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Biology
Biology content for class XI-XII attempts to cover basic concepts as essential for
adequate understanding in this domain.
The curriculum intends to
acquaint the learner with fundamental concepts and processes associated
with the phenomenon of life.
relate concepts and develop skill based ability for use in daily life.
The approach is mainly focused to achieve careful observation, promotion of
opportunities to formulate conjectures; refutation or acceptance of ideas through
stepwise analysis and experimentation and sustained documentation of individual
and collaborative work.
Like the previous classes, the extension program called Breakthroughs would
familiarize students with present day development in scientific thought process in
the form of issues.
All human effort is geared to uncover or discover the mysterious phenomenon of
life. There are many ways to understand life; Biology represents one such
perspective.
The course is spread over 30 units. The content is developed around general, plant
specific, animal specific, technology based and environment specific contexts. The
unit on circulation and exchange of gases has been undertaken to connect the cardio-
pulmonary system. This range has been identified after much deliberation by
experts.
The intended objectives of this course are enabling learners to:-
become curious about the phenomenon of life
observe variety of life forms and changes in them according to geographical /
ecological variations
relate to myriad kind of surroundings and identify the important role of each
in creating conducive living conditions
in depth understanding of concepts and develop ability to use them in
research projects
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familiarise with the nature of Biology, its fundamental principles and how
these principles evolved over the time
introduce social dimension through study on environmental activism.
encourage non directive, self paced learning using libraries, media, websites
for initiating into research and development
view Biology as a part of a triune of science- society- technology and its role
in welfare.
explore, extend, evaluate and enact practices related to life
explore the fact of how changes occur through theory building
discuss the role of theory and practical component in science, here Biology
CLASS XI- Biology
Term-wise Syllabus
TERM I TERM II
UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT
1 BIODIVERSITY
10 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN
PLANTS
2 DIVERSITY IN PLANTS AND
FUNGI
11 MINERAL NUTRITION AND
TRANSPORT IN PLANTS
3 STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION IN PLANTS
12 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
4 DIVERSITY IN ANIMALS 13 STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION IN
ANIMALS
5 LIFE AND ITS CHEMISTRY 14 NUTRITION, DIGESTION
AND ABSORPTION
6 BIOMOLECULES 15 CIRCULATION AND
EXCHANGE OF GASES
7 STUDY OF CELL-TOOLS
AND TECHNIQUES
16 OSMOREGULATION AND
EXCRETION
8 STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTIONS OF A CELL
17 MOVEMENT AND
LOCOMOTION
9 CELL CYCLE
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CLASS XII-Biology
Term-wise Syllabus
TERM I TERM II
UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT
1 PLANT DEVELOPMENT
AND REPRODUCTION
8 NEURONS AND NERVOUS
SYSTEM
2 ANIMAL DEVELOPMENT
AND REPRODUCTION
9 HORMONES AND
HORMONAL CONTROL
3 HEREDITY AND
VARIATION
10 CONSERVATION AND
RESTORATION ECOLOGY:
ISSUES AND CONCERNS
4 MOLECULAR BASIS OF
INHERITANCE
11 BIOLOGY AND HUMAN
HEALTH
5 EVOLUTION
12 ROLE OF BIOLOGY IN
HUMAN WELFARE
6 STATICS AND DYNAMICS
OF AN ECOSYSTEM
13 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS
APPLICATION
7 STATICS AND DYNAMICS
OF ORGANISMS AND
POPULATION
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SYLLABUS: Class-XI
BIOLOGY
Unit- 1: Biodiversity
CONCEPT LEARNING OUTCOMES
Introduction
Describe the characteristics of living organisms
Explain the significance of diversity of life forms in their
surroundings
History of
Classification
Develop time sense in the evolution of art of
classification over the years.
Acknowledge by describing the contributions of various
taxonomists and explain their systems of classification.
Enlist the features of the Five Kingdom classification as
proposed by R.H Whittaker
Describe the characteristic features of each kingdom
Methods of
Classification
Discuss the importance and use of tools and techniques
in classification of organisms
Use simple dichotomous keys based on easily identifiable
characteristics.
Relate the use of cladogram to phylogenetic analysis
Brief classification
of Organisms
Define and describe the Binomial System of naming
species
Describe the hierarchical scheme of grouping organisms
Compare the Three Domain classification with the earlier
systems in terms of modifications
Discuss the evolutionary position of viruses
Unit-2: Diversity in Plants and Fungi
Introduction Explain the basis of classification in Plants.
Characteristic
Features of Plants
Describe features of algae, its classification, life cycle and
economic importance
Discuss features and life cycle of Bryophytes and
Pteridophytes
Describe and compare features of Gymnosperms and
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Angiosperms
Characteristic
Features of Fungi
Reproduction in
Fungi
Explain the characteristics of different types of fungi with
suitable examples and relate to their economic
importance
Explain the asexual and sexual reproduction in fungi.
Describe the importance of reproduction as basis for
classification in fungi
Unit- 3: Structural Organisation in Plants (Angiosperms)
External
Morphology of
Plants
Present an overview of plant body.
Discuss morphology of roots, stem and leaves along with
their various modifications
Identify and describe the inflorescence and parts of
flowers and fruits
Anatomy of Plants
Study different kind of plant tissues and discuss their
features.
Explain the anatomy of dicot and monocot root, stem and
leaf.
Describe the secondary growth in root and stem of dicot
plants.
Detailed description of the structure of two types of
seeds
Plant Families Identify salient features of Fabacae, Solanacae and
Liliacae
Unit 4: Diversity in Animals
Introduction to
Classification
Define the basic characteristics of animals
Explain the basis/ fundamental principles of animal
classification such as levels of organization, symmetry,
diploblastic and triploblastic organization, body plan,
coelom, segmentation and notochord development
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Classification
based on
Characters
State the different levels of classification of animals such
as phylum, sub-phylum, upto species and sub species.
State the chief characteristics of major animal phyla and
provide examples
State the chief characteristics of major animal phyla and
provide examples
Identify the differences between chordates, non
chordates, and hemichordates
Identify lab specimens and classify them into respective
groups
Observe various organisms in the locality and groups
them into respective phyla and state their specific
characters
Unit- 5: Life and its Chemistry
Introduction Explain the general concepts pertaining to living cells
Chemical Concepts Describe chemical bonds: covalent and non-covalent (co-
ordinate, ionic, hydrogen, Van der Waals and hydrophobic
interactions) present in biomolecules
Analyse carbon as important base of biomolecules
Write the functional groups: methyl, ethyl, carboxyl,
carbonyl, amino, phenyl, sulfydryl, phosphoryl
Appraise that life depends on water
Describe the importance of pH and buffering activity of cell
constituents
State the basic thermodynamic principles involved in
biochemical reactions
Express energy flow through different processes such as
diffusion, osmosis, imbibition, absorption, adsorption, mass
flow and active transport
Unit-6: Biomolecules
Introduction
Familiarize with micro- and macro-molecules
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Carbohydrates
Recall that carbohydrates constitute the most abundant
category of biomolecules
Define and classify carbohydrates
List the role of carbohydrates
Discuss the nature of artificial or synthetic sweeteners and
their impact on health
Lipids
Explain the hydrophobic nature of lipids
Classify lipids on the basis of their chemical structure
Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Describe the importance of cholesterol in human body
Proteins
Enzymes
State the composition of proteins
Understand the chemical structure of amino acid
Describe the structure of proteins
List the functions of proteins
Name and classify Enzymes
Enlist and describe the factors affecting enzyme action
Explain the mechanism of enzyme action
Nucleic Acids
Describe the basic structure and functions of DNA and
RNA
Vitamins Describe the role of vitamins and minerals in life
Unit – 7: Study of Cell-Tools and Techniques
Introduction
Recall the structure and function of the cell
Identify the necessity of tools and techniques in the study
of cells
Microscopy
Recognise the limitations of human eye and need of
technology for refined observation.
