Body Regulation

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

The _______________ and _____________________ systems interactto control and coordinate the body’s _________________ to changes In the environment, as well as to regulate ________________,___________________, and reproduction. ___________________ arechemicals from glands that affect other body parts.

nervous endocrineresponses

growthdevelopment Hormones

I. The Nervous System – a network of _________________ (nerve cells)which carry messages between the _________________ and the __________.

neuronsbrain body

A. Neurons are made up of parts called1. Dendrites – branches of a neuron which ________________messages (_______________) and send them to the cell body.

receiveimpulses

2. Axons – branches of a neuron which ____________ messages(_________________) _________ from the cell body.

carryimpulses away

Dendrite

Axon

Cell body

Nucleus

Direction of impulse

3. Cell body – main part of the neuron which contains the ____________and other cell organelles.

nucleus

B. Three types of neurons:1. Sensory neurons – receive _____________________ and send_______________ to the ____________ __________ or ___________.Receptors in the sense organs respond to __________________ andSend impulses to the brain or spinal cord.

informationimpulses spinal cord

stimuli

2. Interneurons – nerve cells throughout the ____________ and__________ ________ that relay impulses from ___________ neurons to motor neurons.

brainspinal cord sensory

3. Motor neurons – conduct ___________ from the brain or spinal cordto _____________ or _____________ throughout the body.

impulsesmuscles glands

C. Neuron connections – The space between neurons is called a ______________ which impulses must jump across. The axon gives off a nerve transmitting _________________ (acetylcholine – C7H17NO3) used to transmit the impulse across the __________________.

synapsechemical

synapse

brain

D. Central Nervous System (CNS) – made up of the ________________ and ____________ ___________. The brain is made up of _______________________ (1014) neurons. It is divided into ___ parts.

brain

spinal cord100 billion 3

1. Cerebrum – divided into the _________ and __________ hemispheres. This part of the brain controls _____________, _______________, _________________, and the work of ______________ ___________.

left rightsenses memory

thought voluntary muscles

2. Cerebellum – located under and behind the cerebrum. It ______________________voluntary muscles and maintains __________________ and _______________ _________.

coordinatesbalance muscle tone

3. Brainstem or ________________ - This part of the brain is responsible for _______________, _________________, ___________ ______________, and coordination of __________________ _____________ __________________.

medullaheartbeat breathing

blood pressureinvoluntary muscle movement

4. The spinal cord is an extension of the _________ _______, made up of bundles of ________________ which carry impulses between the ______________ and the _______________.

brain stemneurons

brain body

E. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – made up of ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves which link the CNS to all parts of the body.

1231

1. ______________ system – nerves that go to and from the skeletal muscles

Somatic

2. ________________ system – nerves that control involuntary activities (things we don’t think about such as our ______________ _______________.

Autonomicsalivary

glands

F. Reflexes – These are _________________ and _________________ responses to _________________. They are controlled (in general) by your _____________ __________, NOT your _____________.

involuntary automaticstimuli

spinal cord brain

Example: Knee Reflex The nerve impulse is sent from the ____________ through the____________ ___________ to the ____________ __________ back through the ____________ ___________ to the _____________which ________________.

kneesensory neurons spinal cord

motor neurons musclecontracts

G. Senses – Sensory organs in the body receive ______________________and relay the information to the ____________________.

stimulibrain

1. Sight – the ___________ respond to ______________. __________ (which see black and white) and ______________(which detect color) in the retina are stimulated by light to send______________ through the ___________ ____________ to thebrain where it is interpreted as a __________________.

eyes lightRods cones

impulses optic nervepicture

Light travels (in order) through the __________________ (the clearwindow that protects the eye), through the ____________ which is a holecontrolled by the _______(the colored part of the eye), through the ___________ which focuses the light, through the _________ _________, and is finally detected by the rods and cones on the ______________.

corneapupil

irislens vitreous humor

retina

2. Hearing – the ______________ in the _________ picks up vibrationsfrom sound waves and transmits them through ____ little bones (the ___________, _________, and ____________) to the snail-shaped_______________ where fluid vibrates, stimulating nerve endings whichsend the ______________ to the brain through the _____________ nerve.The _________________ ____________ are responsible for balance. Thethroat is connected to the middle ear by the ________________ ________.

