Bell Work

• Which of the following naturally exist in the brain?– Amphetamine and opioids.– Cannabinoids and amphetamine.– Ethanol and opioids.– Cannabinoids and opioids.– All of the above

• .

Bell Work

• The most frequently used psychoactive drug in the United States is– Marijuana.– Cocaine.– Alcohol.– Caffeine.– Heroin.

Don’t forget to get your scrapbook completed and turned in before the end of the semester! (Grades are due for me at 4pm on Thursday Dec. 17)

ALL of the vocab words on the test are drugs.You must also classify each as one of the

following: S-Stimulant (cocaine, MDMA*, methamphetamine, nicotine*)

H-Hallucinogen (LSD, marijuana, MDMA*, PCP)

O-Opiate (heroin)D-Depressant (alcohol, GHB, nicotine*)

• Reinforcement– Positive– Negative

• Punishment– Positive– Negative

• Classical—Stimulus stimulus learning

• Operant-Response Stimulus learning

• Unconditioned—Unlearned

• Neutral StimulusUnconditioned stimulusUnconditioned response (.2—2 seconds between stimuli)

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/abuse/

mouse party

FRQ

• For each of the following pairs of terms, explain how the placement or location of the first influences the process indicated by the second.– Rods, peripheral vision– A list of unrelated words, word recall– Serotonin, reduction of depression– Retinal disparity, depth perception– Proximity, perception

Chapter 7: States of Consciousness

Consciousness and Information Processing

• Consciousness describes what we are aware of (ourselves and our environment) but many things are processed outside of our “consciousness.”

• The awareness varies depending on our attention to the task at hand. Ex: driving, texting while driving

• Difficult or novel tasks require more conscious attention than well-learned tasks.

• Consciousness has a limited capacity

Why Might Daydreaming Be Helpful and Adaptive for Humans?

• A way to escape (coping mechanism)

• Prepare for future events

• Aware of unfinished business

• Increase creativity

• Substitute for impulsive behavior (coping mechanism)

Biological Rhythms• Biological Rhythms: periodic

physiological fluctuations built into human beings.– Ex: 28 day menstrual cycle, 24 hour

alertness cycle, annual cycle, 90 minute sleep cycles.

– Circadian Rhythm: biological clock that regulates body rhythms on a 24 hour cycle….larks vs. owls.

Larks vs. Owls• 1/10 of us is an up-at-dawn,

raring-to-go early bird, or lark. About 2/10 are owls, who enjoy staying up long past midnight. The rest, those in the middle, whom we call hummingbirds, may be ready for action both early and late. Some hummingbirds are more larkish, and others, more owlish.

• Animal studies suggest that being a morning person or an evening person may be built into our genes. This may explain why people find it so hard to change their sleep behavior.

Sleep

• Sleep: refers to the periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness.

• Using an EEG, sleep researchers have shown the mind is “awake” during various stages of sleep.

Sleep Stages: Stage 1• As we lay with our eyes closed we are in an awake

but highly relaxed state characterized by alpha waves (slow waves) being emitted from our brain.

• As we fall asleep, we have a 50% decrease in alpha wave activity…sometimes referred to as “drowsy sleep.”

• During Stage 1 sleep, we often experience hallucinations: false sensory experiences. We may feel a sensation of falling or floating. (“Did I hit it?”)– Hypnic jerk

• Average Duration: 5 minutes

Second Stage: Sleep Spindles

• After about 5 minutes in Stage 1 sleep, you sleep into Stage 2 sleep which is characterized by Sleep Spindles: bursts of rapid, rhythmic, brain wave activity.

• Stage where you are clearly asleep, sleep talking can occur in this stage or any other later stage.

• Average Duration: 20 minutes

Stage Three: Transition Stage

• Stage Three begins your descent into “slow wave sleep.”

• Delta Waves: (large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep) begin appearing in stage 3 but are increasingly apparent in Stage 4.

Stage Four: Delta Waves• Stage of deep sleep

characterized by Delta Waves (large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep)

• Stage when you are hard to wake up…but still aware of stimuli around you. – Can awaken from a noise, but will

probably not remember the noise

• Stage at which children may wet the bed or sleepwalk (somnambulism) (Bells)

• Also experience night terrors.

Night Terrors

• Occur during late Stage 4 sleep and are characterized by high arousal and an appearance of terror but are seldom remembered.

R.E.M. Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep)• After Stage 4, your

body cycles back to stage 3, stage 2, and into REM sleep.

• A Normal Sleep cycle lasts about 90 minutes. (Sleep Time)

R.E.M. Sleep (Paradoxical Sleep)• R.E.M.: Rapid Eye Movement sleep, stage where

vivid dreams occur. Known as Paradoxical because muscles are relaxed yet body is highly active. (in other stages like Stage 4, muscles tense)

• Heart rate increases, breathing becomes more rapid, eyes dart behind lids (hence the name).

• Genitals become aroused during R.E.M. sleep even when dreams are not sexual in nature (“morningwood”).

• As sleep cycle continues, R.E.M. sleep gets longer and longer (as do dreams)

Brain Waves and Stages of Sleep

Lack of Sleep• Decrease in work productivity• Increase in auto accidents• Suppressed immune system• Alter metabolic and hormonal

functioning• Decrease in performance and creativity • Lack of adequate sleep affects mood,

motivation, judgment, and our perception of events.

Learning While Sleeping

• Touch a switch on cue

Sleep Function • Theories:

–1. Sleep protects

–2. Helps us recuperate

–3. Might help us grow

–4. Might be integral in the encoding and storage of memory

Sleep Disorders• Insomnia: difficulty

falling and staying asleep

• 10-15 % of adults

• Sleeping pills and alcohol might make it worse–Less REM sleep

–Addiction

Sleep Disorders• Sleep Apnea: sleep disorder

characterized by a temporary stoppage of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary awakenings.

• Often complained about as “snoring.”

• Often interrupts deep sleep stages leaving person feeling exhausted.

Sleep Disorders

• Narcolepsy: Excessive sleepiness with uncontrollable urge to fall asleep, sudden muscle loss, and sleep paralysis.

• Restless Leg Syndrome: Creeping, crawling, tingling, or aching sensations in the leg(s) that occur just before falling asleep.• This is really the “hypnic jerk” sensations that

occur during Stage 1 of sleep.

• Bruxism: Teeth grinding that disrupts sleep.

Tips for Sleeping

1. Relax before bed2. Avoid caffeine3. A glass of milk (tryptophan)4. Regular cycle5. Exercise regularly, but not in the late evening6. Avoid use of electronics right before bed7. Make bedroom your “sleeping room” only

Tryptophan

• Amino acid linked to an increase in sleepiness

• Turkey

• Milk

• Bananas

• Eggs

Dreams

Homework Assignment

• Write down at least one dream you have within the next few days.

• Key: Immediately after waking up, write down what you remember!

• Write down as many objects, events, and people as you remember.