Familiarise and list the basic principles of microscopy
Explain briefly different kinds of microscopes
Use various microscopic techniques for the study of cell
structure and functions
Identify specific principles of fixation and staining of
microscopic specimens.
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Cell fractionation,
Chromatography,
Electrophoresis
Identify the significance of separation of sub-cellular
components to study the structural and functional aspects
of cell
Explain the principle and steps involved in cell
fractionation, chromatography and electrophoresis
Tissue Culture
Describe the technique of plant and animal tissue culture
Discuss the contribution of Tissue Culture technique in
advancement of knowledge of biology and human
welfare
Unit-8: Structure and Functions of a Cell
Introduction Establish cell as the basic unit of structure and function in
living organisms
Describe the cell theory based on its postulates
Discuss the need of multicellularity in organisms
Cell Diversity
Correlate diversity in the structure of cells to functions
they perform.
Cellular
Organisation in
Prokaryotes
Identify variations in shapes of bacteria
Explain the general scheme of organisation of a typical
prokaryotic cell.
Describe the important structural features of prokaryotic
cells.
Classify bacteria on the basis of Gram staining technique.
Cellular
Organisation in
Eukaryotes
Identify cell organelles which are distinctively present in a
plant cell and animal cell
Identify and describe the structure of a plant and animal
cell as seen under electron microscope
Describe the structure of the plasma membrane and its
role in regulating the entry and exit of ions and molecules
within a cell
Describe the structure and function of plant cell wall
Compare the role of cell wall with that of cell membrane
Discuss and describe the structure and function of cell
organelles like endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi
apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, plastids,
microtubules, flagella, cilia, centrioles and nucleus
Correlate the structural organisation of different cell
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organelles with their respective function
Compare and contrast between eukaryotic and
prokaryotic cells in terms of size, presence and absence of
cell organelles, location and structure of genetic material,
and protein synthesis
Unit-9: Cell Cycle
Introduction
Describe the cell cycle and its distinct stages
Recall and appreciate the importance of cell cycle
Phases of Cell
Cycle and their
Significance
Comprehend the significance of the events occurring in
various phases of the cell cycle
Connect different phases as a rhythmic pattern.
Cell Division
Highlight the differences and similarities in the process of
cell division between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prepare / observe / describe and draw labelled figures of
various stages of mitosis and meiosis
Regulation of Cell
Cycle
Identify various factors that control the cell cycle
Analyse the significance of the regulation of cell cycle/ cell
division
Discuss different stages of Mitosis and Meiosis.
Compare the two types of cell division.
Unit-10: Photosynthesis in Plants
Introduction
Describe photosynthesis as an essential process in plants
Appraise the discoveries and investigations of various
scientists which led to the formulation of the chemical
reactions involved in photosynthesis
Photosynthetic
Machinery Analyse the anatomical and morphological adaptive
features of leaves which make them suitable factories to
carry out the process of photosynthesis
Describe the anatomical structure of chloroplast, the site
of Photosynthesis
Draw the link between the specific structure of various
photosynthetic pigments and their respective functions
Differentiate between Absorption and Action spectra
Draw the link between light absorbed and rate of
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photosynthesis
Light Reaction
(or Hill reaction)
Carbon Fixation
Reactions(or
Calvin Bensen
cycle)
Adaptations in
Tropical and Sub-
tropical Plants
Differentiate between light dependent and carbon fixation
stages of Photosynthesis
Explain the mechanism of light dependent phase
Describe the organisation of Photo systems I & II and their
role in trapping light energy
Explain the significance of photolysis of water in light
reaction
Define photophosphorylation
Distinguish between cyclic and non-cyclic
photophosphorylation
Mention the important steps involved in investigation of
light independent phase of photosynthesis by Calvin and
his colleagues
Analyse the pathway of carbon in photosynthesis through
the study of the Calvin cycle
Decipher the significance of the specific
nomenclature/reference of Calvin cycle as C3 cycle.
Justify the requirement of C4 pathway/cycle in tropical
and sub-tropical plants
Draw the specialized anatomy of the leaves of C4 plants
Analyse the process of photorespiration and the reason of
its occurrence
Factors Affecting
Photosynthesis
Describe the factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
Link the significance of photosynthesis with the
productivity of agricultural/crop plants and human
energy demands
Unit-11: Mineral Nutrition and Transport in Plants
Introduction
Macro and Micro-
nutrients
Describe the role of nutrients in plant growth and survival
Recognise the criteria of „essential‟ elements
Differentiate between macro and micro nutrients
Explain deficiency symptoms and the effects of toxicity of
macro and micronutrients
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Define hydroponics and apply the concept in practical
Nutrient Cycle Describe and draw the nitrogen cycle
Importance of
Nitrogen Cycle in
Plant Systems
Describe the working of the nitrogen cycle in the
ecosystem
Describe the role of microorganisms in the nitrogen cycle.
Describe symbiotic and non symbiotic nitrogen fixation
Explain the role of ammonia produced during nitrogen
fixation
Mechanism of
Transport in Plants Identify the role of pores in diffusion and facilitated
diffusion
Recognise the role of active transport in plant nutrition
Discuss the significance of imbibition
State the relation between water potential, solute potential
and pressure potential and osmotic pressure
Define the root pressure and suction pressure theories and
identify the groups of plants exhibiting these mechanisms
Explain the role of transpiration in the ascent of water
from soil
Recognise the symplast and apoplast theories of water
transport
Explain the unidirectional and bidirectional transport
mechanisms
State the mechanism of transport in phloem
Relate the mass flow hypothesis with transport in phloem
Unit-12: Cellular Respiration
Introduction
Differentiate between respiration and combustion.
Define the role of ATP as the energy currency of the cell
Describe cellular respiration as a series of redox reactions
Discuss how photosynthesis and respiration are two
similar processes yet different from each other
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Aerobic and
Anaerobic
Respiration
Respiratory Output
Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration on
the basis of their site, the process involved and energy
generated in terms of ATP production
Describe the fate of the products of anaerobic respiration
Enlist the phases of aerobic respiration
Summarise the pathway of Glycolysis
Analyse the fate of pyruvic acid (end product of glycolysis)
through the Krebs‟/TCA Cycle
Summarise the pathway and significance of Electron
Transporting System
Calculate the total energy yield of cellular respiration.
