blood its composition and funtions
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BLOOD - COMPOSITION AND FUNCTIONS
Blood •Blood is a connective tissue in fluid form •considered as “Fluid of life” Because it carries oxygen from lungs to all parts of the body & carbon-di-oxide vice versa•Known as “Fluid of growth” because it carries nutritive substances from the digestive system
•Blood is also called “FLUID OF HEALTH” because it protects the body against the diseases.
Physical properties of blood
• Color - red• Volume - Avg. 5L• pH – 7.4 (slightly alkaline)• Specific gravity- 1.052-1.061
Blood compositonsLiquid Solid (formed element )
Composition of Plasma Solids - Organic substances & Inorganic Substances• Organic substances - 1.Plasma proteins 2.Amino acids 3.Carbohydrates 4.Fats 5.Hormones & Enzymes 6.Antibodies• Inorganic substances- Sodium , calcium ,
potassium , Iron , phosphate etc
Plasma proteinsProteins found in blood plasma•Plasma proteins are :Serum albumin
Serum globulin Fibrinogen
Properties of plasma proteins
• Total porteins-7.3g/dl
• Serum albumin-4.5g/dl
• Serum globulin-2.3g/dl
• Fibrinogen-0.3g/dl
Molecular weight • Albumin-69,000• Globin-15,6,000• Fibrinogen-
4,00,000
Origin of Plasma Proteins
In embryonic stage the plasma proteins are synthesized by the mesenchymous cells The albumin is synthesized first and then other proteins are synthesized later
In adults the plasma proteins are synthesized mainly from reticulo-endothelial cells of liver The plasma proteins are synthesized also from spleen , bone marrow , disintegrating blood cells and general tissues cells Gamma globulin is synthesized from B lymphocytes
Origin of plasma protiens
Functions of plasma proteins Role in coagulation of blood
Role in defense mechanism of body
Role in transport mechanism
role in maintenance of osmotic pressure in the blood
Role in regulation of acid base balance
Role in viscosity of blood
Role in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Role in suspension stability of red blood cells
Formed elements• Blood contains blood cells which are
called formed elements• Three types of cells are present in the
blood Red blood cells or erythrocytes White blood cells or leukocytes Platelets or thrombocytes
Red blood cells Red blood cells are the non-nucleated formed element in the blood Red blood cells are also known as erythrocytes Red color of the red blood cells is due to the presence of the coloring pigment called hemoglobinRBC are larger in no as compared to other blood cells
Normal value RBC count ranges between 4 and 5.5 million/cu mm of blood Adult male – 5 million/cu mmAdult female – 4.5 million/cu mm
Morphology of red blood cells Shape and diameter of RBC
Shape – Disc shaped & biconcave.Central position is thinner & periphery is thicker
Diameter – 7.2U
Thickness – At the periphery it is thicker. The difference is because of biconcave shape
Surface area - 120 sq.
Volume – 85 to 90 Cu. U
eRouleaux formation When the blood is taken outof the blood vessels , the RBCs pile up one above another like the pile of coinsThis property of RBC is called rouleaux formation
life span of RBC Average life span of RBC is about 120 days
After the lifetime the old RBCs are destroyed in Reticulo-endothelial system
Increase = pOlycythemia Decrease= Anemia
Variation in RBC count
Introduction of anemia • Anemia is a reduction in the number of RBCs, the
quantity of hemoglobin, or the volume of RBCs• Because the main function of RBCs is oxygenation,
anemia results in varying degrees of hypoxia
Anemia•Classification of anemia
Morphological classification Etiological classification
Anemia Morphological anemia 1 . Normocyrtic normochromic anemiaSize and colour of RBC are normal but number are
less
2. Macrocytic normochromic anemiaRBC are larger in size with normal colour . Rbc count
is less
Anemia3. Macrocytic hypochromic anemia RBC are larger in size MCHC is less ,so the cells are
pale
4 . Microcytic hypochromic anemia RBC are smaller in size with less colour
Anemia • Etiological classification Study of cause or origin they are divided
into five types 1. Hemorrahagic anemia 2. Hemolytic anemia3. Nutrition deficiency anemia4. Aplastic anemia 5. Anemia of chonic disesses
SYMPTOMSANEMIA
EYESYELLOWING
SKINpaleness, coldness, yellowing
Anemia - symptoms• Muscular- weakness• Intestinal – changed stool color • Central – fatigue , dizziness , fainting • Blood vessels – low blood pressure • Heart- palpitations , rapid heart rate ,
chest pain , angina , heart attack • Spleen – enlargement
ReferencesEssentials of Medical Physiology- K SembulingamWikipedia.orgGuyton & Hall Textbook of PhysiologyTextbook of Physiology- A.K.JainGanong’s review of Medical Physiology
Presented by- Almas Naqvi Vaishali Pandya