biomedical engineering.pptx

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An Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

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Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2010



Earnings distribution by engineering specialty, May 2008




Average Starting Salaries: July 2009 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers




Why Biomedical Engineering?

Promising future developmentsImprove medicine, save lives

Numerous possibilities based upon level of biology and engineering specialty

And, of course. . . .BIOLOGY!



Types of problems

Interface between biological and non-biological materials

Design, modeling, and construction of biologically-analogous technologies

Understanding and improving upon biological limitations



Overview

Terminology, disciplines, curriculum

Case Study: Heart and lung machine

Case Study: Neuroengineering - neural prostheses

(If there’s time - Case Study: Biochemical Engineering – tissue regeneration)



TerminologyBiomedical engineering

Bioengineering

Also, “biological engineering” and others . . .

Biotechnology

Often used interchangeably with “biomedical engineering”. When distinguishing between the two, typically bioengineering tends to refer to engineering using biological substances, often at a higher level of biology than biotechnology.

The use of engineering science and math to tackle problems in medicine. When distinguished from “bioengineering,” focuses more on the machine/device/non-biological type of research.

Term that is generally similar to “bioengineering,” but, in comparison, refers most specifically to direct manipulation and use of living biological substances.



Disciplines

Biomechatronics

Bioinstrumentation

Aims to integrate mechanical, electrical, and biological parts togethere.g. sieve electrodes, advanced mechanical prosthetics

Construction of devices for measuring aspects of physiological status e.g. Electrocardiography (EKG), Electroencephalography (EEG),

Sieve electrode design



Biomaterials

Biomechanics

Development of materials either derived from biological sources or synthetic, generally used for medical applications

Study of mechanics as applied to biological structures

e.g. Biopolymers, scaffold material for tissue engineering, coating for transplants

e.g. Musculoskeletal mechanics, trauma injury analysis12 lead EKG configurations



DisciplinesBionics

Cellular, tissue, genetic engineering

Also known as “biomimetics”, using biological mechanisms as an inspiration for engineered technology

e.g. gecko grip, velcro, architectural features

Manipulation of living cells to replace/improve existing functions or to impart unique function

e.g. GMO crops, tissue regeneration

Gecko foot and carbon nanotube imitation



Medical imaging

Bionanotechnology

e.g. X-ray, CAT, MRI, fMRI, PET, ultrasound

Visualization of anatomy and physiology, essential for modern diagnosis and treatment

e.g. DNA nanotechnology and computing

Combination of nanotechnology and biology

Set of fMRI data

Boxes made with “DNA origami”



Case Study: Heart and Lung Machine

Replaces roles of heart and lungs during surgery



Heart and Lung Machine

First attempted surgery with heart and lung machine in 1951 by Dr. Clarence DennisFirst successful surgery in 1953 by Dr. John Gibbon



Heart and Lung Machine, Components

Pump

Oxygenator

Roller pump –ciruclating rotor physically displaces fluid through tubing

Centrifugal pump – motion of fluid through an impeller (a type of rotor) propels the liquid forward

Connective tubing – PVC or silicone rubber

Traditionally, a bubble oxygenator was used, but this has since been replaced by membrane-coated oxygenators



Case Study: Neural prostheses

Potential for overlap between chemical, electrical, and mechanical backgrounds



Neural prostheses - Neurons

Neurons are a specialized form of cell

Signaling via chemical and electrical impulses

Responsible for quick information transfer in the body



Neural prostheses – BrainGate

Project based at Brown hoping to restore some activity to quadriplegics



Neural prostheses – BrainGate

Calibration tests

Monkey plays game with joystick, moving arm in response to visual cues

As the monkey’s arm moves in the desired direction, brain activity is recorded

This firing activity must be decoded to understand the correlation between firing pattern and directional movement



Neural prostheses – A different approach

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR)

Relocate nerves from arm to chest

Electrode picks up neuron firing in chest

Software analyzes firing and drives actuator



Neural prostheses – Robotics technology

Research on replicating human function

Sensory feedback

Challenges:

Linking to biological inputs

Complexity of biology (arm alone is controlled by more than 70 muscles) Controlled strength


biomedical engineering.pptx

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