eardrum ear3

hammer anvil stirrupcochlea

impulses auditorysemicircular canals

Eustachian tubes

3. Smell – the _________ contains ________________ cells which arestimulated by gas _________________. They send impulses to the brain.

nose olfactorymolecules

4. Taste - __________ _______ on the tongue are receptors for tasteof molecules dissolved in _______________. The four tastes are _______,____________, ___________, and _______________. We can taste somany more than just 4 flavors because the senses of both ____________and _____________ are interpreted together in the ______________. The nose and mouth are connected together in the back of the _____________.

taste budssaliva sour

sweet salty bittertaste

smell brainthroat (pharynx)

5. Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature – Sensory receptors found throughout the _____________ organs as well as in the ____________.Why do we need these receptors in our organs?

internal skin

II. The Endocrine System – the system of _____________ ____________throughout the body. These glands secrete (give off) ________________directly into the bloodstream.

ductless glandshormones

A. There are ____ endocrine glands.8

1. Pituitary – enables other glands to produce ______________, regulates _________ production, and regulates _____________.

hormonesmilk growth

2. Thyroid – regulates _____________________ use which affectthe ___________ level.

carbohydrateenergy

3. Parathyroid – regulates _________________.calcium

4. Thymus – regulates parts of the ______________ system.immune5. Adrenal – regulates ____________ sugar and _________________.blood metabolism6. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhan)– regulates ___________ __________ with the hormone_________________. Problems with this glandcauses the disease known as _________________.

blood sugarinsulin

diabetes7. Ovaries – regulates production of ______ and development of______ organs and characteristics in ________________.

eggssex females

8. Testes – regulate production of ___________ and developmentof _______ organs and characteristics in ___________.

spermsex males

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8From Biology: Principles and Explorations, Teaching Transparencies

B. Negative feedback system – A gland regulates how much it producesby using _____________________ signals to tell iot when to increase ordecrease production of the __________________. This keeps the levelof the hormone in the bloodstream at ________________________.

chemicalhormone

homeostasis

Review questions:1. What do endocrine glands NOT have? _____________________2. What is a hormone produced by the pancreas? _______________3. What signals the gland to start secreting its hormone again? ______________________________________________________4. What happens to excess hormones in the bloodstream? _________ _______________________________________________________5. Which gland is involved with problems with calcium absorption? ______________________________

ductsinsulin

When the level of hormone drops in the bloodstream

It is removed by the kidneys.

parathyroid

Body Regulation

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

The _______________ and _____________________ systems interactto control and coordinate the body’s _________________ to changes In the environment, as well as to regulate ________________,___________________, and reproduction. ___________________ arechemicals from glands that affect other body parts.

I. The Nervous System – a network of _________________ (nerve cells)which carry messages between the _________________ and the __________.

A. Neurons are made up of parts called1. Dendrites – branches of a neuron which ________________messages (_______________) and send them to the cell body.

2. Axons – branches of a neuron which ____________ messages(_________________) _________ from the cell body.

Dendrite

Axon

Cell body

Nucleus

Direction of impulse

3. Cell body – main part of the neuron which contains the ____________and other cell organelles.

B. Three types of neurons:1. Sensory neurons – receive _____________________ and send_______________ to the ____________ __________ or ___________.Receptors in the sense organs respond to __________________ andSend impulses to the brain or spinal cord.

2. Interneurons – nerve cells throughout the ____________ and__________ ________ that relay impulses from ___________ neurons to motor neurons.3. Motor neurons – conduct ___________ from the brain or spinal cordto _____________ or _____________ throughout the body.

C. Neuron connections – The space between neurons is called a ______________ which impulses must jump across. The axon gives off a nerve transmitting _________________ (acetylcholine – C7H17NO3) used to transmit the impulse across the __________________.

D. Central Nervous System (CNS) – made up of the ________________ and ____________ ___________. The brain is made up of _______________________ (1014) neurons. It is divided into ___ parts.