Compare the respiratory quotients of various respiratory
substrates like carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Unit-13: Structural Organisation in Animals
Introduction
Recapitulate the levels of organization in organisms
Classify animal tissues into epithelial, connective,
muscular and neural tissues
Epithelial Tissues
Differentiate between simple and compound epithelia
Describe various types of simple epithelia including their
modifications such as ciliated epithelium and glandular
epithelium
Discuss the role of epithelial tissues in absorption and
secretion
Identify the location and state the functions of compound
epithelium
Briefly describe the type of cell junctions
Connective Tissues
State the functions of connective tissues with examples
Differentiate between loose and dense connective tissues
State the location and function of areolar and adipose
tissues
Identify blood, bone, cartilage, tendon and ligament as
specialized connective tissues and discuss their cellular
organization
Muscular and
Neural Tissues
Briefly describe the three type of muscular tissues
Briefly comment on muscle and neural tissues
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Unit-14: Nutrition, Digestion and Absorption in Animals
Introduction
Differentiate between the terms nutrition, digestion and
absorption
Identify the various modes of nutrition: autotrophic and
heterotrophic
Human Alimentary
Canal
Comprehend the type of human dentition
Identify the four types of teeth and compute the dental
formula
State the roles of tongue, teeth, epiglottis and oesophageal
sphincter
Recognize the location of: stomach and its three major
parts; small intestine and its three parts; and three regions
of large intestine
Compare the stomach of ruminants with stomach of
humans
Histology of
Human Gut
Describe the four major layers that form the wall of the
alimentary canal
State the location and function of structures such as villi,
microvilli, crypts of Lieberkûhn and goblet cells
Associated Glands
State the location and function of salivary glands and their
secretion
State the location and function of liver, gall bladder and
pancreas
Movement and
Digestion of Food
in the Alimentary
Canal
State the significance of peristalsis and the role of
longitudinal and circular muscles in this process
Describe the role of various gastrointestinal secretions
during digestion of food components
Comment on the hormonal control of digestive secretions
Absorption
Differentiate between diffusion, facilitated diffusion and
active transport to discuss absorption of simple products of
digestion
Disorders of
Digestive System
List the common disorders of the digestive system
Comment briefly on their clinical aspects
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Health and
Nutrition
Discuss the concept of calorific value
Compare the calorific value for proteins, fats and
carbohydrates
Categorize the types of nutrients into macro- and micro-
nutrients and trace elements
Discuss the concept of a balanced diet
Discuss the role of vitamins, minerals, water and
roughage in diet
Describe the important nutritional deficiency disorders
Discuss the relation of dietary habits and lifestyle diseases
Unit-15: Circulation and Exchange of Gases in Animals
Introduction
Differentiate between the terms breathing and respiration
List the diverse mechanisms employed by different
groups of animals for respiration
Human
Respiratory System
List the organs comprising the human respiratory system.
Explain the mechanism of pulmonary ventilation
Comprehend the meaning of terms : respiratory volumes
and capacities
Discuss the role of blood in the transport of respiratory
gases
State the locomotion of respiratory centre and discuss how
respiration in humans gets regulated
Introduction to
Circulation
Define blood as a complex connective tissue
Describe briefly the external and internal structure of
human heart
Differentiate between open and closed circulatory systems
State the characteristic features of arteries and veins
Discuss briefly the process of microcirculation
Blood Circulation
Explain the flow of blood through the heart
Explain the significance of double circulation.
Describe the phases of cardiac cycle
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Briefly state the mechanisms for regulation of heart beat
Broadly relate the above process with standard ECG and
identify its clinical significance
Elaborate the general plan of blood circulation through
human body
Gaseous Exchange
Describe the concept of partial pressure and explain the
phenomena of pulmonary gaseous exchange
Relate the same concept to explain the exchange of gases
between body tissues and blood
Describe how haemoglobin helps in transport of oxygen
from lungs to tissues
Explain the oxygen dissociation curve
Describe the ways in which CO2 gets transported from
tissues to the lungs for exhalation
Disorders of
Respiratory and
Circulatory System
List the major disorders of respiratory system and discuss
their clinical aspects
List the major disorders of human circulatory system and
discuss their clinical aspects
Suggest ways to maintain cardiac health
Unit-16: Osmoregulation and Excretion in Animals
Introduction Define the terms excretion and osmoregulation
Differentiate between osmoconformers and
osmoregulators
Osmoregulation
Discuss the mechanisms by which animals regulate their
water-solute balance in freshwater and marine
environment
State the mechanisms by which animals regulate their
water-solute balance in terrestrial environment including
desert animals
Excretory Products
Identify the sources of nitrogenous waste in animals
Discuss the elimination of various nitrogenous wastes in
animals
Infer CO2 and excess water as excretory products in
animals
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Excretion in
Invertebrates
Briefly comment on: contractile vacuoles, protonephridia
and flame cells; nephridia, malpighian tubules, green
glands
Human Excretory
System
Describe the excretory system in humans
Describe the internal organization of kidney
Urine Formation
Discuss the mechanism of urine formation: the processes
of glomerular filtration, selective reabsorption and
secretion
Explain the counter current mechanism for the production
of concentrated urine
Regulation of
Kidney Function
Describe the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in
regulation of renal functions
Discuss the regulatory role of juxtaglomerular apparatus
(JGA) or renin-angiotensin mechanism
State how Atrial Natriuretic Factor(ANF) acts as a check on
the renin-angiotensin mechanism
Micturition and
Constituents of
Urine
Define the term micturition
Justify how clinical examination of urine samples can help
in diagnosis of certain metabolic disorders
Accessory
Excretory Organs Recognize organs other than kidney that are involved in
elimination of excretory products viz. lungs, liver, skin and
discuss their role in excretion
Disorders of
Excretory System
State some common disorders of excretory system and
their clinical aspects
Discuss briefly the techniques of haemodialysis and kidney
transplantation
Reason why patient‟s body tends to reject a kidney
transplant
Unit-17: Movement and Locomotion in Animals
Introduction Differentiate between movement and locomotion
State the significance of movement and locomotion in
different animals
Discuss the types of locomotion found in different animals
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Role of Different
Type of Muscles
Recognize muscle as a specialized tissue
List important features of the skeletal, smooth and cardiac
muscles
State the unique properties of skeletal muscle and establish
the relation with its structure
Structure of
Contractile
Proteins
Discuss the structure and function of action and myosin
filaments
Muscular
Contraction
Explain the mechanism of sliding filament theory of
muscle contraction and relaxation
Describe the biochemical events that occur during muscle
contraction and relaxation
Discuss the role of calcium in muscle contraction
Differentiate between red and white muscle fibres
The Skeletal
System
State the significance of skeletal system
List the components of axial and appendicular skeleton
Describe the arrangement of bones in the human body
Discuss the significance of each of these structures
Differentiate between fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints
and synovial joints
Muscular and
Skeletal System
Disorders
List some important disorders of the muscular and skeletal
system
Discuss briefly the clinical aspects of these disorders
Write steps to maintain muscular and skeletal efficiency
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BIOLOGY
SYLLABUS: Class-XII
Unit-1: Plant Development and Reproduction
Content Learning Outcomes
Introduction
Growth and
Development
Define the terms differentiation, development and growth
Relate the processes of differentiation, dedifferentiation
and re-differentiation
Measure growth in plants through various methods
Observe growth in various parts of plants and graphically
represent it
Analyze the data obtained from the observation.
