AP BIO Ecology Review

Chap 51-55

http://educ.queensu.ca/~fmc/august2004/pages/dinobreath.html

List the 6 levels of organization that ecologists study from smallest to largest

Organisms → Populations →

Communities → Ecosystems →

Biomes → BIOSPHERE

All the organisms that live in a placePLUS their non-living environment

ecosystem

Another name for autotrophs

producers

The portion of the Earth in which all life exists

biosphere

Make a food chain out of the following:

herbivore omnivore autotroph

autotroph → herbivore → omnivore

WHICH ORGANISMS are responsible for removing nitrogen from and returning nitrogen to the atmosphere?

BACTERIA in soil

The process of taking nitrogen from the atmosphere and changing it into a form plants can use is called ______________________

The process of converting soil nitrogen back into atmospheric form is called _______________________

NITROGEN FIXATION

DENITRIFICATION

Energy moves through ecosystemsin ______________

food chains/webs biogeochemical cycles

Food chains

Which of these is a decomposer?

↑ Fungi and SOME bacteria are decomposers

Organism that eats both plants andmeat omnivore

Process in which water from plant leaves evaporates into the atmosphere

transpiration

How does the way matter flows through an ecosystem differ from the way that energy flows?

Energy is passed in one-way direction through the biotic (living organisms) in an ecosystem.

Matter cycles within and between biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem.

Which biogeochemical cycle does NOT involve a stage where the chemical enters the atmosphere? phosphorus

Denitrification changes________________ into ______________Nitrates in soil nitrogen gas

Nutrient which is scare or cycles slowlythat controls population growth

Limiting nutrient

Give an example of a decomposer

Bacteria or fungi

Which group of organisms is alwaysfound in the first trophic level of every food chain or web?

Autotrophs or producers

Primary consumers are eaten by__________________Secondary consumers

Camouflage is called ____________ colorationcryptic

Why is only about 10% of the energy in an organism transferred in a food chain?

Some is used by organism for life processes such as movement, transport, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and rest is lost as HEAT

Give an example of an ABIOTIC factorClimate, temperature, precipitation, wind, soil type, water availability, sunlight

Who is it? Heterotroph that obtains energy by

eating only plants ___________________

Heterotroph that eats both plants andanimals _____________________

Heterotroph that breaks down organicmatter (Ex: Fungi & bacteria) __________________

Heterotroph that feed on dead plants and animal remains (EX:Crabs & worms) ___________________

Heterotroph that eats only meat ___________________

DECOMPOSER

HERBIVORE

OMNIVORE

DETRITIVORE

CARNIVORE

Primary producers are eaten by________________Primary consumers

Which of these is an herbivore?

↑ Zebras are herbivores

How is a symbiosis DIFFERENT from cooperation?

Cooperation is between organisms of same species;Symbiosis is between different species of organisms that live in close association with another

Tell two ways water returns to the atmosphere in the water cycle.

Evaporation and transpiration

An organism that eats both meat and plants omnivore

Name a limiting factor that could cause a population to decrease

Competition- for food, shelter, territoryPredationDisease/ParasitismDrought/climate changeHuman disturbance

PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER OF INCREASING COMPLEXITY

________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________

COMMUNITYORGANISM POPULATION

ECOSYSTEM BIOME BIOSPHERE

ORGANISM ECOSYSTEM POPULATION

COMMUNITY BIOSPHERE BIOME

The portion of the Earth in which all life exists

biosphere

Organism that captures and eats another

predator

What is the difference between aBIOTIC and ABIOTIC factor?Biotic factors are living;Abiotic factors are the non-living

parts of an ecosystem

Which organisms are responsible fornitrogen fixation in the nitrogen cycle?

Bacteria in soil

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

This diagram shows a ____________

Which of the organisms above is:a primary producer ? ___________

How many trophic levels are shown?

food chain

algae

5

Symbiotic relationship in whichboth organisms benefit from their closeassociation

mutualism

An “organism’s job” that includes what it eats, what eats it, where in the habitat it lives, how it acts, and when & how it reproduces?

niche

Tell one way chemosynthesis is different from photosynthsis.

Photosynthesis ChemosynthesisRequires light Happens without lightGets energy from Gets energy from sunlight chemical bonds

In the nitrogen cycle, nitrogen fixing bacteria living on the roots of plants turn nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into _________.ammonia

Tell one way chemosynthesis and photosynthesis are ALIKE.

Both: Ways organisms get energy Use energy to make carbohydrates Happen in autotrophs

Matter moves through ecosystems in________________.

biogeochemical cycles food chains/webs

Biogeochemical cycles

A group of individuals that belong to thesame species that live together in an area

population

Another name for heterotrophs

consumers

Organisms that are able to take in energy from their environment and make their own carbohydrates are called ___________________________autotrophs

Which of these is a carnivore?

