Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Dagmar Krysciak

Water Science

WhatWhat areare pyrethroids ? pyrethroids ? ( 1 )( 1 )

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

• most common application as sheep dip formulation for control of pests

• synthetic derivates based on the structure of naturally occurring pyrethrinsgained from chrysanthemum flowers

• chemical modification of pyrethrins to pyrethroids due to the higher insecticidal properties and toxicology

• highly fat soluble, highly adsorbing on soil,low bioavailability

WhatWhat areare pyrethroids ? pyrethroids ? ( 2 )( 2 )

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

• stereospecific compounds

• insecticidal activity is based on stereochemistry

• two types of pyrethroids

• chains length = low degradation

• neurotoxins

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

WhatWhat isis SheepSheep dippingdipping ??• synthetic pyrethroids protect sheep from parasites, infections and

increase wool production

• invention of sheep dipping

Modern Modern dippingdipping facilitiesfacilities

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

• direct appliation on fieldlots

• easy in practice and effective

Drawbacks of pyrethroids Drawbacks of pyrethroids ( 1 )( 1 )

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Impacts on mammals

Human health concerns• degree of effect dependent on the length, amount and frequency• skin : irrigation symptoms like itching, blisters• respiratory tract : shortness of breath, cough, runny nose• other symptoms : headache, nausea, incoordination, brain disorders

Animals• skin : inflammation• respiratory tract : rapid breathing, cough• other symptoms : incoordination, muscle contraction

low toxicity to mammals : rapid enzymatic degradation in liver

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Drawbacks of pyrethroids Drawbacks of pyrethroids ( 2 )( 2 )

Impacts on environment

Soil• highly adsorbing to soil particles• transport and enrichment of pyrethroids facilitated• degradation by sunlight in upper soil phase ( persistence deeper zones )• contaminated soil gain entrance to water bodies

Water• pyrethroids extremely toxic to aquatic life• concentrations < 1 µg/l kill all invertebrate life( identical to concentration used for target organisms )

• eradiate all invertebrate life ( rainbow traout, blue gill, crayfish )

bioavailability of pyrethroids is limited due to adsorption

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Drawbacks of pyrethroids Drawbacks of pyrethroids ( 2 )( 2 )

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganismsBioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Drawbacks of pyrethroidsDrawbacks of pyrethroids ( 2 )( 2 )

Impacts on environment

Soil• highly adsorbing to soil particles• transport and enrichment of pyrethroids facilitated• degradation by sunlight in upper soil phase ( persistence deeper zones )• contaminated soil gain entrance to water bodies

Water• pyrethroids extremely toxic to aquatic life• concentrations < 1 µg/l kill all invertebrate life( identical to concentration used for target organisms )

• eradiate all invertebrate life ( rainbow traout, blue gill, crayfish )

bioavailability of pyrethroids is limited due to adsorption

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganismsBioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Drawbacks of pyrethroids Drawbacks of pyrethroids ( 2 )( 2 )

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganismsBioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Drawbacks of pyrethroids Drawbacks of pyrethroids ( 2 )( 2 )

Impacts on environment

Soil• highly adsorbing to soil particles• transport and enrichment of pyrethroids facilitated• degradation by sunlight in upper soil phase ( persistence deeper zones )• contaminated soil gain entrance to water bodies

Water• pyrethroids extremely toxic to aquatic life• concentrations < 1 µg/l kill all invertebrate life( identical to concentration used for target organisms )

• eradiate all invertebrate life ( rainbow traout, blue gill, crayfish )

bioavailability of pyrethroids is limited due to adsorption

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Problems with pyrethroidsProblems with pyrethroids

• human health concerns of farm workers

• animals suffering from treatment with pyrethroids

• environmental effects on soil and water

• high adsorbing character to soil, sediments and sample containers

• disposal by mixing with slurry and spraying on land side increases number of coliform bacteria

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Bioremediation delivers solutionsBioremediation delivers solutions

• Degradation of synthetic pyrethroids by different microorganisms

• Bioremediation using enzyme techniques

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Degradation by microorganisms Degradation by microorganisms ( 1 )( 1 )

• Maloney et al. 1997 Detoxification of synthetic pyrethroids by thermophilic microorganisms

one isolate methanogen, others unidentified novel thermophiles

• Grant et al. 2002 Isolation and identification of two pyrethroid degrading bacteria

grouped to Pseudomonas fluorescens and Serratia plymethica

Grant et al. 2003Biodegradation of the cypermethrin in used sheep dip

addition of isolates to used sheep dips enhances the degradation

Grant et al. 2004Mineral and carbon usage of two synthetic pyrethroids degrading bacteria

optimisation of growth parameters

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Degradation by microorganisms Degradation by microorganisms ( 2 )( 2 )

• Paingankar et al. 2005Isolation of a bacterium capable of utilizing allethrin

Acidomonas sp. produces low molecular weight compounds

• Saikia et al. 2005 Isolation of a bacterium capable of degrading ß-cyfluthrin

Pseudomonas stutzeri degrades ß-cyfluthrin to non toxic products

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

Degradation by enzymesDegradation by enzymes

• Oakeshott and Russel in cooperation with CSRIO 2002Using enzymes to degrade synthetic pyrethroids

Blowfly developed resistance, enzymes were isolated and clonedCommercial use of enzymes degrading organophosphates in 80 000 litres of contaminated water was successful

Bioremediation of synthetic pyrethroids by microorganisms

• several impacts on humans, animals and especially the problem for environment

• bioavailability makes analyzes difficult

• contaminated water severe problem

• bioremediation delivers approaches that help to minimize impacts

• commercial use of microorganisms and enzymes

SummarySummary

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