Blood

What is blood made of?

What is blood typing?

Blood

Connective tissue Transporter, maintain homeostasis, and heat

distributor Average adult has 5 L of blood (men have

more than women) Made of plasma, RBCs, and buffy coat (WBC

and platelets) pH of blood is 7.35-7.45

Blood Components (when centrifuged)

Plasma– Liquid portion– 55% of blood– Water, amino acids,

biomolecules, hormones, waste

Red Blood Cells– 45% of blood– # and size of these cells is

called a hematocrit Can determine issues if too high

or too low.

Buffy coat– White blood cells to fight

infection– Platelets are to clot blood.

Red Blood Cells

AKA erythrocytes Very flexible and elastic-impt

for moving in the vessels Unique shape-concave on

both sides; helps to transport oxygen and come in close contact with hemoglobin (protein that binds and carries oxygen); can also get rid of carbon dioxide

Lose nuclei later on so that it can carry oxygen

Produced due to negative feedback

– Kidneys release erythropoietin if low oxygen levels

– Cause increase in RBC production in red bone marrow

4.6 mil-6.2 mil males4.2 mil-5.4 mil females

Important factors

Vitamin B12 and folic acid-important for making more DNA and more cells

Iron-needed to make more hemoglobin and red blood cells

– Anemia-deficient in iron and hemoglobin Lack energy

– Hemochromatosis-too much iron absorbed by small intestine Periodic blood removal to reduce iron levels

Sickle cell disease-shape of RBC is in a sickle shape; cannot transport oxygen as efficiently

Macrophage, biliverdin, bilirubin

Macrophage-phagocytosis of destroyed RBC Biliverdin-green pigment formed when

hemoglobin breaks down; reused in bone marrow to make more hemoglobin; liver also stores it (called bilirubin)– Jaundice-too much bilirubin and turns skin and eyes

yellow Liver cells in babies are immature Put under flourescent light to break it down and pass feces

Blood typing

Agglutination-blood transfusion gone wrong causes the blood to clot– Anxiety, breathing labored, pain, headache,

hemoglobin burst and cause kidney failure

Antigen-on red blood cell; name blood types Antibodies-in plasma that fight invaders;

important for blood immunity– Also called agglutinins

Blood Typing Chart

Blood Type (phenotype)

Genotypes Antigens Antibodies Receive/

Give

A AO, AA A B Receive from A and O; give to A and AB

B BB, BO B A Receive from B and O; give to B and AB

AB AB AB none Receive from all; give to AB

O OO None AB Receive from O; give to all

Rh Factor

+- have factors; - do not have factors If Rh – person receives from Rh +, Rh- will build up immunity to Rh+

– No more blood transfusions from a positive person– Blood will agglutinate

If pregnant, Rh- women comes in contact with Rh+ fetus blood or from a transfusion, they can build up an immunityto Rh+.

– Another pregnancy could kill a positive baby or cause a condition called hemolytic disease (erythroblastosis fetalis)

– Baby born blue and cyanotic (mom’s antibodies have destroyed the RBCs of baby; blood is carrying insufficient oxygen)

– Receive a RhoGam Shot (shield pregnant mother from Rh+ blood)

Blood Plasma

Mostly made of water– Also made of organic and inorganic molecules

Impt for transportation, regulate fluid and electrolyte (Na, K, Mg, Cl, bicarobonate, PO4, SO4) balances, and pH maintanence

3 types of plasma protein:– Albumin-regulate water movement– Globulins-transport lipids and vitamins– Fibrinogen-helps blood coagulate

Blood Platelets

Clot blood Also called thrombocytes Come from red bone marrow Form from hematopoietic stem cells due to

hormone thrombopoietin– Considered cytoplasm fragment

No nucleus and very small (half size of RBC)

Stop the Bleeding (hemostasis)

Vasospasm-smooth muscles contract and constrict bv that is damaged

Platelet plug (adhesion of platelets) Release of serotonin-more contraction of bv muscles Coagulation-blood clotting

– Clotting factors Fibrin-protein fibers that stick to blood vessels and act as web

trapping blood cells and platelets

– Clotting stops when a clot hits circulating blood

Blood clot

Also called a thrombus Clots can break off (called an embolus) and

travel to the capillaries and cause blockage Pulmonary embolism-lung blockage Cerebral thrombosis-brain blockage Coronary thrombosis-heart Infarction-kills tissue the blood vessel serves Deep Vein thrombosis-leg blood clot

White Blood Cells

Made in red bone marrow Hormones are impt for production

– Interleukins and colony-stimulating factors 5 types (some are granulocytes (cytoplasm granules) or

agranulocytes) WBC count-5,000 to 10,000 cells

– Higher than 10,000-major infection (appendicitis) leukocytosis

– Lower than 5,000 body is susceptible to infection leukopenia Influenza, typhoid fever, measles, mumps, AIDS, chicken pox

5 types of WBC

Neutrophils (G)-54-62%; eat small particles; lysosomes Monocytes (A)-3-9%; engulf large particles; lysosomes Basophils (G)- <1%; inhibit blood clots by producing

heparin and histamine (increase blood flow to the injured site)

Lymphocytes (A)-25-33%; immunity and make antibodies (come from lymphatic system (spleen and thymus)

Eosinophils (G)-1-3%; weak cells that kill parasites; control inflammation and allergic reactions

Most mobile

Leukemia

Cancer of the WBC Myeloid leukemia-too many granulocytes, but cannot fight infection;

can’t produce RBCs Lymphoid (lymphoblastic)-too many lymphocytes (like myeloid)

– May have no symptoms Classified as acute or chronic

– Acute is sudden and rapid– Chronic is slower and can go undetected

ALL-common in kids CLL-over 55 AML and CML mostly in adults