of Shipping Lines
Types of Cargo: Container
Ports in China Shanghai Ningbo-
Zhoushan Qingdao Tianjin Xiamen Lianyungang Dalian
Ports in KSA Cost of Transportation (in SAR)*
Port of Jeddah 10,675-
15,345 10,675-15,345 10,600-15,280 - 10,200-14,700 10,900-15,600 10,900-15,700
Port of Jubail 8,200-
12,000 8,200-12,000 8,200-12,000 - 7,800-11,400 8,600-12,300 8,600-12,500
King Abdul Aziz
Port (Dammam)
8,200-
12,000 8,200-12,000 8,200-12,000 8,300-12,000 7,800-11,400 8,600-12,300 8,600-12,500
*Cost assumptions:
1) Method of shipping selected is Ocean.
2) Costs were estimated based on the industries available on World Freight Rates.
3) The value of all products calculated was priced at 100,000 USD (SAR 375,000).
4) Full Container Load (FCL) was selected and 40 FT containers
5) None of the accessorial charges (Hazardous or Insurance) were selected.
6) The cost of transportation is a rough estimate.
Intermodal Freight Terminals / Inland Ports are dry ports that are designed for the temporary storage and clearance of
cargoes, both empty and containerized. Their function is to provide port services to customers based in the hinterland,
making it conveniently located to their place of business and also thereby contributing to reducing congestion at sea
ports.
The inland port network in China is being developed by both the private sector (regulated by the Ministry of Transport)
and public-private sector alliances.
Private Sector Inland Ports
At present, the private sector has plans to develop 17 inland ports, of which 12 are operational or under
construction. Figure 2 provided below highlights these 12 inland ports as located in China.
33UNESCAP 2016
18
Figure 2: Private Inland Ports in China
8 of the 12 operational ICDs are located at border crossing points with neighboring countries; these include
Hunchun, Erenhot, Zhangmu, Kashgar, Zhangmu, Hekou, and Suifenhe. Each of these ICDs with the exception
of Ili and Zhangmu is connected to ports by railway.
The remaining 4 of the 12 ICDs are located in important inland trade focal points in China. These include, the
Yiwu International Dry Port (YIDP) which is the largest Inland Port in China and is connected by rail to the
Ningbo-Zhoushan port.
Further, the ICD facility at Kunming is also quite large and is connected by a rail network spanning 1500 km to
Shenzhen port.
Public Sector (Chinese Railways) and Private Sector Ventures Inland Ports
Inland ports are being developed across China by an alliance between Chinese Railways Intermodal and private
logistics companies.
It is expected that by 2020, 18 ICDs will be developed under this alliance; however, currently, only 9 of the 18
proposed inland ports are operational, these include Kunming, Shanghai, Chongqing, Chengdu, Zhengzhou,
Qingdao, Dalian, Wuhan, and Xi’an.
Container handling and storage Container stripping and stuffing Breakbulk cargo handling and storage Customs inspection and clearance Container light repairs Freight forwarding and cargo consolidation Rail and road connectivity
19
There are various Special Customs Zones in China that enable importers and exporters to benefit from the tax and duty
savings with trade.
Throughout the country there are sixty-two (62) Exporting Processing Zones (EPZ’s), fourteen (14) Free Trade Zones
(FTZ’s), ten (10) Bonded Logistics Parks (BLP’s), twenty-eight (28) Bonded Logistics Centers (BLC’s), fourteen (14)
Bonded Port Areas (BPA’s) and sixteen (16) Integrated Free Trade Zones (integrated FTZ’s).34
For all aforementioned special areas, goods may be imported into these areas free of Value Added Tax (VAT), under the
Supervision of the Customs authority.35
Table 5: Types of Special Customs Zones in China
Type of Zone Limitations
Bonded Port (BP) No Limitations
Bonded Logistics Park (BLP) No Processing Trade Activities
Bonded Logistics Center (BLC) No Processing Trade Activities
Free Trade Zone (FTZ) Goods Must be Physically exported out of China to obtain VAT
refund
Export Processing Zone No Processing Trade Activities
No Inland Transfers
No price adjustments
Most of the state-operated Free Trade Zones (FTZ’s) are located on the eastern and southern coast of China. They are
established to perform the functions of entrepot trade, export processing, logistics and bonded warehousing. When raw
materials are imported into an FTZ, the duty owed to China’s Customs authority for the finished product (only if sold to
China’s domestic market) will be based on the imported raw materials rather than on the duty rate of the finished
good.36
For more information and the list of free trade zones, Saudi exporters can visit the link provided below:
http://images.mofcom.gov.cn/english/table/cdz1.htm*
34UPS 35 Switzerland Global Enterprise 36 Integration point
20
Table 6: List of Key Regional FTZs
Region Names of FTZ's
Shanghai Waigaoqiao
Tianjin Tianjin
Liaoning Dalian
Shandong Qingdao
Jiangsu Zhangjiagang
Zhejiang Ningbo
Fujian Fuzhou Xiangyu (in Xiamen)
Guangdong
Guangzhou
Shantou
Futian (in Shenzhen)
Yantian (in Shenzhen)
Shatoujiao (in Shenzhen)
Zhuhai
Hainan Haikou
21
Establishment of Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zone was approved in 2013 by the PRC state council. The Free trade zone
consists of Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, Yangshan Free Trade Port Area and
Pudong Airport Comprehensive Free Trade Zone.37
For more information on Shanghai Pilot Free Trade Zones, Saudi exporter can visit the link provided below:
http://en.china-shftz.gov.cn/About-FTZ/Introduction/
The bonded area of the Shanghai Free Trade Zone is the first bonded area in China under the supervision of Shanghai
Customs Authority. Waigaoqiao Free Trade Logistics Park, developed in 2004, is the first bonded logistics park in
China. Yangshan Free Trade Port Area, inaugurated in 2005, is the first bonded port area in China.
The Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone is a key trading center where multinational companies can export and source
products in northeastern Asia, and can also import popular products such as non-ferrous metals and information
technology components.
