Beliefs and customs

Submitted by,Rajee.K.V

Tradition

The word “tradition "derives from the Latin tradere or traderer literary meaning to transmit to hand over to give for safe keeping.

Tradition is a belief or behavior passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning.

Various origins and fields of tradition

Beliefs or customs instituted and maintained by societies and governments, such as national anthems and national holidays, such as Federal holidays in the United States.

Beliefs or customs maintained by religious denominations and church bodies that share history, customs, culture, and, to some extent, body of teachings.

Tradition can also refer to larger concepts practiced by groups, organisations or societies such as practice of national and public holidays.

Tradition often used as traditional music, medicine, traditional values and others.

Australia

Australia

Australia is a product of a unique blend of established traditions and new influences.

They have been living in Australia for at least 40,000 years and possibly up to 60,000 years.

The rest of Australia’s people are migrants or descendants of migrants who have arrived in Australia from about 200 countries since Great Britain established the first European settlement at Sydney Cove in 1788.

Shared values

Everyone is expected to uphold the principles and shared values that support Australia’s way of life. These include:

Respect for equal worth, dignity and freedom of the individual

Freedom of speech and association Freedom of religion Equality under the law Peacefulness

A Typical Australian?

Australian are irrelevant people, law and even conformist.

Australians live a cosmopolitan lifestyle in urban centres.

Australians are hardworking people in the world with longest working hours in the world.

They are informal, open and direct and say what they mean.

Language

All people in Australia are encouraged to learn English, which is the national language and an important element of Australian society.

The most commonly spoken languages after English are Italian, Greek, Cantonese, Arabic, Vietnamese and Mandarin. Australians speak more than 200 languages.

Religious work ship

Australia is a predominantly Christian country, with around 64 per cent of all Australians identifying as Christians.

Australia has no official state religion and people are free to practise any religion they choose, as long as they obey the law. Australians are also free not to have a religion.

Australians have their own unique religious traditions and spiritual values.

Sports

Australia has often achieved impressive results at the elite level. In 2004 Athens Olympic Games, Australia ranked fourth overall in the medal tally behind the United States, China and Russia.

In 2006 Football World Cup, Australia reached the final 16. Australia is also ranked the top cricketing nation in the world.

National cuisine

Australians has one of the diverse cuisines in the world.

Australia, one of the world’s most efficient agricultural nations, produces high–quality vegetables, fruit and grains, meat, poultry, seafood, and cheeses and other dairy products.

Australians enjoy a huge range of food in restaurants and homes, reflecting the country’s cultural diversity.

Obeying the law

All people in Australia must obey the nation’s laws or face the possibility of criminal or civil action.

Smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol are not illegal, but there are many restrictions on their public use.

There are also laws against mistreating or neglecting animals, carrying weapons. There is also death penalty in Australia.

Clothing

The types of clothing that people wear reflect the diversity in Australian society and the variations in climate.

Outside the work situation, clothing is a personal choice—people dress for comfort, the social situation or the weather.

Clubs, movie theatres and other places require people to dress in neat, clean clothes and wear appropriate footwear. Australia does not have an official national dress.

England

England

The culture of England is defined by the idiosyncratic cultural norms of England and the English people.

Owing to England's influential position within the United Kingdom it can sometimes be difficult to differentiate English culture from the culture of the United Kingdom as a whole.

Cuisine

This has resulted in a traditional cuisine which tended to veer from strong flavors, such as garlic, and an avoidance of complex sauces which were commonly associated with Catholic Continental political affiliations.

Traditional meals have ancient origins, such as bread and cheese, roasted stewed meats, freshwater and saltwater fish.

Tea and beer are typical and rather iconic drinks in England, particularly the former. Traditionally, High Tea would be had as a separate meal.

Cuisine - Contd

Law

The Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand, London is the seat of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal.

The most Commonwealth countries, and English law prior to the American revolution is still part of the law of the United States.

Provides the basis for many American legal traditions and policies.

Religion

› In England, Christianity became the most practiced religion centuries ago.

› Christianity was first introduced through the Romans.

Language

English people traditionally speak the English language, a member of the West Germanic language family.

The modern English language evolved from Old English, which influence from Norman-French, Latin, and Old Norse.

India

India constitutes the largest part

of the sub continental land mass of South Asia, an area it shares with six other countries, including Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

It has highly variable landforms, that range from tropical islands, and a parched desert to the highest mountain range in the world.

The culture name is Indian, Hindu, Bharati.

Food

There are major geographic differences in food. Just as fundamental is the division between those who eat meat and those who are vegetarian.

Muslims, Jews, Sikhs, and Christians all eat meat, with the important provision that the first three groups do not consume pork.

Lower-caste Hindus eat any meat except beef, whereas members of the higher castes and all Jains are normally vegetarian, with most even avoiding eggs.

Economy

In most parts of the country, farming is the largest source of employment.

Some farmers produce cash crops for sale in urban markets.

In some areas, plantation crops such as tea, coffee, cardamom, and rubber are of great economic importance because they bring in foreign money.

Economy - Contd

Over the past half century the economy has been expanding slowly but at a steady rate on the basis of a wide range of industries, including mining operations.

Social Stratification

Society is fragmented into castes there are twenty or thirty distinct castes within a village.

Each caste is developed a distinctive subculture that is handed down from generation to generation.

Marriage

Although the different regions and religions have considerable variety in marital arrangements, the arranged marriage is a traditional feature of virtually every community; today, except among the urban middle classes, it still is widely practiced.

Marriages that are not arranged by the couple's parents, often termed "love marriages," are looked down on as impulsive acts.

The country has two main types of marriage

1. A north Indian one in which the

must not marry a closely related cousin

2. A south Indian in which a cross cousin, whether the mother’s brother’s daughter or the father’s sister’s marriage.

Religion

In the 1991 census, 82 percent of the population was enumerated as Hindu. However, 12 percent of Indians are Muslim, a fact that makes this one of the largest Islamic nations in the world.

The next largest religious category is Christians, who make up only over 2 percent of the population and are closely followed in number by Sikhs.

Death and after life

While Muslims, Jews, and Christians pray that their individual souls will go to a paradise after death, Hindu ideas about the after life are very different.

Muslims, Jews, and Christians bury their dead in cemeteries, as do most Zoroastrians today.

Extremely saintly figures may be buried in a sitting position.

Medicine and health care

India has a tradition of medical healing, teaching, and research that goes back more than two thousand years to the two basic medical treatises written by Charaka and Sushruta.

Today the country has four major medical systems as well as dozens of localized and tribal ones that depend on herbal treatments.

The oldest of the four systems is still widely followed under the name of Ayurveda , meaning "science of long life".

Conclusion

Hence, there are different beliefs and customs for different countries.

These beliefs and customs are followed in their countries.

Touching feet

A Namaste to all