Big Sky Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership –Kevin Dome Carbon Storage

FC26-05NT42587Lee Spangler

Montana State University

U.S. Department of EnergyNational Energy Technology Laboratory

Addressing the Nation’s Energy Needs Through Technology Innovation – 2019 Carbon Capture,Utilization, Storage, and Oil and Gas Technologies Integrated Review Meeting

August 26-30, 2019

Acknowledgments• US Department of Energy• Altamont Oil & Gas, Inc.• Columbia University & Barnard College• Idaho National Laboratory• Los Alamos National Laboratory• Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory• Schlumberger Carbon Services• SWCA Environmental Consultants• Vecta Oil and Gas, Ltd.• Washington State University• Montana State University

2

Dave BowenColin ShawOmotayo OmosebiLianjie HuangMinh NguyenPhil StaufferBryan DeVaultWade ZaluskiHarry LisabethJonathan Ajo-FranklinTim KneafseyChun ChangQuanlin ZhouCurt OldenburgLehua PanBill Carey

Site Characteristics – Scientific Opportunities

3

Natural CO2 production– Opportunity to study the natural accumulation and

long term effectsCO2 in a reactive rock

– Opportunity to study geochemical effects on both reservoir rock (long term fate of CO2) and caprock(storage security)

– To accomplish this, injection should be in water leg of the same formation

– Still retain engineered system learnings on injection, transport, capacity, etc.

Duperow is a fractured reservoir with very secure caprock

– Opportunity to investigate impact of fracture permeability

Domes Are Attractive Early Storage Target

4

Half of the current major point source emissions for the next 100 years ~7.5 GTResource Estimate for 3 Domes ~5.3 GT

• Prevent trespass issues – buoyancy flow will take CO2 to top of dome• Storage Efficiency – for Kevin Dome capillary pressure can be as high as

~7 bar driving higher CO2 saturation• Potential use as carbon warehouse – decouple anthropogenic CO2 rate

from utilization rate

Project Re-Scope

5

Project Re-scope: Maximize Learnings from Samples and Data• Complete the core descriptive work and core flood experiments to

characterize the pore and fracture geometry of the Duperow formation; • Measure the fracture-permeability of evaporite and dolomite caprock; • Perform laboratory measurements of seismic properties as a function of

CO2 saturation; • Perform laboratory measurements of fracture-matrix flow to inform

modeling of two-phase flow in fractured carbonate reservoir rock;• Complete seismic processing and interpretation including use of

quantitative interpretation techniques to determine if pore fluid differences in the reservoir zone can be discerned spatially without time lapse techniques;

• Apply full waveform inversion to develop a high resolution velocity model; • Complete analysis of the geologic framework and stratigraphic architecture

of the reservoir; • Produce a final geostatic model with descriptive metadata; • Improve phase change modeling using the production well data, assess

applicability to leakage scenarios and CO2 / EOR storage hub concept;

Project Re-Scope

6

Project Re-scope: Maximize Learnings from Samples and Data

Continued…

• Further develop fracture–matrix permeability interaction models incorporating data previously mentioned;

• Use the dual permeability model to refine reservoir performance for fractured carbonate reservoirs including capacity, injectivity and storage efficiency;

• Apply an integrated assessment model to Kevin Dome as a test case for NRAP tools;

• Process and analyze the surface monitoring data, assess baseline variability; • Modify assessments of regional and national storage resources with information

gained through the Kevin Dome project; • Capture lessons learned from the permitting, risk, and management components

of the Kevin Dome project through continued analyses and the development of peer-reviewed publications and web-based applications for information sharing and

• Use the Kevin Dome project to illustrate unanticipated geologic scenarios to inform EPA’s scheduled evaluation of the UIC Class VI rule.

Data, Samples, Models

7

• 430 ft of carbonate core from regions both with and without CO2representing 7 different depositional environments

• Acquisition of core on two caprock materials, tight carbonate and anhydrite (30’)

• 3D – 9C seismic data covering 32 sq. mi.• Development of a geostatic model using Neural Nets to match well

logs to facies and using p and s wave seismic to inform reservoir heterogeneity

• Geostatic model including fractures• Dome scale geostatic model• Model development for dual permeability systems• Unique mechanical testing of permeability – stress relationship in

caprock material

Duperow Facies Model

fromRon Blakey,http://cpgeosystems.com/wnam.html

430 ft of carbonate core from regions both with and without CO2 representing 7 different depositional environments plus anhydrite caprock core