The Yangshan Free Trade Port, established in 2005, comprises of the Little Yangshan Port and the Donghai Bridge
connecting the island port to the mainland. The free trade port is a key foundation of Shanghai's aim to become a
‘Comprehensive Experimental Zone for International Shipping’.
The port has attracted companies in industries such as information technology, electronics, automobiles and auto
parts, food processing and name-brand clothing. The companies have placed distribution depots in the port and
established links with major shipping companies. The port currently is the fastest growing and most profitable of
China's ports.
The China (Guangdong) Pilot Free Trade Zone was launched in 2015. The free trade zone consists of 7 functional zones
or clusters, more details about the functional zones can be obtained from the link provided below:
http://www.gzns.gov.cn/pub/nszmsyq_en/about/201503/t20150308_155616.html
37 Shanghai FTZ
*Kindly copy and paste this link on a web browser to know more information and for updates
22
The China (Tianjin) Pilot Free Trade Zone was approved by the state council on the 2014. The pilot free trade zone
consists of various functions area that can be obtained from the link provided below:
http://www2.tjftz.gov.cn/english/about_us/function_area/index.shtml
Bonded warehouses are established after obtaining approval from Customs. Imported goods are stored in bonded
warehouses prior to the customs clearance process. Bonded warehouses can be classified as Bonded Logistics Center
(A-type) or Bonded Logistics Center (B type). Goods stored in Bonded warehouses are subject to customs examination.
There are a certain categories of goods that may be stored in Bonded Warehouses:
1. Imported goods for processing trade.
2. Transit goods.
3. Oil, materials and maintenance spare parts for vessels and aircrafts used for international voyages or flights.
4. Imported consignments of spare parts for maintenance of foreign products.
5. Goods temporarily stored by foreign merchant.
6. Ordinary trade goods that have not gone through customs clearance.
7. Other goods that are approved by the customs but have not gone through customs clearance.
For more information on bonded warehouses in china, Saudi exporters are encouraged to visit the link provided below:
http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/68759031-4290-41a5-9cae-511fb27839ec.html
The overall import process of China is illustrated below:
Stage I: Pre Import Arrangements
There are pre-import arrangements that are to be made before the arrival of the goods. The importer must be registered
with the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) or its authorized local offices in china40. For import of food or other restricted
38 China customs 39 China customs 40 Trade Commissioner
23
products, importer must obtain an Import permit from the relevant competent authorities.41 The manifest must be filed
online, 24 hours prior to the loading of goods in the origin port.42
Note: The importer must be registered with the customs to complete the declaration or can appoint an authorized
customs broker.
Stage II: Ship Arrives
As the ship enters the port, the goods from the vessel are unloaded in the customs supervised zones.
Stage III: Bill of Entry via EDI
The importer/ customs broker completes the Bill of Entry and submits the documents required for customs clearance via
EDI to the customs office. The required documents and necessary information should be submitted within 14 days from
the time of the vessel entering the port.43 The duties and VAT are calculated based on the information provided in the
customs declaration form.
Note: EDI of China is called as H883/H2000 customs clearance system/EDI customs clearance system.44
41 New Zealand government 42 China Customs 43 China customs 44 China customs
= Process stage
Customer/Importer
Illustrative Import Process via Sea Port
Pre-Import Arrangements
Ship arrives Bill of Entry via EDI
Logistics &Transportation
Customs clearance at port
Payment of duties
I II III
IV V VI
VII
Zoll
$
24
Stage IV: Customs clearance at port
After the customs declaration is done by the importer/ broker, the goods declaration is assessed by the customs. If the
requirements provided are adequate, the customs declaration is accepted. Imported goods are examined by the customs
officers and samples are obtained in the presence of the importer or his agent45.
Stage V: Payment of duties
On satisfactory inspection, the customs officer provides the receipt for payment of duty and taxes. The importer pays the
customs duty and taxes in the destined bank46.
Stage VI: Logistics and Transportation
Importer arranges for the logistics and transportation of the goods from the customs bonded warehouse to his
warehouse.
Stage VII: Importer / Customer
Imported goods are received by the importer/customer.
45 China customs 46 China customs
Prior to documents submission
Bill of entry via EDI
Review of documents
Release of goods
Examination of imported goods and assessment of duties
Payment of Duties for imported goods
$
Illustrative Customs Process
= Process stage
I II III
IV V VI
Figure 3: Overall Import Process
Figure 4: Customs Clearance Process
25
Stage I: Prior to documents submission
1. The manifest is to be filed by the carrier of the good (vessel, airlines, etc.) and submitted in the Electronic Data
Interface (EDI) format to the customs within 24 hours prior to loading of vessel in the origin port.
2. Importer must be registered with the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM). Importer has to obtain a permit for
importing controlled goods to China from the respective government agencies.
Stage II: Bill of Entry via EDI
1. Importer/ customs agent obtains all the required documents needed for the customs clearance of the imported
goods.
2. The importer/customs agent submits the Bill of Entry containing all required information and technical description
about the goods to the customs office electronically via EDI within 14 days from vessel arrival date.
Stage III: Review of Documents
1. After the submission of Bill of Entry and documents to the customs, the system will verify and authenticate the
customs declarant’s qualification.
2. Once the declarant is authenticated, the application and documents are reviewed and accepted if all the required
details are provided.
3. The system calculates the taxes and fees that has to be paid47.
Stage IV: Examination of imported goods and assessment of duties48
1. Goods are examined by two or more customs inspectors in the presence of the importer or agent.
2. Importer or his representative must provide the documents necessary for the inspection of goods.
3. Customs officers will conduct inspection or specific inspection on the imported products.
4. If necessary, samples from the goods are obtained from the imported goods.
5. Inspections will be compiled as a report and will be signed by the customs inspectors and the importer.
6. Customs officers will print and issue special pay-in warrants for payment of taxes and fees
Note: For examination in customs area, no inspection fee will be charged. However charges will incur if the examination
takes place outside of the customs controlled area. These charges has to be paid by the importer.