↑ Lions are carnivores

Group of different populations that live together in an area

community

All the living things an ecosystem that an organism might interact with

Biotic factors

Which of the organisms above is:a secondary consumer? BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

Small fish

Principle that states no two organisms can share the same niche at the same time in the same place

Animals that display bright warning colorslike yellow and black stripes on wasps are examples of _____________ colorationaposematic

Competitive exclusion principle

How is a detritivore different from a decomposer?

Detritivores EAT dead organisms;Decomposers break them down and absorb their nutrients

Name one of the biogeochemical cycles you learned aboutCarbon, nitrogen, Water (hydrogen & oxygen); phosphorus

Which of the organisms above is:a tertiary consumer? _____________

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

squid

Which of the following is TRUE?Burning fossil fuels is depleting our ozone layer

Burning fossil fuels causes acid rain.

Burning fossil fuels is the major cause of global warming.

Conserving electricity, using renewable energy sources (like biofuels , solar, and wind), riding a bike, recycling

waste, making products more energy efficient are all waysto help the global warming problem

TRUE

FALSE: Burning fossil fuels causes many environmental problems… but the ozone hole is caused by CFC’s

TRUE

TRUE

Group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

species

An organism that is captured and eaten by another

prey

Symbiotic relationship in which oneorganism benefits but the other isneither harmed nor helped

commensalism

The scientific study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment

ecology

Any necessity for life such as water, food, light, or space

resource

Relationship in which organismsattempt to use the same resource at the same time and place

competition

_____________ mimicry is when aharmless species displays similarcoloration as a harmful one.

Batesian

Each step in a food chain or web

trophic level

Which of the organisms above is: a quaternary consumer? __________

BIOLOGY; Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall; 2006

shark

The maximum population size anenvironment can support is called

Carrying capacity

?

_____________ mimicry is when atwo unpalatable/dangerous species look alike, like bees and wasps orMonarch and Viceroy butterflies

Müllerian

parasitism

A tick sucking a dog’s blood is an example of which kind of symbiosis?

Tell something living things use nitrogen for.Making proteins

(amino part of amino acids)Making nucleic acids (nitrogen bases)Part of ATP molecule (nitrogen base)

How is movement of matter in an ecosystem different than the movement of energy?

Energy flows one direction through food chains; matter recycles continuously in biogeochemical cycles

Groups of different species that live together in an area make up a

__________________community

Which of these is an omnivore?

↑ Most humans are omnivores

Cycle which includes an underground reservoir in the form of fossil fuels

Carbon cycle

Another name for the water cycle

Hydrologic cycle

Process in which green plants useenergy from sunlight to producecarbohydrates

photosynthesis

Another name for a living thingorganism

Tell the group of organisms that all the cycles have in common which keeps matter cycling between living (organic) and nonliving (inorganic) parts of the ecosystem.

decomposers

Organism such as mites, snail,earthworms, or crabs that eat deadplants or animals

detritivore

_________ bacteria in soil turnammonia into nitrates Nitrifying

Keystone

Process seen in lakes by which nutrients (especially phosphorus & nitrogen) become highly concentrated in body of water causing increased growth of organisms such as algae which block sunlight and kill off organisms below eutrofication

_____________ species are not necessarily abundant, yet exert a strong control on community structure

The concentration of a toxin at higher and higher concentrations as it passes up a food chain is called

Ammonifying

Biological magnification

A _____________ species is the one that is most abundant or has the most biomass in the community

dominant

___________ bacteria in soil turnorganic material in soil into ammonia

Ammonifying

An organism that eats ONLY meat

carnivore

Tell how a detritovore is different froma decomposer.

Both get nutrients from dead organisms; detritivores eat dead stuff; decomposersAbsorb energy from dead stuff, but DON’T actually EAT it.

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits by living on or inside another which is harmed

parasitism

Principle that states no 2 organisms can occupy the same niche in the samehabitat at the same time.

Competitive exclusion principle

Which level is it? Group of individuals that belong to the same

species and live in the same area. ___________________

Group of ecosystems that have the same climateand communities _____________________

Organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring __________________

Populations that live together in an area ____________________

Portion of the planet in which all life exists ___________________

Collection of all the organisms that live in an area together with their physical environment ___________________

SPECIES

POPULATION

BIOME

COMMUNITY

BIOSPHERE

ECOSYSTEM

Organisms that can make their own foodusing energy from sunlight or chemicalbonds in inorganic compounds

autotrophs or producers

All the non-living things such as climate, temperature, weather, soil type, or sunlight in an ecosystem that impact an organism

Abiotic factors

Another name for the water cycle

Hydrologic cycle

Cycle in which photosynthesis and cellular respiration participate

Carbon cycle

Organism that can’t make its own food and get energy from consuming other organisms

heterotrophs or consumers

Any relationship in which two specieslive closely together

symbiosis

Interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another.

predation

Network of complex interactions linking all the food chains in an ecosystem food web

Organism that eats only plants

herbivore

Process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matterare passed from part of the biosphere to another Biogeochemical cycle

Organism that eats only meatcarnivore

Process in which liquid water changes into a gas

evaporation

Click here , scroll down, and complete the food web matching activity

Although almost 80% of the atmosphere is made up of nitrogen gas, most living things don’t have the enzymes necessary to use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Tell how we get the nitrogen we need to make proteins and DNA if we can’t get it from breathing.

