biology midterm review. levels of organization organelle cell tissue organ organ system organism...
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Biologymidterm review
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Levels of organization Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ
system Organism Population Community Ecosystem
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Plant cell
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
jelly-like material
control center
green organelle
cell wall
cytoplasm
nucleus
vacuole
chloroplast
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Plants
MulticellularCarry out photosynthesisExamples: corn (maize), beans and peas
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Animals
MulticellularDo not carry out photosynthesis
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Animals
What are the two main types?
Invertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfish
Vertebrates: Backbone – fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals
Invertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfishInvertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfish
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Fungi
Some are multicellular
Some are unicellular (one celled)
Never have chloroplasts – cannot photosynthesise
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Protoctists
Organisms that don't fit into the plant, animal or fungus kingdoms.
Some are unicellular, some are multicellular
Examples: Amoeba, algae
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Bacteria
UnicellularMost are much smaller and simpler than the cells of plants, animals, or protoctist.
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viruses
All are parasites: can only reproduce inside a living cell.
Much smaller than bacterial cells.
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viruses
Very simple structure:
DNA or RNA inside a protein shell.
Do not feed, excrete, respire, move, grow or respond.
Do reproduce by taking over the cells of a larger organism.
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_________: Disease causing organism or virus.
May be fungi, bacteria, protoctist or virsuses
Pathogen
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__________: process that moves air in and out of the lungs.
ventilation
___________: more common term for ventilation.
breathing
___________: process that releases energy from foods.respiration
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1
2
3
4
trachea
diaphragm
bronchioles
lung
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???alveoli
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The inner trachea is covered with a thin layer of __________,
What does this do?
mucus
It traps dirt and bacteria.
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Chapter 3
The cilia ____________________________________________.
This prevents the dirt and bacteria from entering the lungs.
Some cells inside the trachea have _________, small hair-like structures.
cilia
sweep back and forth,moving the mucus towards the mouth.
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Chapter 3
Smoking ________________ the cilia.destroys
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What two gases are exchanged in the alveoli?
This means the lungs are removing
__________________ from the blood and
absorbing _______________ into the blood.
oxygen and carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
oxygen
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__??????__
Smoking damages the walls of the alveoli, which break down and join together.
__emphysema__
alveoli
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What is the highly addictive drug in cigarette smoke?
nicotine
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Cigarette smoke contains __________________ which bonds with your blood more strongly than oxygen. This stops oxygen from entering your blood.
carbon monoxide
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Chapter 3
Cigarette smoke contains
hundreds of chemicals,
at least 17 are known to cause
or increase your risk for __________.cancer
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Because of a sharp increase in cigarette sales in the last 30 years, around 2,000 people a day are currently dying of smoking in China.
What nation has the largest number of smoking-related deaths in the world?
China
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Define diet:
The food and drink we consume (eat and drink).
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A healthy diet has a balance of five food substances, what are they?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins
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Which of the five substances is the body's main fuel?
carbohydrates
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What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
What are the two kinds of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex.
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Fats and oils are also know as _______.lipids
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Proteins
What plant foods are good sources of protein?
Beans, peas and nuts have protein.
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Our bodies are made up mostly of which four elements?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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What are minerals?
Minerals are the other elements our body needs. (not carbon, hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen)
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Name some important minerals.
Calcium Ca
Iron Fe
Sodium Na
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False!
Most of us eat more sodium than is healthy.
Too much can lead to high blood pressure.
True of false:Most of us do not get enough sodium in our diets.
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Vitamins
False!
Vitamins are different chemically from the other food substances (including lipids).
True or false:
All vitamins are lipids.
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Vitamin D: needed for good bones, a healthy
immune system and other things.
Vitamin D:
Name a vitamin and one use in the body
Vitamin A: for healthy eyes.
Vitamin C: connective tissue, healing of
wounds and cuts
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mouth
esophagus
stomach
sm. intestine
lg. intestine
rectum
anus
Parts of the digestive system
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esophagus
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stomach
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small intestine
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large intestine
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rectum
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anus
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liver
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gall bladder
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pancreas
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What are the three kinds of blood vessels?
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What are the three kinds of blood vessels?
1. arteries
2. veins
3. capillaries
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In which blood vessel is the blood flowing towards the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
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In which blood vessel is the blood flowing towards the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
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In which blood vessel is the blood flowing away from the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
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In which blood vessel is the blood flowing away from the heart ?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
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Which blood vessel connects the other two kinds?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
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Which blood vessel connects the other two kinds?
a. arteries
b. veins
c. capillaries
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How many chambers does the heart have?
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The heart has four chambers.
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right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
Name the four chambers.
left ventricle
1
2
3
4
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Which chamber?
The ______________ receives oxygen-poor blood from the rest of the body.
The ______________ pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
right atrium
right ventricle
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The _____ ________ receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.
The ____ _________ pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
left atrium
left ventricle
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Blood is a tissue made up of four components. What are they?
1. plasma
2. red blood cells
3. white blood cells
4.platelets
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____________ contains proteins, sugar,
hormones and gases; and makes up
most of the blood.
Plasma
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plasma
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____ ______ ______ carry oxygen to other cells of the body.
blood cellsRed
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_____ ____ ____ help your body fight
infection..
blood cellsWhite
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___________ are large cell fragments that
help form blood clots.
Platelets
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______ ________ is the force that blood exerts on blood vessels.
Blood pressure
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_______ blood pressure can keep oxygen and other materials from other cells.
Low
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__________ blood pressure causes strain on arteries and veins and can cause the heart to work harder than it should.
High
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Name the four differentblood types
ABABO
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Blood Types
Each red blood cell contains _______ that
determine blood type.
proteins
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Blood Types
People without either A or b protein have
type ____ blood.O
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Blood Types
Some people have both A and B proteins,
resulting in type ____ blood. AB
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