Define growth rate in terms of absolute and relative growth
Differentiate between different patterns of growth curve
observed in plants
Study growth and development in individual parts of
plants including both vegetative and reproductive parts
Compare primary and secondary growth in plants and
understand the role of various tissues in the process
Plant Growth
Regulators
Explain the concept of photoperiodism and vernalisation
Reproduction in
Plants
Point out the morphological and anatomical changes
observed in plants in their transition from vegetative to
reproductive phase
Describe the various types of asexual reproduction
Draw and describe the reproductive parts in flowering
plants
Understand the process of sporogenesis and gametogenesis
Describe the process of pollination and fertilization
Enlist the steps involved in seed formation and point out
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the differences between monocot and dicot seed formation
Describe the importance of seed and fruit formation in
flowering plants
Explain the concept of Apomixis and polyembryony
Unit 2 : Animal Development and Reproduction
Introduction
Recapitulate the differences between asexual and sexual
reproduction
Discuss the common modes of asexual reproduction in
animals
Describe parthenogenesis as alternative mode of
reproduction
Human
Reproductive
System
Describe the male and female reproductive systems in
humans
Illustrate the internal structure of human testis and ovary
Define spermatogenesis and describe stages involved in the
process
Illustrate the structure of human sperm
Define oogenesis and describe stages involved in the process
Illustrate the structure of human ovum
Define puberty and discuss associated changes in human
male and female
Describe the phases of menstrual cycle and the role of
hormones
Define the terms menarche and menopause
Fertilization and
Implantation
Describe key steps involved in the process of fertilization
Discuss the mechanisms by which polyspermy is prevented
in humans
Discuss the sequence of events from fertilization to
implantation including cleavage
Illustrate the structure of human blastocyst
Embryonic
Development
Briefly discuss the terms gastrulation, neurulation and
organogenesis
List the four extarembryonic membranes and their
significance
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State the functions of placenta including its role as an
endocrine gland
Discuss briefly the process of parturition and lactation
Reproductive
health
Discuss the important aspects of reproductive health and its
significance in a society
Discuss the prevent measures against STDs
Suggest reasons for population explosion and methods of
contraception and birth control
Briefly describe certain techniques to combat infertility
among couples
Unit-3 : Heredity and Variation
Introduction to
Genetics
Define genetics and discuss the emergence of genetics as an
important field of Biology
Define inheritance as the transmission of genetic information
from generation to generation
Explain the concept of Heredity and Variations
Mendelian
Inheritance
Describe the experiments of Mendel and elucidate the laws
of inheritance
Describe the significance of test cross, back cross and
reciprocal cross
Explain the Chromosomal basis of Mendel‟s Laws
Analyze the significance of Mendel‟s work
Discuss the role of theory building in science
Extension and
Modification of
Mendel’s Work
Explain the complex inheritance patterns which do not
follow Mendel‟s laws
Describe incomplete dominance, co-dominance, polygenic
inheritance and multiple allelism citing suitable examples
Describe the contribution of Morgan and his research on
Drosophila
Describe linkage and crossing over
Discus the implications of sex linked inheritance
Sex
Determination
Discuss the basis of sex determination in human beings,
birds and insects (honeybee)
303
Significance of
Variations
Define variation and enlist the variations seen in living
organisms
Draw the link between meiosis and variation
Describe the factors responsible for variation
Compare and contrast continuous and discontinuous
variation
Chromosomal
abnormalities in
Man
Identify and explain the genetic disorders due to change in
Chromosome number and structure
Apply the principles of inheritance to study of pedigree
analysis in humans
Unit-4: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Introduction Give experimental evidences to prove that DNA is the
genetic material
Genetic Material
Compare the properties of DNA and RNA as genetic
material
Describe the structure of nucleic acids
Describe the gene structure in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Present an overview of DNA replication in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
Regulation of
Genes
Discuss the process of transcription and translation.
From Gene to
Proteins
Explain the regulation of gene expression in bacteria (lac
operon)
Genetic code Familiarize with the significance of the triplet code
Identify the pattern in genetic code
Discuss the t-RNA and anticodon on it
Write the characteristics of genetic code
Discuss translocation in brief
Describe human genome project in terms of its goals,
features and applications
304
Unit- 5: Evolution
Origin of Life
Understand and appreciate the origin of earth and life on
earth
Explain biochemical theory of origin of life
Mechanism of
Evolution Recognize the contribution of Lamarck towards
understanding the evolution
Appreciate Darwin‟s theory of Natural selection
Evidences in
Favour of
Evolution
Comprehend the concept of Organic Evolution
Explain the significance of Hardy Weinberg principle
Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs
Explain the morphological, paleontological, embryological,
and molecular evidences in favour of organic evolution
Trace the evolution of modern human being from its
ancestors
Origin of Species Understand the significance of Neo-Darwinism
Explain the sources of variations (gene and chromosomal
mutation, recombination, gene flow and genetic drift)
Discuss speciation and differentiate between Allopatric and
Sympatric speciation with examples
Co-relate the role played by Reproductive Isolation in the
origin of new species
Unit-6: Statics and Dynamics of an Ecosystem
Environment,
Ecology and
Biosphere
Define the terms: environment, ecology, ecosphere,
ecosystem and biosphere
Co-relate the concept of environment, ecology and
biosphere
Discuss the levels of ecological organisation
Understand the concept of population and community with
respect to the biosphere
Components of
the Environment
List various components of the environment
Differentiate between the biotic and abiotic components
Define autotrophs (producers), heterotrophs (consumers),
decomposers, scavengers and parasites
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Ecosystem
Concepts and
Principles
Define and discuss „ecosystem‟
Discuss the inter-relationship between plants and animals
in an aquatic ecosystem and terrestrial ecosystem
Explain the pond ecosystem as an ideal example of an
aquatic ecosystem
Explain the concept of ecological succession
Nutrient and
Energy Flow in
Ecosystem
Explain food chain and food web with examples
Draw a relationship between food chain, food web,
different trophic levels and energy flow
Explain the significance of food chain and food web
Trace the path of energy flow in a food chain
Appreciate the importance of various trophic levels in an
ecosystem
Explain the concept and types of ecological pyramids
Discuss the significance of studying ecological pyramids
Biogeochemical
Cycles
Describe the various biogeochemical cycles
Appreciate the cycling of minerals in nature citing the
examples of carbon and phosphorus
Adaptation
Discuss the concept of ecological adaptations
Relate the concept of ecological adaptation with the
organism‟s habitat
Justify the role of adaptation in the living world
Describe the concept of habitat and niche
Unit-7: Statics and Dynamics of Organisms and Population
Adaptive
Responses of
Organisms
Population and its
Regulation
Discuss the mechanisms of homeostasis such as regulation,
conformation, migration and suspension
Describe the concept of adaptation in reference to different
abiotic factors
Discuss the concept of population
Define Natality, Mortality, Immigration, Emigration and
dispersal
Explain the signification of S-shaped and J-shaped curve
List the various factors that can control population growth
Discuss the phenomena of population explosion
306
Population
Interaction
Explain population interaction, mutualism, commensalism,
symbiosis, amensalism, predation, parasitism, and
competition with examples
Unit-8: Neurons and Nervous System
Primitive Nervous System in Invertebrates
State a brief account of the nervous system of organisms such as hydra, planaria and cockroach
Neurons and Functioning of the Nervous System in Humans
Describe the parts of the human nervous system
Describe briefly the transmission of an impulse through a
nerve fiber
Explain the significance of the neurotransmitters in
conduction of the nerve impulse in a chemical synapse
Explain the structure and function of human brain and
spinal cord
Describe and illustrate the process of reflex action
Enumerate structural and functional differences between
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
Describe the structure and function of human eye and ear
Unit-9: Hormones and Hormonal Control
Introduction Justify the need of chemical coordination in human body
Compare neural and chemical coordination
Explain the coordination between neural and chemical/hormonal system to ensure smooth and continuous activity of various organ systems
Endocrine Glands Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands
Categorize endocrine glands according to their location, secretion and function
Tabulate hormones of endocrine glands and their specific functions
Appreciate the role of endocrine glands in maintaining homeostasis
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Hormones Define the term „hormones‟
Classify hormones on the basis of their site of secretion and mode of action (trophic and non trophic)
Describe the role of hypothalamus and its secretion in functioning of pituitary /master gland
Discuss the feedback mechanism of hormonal action
Disorders of Endocrine glands
Describe the symptoms of the disorders caused by underer and over production of various endocrine hormones
Unit-10: Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Issues and Concerns
Introduction
Describe biodiversity and discuss the magnitude of global
bio diversity
Describe the importance of conservation of biodiversity
Biodiversity
Hotspots
Map the biodiversity hotspots identified all over the world
and discuss their importance
Extinction of
species
Discuss the reason for extinction of species by natural and
anthropogenic actions
Sensitize of the learner about the need of conservation of
species hence Biodiversity
Analyze the implication of introduction of exotic species
and its impact on the ecosystem
Conservation of
Biodiversity
Describe the initiatives taken for conservation of bio
diversity
Differentiate between in situ and ex situ conservation
Discuss case studies of some of the above mentioned
initiatives
Discuss the latest research on wild life conservation
Enlist at least ten endangered species and the significance
of the red data book
Restoration
Ecology
Differentiate between restoration and regeneration
Appreciate the emergence of restoration as an important
field in ecology by citing suitable examples
Emphasize the role of local people as protectors of their
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environment
Pollution
Define and describe air, water, land and noise pollution
Explain the effects of air, water, noise and land pollution on
organisms
Suggest possible ways to reduce pollution of air, water,
noise and land
Describe various control measures to be used for air
pollution such as electrostatic precipitators
Discuss the Euro –IV norms and use of alternate fuels to
control pollution
Explain the terms eutrophication, bioaccumulation and
biomagnifications
Discuss the concept of waste management
Global Warming
and Ozone
Depletion
Discuss the effects of global warming and ozone depletion
Unit-11:Biology and Human Health
Introduction
Prepare a concept web relating health and its various
aspects
Discuss the role of immune system in fighting diseases
Enlist the types of communicable diseases, the causative
pathogens and methods of prevention and treatment
Autoimmune diseases
Medicinal Field
Discuss the role of Antibiotics in controlling bacterial
diseases
Enlist the various non communicable diseases and their
treatment
Explain the concept of allergy and immunodeficiency
Discuss the latest diagnostic techniques in field of medicine
Describe the advancements made in stem cell therapy for
treatment of diseases.
309
Explain the effects of alcohol and drug abuse
Unit-12: Role of Biology in Human Welfare
Introduction
Understanding the link between the study of biology and
its real life applications
Identify the fields in which biology has made significant
contribution.
Animal
Husbandry
Discuss the importance of Livestock wealth of a nation
Describe the processes involved in animal husbandry
Role of Poultry for supplying egg protein
Describe the importance of animal breeding
Discuss the role of Apiculture, Pisciculture and
Aquaculture as careers in enhancing the economic
development of a nation as well as fulfilling the food
requirement of its people
Importance of sericulture and lac culture
Crop
Improvement
Discuss the importance of food production and food
security
Analyse various strategies to enhance the food production
of a nation on the basis of its food crops produce
Enlist the major food crops of their respective nation
Discuss the traditional method and modern techniques of
crop improvement citing suitable methods
Describe and explain Biofortification
Describe the strategies apart from crop hybridisation in
improvement of crop production like pest control,
application of manures and fertilizers, irrigation facilities
etc.
Appreciate the role of Integrated pest Management as a
strategy to improve crop production
Microbes in
human welfare
Describe the role of Single Cell Protein in enhancing food
production
Explain the role of microbes and plants in reducing
environmental pollution
310
Discuss the role of microbes as bio control agents and as
biofertilisers
Discuss the role of microbes in manufacture of Dairy and
Bakery Products and alcoholic beverages
Discuss the role of microbes in manufacture of food
supplements such as amino acids, proteins, vitamins etc.
Discuss the role of microbes and plants in production of
fuels
Forensic Science Discuss the role of Biology in various fields of forensics
Unit-13: Biotechnology and its Application
Introduction to
Biotechnology
Define Biotechnology
Recognise biotechnology as an interdisciplinary science
Recombinant
DNA Techniques
Define Recombinant DNA Technology
Define restriction enzymes, ligase, cloning vectors (pBR322)
and describe their significance in recombinant DNA
technology
Explain the application of Recombinant DNA Technology
to generate recombinant DNA molecule
Explain the use of polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) to
amplify DNA in Vitro
Describe various methods of Transformation
Applications of
Biotechnology
Discuss the use of Genetic Engineering to create transgenic
micro-organisms, plants and animals (GMOs)
Explain the importance of stem cells and their applications
Describe the principle, procedure and application of DNA
finger printing
Discuss the application of Biotechnology in agriculture and
medicine with suitable examples
Describe the procedure for obtaining foreign gene product
Safety and Ethical
Issues
Discuss the safety and ethical issues related to
Biotechnology
Scope of Biology Identify the various career options in Biology
311
Biology
Practical
I. Instructions:
a. The list of experiments and activities to be carried out by the students has
been arranged in different blocks. Each block contains one or more of the
following three types of practical exercises depending upon the learning
outcomes of the unit.
Temporary mount
Experiment
Spotting – Study of organisms or their parts with the help of
preserved museum specimens or slides.
Students are required to do exercises as suggested in various blocks.
b. Practical Exercises
The teacher may decide the method and protocol of conducting each
practical exercise.
A practical record book shall be maintained by every student. After
completion of each experiment, a student shall record the theory,
procedure, observations, results, precautions, etc. in the practical
record book and get it signed by the concerned teacher within two
weeks of the completion of the exercise.
In addition to the record book that is updated only after completing
a practical exercise, student will also maintain a separate daily log of
the experiments in an auxiliary notebook. This will include the
observations, problems encountered while conducting the
experiment, how these were overcome and summary of
questions/ideas discussed with the teacher, any new idea or
experience related with the experiment. This auxiliary note book
should be signed at the end of every class by the concerned teacher.
The experiments are to be performed by the students individually.