Stage V: Payment of duties for imported goods49
1. Importer obtains the pay in warrants from the customs officers.
2. Importer must provide the pay in warrant at a bank and pay the customs duty and taxes.
3. The bank will provide a payment receipt which the importer must collect and submit to the customs.
Stage VI: Release of goods
1. The goods are released and the importer can collect the goods from the customs.
According to the World Bank, the associated time and cost of import for a standard goods shipment are listed in the Table
7 below:
47 China customs 48 China customs 49 China customs 50 Doing Business
26
Table 7: Lead Time and Cost of Overall Import Process -China
S. No Import Procedure Lead Time
(Hours)
Cost
(SAR)
1 Documents preparation 54 560
2 Customs clearance and inspections 72 2,960
Total: 126 3,520
Eight mandatory documents are required for importing goods into China.
Table 8: Mandatory documents for Importing- China
# Document Procured from Procured
for 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 Bill of Lading Shipping Company Customs
2 Commercial
Invoice Exporter Customs
3 Customs import
declaration Customs Customs
4 Packing List Exporter Customs
5 Contract Exporter and
Importer Customs
6 Certificate of
Origin
Competent
authorities in KSA Customs
7 Inspection
declaration
Entry-Exit
Inspection
Authority in China
Customs
8 Telex release Loading port agent Customs
Note:
1 - Building Materials, 2 - Chemicals & Polymers, 3 - Food Products, 4 - Packaging,
5 - Consumer Durables, 6 - Heavy Machinery & Electronics, 7 - Precious Metals & Jewelry
- Pharmaceuticals, 9 – Textiles
51Doing Business
27
A number of additional documents are generally required for customs clearance, those documents are provided in the
Table 9 below:
Table 9: Additional documents for Importing- China
# Document Procured from Procured for 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
China’s
Compulsory
Certificate (CCC)52
Competent
authorities (ACBs)
in China
Customs
2 Health Certificate
Competent
authority in country
of origin
Customs
3 Phytosanitary
Certificate
Competent
authority in country
of origin
Customs
4 Quarantine
Inspection Permit53
Competent
authority in China Customs
5
Pharmaceutical
Registration
Certificate54
Competent
authority in China Customs
Note:
1 - Building Materials, 2 - Chemicals & Polymers, 3 - Food Products, 4 - Packaging,
5 - Consumer Durables, 6 - Heavy Machinery & Electronics, 7 - Precious Metals & Jewelry
8 - Pharmaceuticals, 9 – Textiles
The Bill of Lading as defined by the International Trade Centre (Intracen) acts as:
A receipt where the carrier acknowledges that he has received the carriage; this acts as an evidence for the
contract of carriage.
52 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 53 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service: Country Report- China 54 EU SME Center 55 Intracen
28
A transferable document of title where the goods are delivered according to the “to order” provided in the Bill
of Lading and follow all validations that are provided in the order.
Figure 5: Bill of Lading Sample
The commercial invoice is a bill provided for the purchase of goods, which is provided to the buyer by the seller. Such
invoices are mostly used in foreign trade as it allows governments to identify the actual value of the goods when they are
assessed for Customs duties.
Figure 6: Commercial Invoice sample
An import declaration is a document provided by the importer to the Customs providing information about imported
goods. 57 The information in the declaration is used to assess the duty and taxes for the goods.
56 Aramex
57Government of Australia
29
Packing list provide detailed information about the shipment. An international packing list contains details about the date
of shipment, seller, buyer, shipper, invoice number, the type of package, such as a box, crate, drum, or carton, mode of
transport, carrier, and itemizes quantity, description, the quantity of packages, total net and gross weight (in kilograms),
package marks, and dimensions. 58
Figure 7: Packing list sample
The Certificate of Origin (CoO) according to the International Chamber of Commerce is a document which attests that
the goods imported are wholly obtained, produced, manufactured or processed in a particular country. Form DA 59
requires all of the basic information related to the merchandise being shipped to include a sworn statement by the shipper
related to the country of origin.
Figure 8: Certificate of Origin
Contract can be defined as an agreement that creates obligations which is enforceable by law. Vital elements for contract
are mutual assent, consideration, capacity, and legality. Contract provides the details about the terms of agreement
between the importer and exporter.
58Delight Movers 59International Chamber of Commerce 60 Cornell
30
Telex release is provided by the loading port agent requesting the discharge port agent to release the traded goods to the
importer. The importer has to display the bill of lading and collect the goods from the port agent.
CCC is a Chinese certificate of product quality standardization; it is required for the import of certain categories of goods
such as consumer goods, electronics and medical devices. These certificates are issued to the importer/ manufacturer by
the Certification and Accreditation Administration of China (CNCA) through certain accredited certification bodies
(ACBs). More information regarding this is provided in Section 9.2 of this guide.
Figure 9: Sample China’s Certificate of Conformity
The purpose of the health certificate is to protect human health and safety, and to keep international trade under control
by attesting to the fact that the imported products meet the relevant sanitary requirements. It is procured by the exporter
from the relevant authorities in the producing country for products such as foods, chemicals & polymers, and
pharmaceuticals.
Figure 10: Health Certificate
61 Shipping and Freight Resource 62 China Certification 63 Global Negotiator
31
The purpose of the health certificate is to protect human health and safety, and to keep international trade under control.
A Phytosanitary Certificate is issued by the plant protection organization of the exporting country to the plant protection
organization of the importing country affirming that the product satisfies national phytosanitary requirements.
Quarantine Inspection Permits (QIP) are required for the import of agricultural goods into China. A Meat Quarantine
Inspection Permit (MIQP) is required for the import of meat products into China.
The importer has to provide information regarding the volume of the shipment, content, and physical characteristics
while applying for quarantine permits to the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine
(AQSIQ).
The Pharmaceutical Registration Certificate is a document attesting the registration of pharmaceutical products (intended
for local consumption in China) with the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA);
This is a pre-requisite for the export of pharmaceutical products to China. More information regarding this is provided in
Section 9.4 of this guide.
There are number of government entities who are involved in the import process in China.
