bios e-162b fall 2010 cancer review session carlos o. mendivil-anaya, md
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Bios E-162b FALL 2010
Cancer review session
Carlos O. Mendivil-Anaya, MD
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Neoplasia
Tumor
Cancer, carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma
Leukemia
New growth: Includes benign disease
Swelling: Includes benign disease
Malignancy of epithelial origin
Malignancy of mesothelial origin
Malignancy of lymphoid organs
Malignancy of blood cells (usually WBC)
Jargon
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Lethality
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Cancers with potential for screening
Breast
Cervical
Prostate
Colorectal
Mammography
Cervical smear cytology (Pap smear)
Serum PSA
Flexible sigmoidoscopyFecal occult blood test
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Stages of cancer
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Stages of cancer
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The cell cycle
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Genetic origin of cancer
(proto)Oncogenes Tumor suppressor
genes
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Chemotherapy agents target the cell cycle
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Genetic Predisposition (familiar mutations)
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Excessive hormonal stimulus
Ionizing Radiation
Light (Ultraviolet Radiation)
Repeated localized trauma
Tumor Viruses (Oncogenic viruses)
- HIV/Epstein-Barr virus
- Human Papilloma Virus
- Hepatitis B Virus
Etiology of cancer
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Carcinogenic mechanism of retroviruses
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The key role of angiogenesis
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Some cancers are hormone-sensitive
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And some others are driven by environmental factors
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Metastases prefer some organs
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Chemotherapy can be highly toxic
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Testicular cancer
Rare
Happens early in life (average age=30)
Main risk factor: Undescended testis (Cryptorchidism)
However, most common cancer in young adult males
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Testicular cancer
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Prostate cancer
Most common cancer in men
Lifetime risk of developing it is about 17% !
Increased urinary frequency and urgency
Prostate gland grows normally during life in response to androgens
Strong genetic/ethnicity influence
Overweight high IGF-1 levels increased risk
Treated with surgery / radiation / androgen deprivation
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Breast cancerMost common cancer in women
Much more prevalent in industrialized countries
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Breast cancer
Can be detected early by breast self-exam
http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/
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Breast cancer
Can be detected early by breast self-exam
http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/
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All women 40 and older should get a mammogram
Breast cancer
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mammogram.jpgwww.hastingsimagingcenter.com
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Breast cancer
Incidence increases with age
Premenopausal and posmenopausal have different risk factors
Risk proportional to estrogen exposure
Old hormonal contraceptives increase risk, New hormonal contraceptives decrease it
Estrogen-like substances in food or environment increase risk
Pregnancy and lactation are protective
BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes mutated in about 10% of cases