C. Activities/Project in Term-II
Each block of experiments has certain activities attached to it.
Minimum two activities from any block are to performed by each
312
student based on the knowledge acquired by him/her during the
course of performing the main experiments in each term.
In term II, an investigatory Project has to be undertaken as an
activity. Investigatory project will be a sort of extended activity.
Each of the activities will be recorded by a student in an activity
report book (loose sheets put in a file) which needs to be signed by
the teacher and kept by the student for final evaluation. Project will
be recorded in the form of a project report.
The list of activities in each block is only suggestive in nature. The
students can conduct an activity outside this list with the approval
of teacher. However, the chosen activity has to be linked to the
main experiments in the block and must be of similar standard as
the ones mentioned here. Freedom of choice is with regard to the
area of interest of the learners maintaining the desirable quality
parameters.
II. Assessment Scheme:
a. The overall assessment will comprise of two parts:
Continuous assessment throughout the year
A term-end examination as per the scheme given below.
b. Separate percentage of marks has been assigned for different components
of the assessment as shown in the table below.
c. Assessment for the consistency in conducting the experiments throughout
the year shall be done from the auxiliary note book of experiments,
reports of the activities performed and practical record book.
d. Students may be encouraged to test new ideas while conceptualizing and
conducting the activities/Project and will be suitably acknowledged in the
term-end examination.
e. Continuous assessment of the experiments and activities shall be made by
the teacher throughout the year and the marks shall be awarded prior to
the term end examination. It is necessary that part of this assessment be
done through a presentation or demonstration of the activities by the
student at the time of its being carried out during the year.
III. Conduct of Term- End Examination
a. The term end examination will be of three hours duration.
313
b. At the time of term-end examination, the student will be required to
perform three practical exercises:-
Preparation of a temporary mount - 4 marks
One Experiment - 4 marks
Spotting exercise - 4 marks
c. The student shall submit the practical record, auxiliary note book and the
activity report book/ Project Report of all the activities performed by
him/her during the year for assessment.
d. The examiners shall assess the activities/ Project from articulation of the
theme, resourcefulness and “viva”.
PRACTICAL EXAMINATION SCHEME
(Total marks: 30)
Practical Exercises Activities/ Project
Continuous Assessment Continuous Assessment
Practical
Record
03 marks Report 03 marks
Auxiliary
note book
02 marks Demo/Performance
and Presentation
04 marks
Term-End Examination Term-End Examination
Practical
Exercises (3)
12 marks Articulation of the
theme,
resourcefulness and
Viva
03 marks
Viva 03 marks
Total 20 marks Total 10 marks
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CLASS XI
TERM I-PRACTICAL
BLOCK 1. DIVERSITY
Includes:
Unit- 1 Biodiversity
Unit- 2 Diversity of Plants and Fungi
Unit- 3 Structural Organizations in Plants
Learning Outcomes:
Identify the characteristic features of each group of organisms.
Appreciate the diversity present within each group
Develop the skill to classify organisms according to the characteristics.
Correlate the characteristics with the evolutionary trend
PRACTICAL EXERCISES ACTIVITIES
I Temporary Mount
1. Preparation and study of T.S
of a dicot and a monocot root
and stem (primary).
2. Study of distribution of
stomata in upper and lower
surface of a monocot and a
dicot leaf
1. Collect the stem/root of any five
plants in your neighborhood cut the
T.S of the stem/root. Prepare a
temporary stained mount. Study the
structure and identify whether it is a
monocot or a dicot. Draw the diagram,
record the differences from the
specimen you have studied in class.
Note the observation.
2. Collect leaves of 2 mesophytes and 2
xerophytes (monocot/dicot). Prepare a
peel mount and study the distribution
of stomata on upper and lower
epidermis. Record your observation.
Draw a labeled diagram.
II Experiment
1. Dissection and display of floral
1. Pick up four or more plants from any
315
whorls from each of the
following families
(Solanaceae,Liliaceae
Fabaceae, and Adventitious).
Write the floral formula and
draw the floral diagram.
Identify the family of the
flower described.
of the three families studied. Describe
their vegetative and floral
characteristics and record your
observations. Also record how
different they are from the ones you
studied. Write the economic
importance of each family.
III Spotting Exercise
1. Study of the
specimens/permanent slides
and identification with reasons-
Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra,
Rhizopus, Mushroom, Yeast,
Liverwort, Moss, Fern, Pine,
one monocotyledonous plant
and one dicotyledonous plant
and one lichen.
2. Study of specimens and
identification with reasons-
Amoeba, Hydra, Liverfluke,
Ascaris, leech,earthworm,
prawn, silkworm, honeybee,
snail, starfish, shark, rohu, frog,
lizard, pigeon and rabbit.
3. Study of tissues, diversity in
shapes and sizes of plant cell
focussing on their economic
significance, if any. (E.g.
palisade cells, guard cells,
parenchyma, collenchyma,
sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem)
4. Study of different modification
in root, stem and leaves.
5. Study and identification of
different types of inflorescence
1. a) Observe different organisms in a
garden. Make a list of at least ten
different organisms, write their
common and scientific name. Classify
them and write the economic
importance, if any.
b) Consult your teacher/explore
internet to find out how organisms can
be preserved. Find out the
preservation techniques for plants and
animals. Record them.
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BLOCK 2. BIOMOLECULES
Includes:
Unit -5 Lives and Its Chemistry
Unit -6 Biomolecules
Learning outcomes:
Perform general chemical tests to identify the various biomolecules present in
cells
Distinguish different biomolecules on the basis of their chemical properties
EXPERIMENT ACTIVITIES
I. To test the presence of sugars
(reducing and non-reducing),
starch, proteins and fats
present in the sample
provided.
1. Collect 5 food items. Grind (if
required) and prepare the extract:
test the presence of various
nutrients in each extract. Record
your observations make a list of
precautions observed by you.
BLOCK -3 STUDY OF CELL
Includes:
Unit- 7 Cells: Tools and Techniques
Unit - 8 Structure and Functions of a Cell
Unit- 9 Cell Cycle
Learning outcomes:
Recognize the dividing cell in the root tip
Identify different stages of mitosis
Observe the chromosomes in metaphase and anaphase
317
PRACTICAL EXPERCISES ACTIVITIES
I Experiment
1. Perform gram- staining
experiment with Lactobacillus to
identify whether the bacteria
present in curd is gram + ve or
gram –ve
II Spotting Exercise
1. Study of mitosis in permanent
slides of onion root tips cells.
1. Study the micrograph of the
following: Plant cell, Animal cell,
Mitochondria, Centriole.
2. Take root tips from two different
plants, hydrolyze them and
prepare temporary mount. Try to
find out whether the cells are
dividing or not. If yes, identify the
stage and draw the diagram.
Compare with the material
studied by you in the class room.
Record all stages of mitosis and
draw labelled diagrams.