These entities or agencies are summarized with their roles in the import process and website in the Table 10 provided
below:
Table 10: Key government agencies involved in import
Key Government Agencies Role Website
64 Government of Canada 65 Indian Institute of Foreign Trade 66 EU SME Center
32
General Administration of
Customs (GACC)
Responsible for monitoring, regulating,
and clearing arrivals and departures
within the Chinese customs territory.
http://english.customs.gov.
cn/
Ministry of Commerce in China
(MOFCOM)
Responsible for devising policies and
regulations on foreign trade, consumer
protection, and export and import.
http://english.mofcom.gov.
cn/
General Administration of
Quality, Supervision, Inspection,
and Quarantine (AQSIQ)
Responsible for quality control in China
Responsible for entry-exit commodity
inspection, quarantine services, food
safety, certification, and accreditation.
http://english.aqsiq.gov.cn/
Standardization Administration
of China (SAC)
Responsible for overseeing the
standards setting process in China
under the AQSIQ
http://www.sac.gov.cn/
There are a number of other governmental entities or agencies involved in the import process in China based on the type
of industry or products. A list of key entities or agencies along with the information such as the industry/ product types
they serve, role in the import process, and websites are given in Table 11 below:
Table 11: Government agencies involved in import for specific industries
Government Agency Product/Industry Function/Role Website
China National
Certification and
Accreditation
Administration (CNCA)
All products
Responsible for overseeing
the national product
certification process.
http://english.cnca.gov.c
n/
China Food and Drug
Administration (CFDA)
Food and
Pharmaceuticals
Responsible for developing
guidelines for the safety
management of food,
pharmaceutical products, and
cosmetics in China
http://eng.sfda.gov.cn/W
S03/CL0755/
33
Saudi exporters must obtain certificates for exporting their products to China from the below mentioned standard
agencies:
1. China National Certification and Accreditation Administration (CNCA).
2. General Administration of Quality, Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ).
3. China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA).
The matrix in Table 12 shows the industries and the standard agencies they need to approach for their certification
Table 12: Key standard agencies for approval
S.
No Standard Agency Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Web link
1
China National Certification
and Accreditation
Administration (CNCA)
www.english.cnca.gov.cn
2
General Administration of
Quality Supervision,
Inspection, and Quarantine
(AQSIQ)
www.english.aqsiq.gov.cn
3 China Food and Drug
Administration (CFDA) www.eng.sfda.gov.cn
Note:
1 - Building Materials, 2 - Chemicals & Polymers, 3 - Food Products, 4 - Packaging,
5 - Consumer Durables, 6 - Heavy Machinery & Electronics, 7 - Precious Metals & Jewelry
8 - Pharmaceuticals, 9 – Textiles
CNCA administers, manages, supervises, and coordinates certification and accreditation procedures in China. As
mentioned in Section 2.1.2.6, certain goods require the CCC mark and certification prior to being imported into China.
34
CNCA allows authorized certification bodies (ACB) to issue the CCC on its behalf; a few examples of ACBs have been
detailed out in the Table 13 below:
Table 13: Example ACBs
S. No Authorized Certification Body
1 China Quality Certification Center
2 China Electromagnetic Compatibility Certification Center
3 China Security Technology Certification Center
4 China Agricultural Product Quality Certification Center
5 China Safety Glass Certification Center
6 China Committee for Conformity Certification of Tires
7 China Certification Committee for Latex Quality
8 Product Conformity Assessment Centre
9 Ministry of Public Security Fire
10 China Automotive Certification Centre
The steps to acquire a CCC have been described in the Mandatory Product Certification Regulations. This process is
illustrated in Error! Reference source not found.:
Stage I: Saudi exporter carries out the pre-requisites
Saudi exporter prepares the documentation as detailed out in Section 9.2.2.
Further, an agent may be appointed to make the application on the exporter’s behalf (not mandatory) by filing a Product
Safety Certification Intent Application; the application form for the same can be obtained at:
http://china-ccc-certification.com/171.html
Stage II: Submission of application form
Applicant files the CCC application form (which can be accessed by Saudi exporters via http://china-ccc-
certification.com/171.html ) which can be faxed or e-mailed to CNCA or the relevant ACB.
The application form should be accompanied by the Business License of the applicant and the Product Safety
Certification Intent Application, if the manufacturer and applicant are not the same entity.
Stage III: Application is evaluated
A preliminary assessment of the application form is carried out and upon confirmation that the application can be
proceeded, a “Document List” necessary to completely process the application is faxed or mailed to the applicant. This
list will broadly coincide with the documents mentioned in Section 9.2.2.
67 CCC Procedure Guidelines
35
Stage IV: Verification of submitted documents and payment of fees
Upon submission of the documents in quadruplicate by the applicant by post, a review committee established by the
CNCA verifies the completeness and authenticity of the documents submitted. A ‘CCC Notice Charge’ is then issued which
is faxed or mailed to the applicant. The applicant should arrange payment according to this Notice Charge and fax or mail
a Remittance Slip to the office.
Stage V: Testing of product samples and factory site visit
Testing of product samples and factory site visit
Submission of application form Application is
Evaluated
Verification of documents and payment of fees
Application for CCC Mark and payment of fees
$
Saudi exporter carries out the pre-requisites
Illustrative Process for China’s Compulsory Certificate mark
Issuance of CCC
$
= Process stage
I II III
IV V VI
VII VIII
Issuance of CCC marks
36
After confirming the receipt of fees, CNCA or the relevant ACB office will fax or mail a ‘Notice Sample’ to the applicant.
The applicant is then required to submit product samples to a CNCA designated laboratory for CCC product type-testing.
Following the successful qualification of the product, and if deemed necessary depending upon product history, a ‘Notice
Factory Inspection’ is mailed or faxed to the applicant. Representatives of a CNCA designated certification body is
assigned to conduct an on-site inspection at the applicant’s warehouse/ company. The applicant will also be notified of
the details of such a visit.