9

Processing 3D, 9C siesmic Seismic

Bow Island

Lower Bow Island

SwiftMadison

Bakken

Souris River

Acoustic basement

SH surfaces

Density (g/cm3)

outsidesurvey 10,000 ft

10,0

00 ft

RHO PPSHSV Tri-Joint INV RHO PPSHPS Tri-Joint INV RHO PPSVPS Tri-Joint INV

RHO PPSH Bi-Joint INV RHO PPPS Bi-Joint INV RHO PPSV Bi-Joint INV

Duperow Horizon

RHO PPSHPSSV Quadri-Joint INV

DUPEROW RHO

Comparison at mid-Duperow horizon of the inverted density parameter obtained with different kinds of wavefields. bi-joint inversion (3 images at the top), tri-joint (3 images at the bottom) and quadri-joint inversion (right). bi-joint PP-PS inversion is very similar to the final quadri-joint inversion (right).

Able to image middle Duperow porosity zone

11

Figure_12

DPHZ vs Ip_rawColor KeyIs_raw(ft/s).(g/cm3)

40000 45000 50000 55000 60000

Ip_raw (ft/s).(g/cm3)

0.0

0.0

5

0

.1

0.1

5

0.2

0.2

5D

PHZ

(frac

tion)

32797

31769

30741

29713

28684

27656

26628

25600

24571

23543

22515

Crossplot between density porosity and computed P-wave impedance (IP) from the Wallewein 22-1 well over the Middle Duperow porosity interval. Note the good correlation observed between the two quantities. The correlation coefficient between the two quantities is 0.87. Colored values are measured IS values.

0.0

0.0

5

0.1

0.1

5

0.2

0.25

DPH

Z (fr

actio

n)

22000 25000 28000 31000 33000 Is_raw (ft/s).(g/cm3)

DPHZ vs Is_raw Color KeyIp_raw(ft/s).(g/cm3)

61296

59260

57224

55188

53152

51116

49080

47044

45008

42972

40936

Crossplot of measured density porosity and S-wave impedance (IS) in Wallewein22-1 well in mid-Duperow porosity zone. Note excellent agreement between measured two quantities with correlation coefficient of 0.89. Colored values are measured IP values.

Transforms derived from porosity-impedance regressions using IS (left) and IP(right) maps for the Middle Duperow porosity zone with well locations annotated and well derived values for porosity annotated with values derived from each map at well locations.

Y = 0.623x – 0.0151R2 = 0.3771

0.085

0.053

0.02

0.085 0.118 0.15

Mid-Duperow porosity derived from average density values from quadri-joint inversion converted to porosity using a dolomite matrix (left) and cross plot of this map with values derived from IP-based regression.

3D Structure-Enhanced Least-Squares Reverse-Time Migration Image of 3D Kevin Dome Seismic Data

Improved high-resolution subsurface velocity model for the Kevin Dome site obtained using full-waveform inversion

Refine Model Based on Geologic Interpretation

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fromRon Blakey,http://cpgeosystems.com/wnam.html

Neural Net Depositional Env. Predictions

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Good Neural Net Match Along Core Interval

20

Porosity & Permeability Modeling Within Rock Types

21

Porosity vs. P-Impedance

22

Use Multi-Component Seismic to Model Heterogeneity

23

Lithology Prediction Using Seismic Inversion

Probability Anhydrite

Probability Dolomite

Probability Limestone

Interpolated 3 Rock Types

Danielson

Wallew

ein

3D probability lithology prediction volumes as a trend for rock type interpolation

Rock Type Logs

25

Facies, Porosity and Permeability Interpolation

3-Rock Type 8-Rock Type

Perm

eabi

lity

Porosity

Perm

eabi

lity

Porosity

8 Rock Type model calibrated to geologist’s (Dave Bowen) facies log and facies model

Potlach

NiskuUpper Duperow

Lower Duperow

Souris River

Int Duperow

Mid Duperow

Danielson

Wallewein

Property Interpolation (Porosity)Potlach

Nisku

Upper Duperow

Lower Duperow

Souris River

Int Duperow

Mid Duperow

Wallewein

Danielson

Property Interpolation (Porosity)