Class – XI
Term II Practicals
BLOCK – I LIFE PROCESSES
Includes:
Unit – 10 – Mineral Nutrition And Transport In Plants
Unit – 11 – Photosynthesis In Plants
Unit – 12 - Cellular Respiration
Learning Outcomes
Understand concept of some mechanisms of transport in plant cells
Compare anatomy of a monocot and a dicot leaf and relate it to their
physiology
318
Practical Exercise Project
I. Temporary Mount
Study the effect of isotonic, hypotonic
and hypertonic solution on epidermal
peel of a leaf.
a) Study of deficiency symptoms of
essential elements on plant
growth / hydroponics.
b) Study the effect of different
wavelengths (VIBGYOR),
intensity of light and CO2
concentration on rate of
photosynthesis in plants.
c) Study of deficiency symptoms of
essential elements on plant
growth / hydroponics.
II. Experiments
1. Study of osmosis by potato
osmometer.
2. Study of various leaf pigments
of plant through paper
chromatography.
Comparative study of rate of
transpiration in upper and lower
surfaces of a leaf.
III. Spotting Exercise
1. Study of T.S of a monocot and a
dicot leaf through permanent
slide and compare their
anatomy.
Observation and comments on the
experimental set up for showing
phototropism.
BLOCK – II LIFE PROCESSES IN ANIMALS
Includes:
Unit:13 - Structural Organisation In Animals
Unit 14 – Nutrition, Digestion And Absorption
Unit 15- Circulation And Exchange Of Gases
Unit 16- Osmoregulation And Excretion
Unit 17- Movement And Locomotion
Learning Outcomes
Observe and identify various animal tissues.
319
Understand the role of saliva in human body.
Identify and detect normal and abnormal constituents of urine.
Locate various type of bones and joints in human body and understand their
respective function.
Relate morphological features of a cockroach with its taxonomy.
Practical Exercise Project
Experiment
1. Study the effect of salivary
amylase on activity of starch and
find the achromic point.
2. Test the presence of urea, sugar,
albumin in urine sample.
1. a) Study the journey of saliva from
its origin to its action.
b) Comparison of achromic point of
salivary amylase in different age
groups
c) Discuss and describe the role of
saliva in transmission of disease.
2. a) Study the role of kidney in urine
Formation (theory).
b) Study of disorders related with
malfunctioning of kidney (atleast
2 case studies).
c) Relate advancement in
technology to treat the above
disorders.
Spotting Exercise
1. Compare RBC of frog and human
with the help of permanent slide.
2. Study of squamous epithelium,
muscle fibres, T.S bone and T.S
cartilage through permanent slide.
3. Study of human skeleton and
different types of joints.
4. Study of external morphology of a
cockroach with the help of a
specimen.
3. Detailed analysis of blood;
a) Cellular and non-cellular
components of blood
b) RBC and WBC count from blood
sample of different age groups.
c) Study the importance of blood as
a fundamental diagnostic tool for
health and different diseases.
d) Study atleast two disorders
related with circulatory system
320
and how they can be treated.
4. Test heart rate and blood
pressure in human beings of
diverse age groups, genders,
weight and life styles. Correlate
your findings with the clinical
aspects.
5. Find haemoglobin content in
blood of persons of various age
groups and genders. Comment
upon various diseases which may
occur due to its deficiency and
excess
6. To germinate leguminous seeds
in different temperature and light
conditions, using different
medium-soil, sand and cotton.
Record observations from day 1
to day 6.
Class XII
Term – II-Practicals
BLOCK – I REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANSIMS
Includes:
Unit 1- Plant Development and Reproduction
Unit 2- Animal Development and Reproduction
Learning Outcomes
Study various agencies of pollination and stages of pollen germination.
Development of skills like handling apparatus, observation, analysis and
recording
Understand the location and development of male and female reproductive
organs in flowers.
321
Differentiate between spermatogenesis and oogenesis in humans
Practical Exercises Activities
I Temporary Mount
1. To prepare a temporary mount
to study pollen germination on a
nutrient medium
1. A comparative study of the
stages of germination of a
monocot and a dicot seed (a
leguminous and a non-
leguminous)
2. Prepare a studied report on
measures to prevent
reproductive ill health
II. Experiment
Dissection of a flower to display the
floral whorls
1. Dissection of a flower to display the
floral whorls and a cross – section of
ovary to study placentation (one
flower each from family Fabaceae,
Liliaceae and Solanaceae). Write the
floral formula and draw the floral
diagram. Identify family of the
flower described.
1. Collect 5 locally available flowers
from the families studied. Cut
section of ovary and study the type
of placentation. Write the floral
formula and draw the floral
diagram. Identify family of the
flower described.
III. Spotting Exercise
1. Study emasculation, tagging and
bagging in a given flower
2. Study adaptations in flowers
pollinated by different agencies
3. Identification of stages of gamete
development that is T.S. testis
and T.S. ovary through
permanent slides (from any
mammal)
4. T.S. of blastula through
permanent slides
1. Collect 5 flowers from your
neighborhood. On the basis of
features of flowers, find out
agencies of pollination.
322
BLOCK II Heredity and Evolution
Includes:
Unit 3- Heredity and Variation
Unit 4- Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Unit 5- Evolution
Learning Outcomes
Learners will be able to
Identify various stages of cell division
Separate protein monomers
Understand the concept of evolution
Practical Exercises Activities
I Temporary Mount
1. To prepare a temporary stained
mount of onion root tips to show
various stages of mitosis.
1. Grow onion to get root tips. Cut
few root tips at different times
of the day like morning and
afternoon. Prepare their stained
temporary mounts. Compare
the no. of dividing cells in the
two. Record your observations.
Draw diagrams and write the
features of each stage of mitosis.
2. Prepare a report on two genetic
disorders.
II. Experiment
1. Study the effect of temperature
and pH on activity of salivary
amylase.
2. Separation of various amino
acids by paper chromatography
and staining with ninhydrin
1. To study the activity of amylase
present in maize embryos using
starch - Agar medium.
2. Study the role of DNA fingerprinting
in forensic sciences and paternity
disputes. Prepare a detailed report.
323
Give a case study for each.
III Spotting Exercise
1. Study of prepared pedigree
charts of genetic traits such as
rolling of tongue, blood groups,
widow‟s peak, color blindness
2. Study Homologous and
analogous organs through plant
/ Animal specimens / charts
3. Study of various stages of
Meiosis in onion bud cell or
grass hopper testes through
permanent slides
3. Prepare a pedigree chart for
transmission of atleast 3 human
heritable traits.
BLOCK III ECOLOGY
Includes:
Unit 6- Statics and Dynamics Of An Ecosystem
Unit 7- Statics and Dynamics Of Organisms And Population
Learning Outcomes
Learners will be able to
Understand different types of soils
Identify some micro–organisms from water samples
Understand the various components of an ecosystem
Practical Exercises Activities
I. Experiment
1. Collect soil from atleast two different
sites and study their texture,
moisture content, pH and water
holding capacity, correlate with the
kinds of plants that grow in them.
2. Collect water from two different
accessible water bodies. Study them
1. Explore internet and study the
factors affecting growth and
development of plants in
different biomes of the world.
2. One case study showing the
stages of primary and secondary
succession.
3. Prepare a food web using
324
for pH and presence of micro-
organisms.
3. Study the presence of suspended
particulate matter in air at the two
widely different sites.
4. Study of plant population density by
quadrate method.
5. Study of plant population frequency
by quadrate method.
pictorial illustrations.