Stage VI: Issuance of Chinese Certificate of Conformity (CCC)
A CCC is issued after a comprehensive and satisfactory assessment of the results of the product sampling and factory site
visit.
Note: Certification bodies might re-inspect manufacturing facilities of the applicant following the grant of the CCC; all
CCCs are valid for 5 years and an application for renewal should be submitted 90 days prior to the expiry of existing
CCC.68
Stage VII: Application for CCC Mark and payment of fees
The CCC certification holder fills in the application form for purchasing the CCC mark which can be faxed or e-mailed to
the relevant office, along with a copy of the CCC certificate. Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided
below for accessing the application form for the same:
http://china-ccc-certification.com/148.html
Following the satisfactory cross-verification of the submitted application and documents by the relevant office, a ‘Notice
of Mark Charge’ is sent to the applicant by fax or e-mail; the applicant makes the notified payment and faxes or e-mails
the ‘Remittance Slip’ to the relevant office.
Stage VIII: Issuance of CCC marks
Upon confirmation of payment, the CCC marks are sent by post to the applicant within 7 working days which can then
be affixed onto the goods intended for sale to China.
Information about the documents required to obtain a CCC mark is provided below:
1. Product Safety Certification Intent Application (in a standard format).
2. CCC Certification Formal Application Form (which will be emailed back to the applicant after we have
confirmed the submitted Product Safety Certification Intent Application (with standard format).
3. CCC Mark Formal Application.
4. Copy of business license of the enterprise for CCC certification (Note: copy of factory's registration certificate
and contract signed by the factory and the enterprise if the enterprise is not the factory).
5. Product description for CCC certification which is different from production explanation and instructions.
6. Product assembly drawing, electrical diagrams or circuit diagrams.
68 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 69 China CCC Documentation Requirements
37
7. List of key components and materials (with standard format).
8. Difference description of all models of products in the same application unit (the enterprise for CCC
certification. shall submit with form format, the standard one will be sent after reviewed) (with standard
format).
9. Conformity declaration (certificate show the sample delivered by the enterprise for test is produced by itself).
10. Product nameplate.
11. CCC certification factory inspection questionnaire.
12. Factory's procedure documentations, quality manuals, record forms, process flow diagrams, work instructions
13. Conformity Body (CB) reports within valid date (if they have).
14. Test reports or CCC certification factory inspection reports (if they have) (test reports after passing sampling
test).
15. Trust deed by the third party (if present).
Following an on-site visit by representatives from the CNCA, a decision on the applicant’s CCC request is released
within 10-15 days, and the CCC itself is issued within 90 days.
The CCC mark is posted to the applicant within 7 days of the receipt of payment of fees following a separate application
for the CCC mark.
Saudi exporters can estimate the costs involved in obtaining a CCC by visiting the link provided below and entering the
relevant combinations when prompted.
http://china-ccc-certification.com/ccc-cost.asp
Food Safety Law 2015 vests the regulation of the safety of food imports and exports in China with the General
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ).72 AQSIQ operates 35 Entry-Exit Inspection
and Quarantine Bureaus (CIQ) in different provinces in China; these local focal points implement food safety regulations
and ensure compliance with the same.73
70 China Trade Policy Review 2016, WTO 71 China CCC Certification 72 Article 91 of The Food Safety Law 2015 73 AQSIQ
38
Stage I: Saudi Exporter carries out the pre-requisites75
1. In keeping with the requirements of Article 96 of the Food Safety Law 2015 and the AQSIQ Notice ‘Foreign
food exporters registration’, all foreign food producers, distributors, and exporters are required to file their
information with the Bureau of Import and Export Food Safety of AQSIQ.
2. The application form for the same (in English) can be obtained by Saudi exporters by e-mailing the AQSIQ
Association at [email protected] .
3. The application form should include particulars such as the exporter and agent’s name, country, area, address,
contact name, telephone number, and food category.
4. Upon submitting the application form, the exporter will receive a registration number, and will be publicly
registered on the AQSIQ website.
Saudi exporters can access this database of registered food exporters by visiting the link provided below:
http://ire.eciq.net/aqsiq-food-register-search
74 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service: Country Report- China 75 AQSIQ
= Process stage
I II III
IV V
Illustrative Food import process
Preparation of documentation
Preliminary assessment of documents by CIQ
officials
Saudi exporter carries out the pre-requisites
Inspection of Goods
Issuance of certificate and customs clearance
Figure 11: Food import clearance process
39
Note: For the import of dairy and dairy products, meat and meat products, Saudi exporters also need to separately
register with the CNCA. More details about the categories of food that require additional registration can be accessed via
the link provided below:
http://www.aqsiq.net/food-register.htm
Stage II: Saudi exporter prepares documentation76
1. There are certain pre-requisites that are to be fulfilled by the Saudi exporter prior to importation of food
products into China; documentation, as outlined in Section 9.3.2, has to be prepared, in conjunction with
ensuring that the food labels comply with existing Chinese regulations for the same.
2. Further, the import of certain products such as beef and poultry require certain Import Permits from the AQSIQ
and MOFCOM. Specific information regarding Import Permits required for certain categories of goods are
provided in Section 9.3.2. No import permits are required for the import of pre-packaged foods.
Note: For the import of certain agricultural goods such as wheat, there are import quotas that are set in place, as outlined
in Section 2.1.2.2 that have to be complied with. The Agricultural Products Import Tariff Quotas Certificate has to be
obtained by the importer.
Stage III: Authorities examine documentation accompanying food imports
1. Upon entry into the country, officials from the General Administration of Chinese Customs (GACC) and the CIQ
will examine the health certificates, quarantine permits, and documents (including the sample labels) that
accompany the food consignment.
Stage IV: Commodity Inspection and Quarantine
1. Prior to customs declaration of imported food items, officials from the respective CIQ at each port will carry out
physical inspection and quarantine processes depending upon the protocols in place at each port (importer has
to apply via the AQSIQ website). In general, this step will include product sampling and testing, bio-security
checks, sensory examination, and x-rays.
2. Quarantine procedures (applicable to animals and plants and their products) might include on-site quarantine,
laboratory quarantine, and isolation quarantine.
3. Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below for more information about the specific
sanitary and phytosanitary requirements for different food product categories to ensure conformity with
Chinese standards.
http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import%20Re
gulations%20and%20Standards%20-%20Narrative_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_12-
30-2015.pdf
Note: Stringent documentary checks and testing is only carried out for first-time import of food products. Following this,
products are only sampled and tested randomly.
Stage V: Customs clearance and declaration
76 USDA Foreign Agricultural Service: Country Report- China
40
1. Upon the conclusion of satisfactory inspection and quarantine procedures, a clearance certificate is issued by
AQSIQ officials (along with a Quarantine Release Notice if needed) which allows for customs declaration and
clearance of the food consignment.
Note: The Importer has to now declare the imported goods (within 14 days of arrival at the Chinese port), and upon
passing the customs review, the importer will have to again present supporting documentation within 10 days at the
customs office where the goods are stationed.
The key documents required for the customs clearance of food products in China include:
Customs declaration
Commercial license
Certificate of Origin
Registration of foreign exporters of food stuffs
Sanitary Certificate
Bill of lading
Cargo Manifest
Insurance Certificate
Registration of importers of food stuffs
Import and Export Business License
Business License of the Importer
Quarantine Certificate (if required) from approved authorities in country of origin
Quarantine Inspection Permit (required for import of agricultural goods)
Meat Quarantine Inspection Permit (required for import of meat products)
Automatic Registration Form (ARF) on poultry from the Ministry of Commerce
All pharmaceutical products imported into China have to gain pre-market approval from the CFDA before being allowed
to feely circulate within the local Chinese market. The legislative frameworks that govern the registration of
pharmaceutical products in China include:
The Chinese Drug Law and its implementation regulation, The Drug Administration Law of the People’s
Republic of China (as amended in 2013)
Regulation for Implementation of the Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (2002)
Measures of the Administration of Drug Registration (2007)
Saudi exporters are requested to kindly visit the link provided below for more information about CFDA.
77 EU SME Center 78 EU SME Center
41
http://www.cfda.gov.cn/
Pharmaceutical products are divided into six classes in China; the registration procedures including documentation
required vary depending upon the product class. The six classes of pharmaceutical products have been identified below:
Pharmaceutical products (pending approval in all countries).
Pharmaceutical products with a changed administration route (pending approval in all countries).
Pharmaceutical products new to the Chinese market (approved in other countries).
Pharmaceutical products with a change of their acid radical or base (or metal elements) but no change of
pharmacology effects.
Pharmaceutical products marketed in China with a change in dosage form but no change in drug administration
route.
Pharmaceutical substances and products included in Chinese national drug standards, such as Chinese
pharmacopoeia or pharmaceutical registered standards.
Stage I: Appointment of an agent
Saudi exporters have to appoint a Chinese local entity / company to make an application for the registration of
pharmaceutical products on their behalf by granting them a power of attorney.
Stage II: Preparation and submission of documents for pharmaceutical registration application
1. Saudi exporters have to prepare the documentation (a total of 32 items) regarding the pharmaceutical product,
study material, pharmacology and toxicology study material, and the clinical study material. Further
information regarding the specific documentation requirements are provided in Section 9.4.2 of this guide.
2. The application along with the aforementioned documentation is submitted to CFDA by the agent who is then
informed about whether it has been accepted within five working days.
Note: Saudi exporters have to kindly note that applications filed with missing documentation will be rejected.
79 EU SME Center
42
Stage III: Testing of samples
1. Following the acceptance of the drug registration application, CFDA issues a testing laboratory notice and the
product is then tested at a designated laboratory.
2. Product sample testing is carried out by the Chinese National Institute for Food & Drug Control (NIFDC) or a
delegate regional drug quality control institute that it appoints.
3. Applicants have to file an application for product sample testing; the application form for the same can be
accessed via http://www.nicpbp.org.cn/
4. Following this, the applicant has to send samples of the pharmaceutical product from three consecutive batches
to a NIFDC laboratory with the testing laboratory notice issued by CFDA.
5. The product samples are tested to ascertain conformity with Chinese or international product standards.
6. Product sample testing takes can take up to 85 days and a copy of the testing report will be sent to the CFDA’s
drug evaluation center and a copy shall be sent to the applicant.
Stage IV: Technical and clinical review
1. The Center for Drug Evaluation (CDE) carries out a technical review of the report and this process might take
up to 40-160 days to complete.
Technical and clinical review
I II III
IV
Preparation and Submission of
Documents
Testing of samples
Drug is registered
= Process stage
Illustrative Drug Registration Process
Appointment of an agent
V
Figure 12: Drug registration process
43
2. A report is generated by the CDE and sent to the CFDA along with recommendations on whether a clinical study
or a bioequivalence study is required.
3. If the CDE does not deem it necessary to conduct any more clinical studies or bioequivalence studies, the
pharmaceutical product registration application is moved to the final stage in registration.
Stage V: Registration of Pharmaceutical Product
1. Following the conclusion of the technical review and clinical study (if required), the applicant re-submits the
registration form accompanied by all documents to the CFDA.
2. The CDE will then evaluate the applicant’s submission and involve pharmaceutical experts (if necessary) and
send its findings back to the CFDA.
3. The CFDA makes a final administrative decision on whether to register the pharmaceutical product or not.
Note: If the CFDA rejects the applicant, the applicant can apply for re-evaluation.
4. The pharmaceutical registration certificate is valid for five years and the application for re-registration should
commence 6 months prior to the expiry of the certificate.
The overall key documents required to obtain registration certificate for the 6 different pharmaceutical product categories
are:
1. Name of pharmaceutical product- International non-proprietary name (INN) or generic name, chemical name,
including chemical structure, molecular weight and formula. For new pharmaceutical products, the rationale of
nomenclature should be provided.
