ap bio review
TRANSCRIPT
AP BIO Review
http://www.angelfire.com/ga/sweetgeorgiapeach1/grandmom.html
Name the essential element that becomespart of the chlorophyll molecule
?
Mg-Magnesium
What role do nitrogen fixingbacteria play in the nitrogencycle?
Convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia (NH3)
Name the 4 groups of plants you learned about
Bryophytes (mosses, hornworts, liverworts) Seedless Vascular plants (ferns)Gynmosperms (naked seed)Angiosperms (flowering plants)
The idea that no two species can share the sameniche is called the ________________________Competitive Exclusion Principle
Nephridia, flame cells, and Malphighian tubulesfunction in which body system?
excretory
Name the plant hormone that results in the Triple Response when growing plants encounter an obstacle
ethylene
The involuntary muscles that cause wave likecontractions to push food through the digestivesystem are _________ muscles.
cardiac striated smooth
smooth
American Bald eagles became endangered whenthe pesticide DDT concentrated in their bodies causing them to lay eggs with low calcium levels.
This concentration of a toxin in greater amountsat upper levels as it moves through a food chainis called ___________________Biological magnification
In vascular plants, the ___________ conveyswater and dissolved minerals upward from roots to shoots.
phloem xylem
XYLEM
Write the 2 equations need to solveHardy-Weinberg equilibrium problems
p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1p + q = 1
If 9% of an African population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous?
9% =.09 = ss = q2 q = Square root of .09 = .3 p = 1 - .3 = .7 2pq = 2 (.7 x .3) = .42
42% of the population are heterozyotes (carriers)
___________ cells help load sugarsinto sieve-tube members.
Companion
Name the animal phylum that includes theONLY INVERTEBRATE DEUTEROTOMES.
Echinodermata (Echnioderms)
Which of the following bonding combinations is always found in a DNA molecule?
Purine-purine Pyrimidine-pyrimidine Purine-pyrimidine
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Protein synthesis is also called ___________translation
_________ is when a gene at one locusalters the phenotypic expression of a geneat another locus.
Epistasis
Name a genetic disorder you learned aboutcaused by nondisjunction
Turner syndromeDown syndromeKlinefelter syndromeTriple X syndrome
Name the conditions that must be met fora population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Name the macromolecule formed by dehydrationsynthesis of amino acid monomers
No mutationNo natural selectionNo movement in or outRandom matingLarge population
protein
Tell the number of chromosomes in a human egg cell. 23
Fish have a ___ chambered heart and a___ loop circulatory system.
(Add a number to each blank)
2 1
Which type of muscle tissue is multinucleated? Striated smooth cardiac
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Describe several characteristics of mitochondia and chloroplasts that support the Endosymbiotic theory
• Contain DNA that is different from that of the cell nucleus and that is similar to that of bacteria (in being circular and in its size). • Surrounded by two or more membranes, and the innermost membrane shows composition like that of a prokaryotic cell membrane.
• Form only through a process similar to binary fission.
• Much of the internal structure and biochemistry of plastids, for instance the presence of thylakoids and particular chlorophylls, is very similar to that of cyanobacteria.
• Organelle ribosomes are like those found in bacteria (70s).
• Organelle proteins, like those of bacteria, use N-formylmethionine as the initiating amino acid
_________________ are found in the FIRSTTROPHIC level of all food chains
Producers (autotrophs)
Name the plant polysaccharide made with α-glucose monomers joined with 1-4 linkages
Starch(amylose &amylopectin)
http://www.sciencecollege.co.uk/SC/biochemicals/starch.jpg
Name some types of passive transport you learned about
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, ion channels,osmosis, aquaporins,
Name the polysaccharide made with β-glucosemonomers joined with 1-4 linkages
Cellulose
http://www.fibersource.com/f-tutor/Images/Cell.GIF
Name the following functional groups
Carbonyl(aldehyde)
amino
Carbonyl(ketone)
carboxyl
Hydroxyl sulfhydryl
phosphate
Name this subunit
Amino acid
Joining these together will make which macromolecule?
protein
Name the organelle which modifies and packagesmolecules for transport.
Golgi apparatus
ACOELOMPlaytehelminthes(flatworms)
Match the coelom with the correct worm Phylum
PseudocoelomNematoda(round worms)
EucoelomAnnelida(segmented worms)
http://web.nkc.kku.ac.th/images/lean/1-1.jpg
Lichens are the result of a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae. The fungal partner benefits by getting sugars, produced by the algae during photosythesis.The algal partner gets protection against the weather as the fungi normally forms the outer surface. This is an example of ____________
mutualism
Birds and mammals have a ___ chambered heart and a ___ loop circulatory system.
(Add a number to each blank)
4 2
Why does spermatogenesis produce 4 haploidcells, but oogenesis produces only one?
Concentrates all nutrients and cell components into “one good egg” for the greatest chance ofsuccess for the new zygote
Amphibians and most reptiles have a ___ chambered heart and a ___ loop circulatory system.
(Add a number to each blank)
3 2
Give an example of an amniote
Reptiles, birds, mammals
Amniote embryos, whether laid as eggs or carried by the female, are protected and aided by several extensive membranes. In humans, these membranes include the amniotic sac that surrounds the fetus.
Organisms that thrive in very hot environmentsare called ____________ and would be placedin the Domain ______________
thermophilesARCHAEA
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder causedby a single substitution in the genetic code for hemoglobin which causes a change in the shape of red blood cells in low oxygen conditions
Sickle cell anemia
Persons who are heterozygous for the above disorder have increased resistance to thisdisease caused by a parasitic protozoan.
malaria
Organisms are placed into DOMAINS basedon which characteristic?