From food we eat

Process that is part of the carbon cyclein which sunlight is used to changeatmospheric carbon into biomoleculesused for energy by living things

photosynthesisCycle in which transpiration,evaporation, and condensation playa role

Water/hydrologic cycle

Cycle in which volcanic activity and burning fossil fuels plays a role

Carbon cycle

Cycle which is dependent on bacteria for nitrogen fixation and denitrification

Nitrogen cycle

Which type of organism is always on the first trophic level of every food chain

A producer

The process in which organisms use chemical energy stored IN THE CHEMICAL BONDS OF INORGANIC MOLECULES to make their own food in the absence of light is called _____________________ chemosynthesis

Process in which the break down of sugars inliving things returns carbon to theatmosphere as CO2 during the carbon cycle

Cellular respiration

What causes Dead zones? Runoff of fertilizer/animal waste into water (Ex: Gulf of Mexico)

Tell 2 human activities by which carboncan enter the atmosphere as CO2 during

the carbon cycleCellular respiration, burning fossil fuels

Tell one way carbon leaves the atmosphere during the carbon cycle.

PhotosynthesisCO2 gas dissolves in water;

Name 2 NON-human activities by which carbon can enter the atmosphere or oceans during the carbon cycle.

Volcanic activityDecomposition of dead organismsDeposition as fossil fuelsErosion

Tell one way bacteria help with biogeochemical cycles.

Nitrogen fixation & denitrification (nitrogen cycle)Decomposers break down dead organisms (carbon cycle)

Tell something humans do to return nitrogen to the soil for the nitrogen cycle.

Add fertilizers; waste treatment plantsDeath and decomposition

Name the 4 biogeochemical cycles you learned about.

Carbon, hydrologic (water); nitrogen; phosphorus

What caused the depletion of protective ozone layer in atmosphere?

Use of CFC’s (chlorofluorocarbons)in spray cans, air conditioners, fireextinguishers

What has been done about it?Montreal Protocol banned used of CFC’s

taxis

A change in direction in movement toward or away from a stimulus is called _____________

What benefit does the ozone layer in theatmosphere provide?

Protection from ultra violet light

Which international agreement intendedto help with global warming was signed byall industrialized countries except the US?

Kyoto Accord

What are some of the consequences ofexposure to ultra violet light?

Increases skin cancercataractswrinklesdecreased crop production

Which international agreement intended to help with ozone depletion wassigned by the United States?

Montreal protocol

Learning at a specific critical time that is involved in forming social attachments which has both learning & innate components

imprinting

A species (usually introduced by humans) that takes hold outside its native range which has few natural predators/diseases to control its numbers and out competes native species

Invasive species

Give some examples of the above

Rabbits in Australialeafy spurge & zebra mussels in US

A ____________________ is a sequence of behaviors that are essentially unchangeable and usually conducted to completion once started

Fixed action pattern

An ________ behavior is inherited or developmentally fixed

innate

A male stickleback fish that exhibitsaggressive behavior when it sees any object with a red underside is an exampleof a ____________________Fixed action pattern

_________ behaviors develop during animal’s lifetime and are modified by experience

Learned

The releaser that triggers a fixed action pattern is called a _____________________ sign stimulus

What is the % oxygen saturation of a sample with 5 mg/L of oxygen at 5° ?

_______55%

A change in the rate of movement in response to a stimulus is called _____________kinesis

chemical signal that stimulates a response from other individuals

_________________ is the rate at which plants and other photosynthetic organisms produce organic compounds in an ecosystempheromones

Primary productivity

Tell some of the physical factors that influence the amount of oxygen dissolved in water

Temperature: ↓ temp = ↑ DOphotosynthetic activity: ↑ photosynthesis = ↑ DODecomposition activity: ↑ decay/microbes=↓DOMixing (waves, waterfalls, rapids) ↑ = ↑ DOSalinity (more salty = ↑ salts = ↓DO

This diagram used to determinedissolved oxygenis called a

____________

NomographOR nomogram

What is the % oxygen saturation of a sample with 7 mg/L of oxygen at 25° ?

_______65%

Fill in the blanks with the following:RespirationGross productivityNet productivity

___________ = __________ + _________

Net Gross Respirationproductivity productivty

In which aquatic environment would you expect dissolved oxygen to be the highest?• A clear old mountain lake• A bog where the water is shallow and warm

with a mat of aquatic plants• A marine tidepool• A cold mountain stream dropping over a series of small rock falls• A coral reef

→

Moving water has greater dissolved oxygen

From Holtzclaw and Holtzclaw Study guide