2. Official documentation- Business license of the applicant, Manufacturing license, Copy of GMP certificate or
other compliance documents, Patent information and declaration of non-infringement, Documentation for
pharmaceutical substances used, pharmaceutical standards, test reports, and business licenses of suppliers, etc.,
Legal documentation on packaging materials and containers in direct contact with the product (e.g. DMF2 coding
number or CEP certificate3)
3. Purpose and rationale of the product research- Description of the purpose for developing the product and the
requirements that it meets in China as well as other countries
4. Summary and results of R&D findings
5. Instructions for use and relevant literature- Package insert sheet with directions for use
6. Package and label - Examples of label and packaging of the product (in Chinese and original language)
7. Comprehensive introduction of the pharmaceutical study- Information regarding manufacturing process,
administration method, formula development, identification of chemical structure, quality study and, quality
standards applied, stability study and any other related literature
80 EU SME Center
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8. Manufacturing process of substances and products, including literature - Detailed introduction to the
manufacturing process of the pharmaceutical substances, the formula and the processing of products. Information
on the process flow chart, chemical reaction information, reaction conditions, etc.
9. Literature on chemical structure, components study and other references.
10. Quality study- Study material related to quality validation, including physical and chemical properties, purity test,
dissolution test, methodology validation, etc.
11. Quality standards - Quality standards should be consistent with current versions of Chinese pharmacopoeia using
its terminology and metrology as a minimum requirement
12. Test report - The test report carried out by the manufacturer
13. Information on testing of drug substance and excipients, with the standard/specifications and testing reports
14. Stability study - The study data should include influential factors affecting the product and the drugs that have
direct contact with packaging and containers
15. Quality specification of packaging materials and containers in direct contact with the product
16. Comprehensive introduction to pharmacology and toxicology study- Information on the pharmacology and
toxicology study, including pharmacodynamics, pharmaceutical action mechanism, general pharmacology,
toxicology, pharmacokinetics, etc.
17. Major pharmacodynamics study
18. General pharmacology study
19. Acute toxicity testing
20. Long-term toxicity testing
21. Safety testing Sensitivity (local, system and photo toxicity), hemolysis and topical (vessels, skin, etc.) irritation
study, etc.
22. Component interaction- Effects of components in combination, toxicity, pharmacodynamics interaction
23. Mutagenicity study
24. Reproduction study
25. Carcinogenic study
26. Drug dependence study
27. Non-clinical (pharmacokinetic study)- All the information of the pharmacokinetic study by vitro and vivo in animal
(absorption, metabolism, distribution and discretion)
28. Comprehensive introduction to the clinical study conducted in China and other countries
29. Clinical study plan and trial protocol- Detailed description of the intended indications, administration and
dosage, etc. - Supporting data and summary of the critical assessment of non-clinical and clinical data related to the
potential risks and clinical benefits
30. The information brochure for clinical investigators- Information comprised of clinical study materials gained
and non-clinical study information abstracts to help investigators and related staff understand the testing drug and
clinical protocol.
45
31. Patient relationship and ethics- Sample of patient consent forms and the clearance document of the ethical
committee
32. Clinical study report - Copy of the full report
Note: All the documentation should be provided in Chinese and in the language of the country of origin.
Table 14: Lead Time involved in receipt of a Pharmaceutical Registration Certificate
Stage Lead Time (days)
Stage II 5
Stage III 115
Stage IV 120
Stage V 110
Total 350
The costs involved in the registration of pharmaceutical products in China can be estimated to be around SAR 25,460,
which is exclusive of costs involved in clinical trials or pharmaceutical product testing.
China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), in conjunction with the National Health and Family Planning Commission,
the Administration for Quality, Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ), and the Ministry of Commerce and
Trade (MOFCOM) devise regulations relating to the labelling and safety management of food products in China.
China National Standard GB7718-2011 provides the general rules for the labeling of prepackaged food.
http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Final%20Food%20Safety%20Law%20Implementation%2
0Measures_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_8-14-2009.pdf
For more information about the laws and regulations, Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below:
81 EU SME Center 82 EU SME Center
46
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/general_rules_for_the_labeling_of_prepackaged_foods_gb7718-2011.pdf
All food labels must be stated in standardized Chinese; other foreign languages can be used but these should be followed
by corresponding Chinese characters.
Table 15: Labelling Requirements for food products
# Category Information required
1 Name of the food Specific names must be provided.
True nature of food must be indicated.
2 List of ingredients Must be listed in descending order
Ingredients with less than 2% of the food can be neglected
3 Net weight and configuration
The net weight must be declared as mentioned below
a )For liquid foods, by volume( L )( l ), ml( ml)( ml ),or use quality( g ),kg.
b )For solid foods, by weight( g ), kg
c )For semi-solid or viscous foods, or use quality( g ),kg( kg )or volume( L
)( l ), ml( ml).
4
Name, address and contact
information of the manufacturer
and distributor
5 Date marking Date of manufacture and date of minimum durability must be declared
6 Conditions for storage Any special conditions must be provided
7 Food production license number
8 Code of the product standard
9 Other labelling information
Irradiated foods
Genetically modified foods
Nutrition table
Quality grade
Special diet food.
The pharma industry is regulated by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA).
For more information about the regulator, Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below:
http://www.cfda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0001/
“Drug Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China” provides information about the labelling and packaging
requirements of drugs in China.
83 EU SME Center
47
For more information about the laws and regulations, Saudi exporters may visit the link provided below:
http://eng.sfda.gov.cn/WS03/CL0766/61638.html
Information Type Available from
List of items restricted for
importation into China
https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/aboutus/tradecircular/cic/asia/2016/files/ci201
6231a.pdf
https://www.tid.gov.hk/english/trade_relations/mainland/cic_database2.html
Mandatory Chinese certification
bodies authorized by the CNCA http://www.cnca.gov.cn/cnca/rdht/qzxcprz/jcjggljg/4731.html
Note: Saudi exporters will have to avail of translation services to utilize the information sourced from these websites, as the
information provided is in Chinese.