Extrapolates to fill within the Dome scale model boundary

Need for extrapolation of properties into larger model space

Wells with petrophysics

Dome Scale Model Property Extrapolation

Middle Duperow – FracturesSite Characterization: Core Fracture Analysis

28

Natural Fracture Model

Open Fractures

Danielson Wallewein

Open natural fracture model of Middle Duperow (3 Fracture Sets)Open

FMI Fractures

FMI Fractures

Seismic Ant Tracking Attribute

Potential fracture corridors (Light Blue)Fracture Set Stereonet

Inputs Outputs

Fracture Cell• Permeability IJK• Porosity

Dark Blue (Open Fractures)Light Blue (Closed Fractures)

Duperow Facies Model

RokBase

MSU-ERI’s CoreViewerApplicationhttps://core.bigskyco2.org

NETL Geostash Whitepaper January 2016Assessment of & Recommendations for Management of NETL’S Physical & Digital Geo-Sample Assets

Similarity of Purpose and Implementation

CoreViewer was developed to store data and images, as well as to provide visualizations for well core data that was produced by the Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership. The system is implemented in the Drupal content management system and provides a data model to store data about earth materials.

From the Geostash Paper: “The open source database system, Drupal is recommended … and should be integrated into the Energy Data eXchange(EDX) for use by researchers. The EDX development team can write a custom database system with Drupal … that has a user-friendly interface for researchers to search for, request, and upload metadata for geoscience collections.”

Features

• Migration tool for data ingest• Forms for manual data creation and edits• Filterable display of Rok sets

– [ex] View a table of attributes from all samples with a parent relationship to the Danielson Well Slab Rok

• Data export tool– [ex] Download all fields for a set of Roks into a csv file

• Tracking location of physical samples– [ex] fields provided for storing current location,

coordinates, address, institution

Data Model• Minimum set of required fields with many optional fields

– Required: name*, material*, original location*– Optional: image(s), depth, field name, collection method, … ,

medical CT scans, p-wave velocity data, …• Support for file attachments of various types.

– [ex] xls, pdf, doc, csv, …• Relationship to additional content types provides ability to

store data directly in the database– [ex] Routine analysis from core viewer has been supported with

this method– Fields are stored in a separate data container that refers to a

sample Rok• Parent entity reference to implement hierarchy

– [ex] Display a view of all roks with the same parent = all core samples from the same slab

RokBase Data Model

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Hierarchy – Roks maintain a relationship to parent Rok

Rok – Danielson Well Slab (Parent)

Rok – Danielson24243_3278_82B

Rok – Danielson24243_3273_92B

Rok – Danielson24243_3287_62B

Rok – Danielson24243_3399_12B

Rok – Danielson24243_3283_32B

…name*

original location*

p-wave velocity data

depth

image(s)

material*

…

Roks can be used to store data about earth materials of varied scale. Sibling Roks can easily be grouped in a set.

Subtask R1.5

Lab measurements of fracture-matrix flow to help with modeling of two-phase

flow in fractured carbonate

Chun Chang,Timothy J. Kneafsey, Quanlin Zhou

Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

CO2invasion

Water drainage

Fracture

Subtask R1.5. Lab measurements of fracture-matrix flow tohelp with modeling of two-phase flow in fractured carbonate

CO2 invasion into a fractured system and schematic of laboratory testsBackground:To access CO2 storage capacity in rock matrix, water must drain through fractures and matrix. Capillary continuity allows drainage across fractures to neighboring matrix blocks and requires quantification.Laboratory flow tests were conducted to:1. investigate the fracture-matrix interactions; 2. visualize processes showing the importance of capillary continuity to geologic carbon storage capacity.

Rock presaturated with water

CapillaryPressure(Pc)

Capillary Ceramic

Fracture

Chun Chang,Timothy J. Kneafsey, Quanlin Zhou

Core samples and fracture types

Sample #1: Homogeneous sandstone core, Brine permeability: ~10mD, Porosity: 0.153Sample #2: Layered sandstone core, Brine permeability: ~10mD, Porosity: 0.158Sample #3:Low-permeability sandstone core, Brine permeability: ~1mD, Porosity: 0.135Sample #4: Heterogeneous Duperow core (Wallewein 22-1, depth: 4129 feet), Brine permeability:

~1mD, Porosity: 0.042

Porosity

Posi

tion

alon

gth

eco

re(m

m) 0.20

0.15

0.10

Porosity 0.20

0.15

0.10

Porosity 0.20

0.1

0

Porosity #1 #2 #3 #4

Fracture

Pc-dependent capillary continuity Two types of capillary continuity of fracture Good capillary continuity

Water saturations in fracture (Sw,f) rangefrom 0.73 to 0.94 for both Sample #1 and#2 under Pc=2 and 6psi;

Higher applied Pc results in higher CO2saturation at steady state;

At Pc=6psi, CO2 invasion in Sample #1 is faster than in Sample #2 (bedding perpendicular to water drainagedirection).

