biological control of white grubs
TRANSCRIPT
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Biological control of white grubs
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Content
• Enemy species• Most occurring white grubs in Belgium and the Netherlands• Biological control possibilities• Chemical control possibilities• Working of nematodes• Life cycle:
– Garden Chafer– Welsh Chafer– Black vine weevil – others
• Determination
12 May 2011
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Enemy species
Lawns and sports fields– Emelts = larvae of crane flies (Tipula)– Click beetles = larvae of wireworms – White grubs = larvae of beetles
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae = scarab beetles)
Perennials and shrubs– Othiorynchus sulcatus = Black vine weevil
12 May 2011
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12 april 2023
Emelts
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12 april 2023
Click beetles Bron:www.zin.ru
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12 april 2023
White grub
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12 april 2023
Larva Black vine weevil
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Most occurring white grubs in Belgium and the Netherlands
• Hoplia philanthus = Welsh Chafer
(lawns, moist until drier sandy soils)
• Phyllopertha horticola = Garden Chafer (lawns)
• Amphimallon solstitiale = Summer Chafer
(lawns, dry sandy soils)
• Melolontha melolontha = Cockchafer (very local)
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Most occurring white grubs in Belgium
and the Netherlands (continued)
• Melolontha hippocastani = Chestnut Cockchafer (very
local)
• Serica brunnea = Brown Chafer
• Polyphylla fullo = Pine Chafer
• Aphodius sp. = Dung Beetle
• Anomala sp.
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Biological control possibilities
• Emelts (Tipula) nematode Steinernema feltiae (bad to moderate action)
• Bacteria preparation
based on Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis
(no homologation in Belgium and the Netherlands)
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Biological control possibilities
• White grubs
B-Green (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) as from 12 – 15°C
+++ Phyllopertha horticola ++ Aphodius contaminatus + Anomala dubia + Hoplia philanthus + Serica brunnea - Amphimallon solstitiale --- Melolontha melolontha
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Biological control possibilities
• White grubs (continued)
Steinernema scarabaei most effective also against Aphimallon and Melolontha
(not native in Europe and cannot be produced for the moment)
• Black vine weevil
Heterorhabditis-System (Heterorhabditis megidis) as from 12°C
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Chemical control possibilities
• Results are disappointing, better results when injected
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g. Lindaan), Temik (aldicarb) and Confidor (imidacloprid) are forbidden, with a Confidor injection the larvae stop feeding.
• Other carbofuran, chloorpyrifos, …..
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Working of nematodes
1. Nematode searches actively for a prey
– excrements
– cuticula
– respiration (CO2)
– temperature
2. Penetration through natural openings: mouth and anus
3. Movement to the intestinal canal and penetration
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Working of nematodes
4. Release of symbiotic bacterium
Steinernema: Xenorhabdus
Heterorhabditis: Photorhabdus
5. Bacterium releases toxin blood poisoning within 48h
6. Reproduction of the nematode in the cadaver
7. Thousands of new nematodes leave the cadaver to
search for new prey
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Life cycle of Garden Chafer (Phyllopertha horticola)
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Life cycle of Garden Chafer (Phyllopertha horticola) (continued)
• Beetles (adults) copulate during the first night of their life and then lay 85 % of the eggs in the neighbourhood of pupation. During the next 3 weeks in May and June during the ripening gluttony they fly in late morning (10 – 12h) and feed with leaves. Then they swarm out 3 to 4 km from the birth place to lay the other 15 % of the eggs. The larvae eat the roots of the grasses.
• Treatment period August-September before the larvae drain deeper.
12 May 2011
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Life cycle of Welsh Chafer (Hoplia philanthus)
Source: PCS
Fecundity before the end of June Year 1
Year 1L1 AugustL2 September
Year 2: L3 as from April
Year 3: L3 until April
Pupation May Year 3
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Life cycle of Welsh Chafer (Hoplia philanthus) (continued)
• The life cycle is spread over 3 years and the total development takes about 24 months
• Year 1
– Adults (beetles) lay eggs
(25 to 40 per female end of June, flight radius 10 meters)
– Eggs hatch end of July, L1 white grubs in August
– As from September L2 white grubs
(These white grubs hide in the winter months deeper in the soil)
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Life cycle of Welsh Chafer (Hoplia philanthus) (continued)
• Year 2
As from April, May L3-larvae, year with the most damage
• Year 3
L3 white grubs colour in April and May completely white and pupate in May
• Treatment period in April and May on L3-larvae when the soil temperature contains 15°C.
12 May 2011
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Control of Welsh Chafer (Hoplia philanthus)
12 May 2011
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Black vine weevil (Othiorynchus sulcatus)
Fecundity before the end of May
Pupation around May
Larvae as from June
Source: PCS
12 May 2011
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Black vine weevil (Othiorynchus sulcatus) (continued)
• Adults around the end of May damage leaves and lay eggs. Eggs come out and become larvae (white grubs), which eat the roots. Pupation occurs around the month of May.
• In protected crops the development stages overlap.
• Treatment period at soil temperatures above 12 – 15°C– April-May: against pupating larvae
– August-September: against larvae which have just come out
12 May 2011
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Others
• Summer Chafer: 2-year life cycle, fly in the evening
• Cockchafer: 3- or 4-year life cycle
• Brown Chafer: 2-year life cycle, treatment period April-July
• Pine Chafer: 3 to 4 years
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Determination
• Adults are often not detected which is the reason why identification is done with white grubs
• Running white grubs– Phyllopertha horticola– Anomala dubia
• Twisting white grubs– Hoplia philanthus (reddish dorsel hair = )– Melolontha melolontha– Amphimallon solstitiale– etc.
12 May 2011
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Determination
12 May 2011
Garden Chafer larva (Phyllopertha horticola)
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Determination
Garden Chafer larva
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Determination
Bron:www.zin.ru
Source: Paul Parey
Adult Garden Chafer
12 May 2011
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Determination
Black vine weevil larva
12 May 2011
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Determination
Black vine weevil adult
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Determination
Welsh Chafer larva (Hoplia philanthus)
12 May 2011
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Determination
Welsh Chafer larve
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Determination
Source: Paul Parey
Source: Ingrid Altmann
Adult Welsh Chafer
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Determination
Summer Chafer (Amphimallon solstiale)
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Determination
Summer Chafer larve
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Determination
Source: Paul Parey
Source: entomart
Adult Summer Chafer
12 May 2011
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Determination
12 May 2011
Cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha)
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Determination
Cockchafer larve
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Determination
Adult Cockchafer
Source: Paul Parey
12 May 2011
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Application
• Always use an entire packing
• Remove all filters from the spray equipment
• Use spray caps with a diameter of min. 0.8 mm
• Use a good stir installation or return
• Apply in the evening or on a cloudy day
• Sprinkle the soil before application
• Sprinkle after application with 2 to 5 liters per m² (depending on the tatch)
• Keep the soil moist during 4 weeks
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Dosage
• Heterorhabditis-System (Heterorhabditis megidis)– Preventive: 0.5 million nematodes/m²
– Curative: 1 million nematodes/m²
• B-Green (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora)– Curative: 0.5 million nematodes/m²
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Packing
• Heterorhabditis-System:– 50 million
– 200 million
• B-Green:– 50 million
– 500 million
12 May 2011