Footnotes Links
1 http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/enarticle/enrelease/201605/31819_1.html*
2 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s300_e.pdf*
3 http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/rotooiegop563/
4 http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/rotooiegop563/
5 http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/rotooiegop563/
6 http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/rotooiegop563/
7 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s300_e.pdf*
8
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/exporting-to-china/exporting-to-china#challenges-
doing-business-in-china
9 http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/lawsdata/chineselaw/200411/20041100311020.shtml*
10 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
11 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
12 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
13
http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/policyrelease/domesticpolicy/200502/20050200017435.ht
ml*
14 http://www.cietac.org/index.php?m=Article&a=show&id=2383&l=en
15 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s300_e.pdf*
16 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
48
17 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s300_e.pdf*
18
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/docs/3eu_sme_centre_exporting_goods_services_and_techno
logy_to_the_chinese_market_en.pdf
19
http://tradecommissioner.gc.ca/china-chine/market-facts-faits-sur-le-
marche/125684.aspx?lang=eng
20 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
21 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
22 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
23 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
24 https://www.cnas.org.cn/english/findanaccreditedbody/index.shtml
25 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
26 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
27 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf *
28 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
29 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf *
30 http://www.worldportsource.com/ports/index/CHN.php
31
http://china.nlambassade.org/binaries/content/assets/postenweb/c/china/zaken-doen-in-
china/2014/20140127-kansenrapport-topsector-havens.pdf
32 http://www.worldshipping.org/about-the-industry/global-trade/top-50-world-container-ports
33
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Study%20on%20Planning,%20Development%20and%
20Operation%20of%20Dry%20Ports%20of%20International%20Importance_26-02-2016.pdf
34 https://www.ups.com/media/en/5-Key-Supply-Chain-Focus-Areas.pdf
35
http://www.s-ge.com/sites/default/files/censhare_files/swiss-business-hub-china-comparison-
among-development-zones-china_5.pdf *
36 http://www.integrationpoint.com/documents/KPMG_FTZ_ComparativeReview_FactSheet.pdf
37 http://en.china-shftz.gov.cn/About-FTZ/Introduction/
38 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/68759031-4290-41a5-9cae-511fb27839ec.html
39 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/644dcaee-ca91-483a-86f4-bdc23695e3c3.html
40
http://tradecommissioner.gc.ca/china-chine/market-facts-faits-sur-le-
marche/125684.aspx?lang=eng
41
https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/export/export-markets/greater-china/china/sales-and-
marketing/getting-your-products-into-china/
42 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/2bb17644-55f2-4c6b-a296-5ad18cd3f7d6.html
43 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/5822c242-7473-4800-945c-3e8727f72157.html
44 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/7d65e215-13ed-4a3e-baa1-797f01e5e902.html
45 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/fdb04d28-2ad2-4877-944f-1e2dc63f9cfd.html
46 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/d30338b4-2f6a-47ea-a008-cff20ec0a6d2.html
47 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/8902eb69-3a83-4595-8d4e-fe0aed7b6f45.html
48 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/fdb04d28-2ad2-4877-944f-1e2dc63f9cfd.html
49
49 http://english.customs.gov.cn/Statics/8a782059-0f44-4bb6-ae0f-0830e9c25d1c.html
50 http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/china#trading-across-borders
51 http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/china#trading-across-borders
52 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
53
http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import
%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20-%20Narrative_Beijing_China%20-
%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_12-30-2015.pdf
54
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_guideline_-
_importing_pharma_products_update_-_jul_2014.pdf
55 http://www.intracen.org/coffee-guide/logistics-and-insurance/bills-of-lading-and-waybills/
56 https://www.aramex.com/content/uploads/104/165/45168/QA.pdf
57
https://www.border.gov.au/Importingandbuyinggoodsfromoverseas/Documents/importdeclaration
sweb.pdf
58
http://delightmovers.com/forms/qatar/Qatar%20Guide%20Lines%20-
%20Import%20to%20Qatar.pdf
59
http://www.iccwbo.org/chamber-services/trade-facilitation/certificates-of-origin/what-is-a-
certificate-of-origin-/
60 https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/contract
61 http://shippingandfreightresource.com/what-is-a-telex-release/
62 http://www.china-certification.com/en/what-is-ccc
63 http://www.globalnegotiator.com/international-trade/dictionary/sanitary-certificate/
64
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/exports/phytosanitary-
certificates/eng/1299872808479/1299872974262
65 http://agritrade.iift.ac.in/html/Training/Market%20study/China%20Report.pdf
66
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_guideline_-
_importing_pharma_products_update_-_jul_2014.pdf
67 http://china-ccc-certification.com/170.html
68 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
69 http://china-ccc-certification.com/491.html
70 https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s342_e.pdf*
71 http://china-ccc-certification.com/ccc-cost.asp
72 http://www.hfgip.com/sites/default/files/law/food_safety_-_16.02.2016.pdf
73 http://www.aqsiq.net/what-is-aqsiq.htm
74
http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import
%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20-%20Narrative_Beijing_China%20-
%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_12-30-2015.pdf; http://china-trade-research.hktdc.com/business-
news/article/Guide-to-Doing-Business-in-China/Entry-exit-Inspection-and-Quarantine-
System/bgcn/en/1/1X000000/1X002LFU.htm
75 http://www.aqsiq.net/food-register.htm
50
76
http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Food%20and%20Agricultural%20Import
%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20-%20Narrative_Beijing_China%20-
%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_12-30-2015.pdf
77
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_guideline_import_dairy_products_into_china_
july_2014.pdf
78
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_guideline_-
_importing_pharma_products_update_-_jul_2014.pdf
79
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_guideline_-
_importing_pharma_products_update_-_jul_2014.pdf
80
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_guideline_-
_importing_pharma_products_update_-_jul_2014.pdf
81
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_guideline_-
_importing_pharma_products_update_-_jul_2014.pdf
82
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/eu_sme_centre_guideline_-
_importing_pharma_products_update_-_jul_2014.pdf
83
http://www.ccilc.pt/sites/default/files/general_rules_for_the_labeling_of_prepackaged_foods_gb771
8-2011.pdf
*Kindly copy and paste this link on a web browser to know more information and for updates