#1#1Pc=2 psi

Pc=6 psi

#2#1

CO2-water flow with good capillary continuity across fracture

CO2 distribution and saturation vs. time in rock matrix

2psi, #12psi, #26psi, #16psi, #2

CO2-water flow with Pc-dependent capillary continuity of fracture

High capillary pressure causes CO2 to invade the fracture and lower continuity;

Lower Sw,f yields slowerCO2 invasion and waterdrainage;

Matrix anisotropy perpendicular to waterflow direction (sample #4)results in slower CO2 invasion than in sample#3 under similar Pc andSw,f.

27psi, #3, Sw,f=0.3027psi, #3, Sw,f=0.44

22psi, #3, Sw,f=0.6627psi, #3, Sw,f=0.3027psi, #3, Sw,f=0.44

22psi, #3, Sw,f=0.66

22psi, #4, Sw,f=0.62

1.0

0.5

0

SCO2

264h

Sam

ple

3

1222h Sam

ple

3

956h

Sam

ple

3

335h

Sam

ple

4

Conclusions The capillary continuity across fractures considerably

affects the CO2-water displacement rate and efficiencywithin the observed time scale;

The capillary continuity across fractures is Pc-dependent and can be expressed in terms of fracturewater saturation(Sw,f);

The displacement of water by CO2 across a matrix-fracture system is also affected by the matrixanisotropy.

Task R1. Core Studies: Motivation

• Assess caprock geomechanical properties and suitability

• Analyze fracture-permeability relations to inform caprock damage and leakage scenarios

• Determine relationship of stress conditions and fracture reactivation on permeability

• Provide input to induced seismicity hazard assessment

Bill Carey

Approach: Triaxial Direct-Shear Coreflood with Simultaneous X-ray radiography/tomography

52

Creation of shear fractures at reservoir conditions coupled with permeability measurements and x-ray observations

In situ radiography Direct-shear device

Carey et al., J. Unconv. O&G Res., 2015; Frash et al. (2016) JGR; Frash et al. (2017) IJGGC

Potlatch Anhydrite at 10 MPa

53

Caprock Geomechanical Tests

54

Summary of unconfined strength (150±24 MPa) and Young’s modulus (90±10 Gpa) compared with shale (X) and anhydrite ( ) The Poisson’s ratio is 0.32±0.05.

Anhydrite (Hangx 2010)

Potlach Anhydrite

Caprock Geomechanical Analysis

55

Upper Duperow (tight carbonate) - StrongerPotlach Anhydrite - Stiffer

Summary Permeability-Stress Relations

56

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Perm

eabi

lity

(mD

)

Confining Pressure (MPa)

Duperow Dolomite

Anhydrite

Motivation for lab seismic study

• Time-lapse (4D) seismic monitoring is one of the best tools we have to see dynamic changes in the subsurface

• Most of our understanding of changes in seismic response due to fluid replacement and stress perturbation are from studies of porous sandstones. We have much less understanding of these effects in low porosity, fractured carbonate reservoirs

• Measurements in the laboratory allow us to deconvolvecomplex effects of geology and gain understanding of the fundamental physics at play during fluid substitution and pressure changes

Harry Lisabeth, Jonathan Ajo Franklin

Gamma Neutron Sonic

Danielson Well (Production Pad)

Low frequency modulus/attenuation

Fluid replacement/ultrasonic characterization

Laboratory study of structure and broadband seismic characteristics of fractured, fluid-filled reservoir material

• Fracture shows multiscaleroughness, with undulations at the scale of the sample (9mm)

• Secondary fractures sub-parallel to primary fracture are evident

• At 0 pressure, aperture ranges from 10 to 100 microns

• mCT conducted to identify features of natural fractures which differ from induced tensile fractures.

[Conducted at beamline 8.3.2, Advanced Light Source]

Synchrotron x-ray microtomography of fractured Duperow dolomite

60

Illustration of subcore orientation. A 1.5” diameter by 1” long core was fabricated intersecting a natural fracture to test the seismic properties of a fractured, low porosity reservoir.

