Review of Bio 3 for Diabetes

Metabolism fuels

• Carbohydrates (preferred fuel)– Glucose molecule + O2 (metabolism)=36 molecules ATP, CO2, H2O– Glucose + no O2 (metab)=4-5 molecules of ATP and lactic acid

• Fats (second choice for fuel)– Fat can be changed into glucose and glucose into fat– Lipogenesis (making new fats)– Lipolysis: (breaking down of fats)

• Proteins (last choice for fuel)– It is inefficient and compromises the body’s protein stores (muscle

mass, antibodies etc)

↑ Insulin after Meals

• Stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen in liver & muscles

• Inhibits gluconeogenesis (formation of glycogen from fatty acids & proteins rather than carbohydrates)

• Enhances fat deposition in adipose tissue• Increases protein synthesis

Insulin Effects on

Metabolism

Figure 24.19

Glucagoneffects on

Metabolism

Figure 24.21

Endocrine Regulation of blood sugar• Decreased Blood Glucose

Stimulates (Humorally)•• ALPHA Cells secrete Glucagon

• targets:• LIVER causing glycogenolysis•

• AND• Body Cells, making them resistant to

glucose

• AND• Fat Cells, causing gluconeogenesis

• Results in:

• INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE

• Increased Blood Glucose Stimulates (Humorally)

• BETA Cells secrete Insulin

• targets:• LIVER causing conversion of glucose

to glycogen

• AND• Body Cells, making them more

permeable to glucose, increases Gl+O2 to ATP

• AND• Fat Cells, causing them to convert

glucose to fat• Results in:

• DECREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE