composition of blood & plasma
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. IntroductionA. The internal environment is regulated by the
fluids which bathe the cells:1. Interstitial fluid (IF) is found outside cells
and in between the cells
2. Lymph inside lymph vessels
3. Blood within blood vesselsB. Hematologyis the science which studies blood
and blood disorders
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Blood
Fluid connective tissue
Functions include
Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones,
and metabolic wastes Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial
fluids
Restricting fluid loss at injury sites
Defending the body against toxins and pathogens
Regulating body temperature by absorbing andredistributing heat
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Figure 19.1a
The Composition of Whole
Blood
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Composition of Blood
Total Blood Volume : 5-6 liters (8% ofbody weight or 80ml/kg body weight)
Specific Gravity : 1050-1060
Viscosity : 4-5 times that of water Ph : 7.4 (.05); it is alkaline in nature
In acidosis Ph of blood falls below 7.38
and in alkalosis Ph is more than 7.42
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Figure 10.1
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Composition of Blood
Blood contains plasma & formed
elements(cells) Cells represent 45% of blood volume
Hematocritrepresents the percentage of red
blood cells in blood (called Packed CellVolume (PCV)
1. A lower than normal hematocrit is representativeof a condition known as anemia
2. An abnormally high hematocrit is representativeofpolycythemia
Hematocrit for males: 40%-54% (47%);Females: 38%-46% (42%)
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Blood Components:
Figure 16-1: Composition of blood
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Blood Components: Cells
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
O2 & CO2 transport White Blood Cells (WBC)
Immune defense
Phagocytosis
Platelets: clotting
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Blood Cells
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Plasma is a clear ,straw colored fluidportion of blood & represents 55% ofthe total blood volume.
It contains 91% water and 9% solids( 1% inorganic molecules ,8% organicmolecules)
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The major inorganicmolecules are Na+
,Ca++, Hco3-, K+ , Mg++,Cu++, Po4
-3
Of 8% organic molecules
7% are Plasma
Proteins
(6.4-8.3 gm%)
1% are Non Protein
Nitrogenous
substances(urea,Uricacid,Creatinine,Xanth
in)
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Figure 10.1
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Serum = Plasma Clotting factors
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Plasma Proteins
Albumin
Globulin- , , , ,
Fibrinogen
Origin:
Liver- Albumin & Fibrinogen
Plasma cells, lymphocytes, tissuemacrophages- Globulin
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Plasma proteins
concentration 63 83 g fl (6.3-8.3gm%)
simple or conjugated (glycoproteins, lipoproteins)
separation:
a) salting-out methods p albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
b) electrophoresisp albumin, globulin E1, E2,F, K fractions:
-
+
K
F
E2
E1
albumin
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Albumins
more than 90% are synthesized in the liver 55% of plasma proteins
3-5 gm% (average 4.8gm%)
Functions:maintenance of the osmotic pressure of plasma andviscositytransport of:
steroid hormones
free fatty acidsbilirubindrugs (sulfonamides, aspirin)Ca2+
Cu2+
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Plasma Proteins-GLOBULINS
Globulin is 38%of plasma Proteins 2-3 gm%(average 2.3gm%)
13% globulin: 0.79-0.84 gm%
14% globulin : 0.78-0.81 gm%
11% globulin: 0.66-0.70 gm%
A/G ratio :1.7-1
7% Fibrinogen: 0.3 gm%
Prothrombin: 40 mg %
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Elfo fractions of plasma proteins
Fraction Rel. amount (%) c (g)
Albumins: albumin
pre-albumin (transthyretin)
52 58 34 50
E1
-globulins: thyroxin-binding globulin, transcortin,
E1-acid glycoprotein, E1-antitrypsin, E1-lipoprotein
(HDL), E1-fetoprotein
2,4 4,4 2-4
E2-globulins: haptoglobin, macroglobulin,
ceruloplasmin
6,1 10,1 5 9
F-globulins: transferrin, hemopexin, lipoprotein(LDL), fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, C3 and C4
components of the complement system
8,5 14,5 6 11
K-globulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE 10 21 8 15
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Globulins
~38% of plasma proteins
Include immunoglobins which attack foreign proteinsand pathogens
Include transport globulins which bind ions, hormonesand other compounds
Fibrinogen
Converted to fibrin during clotting
Removal of fibrinogen leaves serum
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Exert osmotic pressure
Plasma proteins cant cross capillary membraneso exert colloidal osmotic pressure of about25mmHg on capillary membrane. 80% of COP iscontributed by Albumin
COP plays an important role in exchange ofwater between blood & tissue fluid
At arterial end of capillaries, due to highHydrostatic Pressure than COP there occursfiltration of fluid out in tissues
At venous end of capillaries due to lower HP thanCOP there occur absorption of fluid from tissuesin to vessels
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Contribution to Blood Viscosity
Shape of Plasma Proteins Greatly contributeto Viscosity of Blood.
Fibrinogen & globulins are main contributors
due to their asymetrical shape
The Blood Viscosity plays an important role inthe maintenance of Blood Pressure by
providing resistance to flow of blood .
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Role in Coagulation of Blood
TheF
ibrinogen ,Prothrombin & othercoagulation proteins present in plasma play
important role in the coagulation of Blood.
Whenever ,there is injury to blood vessels, thefibrinogen is converted in to fibrin which form
blood clot
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Transport Function
Vitamins A,D & Eare transported by the highand low density lipoproteins.
Bilirubin is transported with Albumin & alsowith fractions of alpha globulin.
Drugs are transported with Albumin Ca++ of plasma is 50% bound to proteins for
transport.
Cu is bound to ceruloplasmin(alpha globulin)
for transport Free HB in the vessels is bound to haptoglobin
& is carried to reticulo-endothelial system
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Causes of Albumin Deficiency
Liver diseases (cirrhosis) decrease in the ratio of albumin to
globulins
Protein malnutrition
Excessive excretion by kidneys (renal disease)
Mutation causing analbuminemia (affects splicing)
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Variations in plasma protein levels
Reduced albumin:(i) Infancy
(ii) Pregnancy
(iii) Hepatitis
(iv) Cirrhosis
(v) Nephrosis
(vi) burns
Increased globulin:(i) Cirrhosis of liver
(ii) Tuberculosis
(iii) Lymphatic leukemia
Decreased Fibrinogen:
(i) Congenital
(ii) DIC
Increased Fibrinogen:(i) Pregnancy
(ii) malaria
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