High Pressure Ultrasonic Results

61

P-wave velocity S-wave velocities (Two orthogonal)

Ratio P& S wave velocities

S wave anisotropy

Validation of LLNL Reactive Transport Model

62

Megan M. Smith*,1, Yue Hao1, Lee H. Spangler2, Kristin Lammers1,†, Susan A. Carroll1

Moderate Permeability Sample

63

Dissolved Ca

XRCT- Pre XRCT- Post

Sim new voids Sim new voids

pH

Dissolved Mg

Higher Permeability Sample

64

Dissolved Ca

XRCT- Pre XRCT- Post

Simulated new voids

Simulated new voids

pH

Sim

Sim

Accomplishments to Date

65

• 430 ft of carbonate core from regions both with and without CO2representing 7 different depositional environments

• Core flood / flow experiments investigating reactivity• Provided samples, data to verify LLNL reactive transport model• Laboratory investigation of dual permeability (fracture-matrix)

response to CO2 flood (capillary entry pressure, saturation, etc.)• Model development for dual permeability systems• Acquisition of core on two caprock materials, tight carbonate and

anhydrite (30’)• Unique mechanical testing of permeability – stress relationship in

caprock material• Development of a geostatic model using Neural Nets to match well

logs to facies and using p and s wave seismic to inform reservoir heterogeneity

Accomplishments to Date

66

• Investigation of multi-fluid / Joule-Thompson cooling effects on wellbore flow. Model improvement.

• Application of NRAP tools to risk assessment at multiple stages of the project

• Largest 3D – 9C seismic shoot 32 sq. mi.• Improved multi-component seismic processing• First quadri-joint inversion• Demonstrated high resolution velocity model from full wave

inversion• Lab measurements of pressure and fluid fill effects on seismic

response in fractured carbonates• Development of a core-viewer application for viewing core, plugs,

and rock data• Development of a Drupal application for a rock database for EDX

Wellbore Sealing Projects (Not BSCSP)

67

WELLBORE INTEGRITY AND MITIGATION 1Rooms 301, 302

Thursday

10:20 AM Methods to Enhance Wellbore Cement Integrity with Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation • Adrienne Phillips, Montana State University

11:20 AM Wellbore Leakage Mitigation Using Advanced Mineral Precipitation Strategies (FE0026513) • Adrienne Phillips, Montana State University

Wednesday

Poster Developing Biomineralization Technology for Ensuring Wellbore Integrity • Adrienne Phillips and Lee Spangler, Montana State University

68

69

70

Organization Chart

71

Organization Chart

72

Gantt Chart

73

Gantt Chart

BibliographyChang, C., Kneafsey, T.J., Zhou, Q., Core-scale flow experiments on

three-dimensional fracture-matrix interaction with application to CO2 geological sequestration. 2019 (to be submitted).

Oldenburg, C.M., Pan L., Zhou, Q., Fairweather, S. and Spangler L.H., On Producing CO2 from Subsurface Reservoirs: Simulations of Decompression Cooling and Phase Change, Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 2019 submitted.

Mangini, S., Shaw, C.A., Skidmore, M., in preparation. Evaluation of the Jefferson Formation outcrop in Sun River Canyon, Montana as an analog for Devonian carbonates in the subsurface of the Kevin Dome. Rocky Mountain Geology 2019 (to be submitted).

Shaw, C.A., Omosebi, O., Experimental study of the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide injection on the three-dimensional pore structure of carbonate and evaporite rocks. 2019 (in preparation).

74

BibliographyOmosebi, O., Shaw, C., *Thrane, L., Codd, S.L., in preparation.

Experimental study of the reactivity of carbonate and evaporite rocks under geological carbon storage conditions. Environmental Science and Technology 2019 (to be submitted).

Mangini, S., Skidmore, M., Shaw, C.A., in preparation. Investigation of the reactions of CO2 with iron oxides and sulfides under simulated geologic carbon sequestration conditions. G3 – Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2019 (to be submitted).

Mangini, S., Shaw, C.A., Skidmore, M., in preparation. Evaluation of the Jefferson Formation outcrop in Sun River Canyon, Montana as an analog for Devonian carbonates in the subsurface of the Kevin Dome. Rocky Mountain Geology 2019 (to be submitted).

Shaw, C.A., Omosebi, O., Experimental study of the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide injection on the three-dimensional pore structure of carbonate and evaporite rocks. 2019 (in preparation).

75

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