Ribosomal RNA
α-helix and β-pleated sheet are examples of___________ structures of proteins.
primary secondary tertiary quaternary
secondary
Add your ? hereAdd your ? here
Name the protein molecule that assists inthe folding of other proteins
chaparonin
Tell the place where H+ ions build up as electrons pass down the electron transport chain in mitochondria during cellular respiration
Intermembrane space
Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reece
Hemoglobin molecule is composed of twoα and two β protein chains. This is an example of ____________ protein structure.
primary secondary tertiary quaternary
quaternary
Tell where this moleculemight be found and give its function
Found in red blood cellsCarries oxygen
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg
Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis
Where does energy come from?
Where do H+ ions build up?
Final ETC electronacceptor ?
Location of ETC ?
In plants ?In animals ?
COMPARE THE FOLLOWING:
Glucose SUNLIGHT
Intermembranespace
Thylakoid space
NADPHOxygen
In plants andanimals Only in plants
Cristae Thylakoid membrane
Name the three kinds of nitrogen wasteexcreted by animals
Ammonia, urea, uric acid
Which of these is excreted by most aquaticorganisms?
ammonia
Which of these is excreted by reptiles & birds?
Uric acid
Name the protein hormone that causes liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen
insulin
This hormone is produced by the _____ cells found in the islets of _____________in the ______________pancreas
Name the disorder caused by a deficiency ofthis hormone or a decreased response in targettissues.
Diabetes mellitus
Langerhans
beta
Tell whether the following carry highly oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle pulmonary artery pulmonary vein
deoxygenated
Highly oxygenated
deoxygenated
Highly oxygenated
deoxygenated
highly oxygenated
During replication which strand is synthesizedin pieces?
Lagging strand
Name these pieces
Okazai fragments
Which enzyme joins the fragments together ?
DNA ligase
What will happen to this animal cell?
It will shrink It will swell and burst It will same the same size
This cell is in a(n) ______ tonic solution
This process is called________________
hypo
It will swell and burst
cytolysis
Which of the following would probably bea response(s) to a drop in body temperature?
Vasodilation of capillaries in skinConstriction of capillaries in skinErection of hairs/fur on skinIncreased sweatingNonshivering thermogenesisShivering
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COMPARE THE FOLLOWING:
Mouth Anus
Determinatespiral
Indeterminateradial
Vertebrates plus echinoderms
All triploblasticinvertebratesexcept echinoderms
PROTOSTOMES DEUTEROSTOMES
Blastopore becomes ?
Type of cleavage
Animal groups seen in?
Tell the body part responsible for the following:
Thermoregulation Chyme is mixed with pancreatic enzymes Produces bile Stores bile Monitors CO2 concentration in blood
hypothalmus
Duodenum (small intestine)
liver
Gall bladder
Medulla oblongata
Tell the body part responsible for the following:
Contains alveoli Processes toxins Activates pepsinogen oogenesis pulmonary artery pulmonary vein
lungs
liver
stomach
ovary
deoxygenated
highly oxygenated
What will happen to this cell?
It will shrink It will swell and burst It will same the same size
This cell is in a(n) ______ tonic solutioniso
Stay the same size
Activation of pepsinogen is an example of______________ feedback because once some pepsinogen molecules are activated by acid in the stomach to pepsin, activation occurs at an increasingly rapid rate because pepsin canactivate additional molecules of pepsinogen.
POSITIVE
_________ connect arteries and capillariesArterioles
This part is a muscle cell releases Ca++ when thecell receives the stimulus to contract.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Name the neurotransmitter released into thesynaptic cleft when a nerve signal is transmittedacetylcholine
The rise in levels of which ion through voltage gated channels causes the fusion of vesicles and the release of the neurotransmitter above.
Ca++
Removal of introns/joining of exonsPoly A tail added5’ guanine cap added
____________ is a molecular tag added toproteins that marks them for degradationby proteosomes
UBIQUITIN
Describe some of the post transcriptional modificationson eukaryotic DNA prior to leaving the nucleus
spliceosomes
RNA molecules that function as enzymesare called ___________ribozymes
During replication, which strand is synthesizedcontinuously?
Leading strand
Name the complex that recognizes slice sites, removesintrons, and combines exons during mRNA processing ?
Name the enzyme whose function is to: Attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA Starts a DNA strand by putting in a short stretch of RNA Adds protective ends onto DNA to prevent loss of the message when its copied
Amino acyl t-RNA synthase
primase
telomerase
DNA replication can be described as____________________
Dispersive conservative semi-conservative
Semi-conservative
Name 3 ways bacterial DNA can be changedin nature.
Transformationconjugation (bacterial sex)transduction
Bacterial “sex” is also called ___________________conjugation
Small circular self replicating DNA separatefrom the bacterial chromosome that often carry genes for antibiotic resistance are called ____________plasmids
Name the molecule in the cell walls of most Prokaryotes but missing in archaeans.
peptidoglycan
Tell some differences between the following:
MONOCOTS EUDICOTSOne cotyledon Two cotyledonsVeins parallel Veins netlikeVascular tissue scattered Vascular tissue in ringFibrous roots Taproot (main root)Pollen grain w/1 opening Pollen grain w/3 openingsFlower parts in Flower parts in multiples multiples of 3 multiples of 4 or 5
Which of the following is found in all triploblasticanimals other than worms?
Eucoelom OR true coelom
http://web.nkc.kku.ac.th/images/lean/1-1.jpg
What will happen to this cell?
It will shrink It will swell and burst It will same the same size
In an animal cell, this process is called________________
hyperThis cell is in a(n) ______ tonic solution
It will shrink
crenation
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