1. Cerebrum – divided into the _________ and __________ hemispheres. This part of the brain controls _____________, _______________, _________________, and the work of ______________ ___________.

2. Cerebellum – located under and behind the cerebrum. It ______________________voluntary muscles and maintains __________________ and _______________ _________.

3. Brainstem or ________________ - This part of the brain is responsible for _______________, _________________, ___________ ______________, and coordination of __________________ _____________ __________________.

4. The spinal cord is an extension of the _________ _______, made up of bundles of ________________ which carry impulses between the ______________ and the _______________.

E. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – made up of ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves which link the CNS to all parts of the body.

1231

1. ______________ system – nerves that go to and from the skeletal muscles

Somatic

2. ________________ system – nerves that control involuntary activities (things we don’t think about such as our ______________ _______________.

Autonomicsalivary

glands

F. Reflexes – These are _________________ and _________________ responses to _________________. They are controlled (in general) by your _____________ __________, NOT your _____________.

involuntary automaticstimuli

spinal cord brain

Example: Knee Reflex The nerve impulse is sent from the ____________ through the____________ ___________ to the ____________ __________ back through the ____________ ___________ to the _____________which ________________.

kneesensory neurons spinal cord

motor neurons musclecontracts

G. Senses – Sensory organs in the body receive ______________________and relay the information to the ____________________.

1. Sight – the ___________ respond to ______________. __________ (which see black and white) and ______________(which detect color) in the retina are stimulated by light to send______________ through the ___________ ____________ to thebrain where it is interpreted as a __________________.

Light travels (in order) through the __________________ (the clearwindow that protects the eye), through the ____________ which is a holecontrolled by the _______(the colored part of the eye), through the ___________ which focuses the light, through the _________ _________, and is finally detected by the rods and cones on the ______________.

2. Hearing – the ______________ in the _________ picks up vibrationsfrom sound waves and transmits them through ____ little bones (the ___________, _________, and ____________) to the snail-shaped_______________ where fluid vibrates, stimulating nerve endings whichsend the ______________ to the brain through the _____________ nerve.The _________________ ____________ are responsible for balance. Thethroat is connected to the middle ear by the ________________ ________.

3. Smell – the _________ contains ________________ cells which arestimulated by gas _________________. They send impulses to the brain.

4. Taste - __________ _______ on the tongue are receptors for tasteof molecules dissolved in _______________. The four tastes are _______,____________, ___________, and _______________. We can taste somany more than just 4 flavors because the senses of both ____________and _____________ are interpreted together in the ______________. The nose and mouth are connected together in the back of the _____________.

5. Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature – Sensory receptors found throughout the _____________ organs as well as in the ____________.Why do we need these receptors in our organs?

II. The Endocrine System – the system of _____________ ____________throughout the body. These glands secrete (give off) ________________directly into the bloodstream.

A. There are ____ endocrine glands.

1. Pituitary – enables other glands to produce ______________, regulates _________ production, and regulates _____________.2. Thyroid – regulates _____________________ use which affectthe ___________ level.

3. Parathyroid – regulates _________________.

4. Thymus – regulates parts of the ______________ system.5. Adrenal – regulates ____________ sugar and _________________.6. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhan)– regulates ___________ __________ with the hormone_________________. Problems with this glandcauses the disease known as _________________.7. Ovaries – regulates production of ______ and development of______ organs and characteristics in ________________.8. Testes – regulate production of ___________ and developmentof _______ organs and characteristics in ___________.

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8From Biology: Principles and Explorations, Teaching Transparencies

B. Negative feedback system – A gland regulates how much it producesby using _____________________ signals to tell iot when to increase ordecrease production of the __________________. This keeps the levelof the hormone in the bloodstream at ________________________.

Review questions:1. What do endocrine glands NOT have? _____________________2. What is a hormone produced by the pancreas? _______________3. What signals the gland to start secreting its hormone again? ______________________________________________________4. What happens to excess hormones in the bloodstream? _________ _______________________________________________________5. Which gland is involved with problems with calcium absorption? ______________________________