4. Prepare age pyramids by
gathering data from five
different regions/countries.
II Spotting Exercise
1. Comment upon morphological
adaptations, two plants and two
animals found in xeric conditions.
2. Comment upon morphological
adaptations, plants and animals
found in aquatic conditions.
1. List atleast 2 xeric/aquatic plants
and animals found in your region
and describe their adaptation.
Make photographic
presentations. Debate. For
example on Bio Ethics and
Diversity of Life.
Class XII Term II- Practicals
BLOCK I CONTROL AND CO-ORDINATION
Includes:
Unit 8- Neurons and Nervous System
Unit 9- Hormones and Hormonal Control
Learning Outcomes
Understand the structure and function of spinal cord
To study the role of exocrine and endocrine glands
Practical Exercises Activities
Spotting Exercise
1. Use permanent slides to study -T.S of spinal cord -T.S of pancreas
1. Study of at least two case studies of hormonal and neural disorders, their cause, symptoms and role of technology to control them
2. How do we learn: sensory coordination
325
Study of retention capacity of learners when exposed to: only auditory, Audio-visual signals, Only visual signals. What are the sensory strengths of visually challenged persons
3. Discuss and describe of pathway of reflex arch and clinical significance of it through Knee – Jerk activity
BLOCK II HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT
Includes:
Unit 10- Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Issues and Concerns
Unit 11- Biology and Human Health
Unit 12- Role of Biology In Human Welfare
Learning Outcomes
Understanding the Concept of various environmental issues
Knowledge of various human diseases
Awareness regarding plant breeding techniques
Practical Exercise Activity
1) Identification of common
disease causing organisms
like Ascaris, Entamoeba,
Plasmodium, Ringworm
through permanent slides
or specimens. Comment
on symptoms of disease
that they cause.
1. Compare effect of various antacids on HCl and
growth of methano bacteria on cellulose extracts
in covered test tubes to study the production of
methane gas.
2. Detailed study of detection of cancer: its cause,
symptoms, type and treatment.
3. a) Study of Plant breeding techniques with
special reference to disease resistance and its
role in enhancement of food quality
b) Prepare a list of hybrid crops of the following
and identify their features (if accessible)
i) Maize
ii) Wheat
iii) Rice
iv) Garden peas
c) How are they better than their normal breed
326
4. To study/obtain the air quality data and its
trends with respect to air pollutants in your
locality/region from concerned regulatory
agencies. Find out whether they are within
permissible range as per the applicable rules.
Enumerate the source of air pollutants and
discuss the measures to control it.
5. Prepare a report of the study of people‟s
participation in conservation of forests.
6. Prepare a report on various environmental
issues, with special reference to environmental
laws and their implementation.
Block III BIOTECHNOLOGY
Includes:
Unit -13- Biotechnology and its Applications
Learning Outcomes
Understand the concept of fermentation
Identify important components of plasmid DNA
Isolate, visualize and feel the DNA from plants
Practical Exercises Activities
I Temporary Mount
1. Prepare a temporary mount of yeast cells
1. Collect information on Bt cotton a) pest Resistance genes b) it benefits over naturally
grown cotton c) effect on economy
1. Isolation and spooling of DNA from vegetable / fruits extracts.
2. Collect information on various strategies used by biotechnologist to enhance food production.
3. Study the rate of fermentation of starch using various concentrations of yeast
4. Practices followed in Food
327
technology related to the process of fermentation of food items and beverages.
III. Spotting
1. Pictographic spotting of various genes and restriction sites in the structure of plasmid pBR322
1. Prepare a report on various applications of biotechnology in improving human health
BIOLOGY PRACTICALS: CLASS XI –XII
ASSESSMENT RUBRICS
Practical Exercises
1
Begin-
ning
2
Devel-
oping
3
Accomp
-lished
4
Exemplary
5
SCORE
TEMPORARY MOUNT
Ability to prepare a clear
temporary mount
-cutting of a
section/squashing
-staining
-mounting
Identification of various
tissues/stages of cell
division/part under study
Ability to draw neat and
labeled diagram
Identification of the
distinguishing features of a
concerned slide
EXPERIMENT
Ability to perform the
experiments.
Focussed observations
Drawing
328
inference/conclusions
Following necessary
precautions
Recording/documenta
tion of observations,
results, presentations
SPOTTING
Identification of a spot
Well labelled diagrams (only for
slides and not specimen)
Write 2-4 identifying characters of
the given spot
Write and discuss complete
classification (wherever applicable)
of
a) plants upto division;
b) animals: invertebrates upto
phylum and vertebrates upto
class
PowerPoint Presentation
CATEGORY
5 point-
A Grade
4 points-B
Grade
3 points-C
Grade
2 points-D
Grade
1 point-E
Grade
1. Knowledge of
topic
Precise
and clear
in
concept
Good in
Unders-
tanding
Average in
Unders-
tanding
Deviated
from the
topic
No clarity of
topic
2. Clarity of
language and
understandability
Meticu-
lous and
accurate
Well
written
and
orderly
Simple and
average
Poor
language
In correct
language
with poor
performance
329
3. Grammar and
spelling errors
Accurat,
using
good
vocabu-
lary
Good but
little errors
Average
with
mistakes
Not clear
with lots of
error
Poor and
incorrect
formation
4. Organisation of
slides
Unique
and
Imagin-
ative
Simple
and
orderly
Deviated
from the
content
Do not
follow the
content
No order,
showing
poor quality
5. Slides follow a
sequential pattern
Orderly
and well
kept
All right
and need
slight
changes
Average in
presenta-
tion
Not in
order and
need lot of
change
No pattern is
taken care
DEBATE
ASSESSMENT RUBRICS
CATEGORY
5 point-A
Grade
4 points-B
Grade
3 points-C
Grade
2 points-D
Grade
1 point-E
Grade
Organisa-
tion and
clarity
View-
points
and
response
outlined
are clear,
orderly
and
original
Complet-
ely clear
and
orderly
presentatio
n
Clear and
orderly in
most parts
Clear in
some parts
but not
overall
Not clear in
most of the
parts
Use of
Arguments
Reasons
are given
to
support
view-
point
Most
relevant
reasons
given in
support
Many
reasons
given in
support
Some
relevant
reasons
given
Few or no
relevant
reasons
given
330
Use of
examples
and facts
Examples
and facts
given to
support
reasons
Most
relevant
suppor-
ting
examples
and facts
given
Many
examples/fa
cts given
Some
relevant
examples/fa
cts given
Few or no
relevant
supporting
examples/Fa
cts given
Use of
rebuttal
Argumen
ts made
by other
teams are
responde
d to and
dealt with
effective-
ely
Many
effective
counter
arguments
made
Some
effective
counter
arguments
made to
rebut
arguments
Few effective
counter
arguments
made
No effective
counter
argument
made
Presentation
style
Tone of
voice, use
of
gestures,
level of
enthu-
siasm
consist-
ently
convin-
cing
Tone of
voice, use
of
gestures,
level of
enthuse-
iasm
usually
convin-
cing
Tone of
voice, use of
gestures,
level of
enthusiasm
sometimes
convincing
Few of these
features are
used
convincing-
gly
Features not
used
convincingly