bio fuels- word 03

8/14/2019 Bio Fuels- WORD 03

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For saving the Eco-system.

VINEETH.M.R1KS06ME070

1K.S.INSTITUE OF TECHNOLOGYRAGHUVANAHALLI, BANGALORE-62 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


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Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some wayderived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass, liquidfuels and various biogases.

Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention,driven by factors such as oil price spikes and the need forincreased energy security.

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugarcomponents of plant materials and it is made mostly fromsugar and starch crops. With advanced technology beingdeveloped, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, arealso used as feedstocks for ethanol production.

Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, butit is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane andimprove vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in theUSA and in Brazil.

2DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING


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Biodiesel is a type of biofuel made from vegetable oils, animalfats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel forvehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel

additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, andhydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles.

Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterificationand is the most common biofuel in Europe.

Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008.Investment into biofuels production capacity exceeded $4 billionworldwide in 2007 and is growing.

As the global population has risen their use in producing biofuelshas been criticized for diverting food away from the human foodchain, leading to food shortages and price rises.



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Koenigegg-one of the many bio fuel powered car.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Top speed of 400kmpLongitivity of 600 km/tank


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Sao Paulo ethanol pump station

Cost for a liter of ethanol is$1.20 BRL which is around 31 Rs.



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Is the process enabled by fossil fuels?

Does the process impact food supplies?

Can the process operate without straining water supplies?

Does the process lower the soil quality?

Does the process impact local biodiversity?

What are the emissions from the process?



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'First-generation biofuels' are biofuels made from sugar,

starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventionaltechnology.

Rudolf Diesel was interested in using coal dust or vegetableoil as fuel, and his engine, in fact, it was run on peanut oil.Henry Ford also used ethanol as the powering fuel for hislocomotives initially.

Although these fuels were not immediately popular, during2008 rises in fuel prices coupled with concerns about oilreserves have led to more widespread use of biofuels.



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bbl



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Oil Price Behavior withConstant Excess Capacity

The Next 5 Years?



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Even dry ethanol has roughly one-third lower energy contentper unit of volume compared to gasoline, so larger / heavierfuel tanks are required to travel the same distance, or morefuel stops are required. With large current un-sustainable, non-

scalable subsidies, ethanol fuel still costs much more perdistance traveled than current high gasoline prices but theutility here needs to be accounted.

Methanol is currently produced from natural gas, a non-

renewable fossil fuel. It can also be produced from biomass asbiomethanol.

Butanol is formed by ABE fermentation. Butanol will producemore energy and allegedly can be burned "straight" in existing

gasoline engines (without modification to the engine orcar),and is less corrosive and less water soluble than ethanol,and could be distributed via existing infrastructures.



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The grass stretched as far as the eye could see, an ocean ofgrass

deep enough to swallow a horse and rider once looked like this.

The tall, native grasses of the American prairie, so vital to ourland's ecological past, may prove equally vital to its economic

future. Such grasses once fed millions of bison.Now grown as energy crops, they help fuel

millions of cars and trucks, spin power turbines,

and supply chemicals to American industries.

Test plots of switch grass have produced up to 15 tons of dry biomass per

acre, and five- year yields average 11.5 tonsenough to make 1,150gallons of ethanol per acre each year.



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It grows fast, capturing lots of solar energy and turning it intolots of chemical energy cellulosethat can be liquefied,gasified, or burned directly.

It also reaches deep into the soil for water, and uses the water

it finds very efficiently.

Switch grass is remarkably adaptable to varying climates andgrowing conditions.

Now, to make switch grass even more promising, researchersacross the country are working to boost switch grass hardinessand yields by varying DNA and physiological characteristics ofnumerous breeding varieties.



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EmitCO

2Absorb

CO

2

Feedstocks take up CO2 when they grow then CO2 is emitted whenfeedstocks burned or when energy derivatives burned.



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Many farmers already grow switch grass, either as forage for

livestock or as a ground cover, to control erosion.

It's a hardy, adaptable perennial, so once it's established in afield, it can be harvested as a cash crop.

Switch grass could yield a variety of useful fuels like synthetic

gasoline and diesel fuel, methanol, methane gas, even hydrogenas well as chemical by-products useful for making fertilizers,solvents, and plastics.

Annual cultivation of many agricultural crops depletes the soil'sorganic matter, steadily reducing fertility. Switch grass adds

organic matter to the soil.

And because switch grass removes carbon dioxide (CO2 ) from theair as it grows, it has the potential to slow the buildup of thisgreenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.



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Giant Grass Miscanthus Can Meet US Biofuels Goal Using

Less Land Than Corn Or Switch grass.

Miscanthus is that the amount of biomass

generated each year would allow us to

produce about 2 1/2 times the amount of

ethanol we can produce per acre of corn.

It requires fewer chemical and mechanical

inputs than corn.

It is said that 0.1 percent conversion of sunlight intobiomass is very efficient. Here on an average Miscanthusgives about 1 percent efficiency, so about 1 percent ofsunlight ends up as biomass.



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As a result [of ethanol], Brazil has virtually stoppedimporting expensive foreign oil. Dan Rather in TheEthanol Solution

If Brazil can do it, so can we. Bill Clinton

As Brazil's energy independence miracle proves, anaggressive strategy of investing in petroleum substituteslike ethanol can end dependence on imported oil. VinodKhosla in New York Times editorial

Brazil celebrated energy independence in 2006Brazil celebrated energy independence in 2006.



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Leaders mislead the public We can be just like Brazil

Can create demand for a pseudo-sustainable solution Leaders change energy policy every year

Uncertainty of tax policies inhibits investment

Lack of long-term planning is detrimental Leaders attempt to choose technology winners

Which is influenced by:

Misleading arguments from various experts

Vested interests Desire to please constituents



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Cease the delusions of cheap gas for everyone Cheap gas encourages fossil fuel consumption

Trade off fossil fuel taxes for income taxes

Rebate income taxes to make it revenue neutral

Encourages energy conservation

Encourages alternatives

Encourages mass transit

Encourage behaviors that reduce energy consumption Rebates for solar water heaters, fuel efficient cars



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An Overview of Global Energy Issues by Robert RapierMerica International.

Linking Biofuel Supply and Demand using the FASOMGHGmodel by Bruce A. McCarl.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/switgrs.html http://www.biofuels-summit.com/pdf/BFU_Final.pdf http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/0807301553

44.htm

http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/switgrs.htmlhttp://www.biofuels-summit.com/pdf/BFU_Final.pdfhttp://www.biofuels-summit.com/pdf/BFU_Final.pdfhttp://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/switgrs.html


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